Names of medicinal plants. Etymology of medicinal plants How did the name of medicinal plants

GBOU VPO PGMA them. ak. E.A. Wagner
Medical Faculty

Department of Latin Language and Fundamentals of Terminology

ESSAY
Etymology of medicinal names. Legends and myths

Completed: student of group 101
medical faculty
Scientific adviser:

Perm, 2013
Content
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………3
Medicinal plants……………………….…………………………….4
Structure of plant names………..……………………………..…4
Etymology…………………………..……………………………………..…5
Classification………………………………………………………………12
Conclusion………………………………………………….…….…….…………12
References………………………………..………………..…………13

Introduction

The beginning of the use of plants for the treatment of diseases is lost in the mists of time. The history of herbal medicine has an age comparable to the history of mankind. Already primitive instinctively or accidentally began to distinguish between plants that could be used to reduce pain or to heal wounds and ulcers.
Numerous legends have survived about how people guessed the medicinal properties of plants by watching animals. This was the main direction of development of empirical medicine in antiquity. “Snakes that have weakened in hibernation,” says a medieval Arabic treatise, “are looking for fennel in the spring ... The Creator-God created grass for treatment.” The popular name of the medicinal leuzea - ​​"deer grass" recalls that deer eat the root of this herb in case of illness and exhaustion.
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The purpose of the work: to consider the etymology of medicinal plants, legends and myths associated with the names of some plants; give a classification according to the origin of the names of medicinal plants.

1. Medicinal plants

Medicinal plants - a group of plants, parts of which are raw materials for obtaining funds used in folk medical practice for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
St. John's wort, calendula, chamomile, yarrow, wild rose, sea buckthorn, licorice, plantain, mint, sage, cranberry, lingonberry, raspberry and many other plants are widely used as medicinal plants.
Every medicinal plant contains substances that can, under appropriate conditions, have healing properties. The distribution of these substances throughout the medicinal plant is uneven. Therefore, when collecting medicinal herbs, you need to know where the beneficial elements are concentrated and when their concentration is maximum in the plant.
Medicinal products made from plants and herbs, despite their relatively weak pharmacological activity at first glance, may in some cases be more effective than their synthetic or chemical counterparts.
But do not forget that only a doctor and a specialist can accurately diagnose the disease, assess its development and course, and prescribe the necessary medications.
Therefore, medicinal plants should be used only after consultation with the attending physician.
In modern medicine, the importance of medicinal plants can hardly be overestimated, because many medicines are made on the basis of the properties and chemical composition of herbs and plants.
Traditional medicine has been known since ancient times, and with the development of science and the ability to conduct research and discover new properties of the medicinal plant world of our homeland, the number of healing plants has increased greatly.

2. Structure of plant names

The structure of the Latin scientific names of plants is determined by the principle of binomial plant names, i.e., it consists of two words: the name of the genus and the second word following it, the so-called species epithet.
Generic and specific names of plants have mainly ancient Greek and Latin roots. For example: Arnica mountain - Arnĭca montāna. The generic name comes from the Greek "arnos" - "ram" (because when the fruits ripen, fluffy tufts are formed on them, similar to sheep's hair), the species name comes from the Latin word "montana" - "mountain" (according to the habitat). Borrowings from other languages ​​have also been found: Arabic, Celtic, Italian, German. For example: Len...

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Each language has its own linguistic picture of the world, according to which the native speaker organizes the content of the utterance. This is how the specifically human perception of the world, fixed in the language, manifests itself.

Language is the most important way of forming human knowledge about the world. Displaying the objective world in the process of activity, a person fixes the results of cognition in words. The totality of this knowledge, imprinted in a linguistic form, is what is commonly called the "linguistic picture of the world." If the world is a person and the environment in their interaction, then the picture of the world is the result of processing information about the environment and the person.

The plant world is large and diverse, in the language it is reflected in the form of separate thematic groups: names of herbs, flowers, shrubs, trees, berries, medicinal plants, etc. Through the names of plants, as well as animals, phenomena environment, names of the landscape, it is possible to restore the concepts that exist in the human mind, and its relationship with the outside world, to determine the main features of the "linguistic vision" of a person of the plant world around him.

pharmaceutical camomile- an annual plant of the Compositae family, 15-60 cm high. Russian name, "chamomile", borrowed from the Polish language and comes from the Latin romana ("Roman"): already in the middle of the 16th century, the Poles used the expression "romanov color" as the name of this plant. The name of the chamomile in the Kazakh language is "T?ymeda?". The meaning of this word means - "romance, youth" In ancient Egypt, the chamomile flower was dedicated to the God of Raga Day. On the English language"Camomile" means "grass, herbal setting".

Cheremsha(lat. - Allium ursinum, bear onion, wild garlic) - sometimes called wild garlic Allium victoriale - victorious onion. perennial herbaceous plant from the lily family. Bear onion (Allium ursinum), or ramson, and in Belarusian tsybuly myadzvezhy, or chasnok myadzvezhy - a rare, declining species, listed in the Red Book (II category of protection).

The name wild garlic is very ancient and has a lot of correspondences in European languages: in Lithuanian ("wild garlic"), in Greek ("onion"), in Irish ("garlic"), etc. Its meaning, apparently, implies a strong smell, because that the cherry fly - a tree known for its powerful aroma - bears a name with the same root. In Dahl's dictionary, a bear's bow is also called a bear's ear. The species name, derived from ursus ("bear"), is given to this plant for the shape of the leaf blade, partly resembling the ear of a beast. With a bear, this bow is also related to habitats - both are mostly found in hard-to-reach wilds. Cheremsha (kaz.) - toads of sarymsa? torly zhua, ?giz tal, ramson (English).

Ginseng is a relic, a living monument of nature, preserved from the Tertiary period. When in 1753 Carl Linnaeus got acquainted with this plant, the loud fame of an all-healing agent had already reached Europe, and therefore it was given a name derived from the word Panacea, meaning "a cure for all diseases." Botanical name: Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. Pharmacy: Ginseng (Radix Ginseng), Ginseng Extract (Panax Ginseng Extract liquid). Generic name: Panax - "panax", that is, a panacea, a cure for all diseases.

Except scientific name there are many more names in the languages ​​of the peoples of those countries where ginseng is grown, cultivated and used. The most common of them are as follows: (kaz) adam tamyr; (Russian) real ginseng, root, root of life, man-root, stosil; (Chinese) gin-seng, gen-seng, gin-zing, jin-chen, gin-zin, jen-shen, jen-kien, kui-kai, shen-t`sao, t`u-tsing, huang- shen, schin-schen, schin-scheng, schin-sen, som, sin-som; (Manchu) orkoda, orchota, orochota; sam (common name, Korean), insam (cultivated, Korean), sansam (wild, Korean); (Japanese) ninjin, otane-ninjin, Tyosen-ninjin, Kusuru-ninjin; (Mong.) kitipin kumunun; soasai (Tatar); (English) ginseng, Chinese ginseng, Asiatic ginseng, Oriental ginseng, Korean ginseng, Japanese ginseng. language medicinal plant etymology

The Chinese name for the root is ginseng, derived from jen meaning man and chen meaning root. "The king of animals is the tiger, the king of plants is ginseng" - says a Chinese proverb: Ginseng in Chinese is the root of life, man is the root. Russian names of the plant: divine grass, gift of immortality, salt of the earth, root of life, miracle of the world.

Bearberry ordinary - Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.). The meaning of the word "bearberry" means - a small shrub. Kazakh translation of bearberry "Ayu?? la?". In English "Ptarmigan-berry". Aloe is a thermophilic evergreen plant. The name comes from the Arabic word "alloeh", which means bitter plant. The Latin name of the genus comes from the Arabic language, which means "bitter" in translation. . A more accurate spelling of the scientific name is Alol, where the letter l is not the Russian "?", but the Latin e with the sign diaeresis. As the Russian name for plants of the Aloe genus, the word "agave" is sometimes used. Kazakh translation of aloe "Al?yzyl". In English it is called "Scarlet". This word means "scarlet".

Birch- Betula, ?ayy?. Russian word ber?za comes from Praslav*berza, *bherg`os from the root *bhereg "shine, turn white". From the same root happened: English birch. The generic name Betula comes from the Latin word beatus - happy, blissful and is apparently associated with the state of a person when he drinks life-giving birch sap in the spring. In Indo-European languages, the word "birch" was an adjective and meant light, white.

Cowberry - lat. Vacchnium vntis-idaya - the specific name vitis-idaea in translation actually means - " vine from Mount Ida. Its origin is associated with the Latin words bacca-berry, with a temporary one that turned into Vaccinium. Some believe that it comes from the word vinciris - knit, bind. Others - from the word Їvis? - strength, due to the ability of the plant to quickly take root .

Humanity has been using medicines since ancient times. So, in China for 3000 years BC. substances of plant, animal origin, minerals were used as medicines. And now the life force of nature is ready to support a person in his difficult moments.

List of sources used

• 1. Goncharova T.A. Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. - 2004. - S. 15-88.
• 2. Gorkin A.P. Medicinal plants. - 2006. - S. 3-560.
• 3. Obukhov A.N. Medicinal plants, raw material? and drugs. - Krasnodar: book publishing house. - 2000. - S. 101-180.

To identify the most promising plants and directions for their study, first of all, it is necessary to establish the exact scientific name of the plant used and the disease for which it is recommended. And in order to establish this, sometimes special studies are required. Even if the literary source contains the Latin name of the plant (which is far from always the case), it usually has to be clarified, brought into line with the rules of modern botanical nomenclature. Important metrics to make sure names of medicinal plants, to reveal the mistake made by the author when deciphering it - data on the geographical distribution, habitat characteristics, morphological description, phenology and properties of the described plant. For example, when studying the book by Stepan Krasheninnikov " Description of the land of Kamchatka"(1755) we managed to find indications of the medical use of Kamchadals" Hypericum"or" stone St. John's wort. However, as it turned out, in Kamchatka and in many other regions of Eastern Siberia, a completely different plant was called and is still called so - brittle shield from the family of true ferns, which has nothing to do with the St. John's wort family. So, knowing the patterns of distribution of a plant and its popular names in different regions of the country and in different eras, it is possible to clarify its scientific name.
If there is any commentary in the manuscript or book, where the deciphered name is given, the characteristics of the plant are given, these data should be most carefully examined. Such a decoding consists of the following main points. First of all, the deciphered name is searched in the appropriate dictionaries and reference books, writing out all its Russian, local folk and, above all, Latin equivalents. Of great value are works in which there are indications of the place and time of receipt of the reported information, nationality, profession and other features of the folk healer. The information contained in the name of the plant itself is analyzed in many ways, because it usually contains the most conspicuous features of biology, morphology, geographical distribution, habitat conditions and phenology of the plant, its organoleptic (taste, smell, etc.) and other distinctive features, useful and harmful properties. Various plant names often speak of the diverse directions of its folk medical use, and identical or similar names of different ones - about the proximity of their healing action.

Deciphering the popular names of medicinal plants

At deciphering the popular names of medicinal plants botanists often have to abandon the exact scientific terms adopted by them, temporarily reduce themselves to the level of primitive folk botanical terminology. For example, in a report to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from Yakutsk in the 17th century. “Servant man” Epishev reports that the grass has a cleaver “the color is white, and the seed is red.” If we use modern terminology, then the marsh calla does not have these characteristics, since its flowers, collected in greenish-yellow inflorescences (cobs), are inconspicuous, devoid of perianth (petals and sepals). Its seeds are brownish and cannot be called red in any way. However, considering by whom and when the above description was given, it is not difficult to decide that S. Epishev understood the “color” as a large bright white veil (wing) surrounding the calla inflorescence. "Seeds" he undoubtedly called the bright red berry-like fruits of this plant.
Unlike scientific botany, people greater value gives the organoleptic features of the plant, as it usually deals with fresh, living plants, and not with dry herbarium material that has lost its natural taste, smell and color. Various plants are characterized sour, bitter, salty, sweet, tart, astringent, "cold or warm" taste. Often, the taste and smell of a plant are compared with already known taste “standards”: lemon, mint, turpentine, dill, etc. In addition to color, taste and smell, sometimes the characteristics of the surface of its leaves, stems, flowers or are given as distinguishing features of a plant. other organs; their roughness, fluffiness, smoothness, etc. From morphological features people usually indicate the life form (tree, shrub, liana, annual or perennial plant), the size of the plant and its individual parts, color, shape and arrangement of leaves, flowers, fruits, the presence of juice, etc. Information about plant phenology(about the time of flowering, fruiting, wilting, etc.) also contribute to clarifying the scientific name of the plant. Very helpful in deciphering the name of the plant information about it action on the human body: toxicity (detected by eating or contact with the plant), stimulant, hallucinogenic, intoxicating, intoxicating, sedative, hypnotic, laxative, astringent, emetic or diuretic. This includes reports on the diseases and symptoms for which this plant is used, as well as other areas of its economic use: as food, fodder, dye, tanning, insecticidal, decorative, etc. Literary data on its geographical location help to decipher the name of the plant correctly. distribution. For example, the Chinese name "i-mu-cao" in almost all Chinese, German, English and French manuals on Chinese traditional medicine erroneously translated as Siberian motherwort (Leonurus sibiricus L.). However, this species is not found in China proper and is replaced here by the motherwort. It is this species, and not the Siberian motherwort, that is depicted in the illustrations in all books about Chinese medicinal plants.

The relationship between the name of medicinal plants and their habitat

When deciphering the name of the plant, take into account conditions of his habitat. Very few plants have a wide ecological amplitude. Most of the species can be quite clearly characterized as:

• water;
• marsh;
• meadow;
• steppe;
• semi-desert;
• desert;
• sandy;
• limestone;
• rocky;
• pebble;
• tundra;
• alpine;
• forest (indicating the main forest-forming species - pine, spruce, fir, cedar, larch, oak, linden, birch, beech, hornbeam, etc.);
• weeds (indicating the culture they clog);
• garbage habitat plants;
• rocky-gravelly slopes;
• cultivated plants, etc.

Knowledge of the ecology of each “candidate” makes it possible to leave for further analysis only those plants for which the characteristics of their habitats given in the source under study are suitable. For example, when deciphering the name of the plant “parakina”, mentioned in the “Ainu-Russian Dictionary” by M. M. Dobrotvorsky (1876), the author’s indication that it was “ grass growing in marshy places". Together with other features, this indication allows us to assert that we are talking about Kamchatka lysichiton, so characteristic of damp meadows and grassy swamps of the Sakhalin region, where Ainu.
Also important information about the abundance of plants in the area described. If nothing is reported about the abundance of a plant (while data of this kind are given about other plants), then most often this indicates a wide distribution of the described plant. Information about folk medical use of rare plants usually absent or very few. For example, in Soviet Far East the population does not use such rare plants here as lotus, brazenia, eurialu, Manchurian chirkason, magnolia, bitter gourd, etc. However, there is extensive information about the centuries-old use of all these plants in Southeast and South Asia, where they grow everywhere and massively. Sometimes important touches that aptly characterize the plant being deciphered are contained in information about the features of its distribution: whether the plant occurs in the form of continuous thickets, small spots in area, or almost evenly, but scattered, in the form of singly growing specimens. At the same time, the occurrence of a plant should not be confused with the abundance or nature of its distribution. Finally, a very important source that allows you to decipher the name of the plant is its drawing. Some drawings are so successful and accurate that no additional information is required to determine the modern scientific name of the depicted plant. For example, in the illustrated catalog of Tibetan-Mongolian medicines, published in 1971 in India and which is a translation into Tibetan of the ancient Indian medical manual Ayur-Veda, even without a commentary text, many plants can be easily recognized: lotus, pomegranate, grapes, bergenia, Pallas' spurge, sleeping pills, dandelion, several types of gentian, corydalis, plantain etc. However, most of the drawings of the Tibetan-Mongolian artists are highly stylized and deciphering the name of the depicted plant is possible only after a thorough analysis of the text-commentary to its drawing.
We managed to decipher or clarify the names of more than a hundred ancient Russian, Ukrainian, Buryat, Lithuanian, Ainu, Itelmen, Koryak, Yakut and other names of medicinal plants. In particular, it was possible to decipher the names of all 19 species of higher plants, the healing properties and signs of which are described by Senka Yepishev, a serviceman of the Yakut prison, in his petition to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of July 7, 1673. A number of plant names described in the Ainu-Russian Dictionary have also been deciphered. M. M. Dobrotvorsky, which we have already mentioned. Unfortunately, it is not always so confident and unambiguous to decipher the popular name of the plant. In some cases, with a lack of data, we are forced to give two or more options for solving the problem. If folk medical information is of interest, the raw materials of several plant species are submitted for chemical and biomedical study, and only experimental verification will make it possible to choose the best species from them. But even such a not very accurate “hint” when choosing an object of study speeds up search work, allows you to identify a promising plant much faster than as a result of a continuous study of all plants. Deciphering the popular name of the plant- only the first stage of studying the experience of traditional medicine. The second important stage is the decoding of the popular name of the disease or symptom in which this plant is used in. Without this, the next stage of work is impossible - the prediction of the main pharmacological and chemotherapeutic properties, which makes it possible to recommend promising areas for experimental and clinical study of the plant. Due to the underdevelopment of folk medical diagnostics, it is far from always possible to unambiguously predict the directions of research.

Deciphering the names of diseases

In the old days, Russian folk healers distinguished only a few dozen diseases and their manifestations - symptoms. All sorts of sharp stabbing pains were called "stabbing" or "strings", dull prolonged pain - "cerebellum". "Inflow" was called any sudden onset of internal non-infectious disease such as stroke, heart attack, etc. Various gynecological diseases were called "female hernia" (distinguishing between white, yellow and red hernia). " Uskop” called all internal diseases resulting from a bruise, concussion. " By the pressure of the heart”, some diseases of the stomach, pressure in the pit of the stomach, etc. were often called heart diseases. Healers and healers of various provinces of Russia often called completely different diseases in the same way. For example, " Kamchug"In the Vologda and Perm provinces, boils and carbuncles were called, in Vyatka - panaritium and arthritis, in Astrakhan and Saratov - rash and leprosy, in Irkutsk - erysipelas, in Kazan - creaking in the joints, in the region of the Don army (i.e., in Rostov areas) so called various tumors. All this makes us approach the indications of traditional medicine, taking into account the specifics of the region, the characteristics of the healer or the author who reported this information. One should not, without sufficient grounds, force the translation of folk- medical terms into the language of scientific medicine. After all, "hernia" in folk medical terminology is far from what scientific medicine puts into this concept. It is also wrong to think that all the so-called tonics of oriental traditional medicines tonic only the central nervous system. Oriental medicine also includes drugs that tonic digestion, blood circulation, affect sleep, appetite, general body tone, etc. Almost all plants in empirical medicine are used more diversely than in scientific medicine. Researchers have to compile data empirical medicine, arranging them according to groups of pharmacological and clinical action. For example, folk remedies from wounds, bruises, bruises, scratches, calluses, etc., it is first of all desirable to investigate for analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing (i.e., accelerating epithelialization and tissue regeneration) action. Inflammatory processes are a manifestation of many diseases, therefore, the search for plants with anti-inflammatory action can be carried out among the means used by the people for a wide variety of diseases. Means used by empirical medicine for skin diseases (dermatitis) of various etiologies should be investigated not only for antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral activity, but also for their action in allergic diseases manifested as dermatitis. When studying traditional medicine, it should be borne in mind that the vast majority of drugs used by the people as antimalarials do not act on malarial plasmodium, but have only an antipyretic effect (mainly due to increased sweating), and folk anti-rheumatic drugs by 90% have only analgesic action. Usually the researcher based on the analysis of all cases folk use plants gives a forecast of its medical action (pharmacodynamics), indicates those diseases in the treatment of which it is promising to use this plant. For example, the use of a plant for bedwetting in children and at the same time in violation of menstrual cycle in women, as well as in some cases of male impotence, it speaks of the prospects of its study in autonomic neurosis, as a sedative (calming) agent. Herbs used for heartburn tend to improve digestion as heartburn most often - one of the symptoms of dyspepsia. We must not forget about different levels of informativeness of information reported by empirical medicine. Sometimes only the most general information, for example, about the use of a plant for childhood or gynecological diseases, or even simply “from the inside”, that is, from internal diseases. But it is advisable not to lose even such information: all the more so since often other information about this plant clarifies these too general indications and, being obtained from different, independent sources, reinforce each other, increase the reliability of the forecast of the prospects of this plant. On the example of bitterness, one can clearly trace the fate of some groups " forgotten medicinal plants”, the importance of which has recently increased dramatically, because the latest research methods have made it possible to understand their action. It has been established that bitterness increases the tone not only of the stomach, but of the whole organism, provides a shutdown of the autonomic nervous system, and is the so-called psychosomatic means. However, this is observed only with their long-term use, while the effect of their single dose is negligible. Most modern doctors prefer fast-acting remedies. Bitterness, the therapeutic effect of which is poorly confirmed experimentally, remained only a means of home and long-term outpatient treatment. The time has come to reconsider this unfair situation. From positions modern science the important role of bitterness and spices in the diet becomes clear different peoples, in different historical epochs.

Scientific medicine and medicinal plants

At the same time, new methods of processing raw materials, which allow removing ballast substances from some plants and isolating total or individual active substances, will enable some of the forgotten medicinal plants to start a “new life”, become a source of new effective medicinal preparations. AT last years the search for new effective collections (teas) intensified and soft drinks that stimulate appetite. These are, in essence, “medicines for the healthy”, the importance of which will increase more and more, as it reflects the prevailing trend in our medicine of the predominant development of its preventive direction. This also explains the continuous expansion of the range and scale of use of general strengthening (adaptogenic) means - aralia, eleutherococcus, lemongrass, leuzea and golden root that increase the resistance of the human body to diseases.
One of the important principles of traditional Oriental medicine is widely penetrating into scientific medicine - the need to influence the body as a whole as a single system. Latest Methods studies make it possible to establish the presence of a clear pharmacological action even in negligible amounts of certain substances. For example, it has been found that even the smell of chamomile has a noticeable calming effect on the human central nervous system. This makes us reconsider our attitude to some traditional medicine and homeopathy, which were previously rejected a priori, since their very low dosage made many scientists doubt the possibility of obtaining a positive effect from the use of these drugs.

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Etymology of the names of medicinal plants

Performed

Student of the 1st year of the 1st group

Musiyovskaya Irina

Juniper

For many peoples, juniper is a ritual plant (like cypress and cedar) associated with a funeral rite, with death. In ancient times, it was customary to burn juniper branches during funerals, to cover the path to the funeral pyre with juniper. Juniper branches were a symbol of death and a symbol of the beginning of eternal life. Juniper was used to fumigate dwellings and outbuildings to protect against evil spirits, from lightning strikes. In ancient Greece and Rome, juniper was used to prepare an antidote for snake bites. The myth of the Argonauts tells how Jason stole the Golden Fleece with the help of Medea, who prepared a potion with juniper, after drinking which the dragon guarding the Golden Fleece fell asleep.

The Italian physician P. Mattioli in the 16th century considered juniper an effective diuretic.

In Russia, juniper berries and roots were used for food, syrup was obtained from the berries. From juniper, as from grapes, wine, vodka, English gin, and beer are made.

Laurel is an evergreen tree, a symbol of immortality, success, the emblem of Apollo, in whose honor not only sports competitions were held, but also competitions in the art of poetry and music. The winners of these competitions were awarded with laurel wreaths. Theophrastus wrote that in Greece there were a lot of laurel trees, the leaves and branches of which were used in religious ceremonies and everyday life.

The myth tells how the laurel tree appeared on earth. Once Apollo - the omnipotent sun god began to laugh at Eros (Cupid). Eros decided to take revenge: he shot an arrow of love in the heart of Apollo, and in the heart of the beautiful nymph Daphne (Daphne - laurel) - an arrow of disgust. Apollo, inflamed with love for Daphne, began to pursue her, but Daphne constantly ran away from him. Once, when Apollo almost overtook her, she prayed, asking the gods to save her from Apollo. The gods turned Daphne into a laurel tree. The saddened Apollo made a wreath of laurel branches, put it on his head and said: “Anyway, you will always be with me!” This plot was repeatedly used in poetry, in works of painting and sculpture. The legend also tells that at the place where Apollo killed the monstrous serpent Python with a laurel branch, God ordered the construction of a sanctuary in which the famous oracle is located. The Pythia chewed the leaves of the sacred laurel before divination. The laurel grove of Apollo had the status of a refuge, here everyone could hide from persecution.

The Greeks believed that the sacred laurel removed the guilt from the killer, endowed them with the gift of divination, the gift of knowing everything secret. In Rome, laurel wreaths (corona laureata, hence laureate - laureate) were awarded to generals, winners of musical, poetic and theatrical competitions. Messengers decorated their spear with laurel branches if they brought good news (litterae laureatae - a laurel letter), but if they were bad, they tied a bunch of feathers to the spear (litterae pinnatae - a letter with feathers, a sad letter). Images of ancestors were decorated with laurel branches, and the house where a child was born was decorated with wreaths of laurel and parsley.

The Romans believed that chewing laurel leaves inspired inspiration. In literary Latin there was an expression laurum momordit - he felt inspired (literally - he gnawed the laurel). Poets, entering the competition, held a branch of laurel or myrtle in their hands. There was a belief that misfortune could be sent to a person if his name was written on a dry bay leaf and burned.

Nowadays, the laurel wreath is used in the symbols of automobile companies as an emblem of the highest quality (Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Mercedes-Benz).

A branch of laurel in heraldry is a symbol of courage.

Wormwood was mentioned by Hippocrates, Galen, Dioscorides, Avicenna.

Wormwood is the most bitter plant on earth. Folk legends tell that wormwood became so bitter because it absorbed all the bitterness of human suffering and disappointment. Wormwood is a symbol of everything bitter, but it heals diseases, brings consolation, as the ancients believed. In ancient medicine, wormwood was used as a wound healing, stomachic, and anthelmintic agent. Wormwood was made from wormwood. Pliny told that in sports where four horses competed, the winner must drink a cup of wormwood wine. Pliny also claimed that a traveler who had wormwood with him, or tied it to his leg, would not feel tired.

In ancient times, wormwood was added to the ink to prevent mice from touching the scrolls.

In Egypt, the priests of Isis - the goddess of motherhood and fertility - went on holidays with wreaths of wormwood on their heads. It was believed that wreaths of wormwood, which were worn on the chest and on the head, could protect against epileptic attacks, from bad influences.

The Jews had to eat the Paschal lamb with bitter herbs - wormwood, bitter lettuce, which symbolized disasters during the forty-year wandering of the people in the wilderness. Wormwood also symbolizes the suffering of Christ. In Russia, wormwood juice was used as a wound healing agent and for the treatment of fever, as mentioned in ancient herbalists. Wormwood was considered a talisman against mermaids: on Thursday, the girls tore the wormwood and wove it into braids. There was a belief that mermaids would never tickle to death the one with sagebrush in her braids. Russian proverbs speak of the bitterness of wormwood: “Someone else’s bread smells like wormwood”, “Bitter like wormwood”, “I didn’t plant wormwood-grass, I cursed it myself”, “A drop of wormwood in a bowl of joy”, “Speech is like honey, but deed - like wormwood”, “Wormwood after honey is bitterer than itself”, “Another's wife is a swan, and her own is bitter wormwood”. One of the names of wormwood is "widow grass".

In the Holy Scriptures, wormwood is the personification of human vices, which you yourself will have to pay bitterly for. Christ said: "I will feed them wormwood and drink water with bile." Wormwood, collected on the Assumption (August 28) and consecrated in the church, fumigated dwellings and stables under New Year and Christmas, to protect yourself from witchcraft forces. On the eve of Ivan Kupala, when all herbs acquire magical power, wreaths and belts were woven from Chernobyl, they walked with them all day to protect themselves from evil spirits. There was a belief that the loudly spoken word “Chernobyl, Chernobyl” destroys all witchcraft.

Double leaves or fruits of mistletoe were a symbol of fruitful potency, mistletoe is a symbol of life in many myths. Virgil in the Aeneid tells how Aeneas managed to get into the realm of the dead. To consult with his father: he obtained the “golden mistletoe branch” and sacrificed it to Proserpina, the goddess of the underworld. has long been used in traditional medicine branches and leaves of mistletoe for the treatment of hysteria, epilepsy. Mistletoe was known to Hippocrates as a sedative and hemostatic agent. They believed that she had magical powers, considered a symbol of the protection of fertility. Pliny wrote that “the mistletoe promotes conception. If a woman wears it constantly with her. Druids worshiped mistletoe, calling it "all-healing". Among the ancient Germans, mistletoe was considered a sacred tree.

In England, there is a strange custom - at Christmas, kissing under a branch of mistletoe with strangers, which goes back to the ancient Roman Saturnalia (the feast of the earthly solstice, the god of crops), during which everything was allowed - even kissing strangers. The British have a branch of mistletoe - a symbol of friendship, peace.

The Slavs especially revered the oak, entwined with a golden branch of mistletoe. Mistletoe in Russia was called "vortex nest", "witch's broom". In Christianity, mistletoe belongs to the plants of John the Baptist, is considered an all-healing agent.

In Greece, vervain was credited with the magical power to make the body invulnerable, scare away ghosts, evil power. Verbena was used to decorate the altars of the gods. Vervain in Rome was considered the flower of Mercury (the god of trade and all profits), the winged messenger of the gods. Vervain was used to decorate the wands of the Roman ambassadors, who were called “verbinaria”. Verbena was also called the sacred branches of laurel, olive, myrtle, which were carried in hands during religious processions. The heads of the priests were decorated with vervain during solemn ceremonies, weddings, at the conclusion of an alliance. The rods of the ambassadors were entwined with vervain branches. Livy, Cicero, Virgil wrote about this.

In the Middle Ages, it was believed that verbena brings health and love, wealth, and protects against snake bites. But that verbena, which is dug up on a moonless night from June 23 to June 30 with a gold or silver spatula under the radiance of Venus and Mercury, can have such power.

The ancient Germans called vervain "iron grass", since the juice of the plant was used for hardening steel, forging swords and daggers.

Galen and Pliny wrote about the medicinal properties of nettle. Dioscorides pointed out that nettles are used to treat many diseases. In the Middle Ages, it was used to treat epilepsy, gallstone and urolithiasis, and lead poisoning. In India, on the island of Java, such types of nettle grow, the burn of which is as dangerous as a snake bite.

In Ukain, it was customary to wash dishes with a bunch of nettles, pouring boiling water over it. Fishermen used nettles to preserve their caught fish. There was a belief that by whipping a sick person with nettles, the disease could be expelled from his body. Nettle leaves have been used in folk medicine since ancient times. Folk wisdom describes the value of nettle as a medicine - "one nettle replaces seven doctors."

In Russia, nettle has long been considered a talisman against the action of evil spirits (witches, mermaids). During the holiday of Ivan Kupala, bunches of nettles were hung in the premises where domestic animals were kept. next week after the feast of the Trinity it was called mermaid. It was believed that these days mermaids come out of the water, they can tickle to death, drag them into the water. The girls wove wormwood into their braids to scare away the mermaids. The whole week it was supposed to sing mermaid songs, and at the end of the week they celebrated the “nettle (mermaid) incantation”. On this day, it was customary to hit with a bunch of nettles all those whom they wanted to protect from witches and mermaids, evil spirits. In Estonia, nettles are called "bachelor's kiss".

The myth of the pomegranate.

Jealous Hera learned that Zeus fell in love with the beautiful Semele, the daughter of the Theban king, who was already expecting a child, and decided to destroy her. She took the form of the nurse Semele and advised her to look at Zeus in all the grandeur of the ruler of Olympus. Zeus usually appeared to Semele in the form of a mortal. Semele asked Zeus to fulfill her request, as he promised to fulfill her every desire. The Thunderer appeared to Semele in all his majesty with sparkling lightning in his hands.

The fire engulfed the palace, everything collapsed. The dying Semele gave birth to a baby, who was protected by an instantly grown ivy. Zeus raised the infant Dionysus and sewed him into his thigh, where he grew stronger and stronger. After the second birth from the thigh of Zeus, Dionysus was given to the upbringing of King Afomantus and Ino (Semele's sister), where he grew up in the female half of the palace, dressed in the clothes of a girl. Hera was angry with the royal couple and sent madness on Afomant, who killed his son, mistaking him for a deer, and wanted to kill Ino and his youngest son. Dionysus was saved by Hermes. The third time, Hera sent the Titans to kill Dionysus, which they did by tearing him to pieces and boiling him on a cauldron. But the mother of Zeus, the goddess Fairy, collected pieces of her grandson's body and revived Dionysus. From the blood that fell to the ground, a beautiful pomegranate grew, and ivy became an integral part of the decoration of the holidays dedicated to Dionysus, the god of viticulture and winemaking.

Pomegranate is a symbol of fertility. In Greek and Roman mythology, he was the emblem of Proserpina, the goddess of vegetation, the wife of Hades, who returned to earth every spring to renew nature.

To eat a few pomegranate seeds meant to perform a wedding ceremony.

Proserpina, as the legend says, did not know this, she ate seven pomegranate seeds offered to her by Hades, and thereby became his wife, a resident of the underworld, the kingdom of the dead.

Only part of the year Proserpina was allowed to spend on earth with her mother. The goddesses-protectors of marriage, Hera and Aphrodite, were usually depicted with a pomegranate - a symbol of marriage. The fragrant fiery red pomegranate flowers were a symbol of love, marriage and fertility.

The pomegranate in Christianity is a symbol of the gift that Christ brought from heaven to earth. In Christian art, the pomegranate is one of the emblems of the Virgin Mary, a symbol of immortality and resurrection. The pomegranate fruit, the seeds of which are protected by a hard shell, symbolizes the unity of the Christian church, as well as devotion to it. Pomegranate is found repeatedly in the Holy Scriptures.

In China, peach flowers, branches and fruits were especially revered as one of the symbols of immortality. The goddess Si-wang-mmu (Lady of the West), the mistress of paradise, where the fruits of immortality grow, owned the secret of preparing the drink of immortality. Ritual objects were made from peach wood, demons were cast out with blossoming branches, they were used to treat the sick as amulets-amulets. Peach blossoms are a symbol of the feminine. In the spring, during the wedding ceremony, the bride was given a blossoming peach branch. In Greece and Rome, the peach tree leaf was dedicated to Harpocrates (god of silence). Those who violated the secret, divulged the secret were awarded paena foliis Persici - punishment with peach leaves. The convicts died instantly after eating a few leaves struck by lightning. In fact, they were dying from the strong acid found in the leaves.

In Japan, peach, like other fruit trees (cherry, plum, apple), are valued not for their fruits, but for their flowers. The Japanese celebrate the Peach Blossom Festival in March. The tree and fruits were revered in Iran, the Middle East, and Central Asia.

In Christian art, a peach is sometimes painted instead of an apple as a symbol of Salvation in images of Mary with the baby. A peach with one leaf is an ancient symbol of the heart and tongue. Renaissance artists used this symbol to denote the concept of "truth" - the union of the heart and tongue.

Henbane has long been known as one of the most poisonous plants. More than 1000 years ago, Avicenna wrote: “Herbane is a poison that causes insanity, deprives memory and causes suffocation.” (Compare the Russian “get furious”, “henbane ate too much”). It is known that the ancient Balts had detachments of “wolf warriors” who were given a drug of henbane before the battle and who invariably won. The facts of military cunning are known in history - barrels of wine were specially left in an abandoned camp, to which a drug from henbane was added. The warriors who entered the camp, having drunk such wine, plunged into a deep sleep. Then the retreating returned and began a bloody massacre.

There is an assumption that the priests of the Sun in Mexico, the Pythians in Delphi inhaled the smoke of the burned leaves of henbane, falling into a state of ecstasy, during which they uttered prophecies. An infusion of henbane is mentioned by Shakespeare in Hamlet. During the Middle Ages, henbane, like belladonna and mandrake, were used to prepare " magical drinks", witch's ointments, with which the sorcerers rubbed themselves. Henbane was considered a plant of dark, evil forces. In the Middle Ages in Germany, henbane seeds were used in the manufacture of beer to enhance the intoxicating effect of the drink. The composition of the name "Pilsen beer" includes the root plzen - henbane. Some names of the German settlements in which beer was made have the root bilzen - henbane in their composition.

And Chirch believed that the prefix hyos- in the name of the plant has a derogatory connotation, since the plant grows on garbage dumps.

In Ukraine, there is a legend about the origin of viburnum. The great ancient Slavic goddess Lada brought spring to the earth, got tired, lay down to rest in the steppes of Tavria and fell asleep soundly. She saw the sleeping Lada Mara, the goddess of evil and death, and sowed a thorny thorn around Lada, which instantly grew. Lada was awakened by the desperate pleas of the tillers for warmth and moisture for the plowed fields. Lada woke up and rushed to bring warmth and spring to people, but the prickly thorns wounded her. Where drops of blood fell to the ground, red viburnum bushes grew. Since then, Lada has been depicted on embroideries and drawings with viburnum branches in her hands. The Lada holiday continues from the melting of snow until the start of spring work. Medicines from the bark and fruits of viburnum are mentioned by herbalists of the 16th century. In the mythology of the Slavic peoples, viburnum is a symbol of happiness, love, girlish beauty.

There is a legend that viburnum grew from the blood of warriors who gave their lives for their homeland, which is why the bones of viburnum fruits are shaped like a heart.

juniper antivenom medicine officinalis

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Mariupol State University

Department of Russian Philology and Translation

COURSE WORK

In Russian

On the topic: " Folk names medicinal plants"

1st year students

areas of study 020303 philology

specialty "Language and Literature (Russian)"

Capon of Lilia Igorevna

Head Associate Professor of the Department of Russian Philology and Translation Kravchenko V.A.

Mariupol 2014

Introduction

Theme formulation. Lately in modern society special importance is attached to the knowledge of the history of the country, people, world civilizations. A huge role in this process can be played by the study of such a field of linguistics as etymology. Word etymology has two Greek roots: étymon- truth, the basic meaning of the word and logos - concept, doctrine and means the study of the origin of words and their meanings. Having traced the etymology of Russian words or words of other languages, one can come to serious scientific conclusions. The study of the etymology of words, the history of languages ​​can become a tool for understanding the world, the mentality of a particular people. Linguistics scientists have found that in many languages ​​there is much in common, there is a common base, which is called the "proto-language". With the help of etymology as a tool for knowing the past and present, it can be proved that all people on earth are a single family. While there are differences in character between family members, so there are differences between the linguistic pictures of the world of different peoples. Knowledge of the commonality and differences in the linguistic pictures of the world of different peoples can give a lot for understanding the history of the development of the world as a whole and of an individual people in particular. Etymology as a science develops within the framework of the science of language - linguistics. Linguistics is the science of language, its origin, properties and functions, and general laws structure and development of all languages ​​of the world. Language is a social phenomenon that arises and develops only in a collective. As a social phenomenon, language has functions, of which the cognitive one will be touched upon in our work. Linguistics is closely connected with social scientific disciplines that are aimed at studying a person and human society: with history, philosophy, literature, cultural studies, sociology, psychology and many others. Thus, any research in the field of linguistics contributes to the expansion of humanitarian knowledge. Particularly interesting and useful is the consideration of the language from the point of view of comparative linguistics, because within the framework of the comparative - historical direction of the study of languages, a psychological direction has appeared and is actively developing in our time, the founders of which were the German scientist W. Humboldt and the Russian philosopher-linguist A. A Potebnya. Their concept was based on the anthropological approach to language, according to which the study of language should be carried out in close connection with the consciousness and thinking of a person, his spiritual and practical activities. Humboldt put forward the idea of ​​the relationship of language, thinking and the spirit of the people. Modern scientists have also proved that the interpretation of the world by a person is carried out in the language, therefore different languages ​​express not only the general, but also differences in the worldview, this difference in the worldviews of the ancient Romans, Russians and English will be explored in the presented work.

The relevance of this study lies in the fact that language is a tool for knowing the present and future, the language picture of the world helps to understand the psychology of the people and expand ideas about it.

The research problem lies in the question of what features of the mentality of ancient people are embedded in the names given to medicinal plants not by botanists, but ordinary people, perhaps by healers, many millennia ago.

The object of the study is the etymology of the names of medicinal plants;

The subject of the study is the semantic relationships that arise when comparing the etymology of the names of some medicinal plants;

The purpose of the study is to determine the principles according to which the names of medicinal plants were given in ancient times in Latin, Russian and English.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been put forward:

find out what etymology is, what is its role in the study of the Russian language, culture and peculiarities of thinking of the people;

identify semantic relationships, formulate the principles by which names were given to plants in different languages, draw conclusions about the peculiarities of people's thinking (mentality), manifested in the principles of naming medicinal plants.

name etymology medicinal plant

Chapter 1.

1.1 What is etymology

Etymology is a branch of linguistics (more specifically comparative historical linguistics)<#"justify">1.2 Influence of languages ​​on plant names

During the formation, heyday and after the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Latin language had a huge impact not only on the formation of modern languages, but also on the formation of scientific terminology in most areas of knowledge. With the conquest of Greece by Rome, the mutual enrichment of the Latin and Greek languages, their cultures, the Latinization of a significant number of Greek words and the borrowing of Greek medical terms take place. Since antiquity, medical terminology has been formed on a bilingual Greek-Latin basis, which is why until now Latin and Ancient Greek remain the main international sources for the artificial creation of new medical terms in modern languages.

Such a long and intensive influence of Latin on various languages, including the Germanic group of languages, determined the nature of its influence on literary languages ​​and their medical term systems. The generally accepted names of many sciences, fields of knowledge, medicinal herbs and plants owe their origin to the classical languages ​​​​of the ancient world - Greek and Latin. However, it should be noted that the Latin language, during its distribution in the European part of the continent, did not have a significant impact on the Finno-Ugric group of languages.

The Latin names of medicinal herbs and plants are international, thanks to the general cultural heritage of the ancient Greek and Latin languages, but in each language they have their own special names and a number of synonyms.

In botanical terminology, a large group is formed by the popular names of medicinal plants. They represent interesting material for research from the point of view of the origin of the word, the features of its structure, and the connection with various concepts of the surrounding reality. The folk botanical nomenclature differs significantly from the scientific one: the folk names of medicinal plants are ambiguous, and the plant itself can have several names. Often completely different plants, and sometimes entire groups, are called with one word, so determining the correct meaning of the name can be very difficult, and sometimes not possible. In this regard, it is practiced in dictionaries to present the Latin botanical term along with the popular name of the plant.

3 Synonymous name variants

As a rule, the folk names of plants are marked by a wealth of synonymous variants. At the same time, the following pattern is observed: if the name of a plant is widespread over a vast territory, then it either does not have synonymous parallels, or it has few of them. So, such names as birch, beech, cherry, alder, oak, pear, pine, plum, apple tree, etc. have no synonyms. Undoubtedly, the names of trees have the least number of synonymous parallels, since they originate, as a rule, from Indo-European period. Other names, on the contrary, are very unstable and have a large number of parallel names. For example, calamus reed (Acorus calamus L.) 1 is popularly called by the following words: calamus marsh, odorous calamus, tartar, Tatar, Tatar potion, irny root, yavr, shuvar. Common Datura (Datura stramonium L.) - stinky dope, stinky dope, cows, pigs, prickly apples.

Wolfberries are popularly called laxative joster (Rhamnus cathartica L.), brittle buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.), common bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Spreng.), bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamare L.), marsh thrush ( Pedicularis palustris L.) and many other plants.

The name wolfberry is often given to plants with poisonous, inedible, wild berries. Such a representation of the name, common to many different plants, creates peculiar difficulties in correctly determining the literary name of a given plant. For example, in the sentence: "Shallow ditches, already completely overgrown with quinoa, wolf berries" - it is difficult to understand which plant is meant by wolf berries.

Popular names of plants are closely related to reality. They reflect the features of the form, taste, color, the nature of flowering, its healing properties and the nature of the impact on humans. Let's take for example the motherwort plant (Leonurus cardiaca L.), which is popularly called the core. Motherwort was so named for the fact that juice from a fresh plant, as well as a decoction from a dried plant, have long been used for weakened heart activity, for various nervous diseases; This is also evidenced by the Latin specific name cardiaca, which comes from the Greek word cardia - heart. The same can be said about fumaria officinalis (Fumaria officinalis L.), which received the popular name liverwort, liver grass for its use in liver diseases.

Many plants receive popular names based on the similarity of features, which is a particularly common way to enrich the language with new meanings of words. This method is inherently active: the name is consciously transferred from object to object, from phenomenon to phenomenon, etc.

4 Medicinal plants, and etymology in Latin and Russian

In the course of studying encyclopedias, etymological and bilingual dictionaries, we compiled the following table, reflecting the etymology of the names of medicinal plants in Latin, Russian and English.

Latin language Russian language BLACK WHITE - Hyoscyamus niger L. (from Greek hyoskyamos: hys - pig, kyamos - beans; lat. niger, gra, grum - black, because the throat of the flower is black and purple). CORNFLOWER - Centaurea L. (from the name of the plant in Hippocrates or kentaureion - on behalf of the centaur Chiron). HEATHER ORDINARY - Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (from Greek kallynein - to cleanse, Latin vulgaris, e - ordinary, ordinary). RAVEN EYE - Paris quadrifolia L. (Greek Paris - Paris, son of the Trojan king Priam; lat. quadrifolius, a, um - four-leafed). HIGHLANDER BIRD (SPORYSH) - Polygonum aviculare L. s. l. ( Polygonu m-polygonal, avicularis, e - bird from lat. avicula - a bird). St. John's Wort (Z. ORDINARY) - Hyper í cum perfo á tum L., Z. SPOTTED - H. macul á tum Crantz = H. quandr á ngulum L. (from Greek hypo - about and ereike - heather, that is, growing among heather; lat. perforatus, a, um - perforated and maculatus, a, um - spotted; quadrangulus, a, um - quadrangular from quadi - - four- and angulus - angle). NETTLE - Urtica dioica L. (from Latin urere - to burn; Latin dioicus from Greek di - twice, oikos - house). CLOVER MEADOW (K. RED) -Trif ó lium prat é nse L. (from lat. tri- - three- and folium - leaf; lat. pratensis, e - meadow from pratum - meadow). CALENDULA MEDICINE (CALENDULA MEDICINAL) - Calendula officinalis L. (a diminutive of lat. Calendae - the first day of each month among the Romans). YELLOW POT (YELLOW WATER LILY) - Nuphar luteum (L.) Smith = Nymphaea lutea L. (from Arabic naufar - shiny, blue). WHITE WATER-LITER - Nymphaea alba L. (Latin Greek name of the plant nymphaia from nymphe - nymph). Lily of the Valley - Convall á ria L. (from lat. convallis - valley). REGULAR LINEN - Linum usitatissimum L. (from Latin Greek linon - thread; Latin usitatissimus, a, um - superlative from usitatus - common). SLEEPING POPpy - Papaver somniferum L. (papaver - lat. poppy name, from papa - baby porridge; lat. somnifer, fera, ferum - sleeping pills from somnus - sleep and ferre - carry). COLTSFOOT - Tussilago farfara L. (from lat. tussis - cough, agere - remove, expel; farfarus - lat. coltsfoot from far - flour, ferre - carry). DANDELION - Taraxacum Wigg. (perhaps, the Latin Arabic name of the plant is tharakhchakon or from the Greek taraxis - eye disease, akeomai - I heal, I heal). SHEPHERD'S BAG - Capsella búrsa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (capsella - reduces from lat. capsa - a bag, in the shape of fruits; lat. bursa pastoris - lit. shepherd's bag). Plantain - Plantago L. (from lat. planta - sole). PHARMACEUTICAL CAMOMILE- Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert = Matricaria recutita L. = M. chamomilla L. (from lat. matrix - uterus, in the old days it was used for women's diseases; lat. chamomilla from Greek chamai - low - by small stature and melon - apple , Latin recutitus, a, um - circumcised, peeled). Yarrow (- Achillea millefolium L. s. l. (Achillea - named after the Greek hero Achilles, who, according to myth, first applied this plant; Latin millefolium - yarrow from mille - thousand and folium - leaf). SORREL - Rumex L. (Latin name for sorrel, possibly from rumex - a dart, a throwing spear on a short shaft, in the form of leaves). CHAMENERION (CHAMERION) Narrow-leaved (IVAN-TEA, KAPORSKY TEA) - Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. = Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub (from Greek chamai - on the ground and nerion - oleander). LARGE CISTOTEL (WARTENGER) - Chelidonium majus L. (Latin Greek name of the plant chelidonion from chelidon - swallow; lat. major, majus - larger). COWBERRY - Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.= Rhodococcum vitis-idaea (L.) Auror. (from Latin baccinium - berry bush; vitis idaea - Ides grapes: Ida - a mountain on Crete; rhodococcum it Greek rhodon - rose and kokkos - berry). FOREST STRAWBERRY - Fragaria vesca L. (from Latin fraga - strawberry fruit, fragare - fragrant; vescus, a, um - edible, from vescor - to eat). SWAMP CRANBERRY (FOUR-SPOKED) - Oxycoccus palustris Pers. = O. quadripetalus Gilib. (from Greek oxys - sour; coccos - ball; lat. quadri- - four- and Greek. petalon - petal). RASPBERRY - Rubus idaeus L. (rubus - Latin name for raspberries or blackberries, from ruber - red; idaeus from Greek idaios - Idian, according to Pliny - from Mount Ida on Crete). CURRANT BLACK - Ribes nigrum L. (Latin Arabic plant name ribas - sour). BLUEBERRY ORDINARY - Vaccinium myrtillus L. (vaccinium - lat. name of blueberry plant from vacca - cow; lat. myrtillus - diminutive of myrtus - myrtle, myrtle bush, by the similarity of leaves). BIRCH - Betula L. Trees or shrubs from the birch family - Betulaceae. Some species are medicinal plants.< (Б. повислая>-B é tula p é ndula Roth = B. verruc ó sa Ehrh. (from Celt. betu - birch; lat. pendulus, a, um - drooping; verrucosus, a, um from verruca - wart). ORDINARY OAK (D. PEDDLE, D. SUMMER) - Qu é rcus r ó bur L. = Q. pedunculus á ta Ehrh. (quercus - lat. name of oak, from Greek kerkeen - rough, rough; lat. robur - oak wood; lat. pedunculatus, a, um - petiolate, from pedunculus - petiole), KALINA ORDINARY - Viburnum opulus L. (viburnum - lat. plant name, from viere - twist, weave; opulus - ancient lat. name of one of the maple species - because of the similarity with its leaves). JUNIPER COMMON - Juniperus communis L. (juniperus - Latin name for juniper, possibly from the Celtic jeneprus - prickly). ROWAN HOUSEHOLD - Sorbus aucuparia L. (sorbus - lat. plant name, possibly from lat. sorbere - to absorb, since the fruits of most species are edible; lat. aucuparius, a, um from avis - bird and capere - to attract, catch, i.e. the fruits are attractive to birds and were used as bait for catching them). SCOTT PINE (S. FOREST) ​​- P inus sylvestris L. (pinus - lat. name of the pine, possibly associated with the Celtic. pin - mountain; lat. sylvestris, tre - forest from sylva - forest, the medieval form of writing sylvestris, adopted by K. Linnaeus; from the point of view of the Latin language, it is more correct silvestris). From common Slav. root be- in the meaning of "white" From the name of Basil, borrowed from the Greek Basileus (lord) From the common Slav. Veresen (September-heather flowering time) By resemblance to the dark eye of a bird By the property of bitterness and by the sign: the love of birds for the seeds of this plant By the property of the plant, due to the poisonous substances in it, cause the death of animals if they ate it and got into the sun From the public sprinkle, sprinkle, crop-boiling water. Either because of the burning effect, or because the plant was doused with boiling water before being fed to animals. From the German word klever, the etymology is unclear From the Latin word calenda, a calendar-holiday time, is associated with the time of flowering of the plant, by the similarity of the petals to the shape of the nail. The etymology is unclear Presumably from the word jug. From the public roots, translated means "ear of a doe" (by the similarity of form) From Indo-European. root -lin-, akin to the Latin linum (line, thread) by what was produced from it. The etymology is unclear, presumably from the name of the Greek city of Mekon, from where the poppy spread throughout Greece, in a transformed form, the word passed into other languages. By the nature of the leaves: one side is soft, like a mother, the other is cold, like a stepmother. According to the characteristics of the inflorescence: the seeds swell with the slightest movement of air. Literally translated from Latin, the shape of the leaves resembles the shape of a shepherd's bag. According to the places of distribution: grows mainly along the roads. Literal translation of the Latin name, diminutive suffix added, Roman chamomile According to the structural features of the leaves (they are small, and there are a lot of them) From common Slav. sorrel root, one-root with cabbage soup, the meaning is sour (hence sour). From the tradition of the Russian people to use the leaves of the plant as tea leaves. From the properties of the plant to have a cleansing effect on the skin. From the disappeared Slavic word brusen with the meaning red. From the characteristics of the ripening of fruits (they practically lie on the ground, “droop” to it after ripening) From common Slavs. verb to peck-to make the sound of a bursting berry The etymology is unclear. From the public root stink-smell. A feature of the plant is a strong specific smell. The name comes from the color of the berries. From the public root be- with the meaning white. From Indo-European root with the meaning "tree". The etymology is unclear: either by the color of the berries (red, as if they were heated), or from the Greek combination of callos, I win with beauty, From the common Slav. root with the meaning of weaving, knitting, which is most likely associated with the ability of the plant to impede movement. From the adjective pockmarked, from the features of the bark of a tree. From the public root with the meaning "tree with a hollow, nozzle", goes back to the language of beekeepers.

5 Name history of some plants

This section gives the origin of plant names, legends and myths about them, the history of their use in medicine and modern medical significance.

Regarding the origin of the generic Latin name, researchers have no consensus. Most believe that it comes from the Greek word "artemes" - healthy, since at all times and among all peoples wormwood enjoyed the glory of an all-healing agent, it was like a receptacle of health. In this regard, Pliny says that wormwood juice was awarded to the winners in the race, whose competitions were held on sacred days. It was believed that this was a worthy reward, since with the help of wormwood they would be able to maintain their health, "and, as you know, it is more expensive than the whole world."

According to another version, the plant was given the name of Artemisia, the wife of King Mausolus, who was allegedly cured by this plant.

The third version of the origin of the name is described in the poem "On the properties of herbs" by Odo from Mena. According to legend, Artemis was the patroness of women in childbirth, and she allegedly first used wormwood as a birth aid. This property of wormwood was known not only in Ancient Greece, but also in Egypt and China. The priests of Isis, the goddess of fertility and motherhood, wore wreaths of wormwood on their heads. It was believed that wormwood protects from evil influences and misfortune.

The specific Latin name absinthium, translated from Greek, means "without pleasure", since medicines from wormwood are very bitter.

In the old days, it was believed that wormwood absorbed all the bitterness of human suffering and therefore there is no herb worse than wormwood. The ancient Roman poet Ovid wrote: "The sad wormwood sticks out in the desert fields, and the bitter plant corresponds to its place."

For the treatment of diseases, wormwood has been used since ancient times. Pliny wrote that a traveler who has wormwood with him will not feel tired on a long journey. It was used for gastric and eye diseases, as a diuretic and anthelmintic, for fever, etc. Avicenna recommended it for seasickness. He spoke about her: "... This is a wonderful, amazing medicine (for appetite), if you drink its decoction and squeezed juice for ten days." In the Middle Ages, wormwood was treated by the most various diseases and especially the stomach.

In modern scientific medicine preparations of wormwood are recommended as a bitter to stimulate appetite and in diseases of the stomach with reduced secretion.

Wormwood has a reputation as a sanitary and hygienic product. She fumigated contagious patients and premises during wars and epidemics, she was used against lice and fleas. For this purpose, it is used in veterinary medicine at the present time. With systematic ingestion, it can cause severe poisoning.

Common almond (Amygdalus communis)

The generic Latin name Amygdalus comes from the name of the young, easily blushing Phoenician goddess Amygdala. The color of the almond blossoms resembled the pinkish-white complexion of a young beauty. Wild almonds are known in Central Asia, as well as in Afghanistan, Iran, and Asia Minor. Here, according to N.I. Vavilov, for the first time began to cultivate it. The Ferghana Valley is considered one of the centers of almond culture. From there, over the course of millennia, it spread mainly to the west and northwest. And among all the peoples who cultivated it, legends and traditions arose dedicated to this unusual useful plant. Almonds are mentioned many times in the tales of the Thousand and One Nights, in the Bible. The Bible knows the legend of the high priest Aaron, who owned a staff of dry almond trees, which once covered with buds, blossomed and fruits ripened on it.

Among the inhabitants of ancient Sogdiana, which was located on the territory of modern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, the almond was considered a sacred tree. The inhabitants of Sogdiana prayed with sprigs of flowering almonds in their hands, they were sacrificed to the gods, they protected children from evil spirits during illness.

The first of the European countries where almonds got was Ancient Greece. Ancient myths tell about it. Here the almond was also sacred and considered a symbol of fertility. The legend connects the almond with the name of the girl Fellida. In separation from her beloved Demophon, she turned into a withered almond tree from longing. But when Demophon returned to his homeland and embraced the withered tree, it immediately blossomed and leaves blossomed on it. That is why here the almond was also called the Fellida tree.

Another Greek legend says that bitter almonds grew where the body of the daughter of Midas, who took her own life after the death of her husband, bowed.

From Greece in the 2nd century. BC. almond moved to Rome, where it was grown in the gardens of the patricians. Here it was called a walnut. At the same time, almonds appear on the Iberian Peninsula, and a little later - in France. It is mentioned in the code of laws of Charlemagne. They tried to grow it in Germany and England, but the first attempts to cultivate it were unsuccessful. Too early appearing flowers were damaged by spring frosts. However, as a finished product, it ends up in the countries of Northern Europe, enjoys big love and there it is included in ritual actions.

Almonds were brought to the Crimea during its colonization by the Greeks and Genoese (6th century AD). It is known that in the gardens of the medieval Crimean principality Theodoro, along with apple trees, pears, plums, walnuts, almonds grew. It is believed that the wild forms of almonds appeared in the Crimea since then. It is brought to the central regions of Russia along with expensive overseas fruits - raisins, figs, walnuts, becomes a favorite delicacy and an indispensable component of many gourmet dishes.

The medicinal uses of almonds have also long been known. Avicenna recommends it in the treatment of skin defects (from freckles, spots, sunburn, bruising), and also as a means of preventing intoxication. Bitter almonds with wheat starch, as well as almond oil, are recommended for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, kidneys, stomach and in gynecology.

In modern medicine, seeds and oil are used. The oil obtained by cold pressing from the seeds of bitter and sweet almonds has a pleasant taste and high quality. It is used as a solvent for injection solutions, in oil emulsions, as part of ointments, and on its own - inside as a laxative. Almond bran after squeezing the oil is consumed for cosmetic purposes to soften the skin. From the cake of bitter almonds, bitter almond water was previously obtained, which contained up to 0.1% hydrocyanic acid and was used in the form of drops as a sedative and analgesic.

Sleeping poppy (Papaver somniferum)

The generic Latin name Papaver comes from the Greek "pavas" - milk, since all plant organs contain milky juice. The specific Latin name somniferum literally means "sleep-bearing".

In the legends and tales of the peoples of many countries, poppy is associated with images of sleep and death. The ancient Greeks believed that two twin brothers lived in the underworld of Hades: Hypnos (Morpheus among the Romans) - the god of sleep and dreams, and Tanat - the god of death. The beautiful young winged god Hypnos rushes above the earth with poppy heads in his hands, on his head is a wreath of poppy flowers. A sleeping pill pours from the horn, and no one - neither mortals nor gods - is able to resist him, even the mighty Zeus. Everyone whom he touches with a poppy flower is immersed in a sweet dream, because light dreams rest in each poppy flower. Even the dwelling of Hypnos, the kingdom of sleep, was depicted as planted with poppy plants.

It is said about the origin of the poppy that after the abduction of Persephone by Hades, her mother, the goddess of earthly fertility Demeter, wandered the earth in search of her daughter. Immensely suffering and not finding peace for herself, she was unable to stop and rest. The gods, sympathizing with the unfortunate mother, made it so that at her every step a poppy flower grew. The goddess, having collected a whole bouquet, finally calmed down and fell asleep. Since then, the poppy has been considered a symbol of earthly fertility, and the goddess Demeter (among the Romans, Ceres) is depicted in a wreath of ears of cereals and poppy flowers.

In Christian mythology, the origin of the poppy is associated with the blood of an innocently killed person. For the first time, as if the poppy grew out of the blood of Christ crucified on the cross, and since then it has been growing where a lot of human blood was shed.

Poppy culture is one of the oldest. Its seeds are found during archaeological excavations among the remains of the food of people of the Stone Age. It is known from written sources that it was cultivated in ancient Sumer and Assyria. It is authentically known that in ancient Egypt it was already used as a sleeping pill. In areas adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea, poppy culture as a food plant has been known for many millennia. On the island of Crete, images of poppy heads from the period of the Mycenaean pre-Greek culture have been preserved. The hypnotic effect of poppy juice was known in the time of Homer. In the Iliad, when describing the feast at King Menelaus on the occasion of the simultaneous wedding of his son and daughter, poppy juice is mentioned - "delightful mountain, peace-giving, giving oblivion to the heart of disasters." The Beautiful Helen, the culprit of the Trojan War, poured this juice into the circular bowl for the guests.

As a food plant, poppy has been widely grown since time immemorial. Its seeds, containing a large amount of palatable fatty oils, proteins, sugars, were a favorite delicacy.

In Arabic medicine, all organs of the plant were used. Avicenna recommended poppy root, boiled in water, for inflammation of the sciatic nerve, in the form of medicinal dressings on the forehead against insomnia. Poppy seeds were used as a means of cleansing the chest, and for diarrhea, poppy juice - as an anesthetic.

In European medicine, poppy was most widely used by doctors of the Salerno School of Medicine.

Modern medicine uses poppy preparations as painkillers, hypnotics, antitussives and antispasmodics.

Chapter 2. Practical part

When explaining the names of plants, folk etymology is useful to us. Consider the origin of the name of an interesting, useful and very peculiar plant Podbel (Tussilago farfara L.). In modern Russian literary language this is the name of the well-known herbaceous treatment plant from the Asteraceae family - Compositae, which grows on the slopes of hills, ravines, on the edges of onions, fields, along river banks, spreading throughout Russia.

The scientific Latin name of the genus Tussilago comes from the Latin word tussis - "Cough", that is, a plant that is used in the treatment of cough. Under the name farfara, this plant is known from the Romans. Podbela medicines are widely used for all chest diseases as an anti-inflammatory and expectorant.

The podbel plant has many popular synonymous names: coltsfoot<#"justify">Kuznetsova M.A. Reznikova A.S. "Tales of medicinal plants" Moscow. 1992.

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Lecture and reference material for the course "Latin and the basics of pharmaceutical terminology": tutorial/ Comp. Lazareva M.N., Ryabova A.N., Burdina O.B. / Ed. Lazareva M.N. - Perm, 2009. - 195 p. (Perm Pharmaceutical Academy)

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Handbook of medicinal plants / A.M. Zadorozhny, A.G. Koshkin, S.Ya. Sokolov and others - M .: Lesn. prom-st, 1988. - 415 p., ill.

Electronic Mari-Russian Dictionary //