The most important personality traits are. Basic Personality Characteristics

Organizations are made up of people. Some of them make decisions, give orders, achieve their execution. Others - obey, carry out these orders. Together, these leadership and execution processes ensure that organizational goals are achieved. However, they rarely go smoothly, conflict-free. Much more often in organizations there are large and small conflicts on a variety of occasions. The reason for this is that each person is an individual, with their own value system, individual experiences and skills, a unique set of needs and interests, so in the same situation, people will respond to incentives in different ways. For example, there was an urgent production need to work overtime. The boss offered! good bonus for overtime work. How will people behave? It's safe to say it's different. Some will gladly accept the possibility of additional income, others will react to the proposal without enthusiasm, but will obey the authorities, and still others may clearly express their dissatisfaction and even refuse to obey, referring to labor laws. Such a range of attitudes, needs and desires of people requires managers to understand the features of the manifestation of personality traits in organizational management. Therefore, the concept of personality is one of the main ones both for psychology in general and for the psychology of management.

term "personality" designate an individual in the totality of his socially significant qualities and traits, expressed in the unique features of his consciousness and activity. Thus, although the natural basis of the personality is formed by all biological characteristics, its essence is not natural factors (for example, one or another type of higher nervous activity), but social parameters - views, abilities, interests, beliefs, values, etc. Personality - an individual included in social relations. This is the social quality of a person, while the concept of "individual" refers to a separate representative of the biological species Homo Sapiens. For example, an individual is a newborn or a severely mentally ill person.

Individuals are not born, individuals are made. The formation of a personality is a complex process in which, on the one hand, an individual forms his inner world in the process of communicating with other people, by mastering the forms and types of social activity that have developed in his time, and on the other hand, in one way or another in behavior expresses his inner "I", their mental processes. Psychologists usually consider the "core" of a personality to be the sphere of its motives (needs, interests, orientation) and internal regulatory mechanisms (self-awareness, self-esteem, self-respect, etc.).

From a management psychology point of view, importance have such personality traits as temperament, character, abilities and personality orientation. It is on mental properties that the ability or inability of a person to a particular type of activity, his relations in a team largely depend. From this, in particular, the following recommendation follows: when selecting personnel for work, a manager must take into account the mental properties of a particular candidate in order to be confident in his ability to fulfill the necessary professional role in the organization.

The easiest to determine temperament person. Sometimes it is enough for an experienced employee of the personnel department to talk for a few minutes with an applicant for a job during an interview. Modern researchers recognize the need to take into account the stable individual characteristics of the psyche, which persist for many years (often for a lifetime), and are called temperament. The most common point of view is that temperament depends on the innate physiological characteristics of the human body on the type of its nervous system. This explains the stability of temperament, although the nervous system may change somewhat over the course of life depending on the conditions of existence, upbringing, and illnesses experienced, therefore, there are facts of temperament changes under the influence of certain events, changes in lifestyle. Temperament is the individual characteristics of a person, characterizing the speed and rhythm of the course of his mental processes, the degree of stability of his feelings.

The ancient Greek scientist Hippocrates proposed the first classification of temperament types, which is still used as a basis for understanding the psychological characteristics of a person. He identified four main types:

• sanguine;
• choleric;
• phlegmatic person;
• melancholic.

sanguine call a living person, quickly responding to changes environment relatively easy to experience failure. A worker with a sanguine temperament is usually energetic, has a quick speech, and does not get tired for a long time. A negative moment for an employee of this type may be the inability to concentrate for a long time, relative inattention.

Choleric - a person is impulsive, passionate, unbalanced, prone to emotional experiences of what is happening and sudden changes in mood. Workers with this type of temperament are usually highly productive, talk a lot and loudly, and are capable of overcoming difficulties on their own. The disadvantages of such employees may be excessive haste and a tendency to nervous breakdowns.

Phlegmatic person he is slow, imperturbable, his mood is more or less constant, he prefers not to demonstrate his mental states to others. Such an employee will be balanced, thoughtful, punctual, but sometimes too slow and inert, it will be difficult for him to "switch" to new activities. Phlegmatic people are capable of painstaking, thorough work, which can be a real test for a choleric person.

Melancholic consider an easily vulnerable person who is able to deeply and sincerely experience even minor failures, but inside himself, practically without showing it outwardly. Usually melancholic people speak quietly, often embarrassed. Workers of this type do not have the ability to be a leader, a leader, such an assignment can cause them deep anxiety. The melancholic will do best with work that requires stereotyped actions; it is better for him to make critical remarks in private.

An excellent humorous illustration of the behavior of people of different temperaments is a drawing by the Danish artist H. Bidstrup (Fig. 1). It depicts the same situation: a passer-by accidentally sits on the hat of a man sitting on a bench. The situation is the same, but the reaction of people differs in a striking way, depending on their temperament. Look at the picture and try to determine the temperament type of the hat wearer in each case.

Rice. 1. x. Bidstrup. Hat

The boundaries separating different types of temperament are rather arbitrary: even people with the same type show it differently, and their behavior may differ in similar situations. Here, the phenomenon of "disguise of temperament" can also manifest itself, when a person deliberately "blocks" certain features of his innate temperament, replacing them with acquired habits and behavioral skills. So, realizing his responsibility for the success of the business, the choleric leader, instead of his temper, can show restraint and self-control. Nevertheless, knowledge of the typical characteristics of the temperament of an employee can facilitate communication with him, contribute to the effective management of his professional activities, and prevent failures and conflict situations.

Another important aspect of personality is character - an individual combination of stable mental characteristics of a person, which determines his typical way of behavior in certain conditions and his attitude to reality.

Character is closely related to the temperament of a person, but is not completely determined by him: temperament only leaves its mark on the external form of expression of character, its manifestations. Moreover, if temperament is determined by natural, physiological factors, then character develops in the process of education. It is customary to talk about the types of characters depending on their certainty. A certain character is understood as a character with one or more dominant traits. For example, Gogol's Plyushkin was clearly dominated by greed, and all other traits were subordinate to it. An indefinite character does not have such a clear dominant; in different situations, various features come to the fore.

The characters are also described from the point of view of their integrity. Integral characters - those in which there are no obvious contradictions between the awareness of goals and the behavior itself, for them the unity of thoughts and feelings is typical. Pushkin's Tatyana from "Eugene Onegin" can become a classic example of such an integral nature. But there are also contradictory characters, they are characterized by a discord between goals and behavior, the presence of incompatible motives, thoughts, feelings, conflicting desires and aspirations. And again an example from Russian classical literature can be useful as an illustration: Gogol's Khlestakov had just a contradictory character - he dreamed of a brilliant career, but led the life of a loafer, he sincerely wanted to be a respected person, but did not give others a reason for respect, dreamed of wealth, but easily littered with money, when they showed up. Obviously, for a manager, a person with a controversial character can become a source of conflict and anxiety in the team, he is difficult to manage.

Everything in psychology character traits Individuals are divided into the following groups:

• strong-willed (purposefulness, perseverance, determination, indecision, firmness, stubbornness, courage, cowardice);
• moral (sensitivity, humanity, truthfulness, attentiveness, deceit, collectivism, individualism);
• emotional (temper, tenderness, tearfulness, touchiness, passion).

Obviously, for the successful work of an employee in a team, moral character traits are of particular importance - the presence of such qualities as goodwill, sincerity, and attentiveness. For the leader, the possession of such strong-willed character traits as decisiveness, self-control, endurance, etc. comes to the fore.

In addition to the types of temperament, psychology distinguishes related concepts extraversion And introversion. We are talking about the characteristics of the individual psychological differences of a person, the extreme expressions of which speak of the predominant orientation of the personality either to the world of external objects, or to the phenomena of his inner world. extroverts (as a rule, they are sanguine and choleric) are distinguished by their orientation to the outside world, they are characterized by impulsiveness, initiative, flexibility of behavior, sociability. The opposite personality type is introverts (melancholic and phlegmatic), which are characterized by a focus on their own inner world, lack of communication, isolation, social passivity, a tendency to introspection.

For the evaluation of the employee and the manager, the idea of ​​his abilities is no less important. Capabilities - these are individual psychological characteristics, which are subjective conditions for successful activity. Abilities are formed in the process of human interaction with society, other people, they are not limited to the knowledge and skills that a person possesses, they also include the speed and strength of mastering new ways of activity. Abilities are made up of various components, due to which it is possible to compensate for certain weaknesses, lack of abilities in one area with the help of other components that are clearly represented in the human psyche. For example, an employee who does not have the ability to quickly assimilate new knowledge can compensate for this lack of perseverance in achieving goals. Scientists have created numerous methods for the development of certain abilities. There are, for example, methods for developing an ear for music for those who are deprived of it, methods for developing speech and public speaking skills, etc.

For the psychology of management, the problem of the formation of abilities for a particular type of activity is of great interest. Most scientists believe that abilities can be developed through the creation personal setting. Installation - the psychological predisposition of the individual to a certain behavior, which prompts him to orient his activity in a certain way. Therefore, in order to improve abilities in a particular area, it is necessary to create in a person an attitude to mastering the subject of activity, otherwise even the most advanced methods of developing abilities may be powerless.

Close to the concept of personal attitude is also orientation of personality a mental property of a person expressing the goals and motives of her behavior. The motives of activity induce a person to perform certain actions, this is what the activity itself is carried out for. Usually, the needs of the individual are specified in the motives - material (in food, clothing, etc.) or spiritual (in reading books, getting an education, communicating with other people, etc.). Needs regulate human activity, being transformed in the brain into the form of desires, drives, interests. The way in which the need is transformed in the brain is an ambiguous process, since the experience of needs reveals a certain independence in relation to the state of the organism. Subject content needs depend on many factors. The famous physiologist I.P. Pavlov cited such interesting example: if a puppy is fed only milk food from birth, and then you offer him meat, then it will not cause him a food reaction. Only after tasting the meat, the puppy begins to react to it as food. The situation with human needs is even more difficult. The substantive content of even material needs depends not only on the needs of the organism, but also on society, the social group to which a person belongs, his upbringing and other social parameters.

Needs take the form of motives in the behavior of the individual. Motives do not remain unchanged, in the process of life they can expand and enrich, or, conversely, narrow. Conscious motives become goals. The totality of motives determines the direction of the personality. For example, for one student, the motive for studying is the grade at the exam and the scholarship assigned to him in accordance with this, for another - acquiring a profession, mastering knowledge. Their learning successes may be the same, but the meaning of their activities is very different. Therefore, it is the motives that induce actions that characterize the personality. We will explore the complex process of motivation in more detail in the next chapter.

Personal resilience. In the behavior, actions of a person, the system of his relations, orientation, for all its variability and dependence on specific life situations, there is a certain semantic unity, a core formation, and the constancy of the mental warehouse. This makes it possible to predict a person's behavior in accordance with their basic life values, and not just situationally.

Personality variability. If a person loses the ability to be plastic, take into account changes in the living environment, then she will most likely behave inappropriately to the prevailing circumstances.

Unity of personality – the result of a complex integration of individual parts, during which each feature is inextricably linked with others. Each individual trait acquires its meaning depending on its relationship with other personality traits. A person is always formed and educated as a whole.

Personal activity – It is expressed both in the general vitality of a person, in the amount of “vital energy” inherent in him, in the system of intensity of the applied efforts, and in its direction.

Activity can be global, aimed at understanding, changing, transforming the world as a whole, or only at specific life circumstances.

IN modern psychology personality is seen as special self-governing system , carrying out a number of specific functions both at the level of regulation of individual mental manifestations, and in general in human life.

According to A.G. Kovalev, these include:

Challenge, delay of processes, actions, deeds;

Switching mental activity;

Acceleration or slowdown of mental activity;

Strengthening or weakening of activity;

Coordination of motives;

Control over the course of activities by comparing the planned program with the result of the actions taken;

Coordination of actions.

The structure of personality.

Like any organization, the mental life of a person has a certain structure. Abstracting from the individual characteristics of the mental warehouse, it is possible to establish the mental structure of the personality.

Structure is not just the sum of its random elements. The components included in the structure must be in a certain relationship. What is the nature of the relationship between the elements that creates the structure of a complex phenomenon, which is the mental life of a person?

1. are not accidental, but important and necessary for the existence or life of this phenomenon. (Important for the normal existence of the individual).

2. mutually determine the functioning of each other: they are in a regular connection and interaction with each other and with the whole (violation or change of one entails a change in the other).

3. in their specificity, they are conditioned by the essence of the whole phenomenon (the features of each element are determined and depend on the features of the content of the whole).

It is also important, when determining the structural elements of the personality, to proceed from an understanding of the essence of the personality as a biosocial being, the properties of which are manifested in his social and labor activity.

From these positions, it is possible to analyze the existing and existing concepts of personality, to what extent they satisfy the listed requirements.

The German psychologist, physiologist W. Wundt (1832-1920) understood personality as just a “psychophysical organism” or “perceiving, feeling and acting being”, the main structural feature of which is “self-consciousness”.

The French psychologist Ribot saw the basis of the structure of personality only in the “feeling of one’s own body” and in memory, while the psychologist Binet distinguished only two sides in the structure of the personality: memory (i.e. knowledge, habits, skills, etc.) and character.

The American psychologist James saw the features of the psychological structure of the personality in the aspirations inherent in a person:

a) organic, defining a physical personality;

b) intellectual (spiritual personality);

c) public (social personality).

A significant contribution to the study of the problem of the psychological structure of personality was made by domestic psychologists. So, A.G. Kovalev distinguishes in this structure:

1. temperament (natural personality traits);

3. abilities (a set of intellectual, emotional and volitional properties).

K.K. Platonov proposed to consider the psychological structure of the personality as a dynamic functional system in which the following are of primary importance:

2. temperament, inclinations, instincts, the simplest needs (the biologically determined side of the personality);

3. habits, knowledge, abilities and skills (due to life experience and upbringing side of the personality);

4. individual characteristics of mental functions, their qualitative originality and level of development. A person's abilities and his character are excluded from this dynamic system, which, according to K.K. Platonov, do not provide structural features of the personality.

An analysis of the psychological literature and taking into account the above requirements for the elements of the personality structure makes it possible to single out the following structural elements most fully and logically represent the structure of the personality:

1. Orientation, manifested in needs, interests, beliefs, ideals, and which determines the active nature of human relations and actions in the social environment.

2. Abilities - as a set of intellectual, emotional and volitional properties that determine the potential capabilities of a person in the performance of a particular activity.

3. Temperament, which determines the dynamics of personality manifestation in various activities and in relations with the environment.

4. The character that manifests itself in a person's attitude to the social environment and the activities performed.

All of these personality traits in their formation and development are conditioned by the essence of a person as a biosocial being, are manifested in the activity of a person as a member of society, interconnected with each other to one degree or another are interdependent.

A.I. Shcherbakov takes a special position, characterizing the personality structure he proposes, gives logically interconnected descriptions of all the main components of mental life, shows their mutual influence. According to the corresponding concept, the main components of the personality structure are properties, relationships and actions that develop in the process of human ontogenesis. Conventionally, they can be combined into four interconnected functional substructures. Each of these substructures is a complex formation that performs its own specific role in human life.

The convenience of this approach is that the corresponding structure can be represented in the form of a graphic diagram - "a model of the global interaction of the main invariant properties and their systems in the integral functional-dynamic structure of the personality." It consists of four circles having a common center, each of which reflects the structure and hierarchy level of the corresponding functional substructure.

In turn, each of the substructures is a relatively independent system, which also has its own structure (qualitatively special components and connections between them). Therefore, in the future we will consider them precisely as systems, given that they are integrated into an integral personal system.

In didactic terms, all the properties, relationships and actions of a person can be conditionally combined into four closely interconnected functional substructures, each of which is a complex formation that plays a certain role in the life of a person: the first is the regulation system; the second is the stimulation system; the third is the stabilization system; the fourth is the display system. All these are socially significant personality traits that determine her behavior and actions as a highly conscious figure in social development.

1. Regulation system. It represents the first hierarchical level of the personality structure (in the corresponding scheme, this circle is located closest to the center). The basis of this system is formed in a person under the influence of the circumstances of his life, a certain complex of sensory-perceptual mechanisms of cognition with feedback. This complex is designed to ensure and really determines: a) the constant interaction of external and internal causes and conditions for the manifestation and development of mental activity; b) regulation by a person of his own behavior (cognition, communication, labor).

In the formation of this system, a significant role is played by phylogenetic mechanisms, the natural prerequisites for human life: the structure of analyzers, "their predestination" for a specifically human way of functioning. However, no less significant are the ontogenetic mechanisms that determine the emergence of new sensory complexes with a high level of integration (the so-called perceptual systems): speech-auditory, visual, sensory-motor. These complexes significantly supplement natural possibilities directly important to a person, providing verbalization and audiovisualization of all sensory experience received by a person, transformation and integration of diverse signals in the environment into certain mental formations: processes, properties and states.

All these complexes in the process of human life constantly interact with each other, forming as a whole a single functional dynamic system of sensory-perceptual organization. Thanks to this system, a conscious and creative reflection of the external world is ensured in its inherent connections and interconnections, the formation (accumulation, integration and generalization) of its sensory experience.
As a regulator of the relationship of a person with the environment, the sensory-perceptual system of his personal organization is never immobile. It is she who determines the dynamic, functional nature of the rest of the personality structure.

2. Stimulation system. It includes relatively stable psychological formations: temperament, intellect, knowledge and relationships.
As you know, temperament is understood as those individual properties that are most dependent on the natural characteristics of a person. The stimulating function of temperament is manifested, first of all, in the emotional excitability of nervous processes, which is most clearly observed in a child. However, with the formation of an individual system of social motives, the ability to self-govern, conscious self-regulation of mental processes and social relations, temperament in the personality structure begins to manifest in a modified quality. An increase in the ability to accumulate information from the external environment, its awareness and division, separating oneself from the surrounding world as a subject of life activity provides the individual with other, more efficient and effective opportunities to control his behavior and actions.

Intelligence is understood as a certain level of development of human mental activity, thanks to which it is possible not only to acquire new knowledge, but also to effectively use them in the process of life. The development of intellect (depth, generalization and mobility of knowledge, the ability to integrate and generalize sensory experience on the basis of its verbal interpretation, to abstract and generalize activity) largely determines the "quality" of an individual life - the formation of an attitude towards activity and a creative attitude to the world, mastery mechanisms of self-instruction and self-regulation of their behavior in the environment.

Knowledge, skills and abilities help a person not only to understand the phenomena that occur around him and in himself, but also to determine his own position in this world. Along with the general volume of knowledge, this substructure includes the ability of a person to find answers to vital questions in the content of newly mastered knowledge, in the phenomena of the surrounding reality.

The development of self-awareness, based on an increase in the individual volume of knowledge, is usually accompanied by an expansion of the range of evaluation (reference) criteria. Comparing new ideas, concepts, knowledge with previously learned standards, a person forms his own attitude both to the object of knowledge or action, and to himself, the subject of this knowledge (action). Attitude (to society, to individuals, to activities, to the world of material objects) characterizes the subjective side of the reflection of reality, the result of the reflection by a specific person of specific phenomena of his environment.

Not only the formation of a conscious attitude to the object of cognition and action, but also a person's deep awareness of his own relations ensures the development of a system of regulation of all components of the stimulation system.

In the process of socialization of a person, his integration into the world of universal values, the first (regulating) and second (stimulating) systems gradually accumulate with each other, and on their basis new, more complex mental formations arise, consciously regulated and socially approved properties, relationships and actions, directed by a person to solve the vital tasks that arise before him.

3. Stabilization system. Its content consists of orientation, abilities, independence and character. Orientation is an integral, generalized (core) property of a person. It is expressed in the unity of knowledge, relationships, dominant needs and motives of behavior, activity of the individual.
Independence can be viewed as a generalized property, for example, a sense of personal responsibility for one's activities and behavior. And it can be analyzed at the level of local manifestations (initiativity - in activity and social interaction, criticality - in thinking). The independence of the individual is directly related to the active work of thought, feelings and will. On the one hand, the development of mental and emotional-volitional processes is a necessary prerequisite for independent judgments and actions of the individual (direct connection). On the other hand, judgments and actions formed in the process of independent activity influence feelings, activate the will, and allow making consciously motivated decisions (feedback).

Abilities express a high level of integration and generalization of mental processes, properties, relationships, actions and their systems that meet the requirements of the activity performed. When identifying the structure of abilities as a personality trait, it is necessary to take into account the natural prerequisites and mechanisms of their development. However, human abilities do not act in isolation from all other parts and systems that form the personality as a whole. They experience their influence and, in turn, influence the development of other components and the personality as a whole.

Character is an established system of relatively stable individual mental modifications that determine the image, style, behavior of a person, his actions, relationships with others. In the structure of personality, the character reflects its integrity more than other components. Acting as one of the significant conditions for the formation of a personality as an integral structure, its stabilization, character is at the same time a product, the result of this formation, and therefore can be used as an appropriate indicator.

4. Display system. However, only the criterion of character is clearly not enough to carry out an indication, and on its basis to evaluate the structure of personal qualities inherent in a particular person. Therefore, one more structural level is singled out, uniting the qualities that have the greatest social significance. These are humanism, collectivism, optimism and diligence.

Humanism is the highest level of a person's conscious attitude towards other people: a general positive attitude towards them (philanthropy), deep respect for a person , his dignity, regardless of his social status, the ability and willingness to show warmth to a particular person or group of people, to provide assistance and support. Real, undeclared humanism is usually concretely effective. The expression “It is easy to love all of humanity, but try to love your neighbor in a communal apartment” is well known. Often the most beautiful humanistic intentions, when selfishness and the struggle for personal priorities begin to come to the fore, do not stand the test of action.

Collectivism is a high level of social development of a person, his readiness to enter into constructive interaction with other people, to cooperate with them in order to achieve mutually and socially significant goals, and, finally, the ability to combine public and personal and, if necessary, consciously establish the required priorities between them and follow them.

Optimism is also a structurally complex personality property that reflects the proportional development of all mental processes, properties, relationships and actions in their dialectical unity. Optimism provides a person with an emotionally comfortable worldview, imbued with cheerfulness, faith in people, in own forces and opportunities, confidence in a better future - both for himself personally and for all of humanity as a whole.

Diligence is a high level of personal integration and generalization of positive mental properties, relationships and purposeful volitional actions, which ensures the emergence of such qualities as purposefulness, organization, discipline, perseverance, efficiency, the ability for creative daring, for highly conscious volitional actions to achieve the goal.

All components of the fourth system in their development rely on the components of previous systems and, in the order of reverse afferentation, influence them themselves. Weaving into the general structure of the personality, the components of the fourth system not only express a highly conscious attitude of a person to work, other people, society as a whole, but also act as a subjective factor in the harmonious development of the personality, all its systems: regulation, stimulation and harmonization.

However, if we consider the structure of the personality not at the level of an ideal theoretical model, but in reality, then it should be borne in mind that it never fully corresponds to this scheme. After all, the degree of expression of individual components can vary widely depending on the circumstances of life, the nature of the activity performed, the level of consciousness of the individual, the composition of the social levels delegated to her by society, etc. In the course of individual development, there are often cases of disproportionate development of individual systems and their constituent components. Therefore, when compiling the psychological characteristics of the personal characteristics of a particular person, it is necessary to study in more depth the patterns that connect the individual subsystems and components. Only then can one be confident in an objective assessment of the level of personal development of a given person, make a real forecast for further improvement, select effective means impact.

From our point of view, an integrative indicator of a person's well-being, based on humanistic principles, is life satisfaction, self-actualization and, as a result, psychological comfort. These integrative properties of a person are predetermined by how effectively she performs her activities and organizes behavior aimed at satisfying significant needs and realizing values, what feelings a person experiences at the same time.

Therefore, it is unlawful to break the social and biological factors of personality development. Any violation of vital functions in the somatic organization of a particular person, in a more or less noticeable form, will necessarily affect the level of development of sensory-perceptual mechanisms and processes of mental activity. However, in general, this violation does not determine the general socio-perceptual violation of the personality, since the perturbing, destructuring effect of the system and the level of integration can be compensated at other levels, and in general the personality structure will again come to a balanced state. As the personality develops, the lifetime mechanisms of integration and generalization of the moral experience of the personality, which have developed in the process of its ontogenesis, gradually begin to acquire decisive importance. Appeared at a certain level of integration, they begin to directly influence the previous levels, determine the functioning, quality and direction of development of the entire mental life of a person.

Between the individual subsystems there is a constant, inextricable interaction. Thanks to this, a certain dialectical unity is created, a single functional-dynamic structure of the personality, which, at the highest level of its development, characterizes a person as a conscious and active figure, a member of a certain social community, the main active face of the social process.

Personality psychology is the center of psychological science, a huge amount of research has been written on this issue. A person's behavior, his thoughts and desires stem from what mental properties he possesses. How a particular individual develops determines not only his future, but also the prospect of the movement of society as a whole.

Psychology of human personality

The concept of personality in psychology is multifaceted and diverse, which is associated with the very phenomenon of personality. Psychologists of different directions give different definitions of this concept, but each of them contains something important. The most popular is the definition of personality as a unique complex of psychological, abilities, desires and aspirations that make a person unique.

At birth, each person is the owner of certain abilities and features of the nervous system, on the basis of which a personality is formed. At the same time, a newborn child is called not a person, but an individual. This means that the baby belongs to the human race. The beginning of personality formation is associated with the beginning of the appearance of individuality in a child.

Personality properties in psychology

People differ from each other in how they solve life problems, how they manifest themselves in activities, how they interact in society. These differences are interrelated with personal characteristics. Psychologists say that the main personality traits are stable mental characteristics that affect a person's behavior in society and his activities.

Mental properties of personality

Mental properties include such mental processes:

1. Capabilities. This concept means features, qualities and skills that allow you to learn how to perform a specific activity and effectively implement it. The quality of a person's life depends on how much they realize their own abilities and apply them in practice. Failure to use abilities leads to their decrease and to the appearance of a depressive state and dissatisfaction.
2. Orientation. This group consists of such driving forces of the personality: motives, goals, needs. Understanding your goals and desires helps to determine the direction of movement.
3. Emotions. Emotions are mental processes that reflect a person's attitude to situations or to other people. Most of the emotions reflect satisfaction - dissatisfaction with needs and achievement - failure to achieve goals. A small part of emotions is associated with receiving information (intellectual emotions) and with contact with art objects (aesthetic emotions).

In addition to those mentioned above, the individual psychological properties of a person also contain the following components:

1. Will. Volitional qualities are the ability to consciously control one's actions, emotions, states and manage them. A volitional decision is made on the basis of an analysis of different needs, after which some needs are placed above others. The result of such a choice is the restriction or rejection of some desires and the fulfillment of others. During the performance of volitional actions, a person may not receive emotional pleasure. Here the first place is occupied by the satisfaction of the moral plan from the fact that it was possible to overcome the lower desires and needs.
2. Character. Character is made up of a set of personal qualities, features of interaction with society and reactions to the world around. How better man understands the negative and positive traits of his character, the more effectively he will be able to interact with society. Character is not a constant and can be adjusted throughout life. Changes in character can occur both under the influence of strong-willed efforts and under the pressure of external circumstances. Working on your character is called self-improvement.
3. Temperament. Temperament means stable characteristics due to the structure of the nervous system. There are four types of temperament: . Each of these types has its own positive characteristics, which should be considered when choosing a profession.

Emotional properties of personality

Psychology considers emotions and personality in a direct relationship. Many actions, consciously or unconsciously, are made precisely under the influence of emotions and feelings. Emotions are classified according to the following characteristics:

1. The power of emotional excitability- this indicator indicates what force of influence is necessary for a person to have an emotional reaction.
2. Sustainability. This characteristic indicates how long the resulting emotional reaction will last.
3. The intensity of the feeling itself. The feelings and emotions that arise can be weak, or they can capture a person as a whole, penetrating into all his activities and interfering with life. ordinary life. In this case, one speaks of the appearance of passion or an affective state.
4. Depth. This characteristic indicates how important the feeling is for the person and how much it will influence her actions and desires.

All personality traits that help her to contact with the surrounding society are social. The more a person is aimed at communication, the better her social qualities are developed and the more interesting she is to society. People of the introverted type have underdeveloped social skills, do not seek communication and may behave ineffectively during social contacts.

The social qualities of a person include:

• sociability;
• sympathy and empathy;
• openness to communication;
• initiative, entrepreneurship;
• leadership abilities;
• tact;
• tolerance;
• ideological conviction;
• responsibility.

Personal Development - Psychology

Each child is born with a unique set of genes and features of the nervous system, which are the basis for the development of personality. Initially, the personality is formed under the influence of the parental family and upbringing, environment and society. In a more adult state, changes are due to the influence of people living nearby and the environment. Such development will be unconscious. Conscious self-development, in which all changes develop consciously and according to a certain system, is more effective and is called self-development.

The psychology of personality development calls such driving forces of human change:

• environment (school of behaviorism);
• the unconscious (school of psychoanalysis);
• innate tendencies (humanistic psychology);
• activity (activity theory);
• personality crises (E. Erickson's theory).

Consciousness and self-consciousness of the individual in psychology began to be studied not so long ago, but at the same time, a lot of scientific material on this topic has accumulated. The problem of self-consciousness of the individual is one of the main ones in this science. Without self-consciousness, it is impossible to imagine the formation and psychological growth of the individual, and of the whole society as a whole. Self-awareness helps a person to distinguish himself from society and understand who he is and in which direction he should move further.

Psychologists understand self-awareness as a person's awareness of his needs, capabilities, abilities and his place in the world and society. The development of self-awareness takes place in three stages:

1. Well-being. At this stage, there is an awareness of one's body and a psychological separation of it from external objects.
2. Awareness of being part of a group.
3. Awareness of oneself as a unique individual.

Volitional qualities of personality - psychology

The volitional properties of the personality are aimed at the realization of desires and overcoming the obstacles that arise along the way. Volitional qualities include: initiative, perseverance, determination, endurance, discipline, purposefulness, self-control, energy. Volitional qualities are not innate and are formed throughout life. To do this, unconscious actions must go into the category of conscious actions so that they can be controlled. Will helps a person to feel his individuality and feel the strength to overcome life's obstacles.

Self-assessment of personality in psychology

Self-esteem and the level of claims of the individual in psychology occupy one of the leading places. High adequate self-esteem and the same level of claims help a person to effectively establish contacts in society and achieve positive results in professional activity. Self-esteem is understood as the level of a person's assessment of his capabilities, abilities, his character and appearance. Under the level of claims understand the level that a person wants to achieve in various areas of life.

Self-development of a person helps him to become more efficient, realize goals and achieve them. Each member of society has his own understanding of what an ideal person should be, so the self-development programs of different people can vary greatly from each other. Self-development can be systematic, when a person acts according to a scheme developed by him, and chaotic, when self-development occurs under the pressure of the situation. In addition, the success of self-development depends to a large extent on the development of the will and the level of claims.

Introduction

The concept and problem of personality

1 Studies of personality formation in domestic and foreign psychology

Personality in the process of activity

Personality socialization

Self-awareness of the individual

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

I have chosen the topic of personality formation as one of the most diverse and interesting in psychology. It is unlikely that in psychology, philosophy there is a category comparable to personality in terms of the number of conflicting definitions.

The formation of personality is, as a rule, the initial stage in the formation of a person's personal properties. Personal growth is conditioned by external and internal factors (social and biological). External growth factors are a person's belonging to a certain culture, socio-economic class and a family environment that is unique for everyone. On the other hand, internal factors include the genetic, biological and physical characteristics of each individual.

Biological factors: heredity (transmission from parents of psychophysiological properties and inclinations: hair color, skin color, temperament, speed of mental processes, as well as the ability to speak, think - universal signs and national characteristics) largely determine the subjective conditions that affect personality formation. The structure of the mental life of the individual and the mechanisms of its functioning, the processes of formation of both individual and integral systems of properties constitute the subjective world of the individual. At the same time, the formation of personality goes in unity with the objective conditions that affect it (1).

There are three approaches to the concept of "personality": the first one emphasizes that the personality as a social entity is formed only under the influence of society, social interaction (socialization). The second emphasis in understanding the personality unites the mental processes of the individual, his self-consciousness, inner world and imparts to his behavior the necessary stability and consistency. The third emphasis is in understanding the individual as an active participant in activities, the creator of his life, who makes decisions and is responsible for them (16). That is, in psychology, there are three areas in which the formation and formation of personality is carried out: activity (according to Leontiev), communication, self-consciousness. Otherwise, we can say that a personality is a combination of three main components: biogenetic foundations, the impact of various social factors (environment, conditions, norms) and its psychosocial core - I .

The subject of my research is the process of formation of the human personality under the influence of these approaches and factors and theories of understanding.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the impact of these approaches on the development of personality. From the topic, purpose and content of the work, the following tasks follow:

designate the very concept of personality and the problems associated with this concept;

explore the formation of personality in the domestic and formulate the concept of personality in foreign psychology;

determine how the development of a person's personality occurs in the process of his activity, socialization, self-awareness;

in the course of analyzing the psychological literature on the topic of the work, try to find out what factors have a more significant influence on the formation of personality.

1. The concept and problem of personality

The concept of "personality" is multifaceted, it is the object of study of many sciences: philosophy, sociology, psychology, aesthetics, ethics, etc.

Many scientists, analyzing the features of the development of modern science, record a sharp increase in interest in the problem of man. According to B.G. Ananiev, one of these features is that the problem of a person turns into a general problem of all science as a whole (2). B.F. Lomov emphasized that the general trend in the development of science was the increasing role of the problem of man and his development. Since it is possible to understand the development of society only on the basis of an understanding of the individual, it becomes clear that Man has become the main and central problem of scientific knowledge, regardless of his tribal affiliation. The differentiation of scientific disciplines that study a person, which B.G. Ananiev also spoke about, is the answer of scientific knowledge to the diversity of human relations with the world, i.e. society, nature, culture. In the system of these relations, a person is studied both as an individual with his own program of formation, as a subject and object of historical development - a personality, as a productive force of society, but at the same time also as an individual (2).

From the point of view of some authors, a personality is formed and develops in accordance with its innate qualities and abilities, and social environment it plays a very small role. Representatives of another point of view reject the innate internal traits and abilities of the individual, believing that the individual is a product that is completely formed in the course of social experience (1). Despite the numerous differences that exist between them, almost all psychological approaches to understanding personality are united in one thing: a person is not born a personality, but becomes in the process of his life. This actually means the recognition that the personal qualities and properties of a person are acquired not by genetic means, but as a result of learning, that is, they are formed and developed throughout a person's life (15).

The experience of social isolation of the human individual proves that the personality develops not just with his growing up. The word "personality" is used only in relation to a person, and, moreover, starting only from a certain stage of his development. We do not say about the newborn that he is a "personality". In fact, each of them is already an individual. But not yet a person! A person becomes a person, and is not born as one. We do not seriously talk about the personality of even a two-year-old child, although he has acquired a lot from the social environment.

Personality is understood as the socio-psychological essence of a person, which is formed as a result of his study of social consciousness and behavior, the historical experience of mankind (a person becomes a person under the influence of life in society, education, communication, training, interaction). Personality develops throughout life to the extent that a person performs social roles, is included in various activities, as his consciousness develops. It is consciousness that occupies the main place in the personality, and its structures are not given to a person initially, but are formed in early childhood in the process of communication and activity with other people in society (15).

Thus, if we want to understand a person as something integral and understand what nevertheless forms his personality, we must take into account all possible parameters of the study of a person in various approaches to the study of his personality.

.1 Studies of personality formation in domestic and foreign psychology

Cultural and historical concept of L.S. Vygotsky again emphasizes that personality development is holistic. This theory reveals the social essence of a person and the mediated nature of his activity (instrumental, iconic). The development of the child occurs through the appropriation of historically developed forms and methods of activity, thus, the driving force behind the development of the personality is education. Learning at first is possible only in interaction with adults and cooperation with friends, and then it becomes the property of the child himself. According to L.S. Vygotsky, higher mental functions initially arise as a form of the child's collective behavior, and only then do they become individual functions and abilities of the child himself. So, for example, at first speech is a means of communication, but in the course of development it becomes internal and begins to perform an intellectual function (6).

The development of personality as a process of socialization of an individual is carried out in certain social conditions of the family, immediate environment, country, in certain socio-political, economic conditions, traditions of the people of which he is a representative. At the same time, every phase life path, as L.S. Vygotsky emphasized, certain social situations of development take shape as a kind of relationship between the child and the social reality surrounding him. Adaptation to the norms in force in society is replaced by the phase of individualization, the designation of one's dissimilarity, and then the phase of uniting the individual in a community - all these are the mechanisms of personal development (12).

Any influence of an adult cannot be carried out without the activity of the child himself. And the process of development itself depends on how this activity is carried out. This is how the idea of ​​the leading type of activity as a criterion of a child's mental development arose. According to A.N. Leontiev, “some activities are leading at this stage and are of great importance for the further development of the personality, others are less important” (9). Leading activity is characterized by the fact that it transforms the basic mental processes and changes the characteristics of the personality at a given stage of its development. In the process of a child's development, first the motivational side of activity is mastered (otherwise, the subject-related ones do not make sense for the child), and then the operational-technical side. With the assimilation of socially developed methods of action with objects, the formation of the child as a member of society takes place.

The formation of personality is, first of all, the formation of new needs and motives, their transformation. They are impossible to assimilate: knowing what to do does not mean wanting it (10).

Any personality develops gradually, it goes through certain stages, each of which raises it to a qualitatively different level of development.

Consider the main stages of personality formation. Let's define the two most important ones, according to A.N. Leontiev. The first one refers to preschool age and is marked by the establishment of the first relations of motives, the first subordination of human motives to social norms. A.N.Leontiev illustrates this event with an example, which is known as the “bitter candy effect”, when the child is given the task in the form of an experiment, without getting up from a chair, to get some thing. When the experimenter leaves, the child gets up from the chair and takes the object. The experimenter returns, praises the child, and offers a candy as a reward. The child refuses, cries, the candy has become "bitter" for him. In this situation, the struggle of two motives is reproduced: one of them is a future reward, and the other is a sociocultural prohibition. An analysis of the situation shows that the child is placed in a situation of conflict between two motives: to take a thing and fulfill the adult's condition. Refusal of a child from a candy shows that the process of mastering social norms has already begun. It is in the presence of an adult that the child is more susceptible to social motives, which means that the formation of personality begins in relationships between people, and then they become elements of the internal structure of the personality (10).

The second stage begins in adolescence and is expressed in the emergence of the ability to realize one's motives, as well as to work on their subordination. Realizing his motives, a person can change their structure. This is the ability to self-consciousness, self-guidance.

L.I. Bozovic identifies two main criteria that define a person as a person. First, if there is a hierarchy in a person's motives, i.e. he is able to overcome his own urges for the sake of something socially significant. Secondly, if a person is capable of consciously directing his own behavior based on conscious motives, he can be considered a person (5).

V.V. Petukhov identifies three criteria for a formed personality:

Personality exists only in development, while it develops freely, it cannot be determined by some act, since it can change in the next moment. Development takes place both within the space of the individual and in the space of human relations with other people.

Personality is plural while maintaining integrity. There are many contradictory aspects in a person, i.e. in each act, the individual is free to make further choices.

The personality is creative, it is necessary in an uncertain situation.

The views of foreign psychologists on the personality of a person are characterized by even greater breadth. This is a psychodynamic direction (Z. Freud), analytical (K. Jung), dispositional (G. Allport, R. Cattell), behavioral (B. Skinner), cognitive (J. Kelly), humanistic (A. Maslow), etc. d.

But, in principle, in foreign psychology, a person's personality is understood as a complex of stable features, such as temperament, motivation, abilities, morality, attitudes that determine the train of thought and behavior characteristic of this person when he adapts to various situations in life (16).

2. Personality in the process of activity

personality socialization self-consciousness psychology

Recognition of the ability of the individual to determine his behavior establishes the individual as an active subject (17). Sometimes a situation requires certain actions, causes certain needs. The personality, reflecting the future situation, can resist it. It means disobedience to your impulses. For example, the desire to relax and not make an effort.

The activity of the individual can be based on the rejection of momentary pleasant influences, independent definition and realization of values. A person is active in relation to the environment, connections with the environment and his own living space. Human activity differs from the activity of other living beings and plants, and therefore it is commonly called activity (17).

Activity can be defined as a specific type of human activity aimed at the knowledge and creative transformation of the surrounding world, including oneself and the conditions of one's existence. In activity, a person creates objects of material and spiritual culture, transforms his abilities, preserves and improves nature, builds society, creates something that would not exist in nature without his activity.

Human activity is the basis on which and thanks to which the development of the individual and the performance of various social roles in society take place. Only in activity does the individual act and assert himself as a personality, otherwise he remains thing in itself . A person himself can think whatever he likes about himself, but what he really is is revealed only in deeds.

Activity is the process of human interaction with the outside world, the process of solving vital tasks. Not a single image in the psyche (abstract, sensual) can be obtained without a corresponding action. The use of the image in the process of solving various problems also occurs by including it in a particular action.

Activity generates all psychological phenomena, qualities, processes and states. Personality "in no sense is prior to his activity, like his consciousness, it is generated by it" (9).

So, the development of personality appears before us as a process of interaction of many activities that enter into hierarchical relations with each other. For the psychological interpretation of the "hierarchy of activities" A.N. Leontiev uses the concepts of "need", "motive", "emotion". Two series of determinants - biological and social - do not act here as two equal factors. On the contrary, the idea is being held that the personality is from the very beginning set in the system of social ties, that at the beginning there is not only a biologically determined personality, on which social ties were subsequently “superimposed” (3).

Every activity has a certain structure. It usually identifies actions and operations as the main components of the activity.

Personality receives its structure from the structure of human activity, and is characterized by five potentials: cognitive, creative, value, artistic and communicative. Cognitive potential is determined by the volume and quality of information that a person has. This information is made up of knowledge about the outside world and self-knowledge. The value potential is made up of a system of orientations in the moral, political, and religious spheres. Creativity is determined by the acquired and self-developed skills and abilities. The communicative potential of a person is determined by the measure and forms of her sociability, the nature and strength of contacts with other people. The artistic potential of a person is determined by the level, content, intensity of her artistic needs and how she satisfies them (13).

An action is a part of an activity that has a fully realized goal by a person. For example, an action included in the structure cognitive activity, you can call getting a book, reading it. An operation is a way of performing an action. Different people, for example, remember information and write differently. This means that they carry out the action of writing a text or memorizing material using various operations. Operations preferred by a person characterize his individual style of activity.

Thus, a person is determined not by his own character, temperament, physical qualities, etc., but by

what and how does she know

what and how she appreciates

what and how she creates

with whom and how does she communicate

what are her artistic needs, and most importantly, what is the measure of responsibility for her actions, decisions, fate.

The main thing that distinguishes one activity from another is its subject. It is the object of activity that gives it a certain direction. According to the terminology proposed by A.N. Leontiev, the subject of activity is its real motive. The motives of human activity can be very different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual. Organic motives are aimed at satisfying the natural needs of the body. Functional motives are satisfied with the help of various cultural forms of activity, such as sports. Material motives induce a person to activities aimed at creating household items, various things and tools, in the form of products that serve natural needs. Social motives give rise to various activities aimed at taking a certain place in society, gaining recognition and respect from the surrounding people. Spiritual motives underlie those activities that are associated with self-improvement of a person. The motivation of activity in the course of its development does not remain unchanged. So, for example, other motives may appear in labor or creative activity over time, and the former fade into the background.

But motives, as you know, are different, and are not always conscious of a person. To clarify this, A.N. Leontiev turns to the analysis of the category of emotions. Within the framework of the active approach, emotions do not subordinate activity to themselves, but are its result. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they reflect the relationship between the motives and the success of the individual. Emotion generates and sets the composition of a person's experience of a situation of realization or non-realization of the motive of activity. This experience is followed by a rational assessment, which gives it a certain meaning and completes the process of understanding the motive, comparing it with the purpose of the activity (10).

A.N. Leontiev divides motives into two types: motives - incentives (inciting) and sense-forming motives (also motivating, but also giving a certain meaning to the activity).

In the concept of A.N. Leontiev's categories "personality", "consciousness", "activity" act in interaction, trinity. A.N. Leontiev believed that personality is the social essence of a person, and therefore the temperament, character, abilities and knowledge of a person are not part of the personality as its structure, they are only the conditions for the formation of this formation, social in nature.

Communication is the first type of activity that occurs in the process of individual development of a person, followed by play, learning and work. All these activities are formative in nature, i.e. when the child is included and actively participates in them, his intellectual and personal development takes place.

The process of personality formation is carried out due to the combination of activities, when each of the listed types, being relatively independent, includes the other three. Through such a set of activities, the mechanisms of personality formation and its improvement in the course of a person's life operate.

Activity and socialization are inextricably linked. Throughout the process of socialization, a person expands the catalog of his activities, that is, he masters more and more new types of activities. In this case, three more important processes take place. This is an orientation in the system of connections present in each type of activity and between its various types. It is carried out through personal meanings, that is, it means identifying for each individual especially significant aspects of activity, and not only their understanding, but also their development. As a result, a second process arises - centering around the main thing, focusing a person's attention on it, subordinating all other activities to it. And the third is the development of new roles in the course of one's activity and understanding of their significance (14).

3. Socialization of the individual

Socialization in its content is a process of personality formation, which begins from the first minutes of a person's life. In psychology, there are areas in which the formation and formation of personality is carried out: activity, communication, self-consciousness. A common characteristic of all these three spheres is the process of expansion, the increase in the individual's social ties with the outside world.

Socialization is the process of personality formation in certain social conditions, during which a person selectively introduces into his system of behavior those norms and patterns of behavior that are accepted in the social group to which the person belongs (4). That is, it is the process of transferring social information, experience, culture accumulated by society to a person. The sources of socialization are family, school, mass media, public organizations. First, there is an adaptation mechanism, a person enters the social sphere and adapts to cultural, social, psychological factors. Then, due to his vigorous activity, a person masters culture, social ties. First, the environment affects the person, and then the person, through his actions, affects the social environment.

G.M. Andreeva defines socialization as a two-way process, which includes, on the one hand, the assimilation of social experience by a person by entering the social environment, the system of social ties. On the other hand, it is a process of active reproduction by a person of a system of social ties due to his activity, "inclusion" in the environment (3). A person not only assimilates social experience, but also transforms it into his own values ​​and attitudes.

Even in infancy, without close emotional contact, without love, attention, care, the child's socialization is disrupted, mental retardation occurs, the child develops aggressiveness, and in the future various problems associated with relationships with other people. The emotional communication of the infant with the mother is the leading activity at this stage.

At the heart of the mechanisms of socialization of the individual are several psychological mechanisms: imitation and identification (7). Imitation is a conscious desire of a child to copy a certain model of behavior of parents, people with whom they have a warm relationship. Also, the child tends to copy the behavior of people who punish them. Identification is a way for children to learn parental behavior, attitudes and values ​​as their own.

At the most early stages personal development - the upbringing of a child consists mainly of instilling in him norms of behavior. The child early, even before the age of one, learns what is “possible” and what is “not allowed” by the smile and approval of the mother, or by the stern expression on her face. Already from the first steps, what is called “mediated behavior” begins, that is, actions that are not guided by impulses, but by rules. With the growth of the child, the circle of norms and rules expands more and more, and the norms of behavior in relation to other people stand out in particular. Sooner or later, the child masters these norms, begins to behave in accordance with them. But the results of education are not limited to external behavior. There are changes in the motivational sphere of the child. Otherwise, the child in the above example of A.N. Leontief would not cry, but calmly took the candy. That is, the child from a certain moment remains satisfied with himself when he does the “right thing”.

Children imitate their parents in everything: in manners, speech, intonations, activities, even clothes. But at the same time, they also learn the internal features of their parents - their attitudes, taste, way of behavior. A characteristic feature of the identification process is that it occurs independently of the child's consciousness, and is not even completely controlled by an adult.

So, conditionally, the process of socialization has three periods:

primary socialization, or socialization of the child;

intermediate socialization, or adolescent socialization;

stable, holistic socialization, that is, the socialization of an adult, who has developed in the main person (4).

Being an important factor influencing the mechanisms of personality formation, socialization involves the development in a person of his socially determined properties (beliefs, worldview, ideals, interests, desires). In turn, the socially determined properties of the personality, being components in determining the structure of the personality, have a great influence on the remaining elements of the personality structure:

biologically determined personality traits (temperament, instincts, inclinations);

individual features of mental processes (sensations, perceptions, memory, thinking, emotions, feelings and will);

individually acquired experience (knowledge, skills, habits)

A person always acts as a member of society, as a performer of certain social functions - social roles. B.G. Ananiev believed that for a correct understanding of the personality, it is necessary to analyze the social situation of the development of the personality, its status, the social position it occupies.

A social position is a functional place that a person can take in relation to other people. It is characterized, first of all, by a set of rights and obligations. Having taken this position, a person fulfills his social role, that is, the set of actions that the social environment expects from him (2).

Recognizing above that the personality is formed in activity, and this activity is realized in a certain social situation. And, acting in it, a person occupies a certain status, which is set by the existing system of social relations. For example, in the social situation of a family, one person takes the place of mother, another daughter, and so on. Obviously, each person is involved in several roles at once. Along with this status, any person also takes a certain position, characterizes the active side of the position of the individual in a particular social structure (7).

The position of a person as an active side of his status is a system of personality relations (to people around him, to himself), attitudes and motives by which he is guided in his activity, goals to which this activity is directed. In turn, this entire complex system of properties is realized through the roles played by the individual in given social situations.

By studying the personality, its needs, motives, ideals - its orientation (that is, what the person wants, what she strives for), one can understand the content of the social roles she performs, the status that she occupies in society (13).

A person often grows together with his role, it becomes part of his personality, part of his "I". That is, the status of the individual and its social roles, motives, needs, attitudes and value orientations, are transferred into a system of stable personality traits that express its attitude towards people, the environment, and itself. All psychological characteristics personalities - dynamic, character, capabilities, characterize her to us, as she appears to other people, to those who surround her. However, a person lives, first of all, for himself, and is aware of himself as a subject with psychological and socio-psychological characteristics peculiar only to him. This property is called self-awareness. Thus, the formation of a personality is a complex, long process conditioned by socialization, in which external influences and internal forces, constantly interacting, change their role depending on the stage of development.

4. Self-consciousness of the individual

A newborn is already an individuality: literally from the first days of life, from the first feedings, a child’s own, special style of behavior is formed, so well recognized by the mother and close people. The individuality of the child grows by the age of two, three years, which is compared with a monkey in terms of interest in the world and the development of one's own self. .

Great importance for further fate have special critical moments during which vivid impressions of the external environment are captured, which then largely determines human behavior. They are called “impressions” and can be very different, for example, a piece of music that shook the soul with a story, a picture of some event or the appearance of a person.

Man is a person insofar as he distinguishes himself from nature, and his relation to nature and to other people is given to him as a relation, insofar as he has consciousness. The process of becoming a human personality includes the formation of his consciousness and self-awareness: this is the process of development of a conscious personality (8).

First of all, the unity of the personality as a conscious subject with self-consciousness is not a primordial given. It is known that the child does not immediately recognize himself as "I": during the first years, he calls himself by name, as those around him call him; he exists at first, even for himself, rather as an object for other people than as an independent subject in relation to them. Awareness of oneself as "I" is the result of development. At the same time, the development of self-consciousness in a person takes place in the very process of the formation and development of the independence of the individual as a real subject of activity. Self-consciousness is not externally built over the personality, but is included in it; self-consciousness does not have an independent path of development, separate from the development of the personality, it is included in this process of development of the personality as a real subject as its component (8).

There are a number of stages in the development of personality and its self-awareness. In a number of external events in the life of a person, this includes everything that makes a person an independent subject of public and personal life: from the ability to self-service to the start of labor activity, which makes him financially independent. Each of these external events has its own internal side; an objective, external change in the relationship of a person with others, also changes the internal mental state of a person, rebuilds his consciousness, his internal attitude both to other people and to himself.

In the course of socialization, the ties between a person’s communication with people, society as a whole expand and deepen, and the image of his “I” is formed in a person.

Thus, the image of "I", or self-consciousness, does not arise in a person immediately, but develops gradually throughout his life and includes 4 components (11):

consciousness of distinguishing oneself from the rest of the world;

consciousness of "I" as the active principle of the subject of activity;

consciousness of their mental properties, emotional self-esteem;

social and moral self-esteem, self-respect, which is formed on the basis of the accumulated experience of communication and activity.

IN modern science There are different points of view on self-consciousness. Traditional is the understanding as the initial, genetically primary form of human consciousness, which are based on self-perception, self-perception of a person, when a child’s idea of ​​his physical body, the difference between himself and the rest of the world is formed in early childhood.

There is also an opposite point of view, according to which self-consciousness is the highest kind of consciousness. “Not consciousness is born from self-knowledge, from “I”, self-consciousness arises in the course of the development of personality consciousness” (15)

How does the development of self-consciousness take place during a person's life? The experience of having one's own "I" appears as a result of a long process of personality development, which begins in infancy and is referred to as "discovery of the I". At the age of the first year of life, the child begins to realize the difference between the sensations of his own body and those sensations that are caused by objects outside. Subsequently, by the age of 2-3, the child begins to separate the process and result of his own actions with objects from the objective actions of adults, declaring to the latter about his requirements: “I myself!” For the first time, he becomes aware of himself as the subject of his own actions and deeds (a personal pronoun appears in the child’s speech), not only distinguishing himself from the environment, but also opposing himself to the others (“This is mine, this is not yours!”).

At the turn of kindergarten and school, in the lower grades, it becomes possible, with the assistance of adults, to approach the assessment of their mental qualities (memory, thinking, etc.), while still at the level of awareness of the reasons for their successes and failures (“I have everything fives , and in mathematics four because I'm copying off the board incorrectly. Maria Ivanovna to me for inattention so many times deuces set"). Finally, in adolescence and youth, as a result of active involvement in social life and labor activity, an expanded system of social and moral self-assessments begins to form, the development of self-awareness is completed, and the image of the “I” is basically formed.

It is known that in adolescence and youth, the desire for self-perception increases, for awareness of one's place in life and oneself as a subject of relations with others. This is associated with the development of self-awareness. Senior schoolchildren form an image of their own "I" ("I-image", "I-concept").

The image of "I" is a relatively stable, not always conscious, experienced as a unique system of ideas of the individual about himself, on the basis of which he builds his interaction with others.

The attitude towards oneself is also built into the image of the “I”: a person can relate to himself in fact in the same way as he relates to another, respecting or despising himself, loving and hating, and even understanding and not understanding himself, - in himself an individual by his actions and deeds presented as in another. The image of "I" thus fits into the structure of personality. It acts as a setting in relation to itself. The degree of adequacy of the "I-image" is found out when studying one of its most important aspects - self-esteem of the individual.

Self-esteem is an assessment by a person of himself, his capabilities, qualities and place among other people. This is the most essential and most studied side of the self-consciousness of the individual in psychology. With the help of self-esteem, the behavior of the individual is regulated.

How does a person carry out self-esteem? A person, as shown above, becomes a personality as a result of joint activities and communication. Everything that has developed and settled in the personality has arisen thanks to joint activity with other people and in communication with them, and is intended for this. A person includes in activity and communication, important guidelines for his behavior, all the time he compares what he does with what others expect from him, copes with their opinions, feelings and requirements.

Ultimately, everything that a person does for himself (whether he learns, helps or hinders something), he does for others at the same time, and may be more for others than for himself, even if it seems to him that everything is just the opposite.

A person's feeling of his uniqueness is supported by the continuity of his experiences in time. A person remembers the past, has hopes for the future. The continuity of such experiences gives a person the opportunity to integrate himself into a single whole (16).

There are several different approaches to the structure of "I". The most common scheme includes three components in the "I": cognitive (knowledge of oneself), emotional (self-assessment), behavioral (attitude towards oneself) (16).

For self-consciousness, it is most significant to become oneself (to form oneself as a personality), to remain oneself (regardless of interfering influences) and to be able to support oneself in difficult conditions. The most important fact that is emphasized in the study of self-consciousness is that it cannot be presented as a simple list of characteristics, but as an understanding of oneself as a certain integrity, in the definition of one's own identity. Only within this integrity can we speak of the presence of some of its structural elements.

To his "I" a person, to an even greater extent than his body, refers the internal mental content. But not all of it he equally includes in his own personality. From the mental sphere, a person refers to his "I" mainly his abilities and especially his character and temperament - those personality traits that determine his behavior, giving it originality. In a very broad sense, everything experienced by a person, all the mental content of his life, is part of the personality. Another property of self-awareness is that its development in the course of socialization is a controlled process, determined by the constant acquisition of social experience in the context of expanding the range of activities and communication (3). Although self-consciousness is one of the most profound, intimate characteristics of the human personality, its development is unthinkable outside of activity: only in it is a certain “correction” of the idea of ​​oneself constantly carried out in comparison with the idea that is emerging in the eyes of other people.

Conclusion

The problem of personality formation is a very significant and complex problem, covering a huge field of research in various areas Sciences.

In the course of a theoretical analysis of psychological literature on the topic of this work, I realized that a personality is something unique, which is connected not only with its hereditary characteristics, but, for example, with the conditions of the environment in which it grows and develops. Every small child has a brain and a vocal apparatus, but he can learn to think and speak only in society, in communication, in his activities. Developing outside of human society, a being with a human brain will never even become a semblance of a person.

Personality is a concept rich in content, including not only common features, but also individual, unique properties of a person. What makes a person a personality is his social individuality, i.e. a set of social qualities characteristic of a given person. But the natural individuality also has an impact on the development of the personality and its perception. The social individuality of a person does not arise from scratch or only on the basis of biological prerequisites. A person is formed in a specific historical time and social space, in the process of practical activity and education.

Therefore, a person as a social individuality is always a specific result, a synthesis and interaction of very diverse factors. And the personality is all the more important, the more it collects the socio-cultural experience of a person and, in turn, makes an individual contribution to its formation.

The allocation of the physical, social and spiritual personality (as well as the corresponding needs) is rather arbitrary. All these aspects of the personality form a system, each of the elements of which can acquire dominant significance at different stages of a person's life.

There are, say, periods of increased care for one's body and its functions, stages of expansion and enrichment of social ties, peaks of powerful spiritual activity. One way or another, but some trait takes on a system-forming character and largely determines the essence of the personality at this stage of its development, at the same time, increasing, difficult trials, illnesses, etc., can largely change the structure of the personality, lead to its peculiar splitting or degradation.

To summarize: first, in the course of interaction with the immediate environment, the child learns the norms that mediate his physical existence. The expansion of the child's contacts with the social world leads to the formation of a social layer of the personality. Finally, when, at a certain stage of its development, a personality comes into contact with more significant layers of human culture - spiritual values ​​and ideals, the creation of the spiritual center of the personality, its moral self-awareness takes place. With a favorable development of the personality, this spiritual instance rises above the previous structures, subordinating them to itself (7).

Realizing himself as a person, having determined his place in society and his life path (fate), a person becomes an individual, acquires dignity and freedom, which allow him to be distinguished from any other person and to distinguish him from others.

Bibliography

1. Averin V.A. Psychology of Personality. - St. Petersburg, 2001.

Ananiev B.G. Problems of modern human knowledge. - M, 1976.

Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. - M, 2002.

Belinskaya E.P., Tihomandritskaya O.A. Social Psychology: Reader - M, 1999.

Bozhovich L. I. Personality and its formation in childhood - M, 1968.

Vygotsky L.S. Development of higher mental functions. - M, 1960.

Gippenreiter Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. Course of lectures. - M, 1999.

Leontiev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. - M, 1977.

Leontiev A. N. Personality formation. Texts - M, 1982.

Merlin V.S. Personality and society. - Perm, 1990.

Petrovsky A.V. Psychology in Russia. - M, 2000.

Platonov K.K. Structure and development of personality. M, 1986.

Raygorodsky D. D. Psychology of personality. - Samara, 1999.

15. Rubinstein. S. L. Fundamentals of General Psychology - St. Petersburg, 1998.

continuation

2. WHAT IS THE PERSONALITY OF A HUMAN?

“Interacting with the outside world, a person sometimes behaves like an organism, sometimes manifests himself as a person. The main difference between these two ways of being is that it is natural for a person-personality to live with the help of reason and will, thinking and making decisions. This does not mean that a human organism does not have a mind and will: he has a mind and a will, but he does not use them often, preferring impressions and habitual prejudices to the mind, and internal feelings and emotions to the will.
Compared to a person, an organism is a simpler way of existence, both in terms of functions and in terms of the tools used. As for functions, the main task of the body is to maintain its vital activity, that is, first of all, to consume what is necessary and free itself from waste products that are no longer needed. Additional objectives are safety (survival) and comfort (having pleasant experiences and avoiding pain and other troubles).”

(Man is an organism. Encyclopedia of Practical Psychology.)

“Personality is a way of being a person in society. Individuality. The final point of the ascent from the abstract to the concrete in the theoretical construction of the conceptual system of the human problem is the concept of "individuality". Speaking of individuality, they often point to the uniqueness of the properties of an individual. This overlooks what is unique in individuality. After all, individual traits, personality traits - diligence, courage, sociability, mobility, etc. - repeated in many, many individuals. Uniqueness as a feature of individuality does not express the presence of such and such traits in itself, but the way they are interconnected, the nature of the manifestation of generally known traits in the biography of an individual.
Individuality as a meaningful characteristic of an individual is a unique, inherent only to this individual way of combining goals and means in the same type of activity, a unique way of combining billions of times occurring character traits, habits, emotions, phenomena of consciousness in a separate individual. Uniqueness, singularity are important features of individuality, but they do not exhaust its characteristics. Individuality appears as a unity of diversity, sovereign in the individual.
A richly gifted person has not only a set of inclinations, but also the ability to realize them. At the same time, one of his talents prevails over others, determining the original way of their combination and harmonious development. The ability to choose a special way to realize the main vocation - talent - is a sure sign of a talented individual.
The individuality of a person is not in its isolation from society, but in the synthesis of these connections. The more fully the universal human content is embodied in an individual, the brighter the personality expresses the interests of its society, its era, the richer its individuality.

« The structure of personality. There are statistical and dynamic structures of personality. The statistical structure is understood as an abstract model abstracted from a really functioning personality, which characterizes the main components of the individual's psyche. The basis for identifying personality parameters in its statistical model is the difference in all components of the human psyche according to the degree of their representation in the personality structure. The following components stand out:
- universal properties of the psyche, i.e. common to all people (sensations, perceptions, thinking, emotions);
- socio-specific features, i.e. inherent only to certain groups of people or communities (social attitudes, value orientations);
- individually unique properties of the psyche, i.e. characterizing individual typological features that are characteristic only of a particular person (temperament, character, abilities).
In contrast to the statistical model of personality structure, the dynamic structure model captures the main components in the individual's psyche no longer abstracted from the everyday existence of a person, but, on the contrary, only in the immediate context of human life. At each specific moment of his life, a person appears not as a set of certain formations, but as a person in a certain mental state, which, one way or another, is reflected in the momentary behavior of the individual. If we begin to consider the main components of the statistical structure of the personality in their movement, change, interaction and living circulation, then we thereby make the transition from the statistical to the dynamic structure of the personality.
The most common is the concept of the dynamic functional structure of the personality proposed by K. Platonov, which highlights the determinants that determine certain properties and characteristics of the human psyche, due to social, biological and individual life experience.

“Personality is considered and studied not only in psychology. Lawyers, sociologists, ethicists and other specialists have their own views on personality.
Personality and individuality. As a rule, psychologists distinguish between personality and individuality. Individuality - the features of a particular person that make him different from others. If the concept of "personality" is interpreted in the broadest sense, as a list of all its distinctive properties from other individuals, then personality is the same as individuality. In other interpretations, these concepts are different. Namely, a person in the narrow sense is a person who builds and controls his own life, a person as a responsible subject of expression of will.
Personality is one, its descriptions are many. How many psychologists, so many ideas about personality. Psychologists, especially psychologists of different schools and directions, give very different definitions of what a person is. What is the reason? Maybe they describe fundamentally different entities? It seems, however, that psychologists describe the same subject, only from different angles. Differences that create the appearance of disagreement relate more often to the following points:
- what level of personality development is meant; - what are the mechanisms of its development, which is the driving force of the life and development of the individual; - what is the way of seeing and, accordingly, the language of description. It is important that a comprehensive understanding of what a person is is possible only with the ability to combine all these approaches and visions.
Personality in the main psychological theories. Personality is one of the central concepts in psychology, and each psychological approach or direction has its own, different theory of personality. In the theory of W. James, a personality is described through a triad of physical, social and spiritual personality, in behaviorism (J. Watson) it is a set of behavioral reactions inherent in a given person, in psychoanalysis (S. Freud) - the eternal struggle between the Id and the Super-I, in in the activity approach (A.N. Leontiev) it is a hierarchy of motives, in the synthon approach (N.I. Kozlov) a person is a responsible subject of will and at the same time a project that can be implemented or not by each person.
Personality in the main sections of psychology. Psychology consists of sections: general and social psychology, personality and family psychology, developmental and pathopsychology, psychotherapy and developmental psychology. Naturally, hence the different views, approaches and understanding of what a person is.”

(Personality in psychology. Encyclopedia of practical psychology.)

“This section contains in a concise form the main achievements of modern psychological science. It may be useful for teachers to prepare for lectures, for students to prepare for exams, incl. - state exams. And also to all those who are interested in the most common classifications, definitions, and approaches in psychology.
Personality and its structure. Main theses:
Personality is a set of social relations that are realized in diverse activities (Leontiev).
Personality is a set of internal conditions through which all external influences are refracted (Rubinshtein).
Personality is a social individual, an object and subject of social relations and the historical process, manifesting itself in communication, in activity, in behavior (Hanzen).
I.S.Kon: the concept of personality denotes a human individual as a member of society, generalizes the socially significant features integrated in it.
BG Ananiev: personality is the subject of social behavior and communication.
A.V. Petrovsky: a person is a person as a social individual, a subject of knowledge and objective transformation of the world, a rational being with speech and capable of labor activity.
KKPlatonov: personality is a person as a carrier of consciousness.
B.D. Parygin: personality is an integral concept that characterizes a person as an object and subject of biosocial relations and combines in him the universal, socially specific and individually unique.
A.G. Kovalev raises the question of the integral spiritual image of the personality, its origin and structure as a question of the synthesis of complex structures:
- temperament (structure of natural properties),
- orientations (system of needs, interests, ideals),
- abilities (a system of intellectual, volitional and emotional properties).
V.N. Myasishchev characterizes the unity of the personality: by orientation (dominant relations: to people, to oneself, to objects of the outside world), the general level of development (in the process of development the general level of development of the personality increases), the structure of the personality and the dynamics of neuropsychic reactivity (there is in mind not only the dynamics of higher nervous activity (HNA), but also the objective dynamics of living conditions).
According to Hansen, the personality structure includes temperament, orientation, character and abilities.

(Psychology in theses. site "A.Ya.Psychology". Azps.ru)

"M. Man - it's always! - whole. Both the body and the personality at the same time. Especially if by personality we understand the fundamental command, control part of the psyche and the organism as a whole (the psyche is a special organ of a living organism). We are all already born as human beings, with a built-in psyche and a part of it — a personality. This is how I imagine the correlation of the organism, psyche and personality, from a natural-science point of view.
K. Whether a person is born as a person or not is a debatable issue, and this article was not devoted to this. Let's take an adult who has a "personality" - who can already be a personality. So, are there many among them who use this ability, who live as a person? No. Even if we were all born with an organ or the ability to be a person, if at the same time someone lives only as an organism, he does not live as a person. I wrote about the way of life, and not about what is built into a person. Not about what a person has, but how a person uses or does not use his capabilities. I forgot who wrote this: “I cannot agree that man is a rational animal. Man is an animal predisposed to the use of the mind, but does so rarely. Jonathan Swift?
M. Nice to get a sensible answer. As a practitioner, you ask yourself the question more: “How and with what does a person live?” (which potentially everyone has). Those. move to the evaluative plane of consideration of the question of personality. In fact, after all, everyone uses the personality as a guide and organizer of their behavior, even animals and plants. Behind your reasoning there is an implicit opinion that one of the types of use of the control apparatus of the personality is only a reactive organismic life (although in reality there is no such thing even in a dog), and this is not the life of a personality, but the setting of spiritual creative goals and their implementation can be called personal life . This is a narrowing of the concept of "personality". Perhaps it is more accurate to say this: some direct the efforts of the personality towards very simple vital desires (but they remain personalities!), and others towards more complex and greater goals. The whole question is in determining the direction: you think that the more it is in relation to the simple aspirations of the organism, the less the personality (or rather, the less the spiritual component in the direction of the personality).
It seems to me that it is more essential to consider a person as a kind of apparatus of the psyche, and not as a level of functioning of this apparatus. Bozhovich has his own criterion of this level, Neimark has his own, and A.N. Leontiev has one more. So psychology will never become a fundamental, natural science, which it should become in the future. What is it to "live as a person"? Here is not only a question about the essence of the personality, but also about the level of her life, about the “volume” of the personality. And I wonder why some have a narrow set of aspirations, while others have a wider one? After all, many people who are well fulfilling the needs of the first four levels according to A. Maslow do not want to go to the level of self-actualization. This violates their stability, is fraught with risk, and so on. So the rulers of Russia are sitting in a field of inertia and are really moving away from development.
K. I agree that it is more essential, ontologically and scientifically, to consider the personality (or, more precisely, the command part of the psyche) in this way. But from the point of view of practice, now there is a need to distinguish between two ways of life: reactive and proactive, through the satisfaction of needs or through setting goals, life in the flow of feelings or its reasonable arrangement. At the same time, in practice, both psychological and community life, these names already exist: either animal life (we live in order to eat, the life of an organism), or we manifest ourselves as a person (we eat in order to live, create and manage).
It is clear that terminological confusion arises. Then the question is, who will give way to whom? I would really suggest that the command part of the psyche be called the command part of the psyche, and the word personality should be left to a special way of life. I think that in this case we will be well understood by psychologists and any normal people.
as one of possible causes I see just what people are told only about meeting needs, and not about setting goals, about serving themselves, and not about serving people. When psychologists, looking at people, see only organisms in them, sooner or later this hypnosis begins to work. As a practitioner, I use the word personality as a powerful pedagogical tool that allows people to turn from organisms into individuals - into thinking, loving and responsible people.
M. Thank you, very interesting answers. Personality as a certain way of life. It seems to me that this is still a very narrow approach to personality. Although in terms of helping psychology, such a protrusion of one way of life as personal to stimulate the self-expansion of the client's everyday personality may be acceptable. Departure from a grounded personality and life to some great heights, to new spiritual needs (after all, both altruism and aesthetic perception are to a certain extent prescribed in the genotype). Of course I'm for it. You are doing a great job."

(Organism and personality. (The topic is discussed
N.I. Kozlov and O.I. Motkov). Encyclopedia of practical psychology.)

“Personality is one of the central themes of modern psychology, the concept of “personality” and “personal” has its own history and is understood in different ways. If the concept of "personality" is interpreted in the broadest sense, as a list of all its distinctive properties from other individuals, then personality is the same as individuality. In a narrower sense, a person is not just a person with features that make him different from others (for example, high growth), but a person with special kind of features, internal features. The inner, personal in a person is what holds the peculiarity of a person, what transfers his features from day to day, from situation to situation.
At all times, people who stood out from the masses due to their inner qualities attracted attention. A person is always a person who stands out, although not everyone who stands out is a person. Belonging to the race of people, we are all alike, but in each of us there is (or may be) something that will internally distinguish us from all others.
The basis of personality is the ability to manage oneself. The less a person can control himself, the easier he is controlled by others and circumstances, becomes like everyone else, merges with the mass. That is why, in the natural science approach, personality is the controlling part of the psyche, and in such a vision, every living being has a personality (to some extent). The higher a person's ability to control himself and his environment is, the more we can talk about the presence of a personality. Managing himself, a person gets out of control of the environment, and then a person is a person who has his own, lives in his own way. The beginning of personality: "I myself!". The concept of "personality" includes features of a person that are more or less stable and testify to the individuality of a person, determining his actions that are significant for people.
Usually this is the direction of his aspirations, the uniqueness of experience, the development of abilities, the characteristics of character and temperament - everything that is traditionally included in the structure of personality.
In contrast to the natural-scientific approach, another approach is more common in human culture, where the personality acts as an evaluation category, and in this case, not everyone is worthy of the title of personality. A person is not born, they become a person! Or they don't.
In accordance with the male view, a developed personality is a person with an inner core who has chosen freedom and his own path. This is a person who builds and controls his own life, a person as a responsible subject of will. If a person stands out from the masses due to his inner qualities that allow him to stand out from the masses, resist the pressure of the masses, promote his own to the masses, we say that this person is a personality.
Signs of personality - the presence of reason and will, the ability to manage their emotions, to be not just an organism with needs, but to have their own goals in life and achieve them. The potential of the individual is the ability of a person to multiply his internal capabilities, first of all, the ability to develop. The strength of personality is the ability of a person to resist external or internal influences, realizing their own aspirations and plans. The measure of personality is how much a person influences people and life with his personality.
If a person is described not by external, objective characteristics, as is customary in science and in accordance with the male approach, but from the inside, which is closer to the female vision, then the definition of personality will sound differently: a person is a person with a rich inner world who can feel, love and forgive.
“Personal”, as a commonly used concept, is defined by the following key words: “deep, life orientation, self”. Personal changes are internal, deep changes in a person. If a young girl knows how to cook 50 dishes and has learned how to make 51, this is her general development, but not a personal change. If a little girl cooked pancakes for the first time in her life and felt like a hostess: “I am already a hostess, I already know how to cook pancakes!” Personal changes took place in her.
Nature and development of personality. What makes a person a personality? How does a person become a person? What ensures the growth and development of the individual?
Personality structure - the main parts of the personality and the ways of interaction between them. The structure of the personality is what (from what parts and elements) and how the personality is built. What are the main personality characteristics? And if it is simpler: how to understand what this person really is?
The life path, health and level of the individual is once growth and development, once a horizontal movement through life: with or against the flow, and once problems and degradation. Everyone has their own stages of personality development and each has its own level.
You can grow a personality, you can develop a personality, sometimes the most important thing is just to be a personality. Personality sometimes needs to be treated, personality can be influenced and personality can be formatted. For all this, there are different means and forms: for oneself - self-improvement, the use of self-organization methods, personal training, for others - education, re-education, psychotherapy, management. Personality is characterized by certain traits, attitudes, values, positions, habitual roles.

(Personality. Encyclopedia of Practical Psychology.)

“In accordance with the general logic of constructing the theoretical concept of a person, the transition from the concept of “man” to the concept of “personality” is carried out according to the principle of ascent from the abstract to the concrete. In this theoretical ascent, the concept of “personality” appears as the middle figure of logic, as special, being in one respect (in relation to the concept of “man”) separate, and in another respect (to the concept of “individual”) general.
If the definition of “man” includes the unity of social and biological (natural), then the definition of “personality” reflects only the social nature of a person, “the essence of a “special personality,” writes K. Marx, is not her beard, not her blood, not its abstract physical nature, but its social quality. The concept of "personality" marks the fact of the most complete separation of man from nature, the mediation of his relationship to nature by a certain concrete historical system of social relations. As a person, a person relates to nature not as a body of nature, but through the prism of social attitudes. civil society. Only by relating to nature as a citizen of his society, a person relates to it as a person.
Personality can be defined as the personification of a certain type of activity, certain social relations, certain social roles and functions. The first most significant feature of personality is the position of the individual in the system of social relations. In the language of a sociologist, personality is the roles and functions performed by a person in society, it is a mask that an individual puts on himself when entering into relations with society. It should be emphasized that the concept of “personality” synthesizes individual and social principles in a person. On the one hand, there is no personality "in general", outside of a concrete bodily individual. On the other hand, there is no personality in itself, personality as a concrete individual isolated from society.
Functions and roles are among the defining objective features of the personality, but they cannot exhaustively reveal the content of the concept of "personality". So, in the conditions of a tribal community, each individual performed certain roles and functions, but he was not a person. There are also subjective signs of personality.
The second sign of a person, a person as a person, is the presence of self-consciousness, i.e. the ability of the individual to formulate his "I" and make his "I" the subject of his own analysis. This ability appears in the second or third year of a normally developing child. Personality begins where the child pronounces the pronoun "I". So a man is born a man, but he becomes a person in the process of his individual development. Without acquiring self-consciousness, the individual does not become a personality. In this sense, not all people are individuals. In social psychology, this subjective sign of personality is often exaggerated and under the name of "I-image", "I-concept" is elevated to the quality of the main sign of personality.
main feature personality - its socially significant act, which involves a conscious-volitional beginning, the desire to achieve the goal. To be a person means to make a choice, to assume the burden of responsibility for a certain social, intellectual movement for the fate of one's Motherland.
The existence of a person as a person to a large extent depends on the dominant in a particular society. public opinion, which forms a set of "prestigious" signs and traits necessary for recognizing a person as a person. In a slave-owning society, only free citizens had the right to be called a person; a slave was not only not recognized as a person, but also as a person.
Here is how the founder of American pragmatism, W. Jame, defined personality: “Personality, in the broadest sense of the word, is the general result of what a person can call his own, that is, not only his own body and his own mental forces, but also his clothes and house, wife and children, ancestors and friends, his good reputation and creative works, land property and horses, a yacht and a checking account.
In a socialist society, socially useful labor was recognized as a defining feature of the individual. “Socially useful labor and its results determine the position of a person in society,” says Art. 14 of the Constitution of the USSR.
Summarizing the above features - the roles and functions of the individual in society, the presence of self-consciousness, the prestige of a person in the eyes of public opinion - we can give the following definition of personality. Personality is a concrete historical way of being a person in society, an individual form of existence and development of social qualities, connections and relationships, personified in specific activities, in actions.
This definition does not claim to be the only scientific truth. In modern philosophy, sociology and social psychology, there are more than 70 definitions of personality. However, it should be emphasized that there are fundamentally different definitions of personality from the one given here. Thus, in the social philosophy of neo-Thomism and existentialism, the idea of ​​denying the social determinism of the individual runs like a red thread. The essence of these opposite definitions of personality is objective. It stems from opposing conceptions of the essence of man and is ultimately determined by the incompatibility of worldview positions - the scientific materialistic worldview of Marxism and the religious worldview of neo-Thomism. The adoption of one or another definition of personality depends on the conscious orientation of a person.

(Berezhnoy N.M. Man and his needs. / Under the editorship of V.D. Didenko M. Forum. 2000)

"Annotation. An approach to a holistic study of a person is presented, which is based on the understanding of the essential properties of a person and the system of the so-called basic foundations of personality, embodying these essential properties and determining the variety of psychological characteristics of a person and his functioning in different areas. The theoretical principles underlying the presented approach are implemented in many years of research by the author, her collaborators and students. The content of the article reflects the generalization of many years of research. These studies were aimed at developing a holistic approach to the psychological study of man.
Article. Personal aspect. Personality is considered initially as a value and value in itself, not derived from anything and not reducible to anything. From the birth of a child onwards, his psychological functions develop through communication with an adult. This idea, formulated by L.S. Vygotsky, subsequently received a versatile development in the studies of M.I. Lisina, A.A. Bodalev and others. Among modern foreign works, this problem is interestingly considered in the book by C. James (James C. Communication and personality: Trait perspectives. N.Y. Hampton Press. 1998) and others. It can be said that the entire human psyche is personal. SL Rubinshtein wrote that all mental processes can be considered as personality processes. This aspect is jokingly referred to as the “cult of personality”. N.F. Dobrynin, D.N. Uznadze, V.N. Myasishchev drew attention to the personal conditioning of mental processes. Our research shows the defining role of the individual in relation to perception, memory, thinking, as well as to various forms of human functioning: play, learning, creativity, professional activity, etc. This understanding determined our attitude to the learning process (nothing can be fully assimilated students, if it does not "pass" through his personality) and was taken as the basis of training programs.
holistic aspect. The focus on the Holistic Approach to the personality and its Theoretical Development is typical for a number of domestic psychologists (S.L. Rubinshtein, E.V. Shorokhova, K.L. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, L.I. Antsyferova). However, we have to state the following: theoretical ideas about personality, and even more so about its integrity, in most cases are not embodied in empirical studies corresponding to these ideas. The latter are often reduced to a set of various individual properties of the psyche, personality; at the same time, as I wrote earlier, "personality is not a hanger with properties attached to it."
We proceed from the fact that a holistic approach to man involves considering him in the aspect of inclusion in the universal relationship, the identity of man and Nature (N.A. Berdyaev), man and the World (S.L. Rubinshtein), man and the Universe - “man as microcosm” (P. Florensky). This "external" basis of the integrity of a person is realized in the "internal" integrity, i.e. in the relationship of psychological phenomena. The projection of an external relationship into an internal one is the key to understanding psychological mechanisms. This takes into account that the personal and holistic aspects are interrelated.
On the one hand, the integrity of the human psyche is realized through its personal conditioning, on the other hand, the most important characteristic of the personality is its integrity. In other words: the personality is integral, and the integrity of a person is personal. Thus, the question of human integrity is not only academic, it has direct practical significance.
essential aspect. This aspect is characterized by the fact that specific studies of personality are based on the idea of ​​the essence of a person. We take the liberty of asserting that the understanding of the essence of man remains little worked out in psychology. Most psychological research does not raise the question of the essence of man at all. This is primarily due to the fact that psychology, long time existing within philosophy as an experimental science took shape on the basis of natural science methodology. And in the natural sciences, the so-called rule of Occam's razor, or the principle of thrift, is still recognized, which says: "Entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity."
Understanding the essence of man and more specifically his specific essential properties should be, from our point of view, the basis, the foundation of any psychological search and the practical methods determined by them. Otherwise, this knowledge and methods may turn out to be similar, using the gospel saying, "a house built on sand."
The question of the essence of man worried philosophers, writers, culturologists, theologians much more than psychologists and educators.
level aspect. The most important aspect of a holistic-personal approach to a person is to take into account his level structure. The principle of level construction formulated by N. A. Bernshtein in the field of physiology of movements is directly related to psychology. Since this aspect has not been sufficiently developed in psychology, we will dwell on it in more detail. It is important to pay attention to two points.
The first concerns the adequacy of defining the functions of different levels and their hierarchy. In fact, there are often observed: 1) some confusion in the qualification of functions of different levels, and 2) the prevailing tendency to attribute to lower levels (heredity, brain localization, somatic and physiological, etc.) the functions of higher levels, which, in fact, means recognition of the leading role of natural beginning of man...
The second point concerns the priority of the higher levels of man in relation to the lower ones. Alexander Men wrote that the spiritual essence of a person is characterized by the determining role of the higher levels in relation to the lower ones: “The Spirit gives life” (Gospel of John. 6:63). The highest, spiritual, personal levels of a person create the basis of his integrity.

(Nepomnyashchaya N.I. A holistic-personal approach to
the study of man. J. "Issues of Psychology". 2005)

“Personality is a concept in European languages ​​denoted by words derived from the Latin persona: person (English), die Person (German), personne (French), persona (Italian). In classical Latin, this word primarily meant “mask” (cf. Russian “mask”) - a cast from the face of an ancestor, a ritual mask and a theatrical mask that plays the role of a resonator that serves to amplify the sound of a voice, as a result of which a tradition arose to raise this word to the verb personare - "to sound loud" (inconsistent due to the different amount of vowel "o" in these two words). In the Middle Ages, this word was interpreted as "to sound through oneself" (per se sonare) - a person, therefore, is one who has his own voice (Bonaventura, 2 Sent. 3, p. 1, a. 2, q. 2). Another etymologization popular in the Middle Ages, falsely attributed to Isidore of Seville, is per se una (one in itself). Modern researchers raise this word to the Etruscan fersu (mask), apparently dating back to Greek???????? (face, front, mask).
A fundamentally different understanding of "personality" was developed in Christian theology. Word???????? found in the Septuagint (previously 130 BC) as a translation of the Hebrew panim (person) and also in the New Testament. But Latin translations do not always use persona; in Latin theology, it was drawn from Latin grammar, according to the scheme used since the 2nd century BC. BC: “who speaks, to whom he addresses and whom he speaks of” (Varro, De lingua lat., 8, 20), as a result of understanding the words spoken on behalf of God in the Old Testament in the plural, and statements of Christ, on the one hand, identifying himself with God, and on the other hand, addressing Him as the Father. The word persona has assumed particular importance within the Trinitarian and Christological controversies...
The essential traits of a person are something independent, endowed with reason, possessing dignity. Alexander of Hals, on the basis of such a division of beings into physical, rational and moral, distinguished respectively between the subject, the individual and the person (Glossa 1, 25, 4). Each person is an individual and a subject, but only the possession of a special dignity makes the subject a person. Thomas Aquinas, who proclaimed the individual “that which is the most perfect in all nature” (S. Th. I, 29, 1), considered it essential for the individual to be the master of his actions, “to act, and not to be put into action” (S. s .?., II, 48, 2). The new concept of personality developed in medieval philosophy (which, however, did not eliminate other meanings - legal, grammatical, theatrical), referred primarily to God, and then a person was thought of as a person created in the image and likeness of God (see, for example, , Bonaventure, I Sent., 25, 2, 2).
The medieval theocentric concept of personality was replaced in the philosophy and culture of the Renaissance by an anthropocentric one: a person began to be identified with a bright, versatile individuality, capable of achieving whatever he wants.
In modern times, the understanding of personality developed under the influence of Descartes' doctrine of two substances, which rejected the essential psychophysical unity of man; personality was identified with consciousness (an exception is F. Bacon, who considered personality as the integral nature of man, the unity of the soul and body - "On the Dignity and Multiplication of Sciences", book 4, 1). So, Leibniz considered conscience to be the most essential thing in a person, i.e. reflective inner feeling of what her soul is like (“Theodicy”, 1st part, 89), Locke identified a person with self-consciousness, which accompanies every act of thinking and ensures the identity of “I” (“Experience on Human Understanding”, book 2, ch. 27), Berkeley used the concept of "personality" as a synonym for the spirit ("Treatise on the principles of human knowledge", 1, 148). By virtue of identifying a person with consciousness, Hr. Wolf defined it as a thing that is aware of itself and what it was before (“Reasonable Thoughts ...”, § 924). Personality lost its substantiality and eventually turned into a "bundle or bundle of perceptions" (Hum. A Treatise on Human Nature).
Personality for Kant is based on the idea of ​​moral law (and even identical to it), which gives it freedom in relation to the mechanism of nature. Personality differs from other things in that it is not a means, but "an end in itself," and the requirement to treat a person in accordance with this is Kant's highest ethical principle.
Fichte identified the personality with self-consciousness, but at the same time singled out the relationship with the Other as constitutive for the personality: “consciousness of the Self” and “being-personality” can arise only if the Self is demanded for action by the Other, which opposes the Self by the right of its freedom. Hegel also identified personality with self-consciousness, but pointed out that self-identity is ensured by the extreme abstractness of the Self (“Philosophy of Law”, § 35).
E. Husserl, who considered “intentionality” (focus on an object) as the primary characteristic of acts of consciousness (thus pushing reflection to second place), considered personality as a subject “ lifeworld”, consisting not only of nature, but also of other personalities, their relationships with each other, culture. M. Scheler believed that the personality is the center of not only cognitive, but above all volitional and emotional acts (“Formalism in ethics and the material ethics of values”), embraces both “I” and “flesh”, communicates with other personalities thanks to sympathy .
In the XX century. in connection with the comprehension of the phenomena of "mass man", "escape from freedom", "consumer society", etc. the traditional concept of personality was called into question.
With all the variety of theoretical approaches to the study of personality, it is the multidimensionality of personality that is recognized as its essence. Man acts here in his integrity: 1) as a participant in the historical and evolutionary process, the bearer of social roles and programs of sociotypical behavior, the subject of choosing an individual life path, during which he carries out the transformation of nature, society and himself; 2) as a dialogical and active being, the essence of which is generated, transformed and defended in coexistence with other people; 3) as a subject of free, responsible, purposeful behavior, acting in the perception of other people and in his own as a value and possessing a relatively autonomous, stable, integral system of diverse, original and unique individual qualities.
Identification of multidimensionality as the initial characteristic of personality makes it possible to characterize the history of the development of ideas about personality as a history of the discovery of its various dimensions, and not as a history of delusions or mistakes. At different stages of human thought, attempts were made to find answers to questions about the place of man in the world, about his origin, purpose, dignity, the meaning of his existence, his role in history, his uniqueness and typicality, and the question of how the past, present and the future determine the life of a person, the boundaries of his free choice.
It is the multidimensionality of the phenomenon of personality that served as the basis for understanding the interdisciplinary status of the problem of personality, which is equally studied by philosophy, social and natural sciences. Individual, personality and individuality are different characteristics of the study of a person, which are determined in biogenetic, sociological and personological approaches. Of course, there are fundamental differences between the research setting, which focuses on understanding the development of personality, and the practical setting, aimed at shaping or correcting the personality of specific individuals.
The multidimensionality of the concept of “personality” led to a dramatic struggle between different, often polar orientations (including materialistic and idealistic), during which different thinkers, as a rule, singled out any one of the real facets of human existence, and other aspects of a person’s life either found themselves on the periphery of knowledge, or were not noticed or denied.

(New Philosophical Encyclopedia.)

3. INDIVIDUALITY AND HUMAN PERSONALITY

« Personality is a way of being a person in society. Individuality. Since individuality does not exist along with the personality, but is one of its properties, it is advisable to compare these concepts. If a person is a personification of social relations, then individuality expresses the way of being of an individual person, it concretizes the characteristics of the person. The individual "I" is the center of personality, its core. If personality is the “top” of the entire structure of human properties, then individuality is the “depth” of the personality and the subject of activity. Personality is social in its essence, but individual in the way of its existence.
As an individual, a person is an autonomous and unique subject of consciousness and activity, capable of self-determination, self-regulation, self-improvement within society. If we want to say about a person “strong”, “energetic”, “independent”, then the word “individuality” is associated with such epithets as “bright”, “original”, “unique”.
The progress of a society is ultimately determined not by the simple sum of its accumulated use values, but by the wealth of multifacetedly developed bright individuals.

(Berezhnoy N.M. Man and his needs. / Under the editorship of V.D. Didenko M. Forum. 2000)

“Along with the concept of “personality”, the terms “person”, “individual”, “individuality” are used. Essentially, these concepts are intertwined. Man is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest degree development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.
An individual is a single member of the Homo sapiens species. As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).
Individuality is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intellect, worldview, life experience).
The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two of his different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of the formation of personality and individuality.
The formation of a personality is a process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of a generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life. The formation of personality is connected with the acceptance by the individual of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.
The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and originality. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively manifested himself in life.
In the concepts of “personality” and “individuality”, various aspects, different dimensions of the spiritual essence of a person are fixed. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality" such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent" are usually used, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others. They say about individuality “bright”, “unique”, “creative”, referring to the qualities of an independent entity.

(The concepts of personality, person, individual, individuality and their relationship.)

“Individuality”, “human nature”, “personality”: how do these categories relate? Individuality is our "first", personal, innate biological nature, insofar as it determines our character; personality is what this biological nature pours out under the guidance of our “second” and higher, rationally free human nature. “Individuality,” according to V. Krotov’s definition, “is a unique set of colors for a masterpiece called personality.” Individuality - "what", "from what"; personality - "how" and "why". Individuality becomes a personality in that and then, in which and when its involuntary and thus, as it were, "programmed", that is, not yet quite alive and even not yet quite our own reactions become meaningful and sanctioned by our mind and conscience; the mind and conscience govern them, without suppressing them and not sinning against them, just as a person should govern nature in general - exclusively according to its own laws. Thus, these individual reactions become quite animated personal ones, and together with this we ourselves become personalities.
If individuality is only a given, then personality is a value. Individuality is “not good and not evil”, personality is our moral achievement and duty. Individuality - what it is, we are responsible for the individual. At the same time, although the personality in a person can be undeveloped to the “dry residue” of a purely animal individuality, but completely outside the individuality, the personality is only a mirage or falsehood, hypocrisy.
Why? Because there is no other freedom than the freedom to be what we are. At the same time, to be only a biological being, with reactions predetermined by this being (to be only an "individuality") - there is still too little freedom in this (just as objects that are completely inanimate do not have it at all, although they are always equal to themselves and do not resemble each other) . Therefore, to be free means to cherish the individual as a cultivated, cultivated individuality; means, in your behavior, do not transgress against it. I can give in to someone in what I want (what nature wants), and at the same time not sin against myself in the least, but I can’t give in without such a sin in what I consider to be true (what is sanctioned by the personality) - while I can It turns out that they will not convince me of this, and I myself will not consider something else to be true. We are morally obligated to act according to our nature, but only understanding it as something higher than just as uncultivated natural essence: understanding it as a person.
So we see that personality is our individual nature, comprehended, cultivated and sanctioned by our free-reasoning nature; it is "the nature of the man called I."

(A. Kruglov. Dictionary. Psychology and characterology of concepts. M. Gnosis. 2000)

« 24. Multidimensionality of man and his being. Human. Personality. Individual. Individuality. Individual (from lat. individuum - indivisible), originally - lat. Translation of the Greek concept of "atom" (for the first time in Cicero), in the future - the designation of the individual, in contrast to the totality, mass; separate Living being, an individual, an individual - in contrast to the collective, social group, society as a whole.
Individuality is the unique originality of a phenomenon that separates beings, a person. In the most general terms, individuality as a special characterizing a given individuality in its qualitative differences is contrasted with the typical as a general one, inherent in all elements of a given class or a significant part of them.
Individuality is not only various abilities, but also represents some of their integrity. If the concept of individuality brings human activity under the measure of originality and uniqueness, versatility and harmony, naturalness and ease, then the concept of personality supports the conscious-volitional principle in it. A person as an individual expresses himself in productive actions, and his actions interest us only to the extent that they receive an organic, objective embodiment. The opposite can be said about a personality, it is actions that are interesting in it.
Personality is a community and scientific term denoting:
1. the humanity of the individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity (person, in the broad sense of the word) or
2. a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society or community.
Human vitality rests on the will to live and presupposes constant personal effort. The simplest, initial form of this effort is submission to social moral prohibitions, mature and developed - work to determine the meaning of life.
Man is the totality of all social relations.
1. Idealistic and religious-mystical understanding of man;
2. naturalistic (biological) understanding of man;
3. essential understanding of a person;
4. a holistic understanding of a person.
Philosophy understands man as integrity. The essence of man is connected with the social conditions of his functioning and development, with the activity in the course of which he turns out to be both a prerequisite and a product of history.

(Bashkova N.V. Moral multidimensionality of the human
consciousness: on the nature and meaning of virtues and vices.)

“The essence of man, his origin and purpose, the place of man in the world have been and remain the central problems of philosophy, religion, science and art. There are different levels of human research:
- individual - a person as a representative of the genus, consideration of his natural properties and qualities;
- subject - a person as a cognizing phenomenon and a carrier of subject-practical activity;
- personality - a person as an element of society, who has determined his place in the dynamics of socio-cultural development.
PERSONALITY. - 1) a person as a subject of relations and conscious activity. 2) A stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a society or community. The concept of personality should be distinguished from the concepts of "individual" (a single representative of the human race) and "individuality" (a set of features that distinguish this individual from all others). Personality is determined by a given system of social relations, culture, and is also determined by biological characteristics.
INDIVIDUAL (from lat. individuum - indivisible; individual) - an individual, each independently existing organism.
In the classification of personality traits by V.S. Merlin, based on the definition of dominance or natural or social principles, the following levels are presented: 1. Individual properties (temperament and individual characteristics of mental processes). 2. Properties of individuality (motives, relationships, character, abilities).
The existence of individual representatives of humanity is fixed by the concept of "individual". An individual is a concrete person as a representative and bearer of the human race or as a member of a social community of a lesser order: it is a kind of demographic unit. Singularity, separateness (genetic, bodily, emotional, intellectual, etc., inherent only to a given person) is a prerequisite for his individuality.
For many centuries, the concept of "personality" has been used to characterize the spiritual beginning of a person - the totality of the spiritual properties of a person, his inner spiritual content. Personality is a person as a social being. Communication, activity, behavior characterize a person, and in the process of their implementation, a person asserts himself in society, manifests his own "I".
The path of the individual to the personality lies through socialization, that is, the social reproduction of a person through the assimilation of social norms, rules, principles of behavior, thinking, ways of action in various spheres of life. Thanks to the cumulative human brain, he accumulates information received in the course of a person's life, who, comprehending it in his activity, forms in himself a system of various value orientations, which he manifests in the performance of his many social roles.
One of the main characteristics of a personality is its autonomy, independence in decision-making and responsibility for their implementation. Of great importance for the transformation of a biological individual into a socio-biological personality is practice, work. Only by engaging in any specific business, and one that meets the inclinations and interests of the person himself and is useful for society, a person can appreciate his social significance, reveal all the facets of his personality.
Individuality is a set of hereditary and acquired social traits and properties that distinguish individuals from each other.

(Philosophy on the freedom and responsibility of the individual.
Philosophy Help website.)

« Chapter 6. Man and culture. 6.6. The concept of individuality and personality. What is the meaning of the terms "personality" and "individuality"? This question worries humanity, as a rule, during periods of strong sociocultural upheavals that deform the usual ways of human interaction with the world of objects, people and spiritual phenomena. The time of change gives birth to new heroes and anti-heroes who are in the center of public attention. The desire to understand the motives of the behavior of leaders and ordinary people arouses in society an interest in their private life: upbringing, education, social circle, appearance, hobbies, etc. As a result, the whole variety of human relations with society is focused in one concept - “personality”.
The concepts of "individuality", "individual" have a semantic similarity with the concept of "personality" and at the same time are different from it. An individual (from Latin individuum - indivisible) denotes a being who is a representative of the human race and society. Most General characteristics individual are connected with the integrity of his psycho-physiological organization, stability in interaction with the world and activity. Relations in the world of people reveal those qualities of an individual that allow us to speak of him as an individuality and personality. The semantic proximity of the terms "individuality" and "personality" lies in the fact that a person is always individual, and the individuality of a person is its unique feature.
Personality is always actions, deeds, behavior and building relationships between people. Individuality reflects the uniqueness of what exists in a single instance as a single entity (particular entity). The difference between people as individuals is based on the uniqueness of their psyche, temperament, character, interests, quality of perception and intelligence, needs and abilities. The prerequisite for the formation of human individuality is the anatomical and physiological inclinations, which are transformed in the process of education. The socially conditioned nature of education provides a wide variability in the manifestations of individuality. Individuality turns out to be a mobile and at the same time the most stable invariant of a person's personality structure, its core. This is expressed in the fact that individuality does not just have a certain set of abilities, but forms them as a harmonious unity.
In order for personal uniqueness to develop, not only the efforts of educators, a successful combination of life circumstances, but also intense purposeful creative work the person himself. Individuality can express itself only in productive actions, in a series of ongoing actions and efforts in setting goals and following them. Truly independent goal-setting is given only to the person who has principles based on the simplest requirements of morality and human society. Morality not only regulates individual behavior, but also contributes to the spiritual survival of the individual himself. The rapid degradation of individuality and personality begins when the circle of moral duties freely chosen by him narrows. Individuality is deprived of independence, and the personality is deprived of integrity in conditions of instability of life strategy, irresponsibility and lack of principle. Thus, personality and individuality lose the opportunity to form freely.
The concepts of the individual, individuality and personality are the special characteristics of a person. But in real life they are united and interconnected, which means that a person combines independence and originality, responsibility and talent, consciousness and the diversity of manifestations of his active nature.

(Erengross B.A., Apresyan R.G., Botvinnik E.A.
Culturology. Textbook for high schools. M. Onyx. 2007)

"H.444. In general, the basis of individuality must be realized, especially at the present time. People strive to equalize and generalize everything, but nature in each phenomenon shows individuality. Having understood the generosity of this foundation, one can easily think of natural progression. It is possible to recognize the value of individuality in everything.
1.318. The personality of a person in his separate incarnation is only a bead on the necklace of an immortal, reincarnating triad, representing the true individuality of a person.
2.489. Personality and individuality differ from each other as Light or darkness, freedom or slavery, life or death, finiteness and Infinity.
2.492. In itself, the human personality is not an end in itself, but only a means, a tool, an instrument for achieving a higher and more significant goal. Everything that is connected with the personality of a person cannot replace for him the centuries-old diverse experience of his individuality, on the life thread of which personalities are strung like separate beads. The whole individuality usually cannot manifest itself within the framework of an individual personality and therefore only partially manifests itself. Personality, due to purely physical limitations, is rarely the spokesman for all the accumulations of individuality. Personality is the instrument of the Immortal Triad, and as such is the executor of its inscriptions, its will, bringing it closer to full and conscious merging with its Immortal Triad while still on earth, while still in the body.
3.31. Individuality is not (is) personality and selfhood, which are closed by the circle of interests of one incarnation. Individuality, rising above the chain of individual incarnations, embraces them, including them all.
4.50. Personality is only an instrument of Individuality, its instrument, its servant for gathering the necessary knowledge and experience in the earthly field. … Why is there a struggle between the Higher and the lower duad, when here, already on Earth, it is possible to win and subordinate the manifestations of the personal principle to your higher “I”. The transfer of the whole consciousness into the sphere of the imperishable will be the victory over the small personality. A personality cannot be great, because it is limited in its manifestations by several decades. If the personality becomes big and great, then only insofar as the Immortal Individuality of a person, manifested through the personality, can freely and unhindered reveal its hidden essence, its experience of many past existences, the imperishable accumulations of the spirit.
4.561. The Personality becomes complete when the meaning and significance of its existence and connection with Individuality are realized. Meaningful or meaningless and aimless existence depends on it.
6.506. Personality is a form of manifestation of Individuality. But Nature does not take into account the form of life, dooming each to destruction so that life can continue. The succession of forms forms a chain of life links. The links change, the chain is continuous. Personality is an instrument of Individuality, which serves to enable Individuality to grow and develop with its help. For the benefit and growth of the Individuality, it does not matter whether the person who serves Her highest goals suffers or enjoys happiness. She, that is, Individuality, needs to be able to collect through the medium of personality all the diversity of human experience that life gives and can give. For this purpose, She is forced to take on the form of a personality in order to contact the earthly plane through it and all that it can give in the sense of experience and knowledge to the spirit.
8.591. Earthly life is given in order to live it, ardently extracting useful lessons and knowledge and multiplying your experience. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of experience and its necessity for the growth of Individuality. Every day can be spent with benefit, extracting something from it, this will be true discipleship and understanding that life is the best school.

(Individuality. Excerpts from Agni Yoga and Facets of Agni Yoga.)

“The works of many scientists often talk about personality, but they understand it very broadly, or by personality they mean the individuality of a person. But even S.L. Rubinshtein argued that “the individual properties of a personality are not the same thing as the personal properties of an individual, that is, the properties that characterize him as a person.” How is personality different from individuality?
A person, living in a society, is so subordinate to culture, customs, traditions, so socialized, sometimes his behavior becomes so thoughtless that, being a person, he often loses his human appearance - loses his individuality. Individuality and personality are not the same thing - they are two sides of a person.
The French philosopher Lucien Seve argues that a person is a living system of social relations, but which are always associated with human behavior and act as behavior. Personality is determined by the extent to which individual activity is included in the social world of relations. Personality is a system of relations: friendship, love, family, production, political, etc., and they, in turn, are determined by social relations. Personality is a complex system of socially significant acts, a manifestation of abilities in the social world. Therefore, the main function of the individual is the development of his abilities.
Individuality is the unique originality of the psyche of each person who carries out his activities as a subject of the development of socio-historical culture. A person is multifaceted: he has both an animal principle (organism) and a social principle (personality), but he also has purely human qualities (individuality). Individuality is what distinguishes a person from the animal and social world.
Individuality makes it possible for a person to manifest himself as a free, independent being (I. Kant). The source of his actions is hidden in the individuality of a person. An individual who has developed individuality fully relies and hopes on his own strength, he is not only free, but also an independent person. Human individuality is considered as a high level of human development in ontogeny. K. Rogers called such an individual a “fully functioning person” to refer to people who use their abilities and talents, realize their potential and move towards full knowledge of themselves and the sphere of their experiences. Personal qualities and individual complement each other.
To what extent and how do teachers have the right to deform individuality? This issue, as noted by scientists (B.I. Dodonov, V.D. Shadrikov), was practically not discussed in our ethics, psychology and pedagogy. Deformation of individuality can take place in several directions: firstly, it can be the development of all areas in the interests of the child; secondly, the development of these areas in the interests of society and the child; thirdly, changing them in the interests of only society (or the state), but not the child; and finally, fourthly, their change in the interests of certain groups. The ideals of humanistic pedagogy correspond to the first two directions. The first direction involves achieving the goals of developing natural inclinations in various spheres of man, and the second involves changing these areas in accordance with the ideals of society. It follows from this that the first solves the problems of the development of individuality, the second - the upbringing of the personality.
Consideration of the relationship between individuality and personality allows concretizing the relationship between man and society (collective and personality). If a person and a team are in harmony with each other, then we can say that the personal qualities of a person meet the goals of this team. The person in this case is a person. But in another society (collective), the same person may not be a person, since his views may not meet the goals of another society. Therefore, depending on the social values ​​that make up the morality and culture of society, and the correspondence to these values ​​of the worldview and actions of a person, he can be a person, but he may not be, that is, a person is a relative characteristic of a person.
At the same time, the individuality of a person largely does not depend on the society (collective) in which a person is located. His experience, intellect, the formed spheres at this particular moment do not depend on the circumstances, therefore, individuality in many respects bears the features of constancy, to some extent, absoluteness. Therefore, when they talk about the subordination of personal (or rather, individual) interests to the public, this does not stand the test of life. There is a destruction of both individuality (stupidity and destruction of certain spheres), and personality (conformism). In general, there is a fragmentation of both: hypocrisy, duplicity, double morality, a discrepancy between word and deed. And neither society nor the individual needs such consequences.
The ratio of personality and individuality helps to understand the relationship between education and development. Education in a special pedagogical sense is a process of purposeful influence on the development of the personality, its relations, traits, qualities, attitudes, beliefs, ways of behavior in society. The process of education is carried out at all age stages of human development, and not only in childhood. Development also involves the improvement of mental qualities, the main areas (emotional, volitional, motivational) of a person - his individuality.
A person is not born with individuality, but becomes it in the course of his life, as a result of upbringing and self-education. We can talk about individuality when a person realizes the uniqueness of himself and his life and, feeling his uniqueness, realizes his future himself in order to reveal his possibilities as fully as possible. And this requires both an understanding of oneself and an active attitude towards one's life, and the provision by society of opportunities for an independent choice of goals and means of life.
What is the difference between personality and individuality? Let's consider this question. Goals of development of individuality. I. Kant formulated a position that expresses the essence of humanism: a person can be only an end for another, but not a means. Therefore, we will look at the child not as a means of strengthening our state (let's remember our clichés: preparation for life for the benefit of society, preparation for the defense of the Motherland, etc.), but as the goal of developing the “human” in it (V.G. Belinsky ). “Improve yourself,” advised L.N. Tolstoy, - and only in this way will you improve the world. The main task of the teacher is to help the child in his development, and all humanistic pedagogical practice should be aimed at developing and improving all the essential human forces of the student. These include the following areas: intellectual, motivational, emotional, volitional, subject-practical, existential and the sphere of self-regulation. These spheres in a developed form characterize the integrity, harmony of individuality, freedom and versatility of a person. Their social activity depends on their development. They also determine his way of life, his happiness and well-being among people ...
In fact, a developed holistic individuality itself ensures the harmony of the personal and the public. In this case, a person can really realize himself, choose this or that ideology or religion, realize his human nature. The development of personal qualities is carried out in the process of education on the basis of the formation of individual qualities.

(Grebenyuk O.S., Grebenyuk T.B. Fundamentals of Pedagogy
individuality. Tutorial. Kaliningrad. 2000)