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Language taste of the era. Language taste

Language taste of the era. Language taste

Introduction

The global changes that have taken place in our state over the past 10-15 years have radically influenced linguistics. Looking through the topic of modern linguistic works, one can make sure that instead of the usual problems of phonetics and morphology, word formation and syntax, linguists are increasingly looking at problems whose development is designed to shed light on the violent changes in the Russian language of the present day. The desire of scientists to embrace these changes as a whole, to comprehend at least in in general terms linguistic modernity, lead to the shift of linguistics itself to the side, which can be called a general philosophical essay on the subject of modern language. Along with this, there is a noticeable bias from classical linguo-philosophical topics. The result is more Western-style work. A person with a scientific mind tends to see patterns and dynamics in absolutely everything, to find the cause of progress and regression, to realize the general constant movement. Linguists in this sense are no exception. As a result, much has been written about the evolution of the Russian language. The law of interdependence of language and method of production, language and culture is derived. The formation and regression of the style is recognized as a direct reflection of profound changes in society. Could the immediate moods of people, for example, have an impact on the formation of language? This question can be put differently: does the form affect the content? Does the unit have an impact on the public what word is currently "in vogue"? In the most serious form, the desire to give an answer to the information of the problem was undertaken within the framework of the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. However, the too massive scale of this hypothesis led researchers away from linguistic realities so much that they turned the justified approach into a kind of conceptual monument. In the same period, linguistics turned to practice gives a clue to the possibility of approaching the "fleeting" by taking other positions. This is how the concept appeared to analyze the impact of linguistic "norms" on speech and the public, without deviating, however, from the basic rules of traditional Russian linguistics.

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………… 3 1. LANGUAGE TASTE…………………………………………………… …...4 2. LANGUAGE NORM……………………………………………………………9 3. LINGUISTIC AGGRESSION…………………………………………… …...14 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………...19 LITERATURE USED……………………………………….. .20

Bibliography

1. Russian language and culture of speech: textbook / E.V. Sintsov. M.: Flinta: science, 2009.-160s. 2. Norms of the modern Russian literary language / K.S. Gorbachevich. - 3rd ed., Rev. - M .: Education, 1989.-208s. 3. Russian language. Speech aggression and ways to overcome it / Yu.V. Shcherbinina. Proc. allowance - M.: Flinta, 2004. 4. Linguistic taste of the era. From observations on the speech practice of the mass media / V.G. Kostomarov St. Petersburg: Zlatoust, 1999. - 302p.

An excerpt from work

CHAPTER 1 LANGUAGE TASTE The direction of emerging taste can be judged by the influence on style, which is characterized by blurred boundaries between different communicative spheres. In the electoral sphere, ethical and aesthetic prohibitions are often lifted. Internal forms of overlay have become popular, which attract attention with their wit and unusual appearance, such as ecstasy (ecstasy + insanity). Word games do not aim to create a speech mask, but simply exist for the sake of jokes. Violation of the usual phrases does not give subtext, but only a weak comic effect. A common stylistic feature of speech is the desire for renewal. There were clarifications of many terms, such as, for example, instead of Commodity they began to say Freight train. In many cases, the constructions were updated with foreign-language images. Such expressions have changed as call by phone ... or phone for information ... to a contact phone number, which appeared not just from English translation but from changes in the etiquette repertoire. Updating habitual language environments in literary language educated people, acquired high activity and one-sided orientation, which are made up of public taste. The problem of psychological attitude and taste, susceptibility to fashion shows examples of inconsistency, from the point of view of stylistic laws, the choice of linguistic means of expression.

V. G. Kostomarov

Language taste of the era

* * *

The author sincerely thanks O. Veldina, M. Gorbanevsky, I. Ryzhova, S. Ermolenko and L. Pustovit, I. Erdei, F. van Doren, M. Peter, R. N. Popov and N. N. Shansky, N. D. Burvikov, who published reviews of the first and second editions of the book, N. A. Lyubimov, S. G. Ilyenko, V. M. Mokienko and other colleagues who organized its public discussion in St. Petersburg, as well as Yu. A. Belchikov , N. I. Formanovskaya, O. D. Mitrofanov, O. A. Laptev, O. B. Sirotinin, N. P. Kolesnikova, L. K. Graudin, T. L. Kozlovskaya and many others who conveyed their opinions and comments to the author. Heartfelt gratitude to A. M. Demin, V. A. Sekletov, T. G. Volkova and all friends at the Pushkin Institute of the Russian Language.

The remarks and wishes made, if possible, were taken into account, the factual material was updated, but in general this is a reprint, and not a new work. It does not take into account the fundamental research on the topic that appeared after 1994, such as “The Russian language of the end of the 20th century (1985–1995)” edited by E. A. Zemskaya (M., 1996) or “Russian language” edited by E. N Shiryaeva (Opole, 1997). The justification can be that the most important ideas for the author (the concept of taste as a socio-psychological factor in the evolution of the language, the relationship between colloquialism and bookishness in it, the role of mass media, etc.) remain relevant and still not developed.

The book uses the following abbreviations:

AiF - Arguments and Facts

BV - Exchange statements

VM - Evening Moscow

VYa - Questions of linguistics

WRC - Issues of culture of speech

Izv. – Izvestia

KP - Komsomolskaya Pravda

LG - Literary newspaper

MN - Moscow News

MK - Moskovsky Komsomolets

MP - Moskovskaya Pravda

NG - Nezavisimaya Gazeta

OG - General newspaper

Etc. - Is it true

RV - Russian News

RG - Rossiyskaya Gazeta

RR - Russian speech

RYa - Russian language in the national school (Russian language in the USSR, Russian language in the CIS)

RYAZR - Russian Language Abroad

RYASH - Russian language at school

SK - Soviet culture

FI - Financial news

ES - Private property

Note. Unless otherwise specified in the text, the following order of citation of the source is adopted. In the name or its abbreviation, the year and number are given after the comma (without the sign No.), and also, when necessary, the page (after the page). In many cases the date of the daily newspaper is given, with the first digit being the day, the second the month, and the third the last two digits of the year.

Introduction: Problem Statement

0.1. Most common characteristic living processes observed in the Russian literary language of our days, it is impossible not to recognize democratization - in the understanding that is justified in the monograph by V.K. Zhuravlev "Interaction of external and internal factors in the development of the language" (M., Nauka, 1982; Actual tasks of modern linguodidactics, in: “Linguistic and methodological problems of teaching Russian as a non-native language. Actual problems communication training. M., 1989). Such spheres of literary communication as mass communication, including the written language of periodicals, are most clearly democratized.

However, the term liberalization is more accurate to characterize these very rapidly developing processes, because they affect not only folk layers of the national Russian language, but also educated which turned out to be alien to the literary canon of recent decades. On the whole, the literary and linguistic norm becomes less definite and obligatory; the literary standard becomes less standard.

To a certain extent, the situation of the 20s is repeated, when post-revolutionary pink optimism gave rise to a desire to profoundly transform not only the social system and economic structure, but also culture, but also the literary language canon. Of course, contemporaries assessed what was happening very differently (see: L. I. Skvortsov. On the language of the first years of October. RR, 1987, 5; cf. S. O. Kartsevsky. Language, war and revolution. Berlin, 1923; A. M Selishchev, Language of the Revolutionary Era, Moscow, 1928). Such a social situation is in good agreement with the ideas of A. A. Shakhmatov about expanding the boundaries of the literary language, and this is exactly how the representatives thought and acted, as S. I. Ozhegov put it, new Soviet intelligentsia. Methodists, in particular, argued that the traditional subject native language in the Russian school there is, in fact, the study of a foreign language, which requires “expanding the study of the standard language ... to study the dialects with which our standard language is surrounded, from which it feeds” (M. Solonino. On the study of the language of the revolutionary era. “Russian language in the Soviet school ”, 1929, 4, p. 47).

The “old intelligentsia”, for the most part in exile, stood for the inviolability of the literary language, resenting its flood with dialectisms, jargon, foreignness, even changing spelling rules, especially the expulsion of the letter yat. This diametrically opposed approach also triumphed within the country, emerging in the 1930s and unquestionably triumphing in the 1940s. The discussion in 1934, connected with the authority of M. Gorky, outlined the path to the mass cultivation of speech, demanding write in Russian, not in Vyatka, not in robes. Conscious proletarian language policy was held under the slogan of overcoming multilingualism, primarily peasant - a single national language for all workers. Linguistic variability was also fettered in the literary language itself.

By virtue of these, necessarily schematically and simplified events of history, as well as a number of subsequent ones, we came to the 50s with a very ossified and strictly enforced literary norm, which fully corresponded to the socio-political situation of a totalitarian state. By the end of the first post-war decade, free-thinking writers began to fight against it - both in practice and in theory, and K. I. Chukovsky was in the forefront of them. The return to living orientations was, however, painful. Russia as a whole turned out to be more conservative than innovative.

Will history repeat itself? Now our society, no doubt, has embarked on the path of expanding the boundaries of the literary language, changing its composition, its norms. Moreover, the normal pace of linguistic dynamics is sharply increased, which creates an undesirable gap in the continuity of traditions, in the integrity of culture. Even being quickly suspended, such processes of the 1920s - with their creative orientation towards the liberalization of the language - left significant traces in our educated communication. And even now voices are heard more and more loudly, expressing fears about the state of the Russian literary language, to which the following leads along the path of expanding literary and linguistic boundaries.

Even those who welcome the triumphant liberalism, to whom it seems quite justified against the background of society's departure from inert authoritarian unanimity to freedom, to freedom, to diversity, protest against the recklessness of this process, against the extremes in the desirable course of events. Agreeing with the call of A. S. Pushkin to give the Russian language “more freedom to develop in accordance with its laws”, they do not want to calmly put up with carelessness, looseness in the use of the language, with permissiveness in the choice of means of expression. But in these phenomena they do not see the inevitable consequences of a justified attitude, but only individual, albeit frequent to the mass level, manifestations of the low cultural level of the population, elementary ignorance of the norms of the literary language and the laws of style.

Undoubtedly, and this is the case, exacerbating the results of the conscious actions of quite literate and cultured people who are well aware of the norms and laws of style. This is evidenced by the following experimental data: Moscow schoolchildren in 80% of speech situations requiring the use of speech etiquette formulas do without them; about 50% of boys address each other by nicknames, of which more than half are offensive; about 60% of students use stamps that do not convey sincerity of feeling when congratulating parents, teachers, friends. The author of these calculations believes that it is increasingly necessary to specifically teach children at school the accepted rules of communication (N. A. Khalezova. On the possibilities of working on speech etiquette when studying grammatical material. РЯШ, 1992, 1, p. 23).

It is significant that now there is an obvious drop in the level of artistic taste, for example, according to a sociological study, only 15 percent of children with a developed artistic taste leave urban schools now, while in the early 80s there were about 50 percent; in rural schools, respectively, 6 and 43%. The preference of the population is focused mainly on foreign layers of art, and especially popular are chamber plots dedicated to love, family, sex, adventure, as well as lightweight music, of dubious quality of film detective. (Yu. U. Fokht-Babushkin. Artistic culture: problems of study and management. M .: Nauka, 1986; his own. Artistic life of Russia. Report to the Russian Academy of Education, 1995.)

Linguistic taste - it is, in essence, a changing ideal of language use according to the nature of the era

The norms and standards of language behavior, speech culture adopted at a certain stage of development of the society by native speakers. I'm in. era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people. I'm in. of our time, reflecting the state of the Russian literary language after the collapse Soviet Union, is characterized by the convergence of traditional bookish expressions with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons. “On the whole, the literary and linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory; the literary standard is becoming less standard” (Kostomarov V.G. Linguistic taste of the era. M., 1994. P. 5).

The essence of the motive of speech relevance is “I want to be modern, like everyone else”, “I want to correspond to the spirit of the time”, “I want to speak common language". The purpose of speech actualization is to achieve speech identity, to realize the identity of an individual to other people. Of course, this motive has a positive potential: it is necessary to take into account the opinion of others about the “modernity” of the language if the communicants want to reduce the conflict in communication. The problem, meanwhile, is how much responsibility for this relevance the communicant is ready to take upon himself. Realizing himself as part of a single language community, he strives for relevance in order to participate together with everyone in its formation, to feel his identity and be responsible for his own speech behavior. In this case, the addresser forces himself to think about his own speech behavior, to make some meaningful choice from possible ways expressions, including taking into account potential speech conflicts. Otherwise, speech relevance becomes a speech fashion and leads to speech irresponsibility. Speech fashion is an indirect confirmation of consent to verbal submission.

The speech mode is most clearly manifested in the way media texts use borrowed - native (+mastered) elements: borrowed vocabulary crowds out the original (and even borrowed, but mastered earlier); foreign languages (primarily English) transform the grammatical, and in some cases, phonetic (intonation) laws of the Russian language. Let us note, for example, an interesting trend in the language of the media in recent years: a combination natural for the Russian language noun + noun is replaced by the combination adj. noun

Some researchers note the “non-Russian” intonation of the phrase by presenters and journalists on radio and TV (Arina Sharapova, Tatyana Mitkova), as well as “non-Russian” kinetics - facial expressions, gestures, posture (Natalya Darialova syndrome, gestures of hosts on BIZ-TV).

Another manifestation of speech fashion is the positioning of communicants in the system “obsolete - actual - new words”: a powerful wave of obsolete words with more careful use of new ones. True, some studies claim the opposite: the process of neologization is intensifying, including in media texts, and this process, of course, reflects the desire of communicants for verbal responsibility, and researchers note a change in their character: if in the 70-80s they belong to , first of all, to the field of word production, then in last years it's basically word art. However, the “peak of word creation” falls precisely on the 90s; today, according to our observations, the creation of new words in the media is less active. Besides distinctive feature the creation of new words in media texts is seriality, the repetition of the same common word-formation model: to referend, to presidency; guidarization, voucherization, privatization; vampirize, euroshop, etc.

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Language taste of the era

Introduction

1. Language taste

2. Language norm

3. Verbal aggression

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Speech skills are a basic professional quality. It includes several components. The most important of them is the culture of speech, which is part of the general culture of man. By the way a person speaks, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his inner culture. The formation of speech skills involves the possession of expressive, logically clear, emotional literary speech.

The problems of the culture of speech are determined primarily by the problems of the language functioning in society. The subject of the culture of speech as an academic discipline is the norms of the literary language, types of communication, its principles and rules, ethical standards of communication, functional styles of speech, the foundations of the art of speech, as well as the difficulties of applying speech norms and the problems of the current state of the speech culture of society. The culture of speech is important for establishing contact between the narrator and his listeners and is the main part of it.

In the culture of speech, several norms are defined, such as: language taste, language norm and speech aggression.

The purpose of this work is to study language taste, norms and speech aggression.

The main tasks include consideration of the concept of language taste, language sense, reasons for changing language taste, the concept of a language norm and its types, reasons for changing language norms, a set of signs of norms, various definitions of speech aggression, its causes, consideration of speech aggression as a type of speech strategy with to discredit an opponent.

In recent years, a series of works has appeared devoted to the study of the problems of speech culture in modern society. These works include the studies of Vinokur G.O., Kostomarov V.G., Rosenthal D.E., Golovin B.N., Sapunov B., Lapteva O.A., Nefyodov N.V., Pleshchenko T.P. , Fedotova N.V., Chechet R.G., Dantseva D.D., Vasilyeva A.N., Fomina M.I., Valgina N.S., Rozhdestvensky Yu.V. as society is constantly changing, culture is also changing, therefore new issues arise that require careful study.

1. Language taste

Linguistic taste is the norms and standards of language behavior, speech culture accepted at a certain stage of development by native speakers. The linguistic taste of the era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people. The linguistic taste of our time is characterized by the convergence of traditional bookish expressions with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons. "In general, the literary and linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory; the literary standard is becoming less standard" [Kostomarov 1999, p. 5].

Taste in general is the ability to evaluate, the understanding of what is right and beautiful; these are passions and inclinations that determine the culture of a person in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. As Kostomarov V.G. in his work "Linguistic taste of the era": "Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or social group in relation to language and speech in this language." These attitudes determine a person's attitude to language, the ability to intuitively evaluate the correctness, relevance, aesthetics of speech expression.

Taste is a complex alloy of social requirements and assessments, as well as the individuality of a native speaker, his artistic inclinations, upbringing, and education. However, this individuality is formed in the course of assimilation of social knowledge, norms, rules, traditions. Therefore, taste always has a concrete-social and concrete-historical basis. Manifesting itself individually, taste reflects the dynamics of social consciousness and unites the members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

The most important condition for taste is a sense of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious assessment of its tendencies, the path of progress. The very sense of language is a system of unconscious assessments that reflects the systemic nature of language in speech and social linguistic ideals. A sense of language forms the basis for a global assessment, acceptance or non-acceptance of certain development trends, vocabulary, for assessing the appropriateness of stylistic varieties under the prevailing conditions. In this sense, it is very dependent on the systemic and normative features of the language: its origin, history and ideals of progress, acceptable and desirable sources of enrichment, the originality of its structure and composition.

Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of the language can be denoted by the word fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly transient, conspicuous and usually irritating to the older and conservative part of society.

The cultural and speech taste, its changes are influenced by the objective social functions of the language in a given era.

2. Language norm

The concept of a norm is usually associated with the idea of correct, literary literate speech, and literary speech itself is one of the aspects of a person’s general culture.

The norm, as a socio-historical and deeply national phenomenon, characterizes, first of all, the literary language - recognized as an exemplary form of the national language. Therefore, the terms "linguistic norm" and "literary norm" are often combined, especially when applied to the modern Russian language, although historically this is not the same thing.

The language norm is formed in the actual practice of verbal communication, is worked out and fixed in public use as a usage (Latin usus - use, use, habit); the literary norm is undoubtedly based on the usage, but it is also specially guarded, codified, i.e. legitimized by special regulations dictionaries, codes of practice, textbooks. [Lapteva 1983: p. 187]

Graudina L.K. Shiryaev E.N. distinguish in their book "Culture of Russian Speech" several types of language norms: orthoepic (pronunciation), spelling (spelling), word-formation (the use of derivative words established in the literary language, for example, nose-nose-"nose"), lexical (rules for the use of words in speech, for example, "biography of life"), morphological (grammatical forms of words, for example, delicious salami), syntactic (use of participial and participial phrases, prepositions, etc., for example, "to come from school"), punctuation, intonation [ Graudina , Shiryaev 1999: p. 25-46].

The literary norm is the rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic language means adopted in social and linguistic practice. The norm is historically mobile, but at the same time stable and traditional, it has such qualities as familiarity and universal validity. Peshkovsky A.M. by no means what will be" [Peshkovsky 1959: pp. 54-55].

The main reason for changing the norms is the evolution of the language itself, the presence of variance, which ensures the choice of the most appropriate options for linguistic expression. The meaning of expediency, convenience is more and more noticeably included in the concept of exemplary, standard of normative language means.

The norm has a certain set of features that must be present in it in their entirety. Gorbachevich K. S. writes in detail about the signs of the norm in the book "Variantness of the word and the language norm". He identifies three main features: 1) the stability of the norm, conservatism; 2) prevalence of the linguistic phenomenon; 3) the authority of the source. Each of the signs separately can be present in a particular linguistic phenomenon, but this is not enough. In order for a language tool to be recognized as normative, a combination of features is necessary. Thus, for example, errors can be extremely common, and they can persist over a long period of time. [Gorbachevich 2009: p. 94]

The quality (sign) of the stability of the norm manifests itself in different ways at different language levels. Moreover, this sign of the norm is directly related to the systemic nature of the language as a whole, therefore, at each language level, the ratio of "norm and system" manifests itself to a different degree. As for the authoritativeness of the artists of the word, then there are special difficulties in assessing, since the language fiction, the artistry of which is often achieved precisely as a result of the free use of the language.

Thus, the norm, having the listed features, implements the following criteria for its evaluation: stability, prevalence, authority of the source.

In modern Russian, the norms of written and oral speech are approaching, their active interaction is observed.

The present tense is characterized by a reduction to a unified speech practice. There are serious social reasons for this - the spread of education and the increased role of the media. Against this general background, the process of normalization proceeds.

3. Verbal aggression

There are several definitions of the term "speech (verbal, verbal) aggression".

In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by Kozhina M.N. verbal aggression is defined as "the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that offends someone's pride, dignity."

Basovskaya E.N. in the article "Creators of Black and White Reality: On Verbal Aggression in the Media" writes about the ambiguous interpretation of this term. So, with its narrow understanding as aggressive, a speech act is considered that replaces an aggressive physical action. In a broad interpretation, these are “all types of offensive, dominant speech behavior.” [Basovskaya 2004: p. 257]

Another variation of this term is suggested by L. Enina in her article "Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media". Here she writes that verbal aggression is a sphere of verbal behavior motivated by the aggressive state of the speaker. [Enina 2003: p. 2]

The authors of the article "Peculiarities of verbal aggression" Glebov V.V. and Rodionova O.M. define this term as "conflict speech behavior, which is based on the installation of a negative impact on the addressee." [Glebov, Rodionova 2006: p. 252]

Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book "Verbal Aggression" writes that one of the reasons is "insufficient awareness of one's own speech behavior in general and in particular the aggressive components in it." [Shcherbinina 2006: p. 42]

Another reason that V. Tretyakova notes in her article is "inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words." [Tretyakova 2000: p. 135]

It is also necessary to single out the personal cause of verbal aggression in the media, which Dzyaloshinsky I.M. writes about. statements by the emotionality of speech; secondly, a journalist, possessed by an idea, seeks to use all possible speech resources so that the idea with which he is sick becomes a universal disease. [Dzyaloshinsky 2008: p. 2]

However, one should not lose sight of the fact that speech aggression can be one of the types of speech strategy and be used consciously in order to discredit the interlocutor.

The purpose of this strategy is to humiliate, insult, laugh at the interlocutor. And tactics will be insult, threat, ridicule, accusation, hostile remark, reproach, slander, etc. The speaker's choice of certain speech actions depends on his communicative goals.

Installation on the conflict, i.e. the speaker's choice of a strategy of verbal aggression is characterized by [Tretyakova 2000: p. 137]:

The choice of behavior with an active influence on the communication partner; speech language taste aggression

Using negative lexical means;

With the dominance of the role of the speaker,

Violation of communicative norms of behavior,

With labeling,

Using direct and indirect insults, etc.

The most "favorable" for the manifestation of verbal aggression are the following areas of life:

School and other educational institutions;

The sector of the economy in which low-skilled workers are employed and mainly physical labor is used;

Contacts of sellers and buyers;

parliamentary struggle;

According to scientists, the aggression of speech demonstrates an authoritarian style of communication, lack of professionalism and leads to alienation, hostility, and misunderstanding. Therefore, aggression is ethically unacceptable and ineffective from a communicative point of view. In this regard, it is necessary to learn how to control, restrain, overcome verbal aggression. There is scientific literature practical advice to overcome the aggression of the word. Thus, Enina L. in her article calls on journalists to reduce verbal aggression by refusing direct evaluative oppositions, from rude evaluative expressions of images of "foreigners", "due to an analytical approach to this problem."

Conclusion

In my abstract, I used the article by Basovskaya E.N. "Creators of black and white reality: on verbal aggression in the media", Glebova V.V. and Rodionova O.M. "Features of verbal aggression", the book by Gorbachevich K.S. "Variantness of the word and the language norm", the book by Graudin L.K. and Shiryaeva E.N. "Culture of Russian speech", article by Dzyaloshinsky I.M. "Psychology of mass communications", article by Enina L. "Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media", stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language Kozhina M.N., an article by V. G. Kostomarov "Linguistic Taste of the Epoch", an article by O. A. Lapteva. "General literary and specific elements in determining the status of oral public literary speech. The structure of linguistic stylistics and its main categories", the book of Peshkovsky A. M. "Selected Works", the article by Tretyakova V. S. "Inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words "and the book by Yu. V. Shcherbinina "Verbal aggression".

Thus, after analyzing this literature, we can conclude that linguistic phenomena are in constant motion and change. The intensity of this movement is not the same either in time or in the scope of linguistic material. The replacement of some means of expression by others can occur both abruptly and gradually. However, it is moving towards unification.

Human aggression, including verbal aggression, is a multifaceted phenomenon. All considered definitions recognize that aggression is an integral dynamic characteristic of a person's activity and adaptability and therefore is an object of serious study.

Drawing a conclusion about verbal aggression, we can say that this is any action aimed at causing harm to an object. The causes of verbal aggression are studied by linguists in various fields: political discourse, media discourse, aggression in adolescence, and so on. Speech aggression has a variety of both aggressive statements themselves and speech situations, and can be used as a discrediting strategy. It interferes with the establishment of contact and requires the use of a mitigation strategy to establish it.

Bibliography

1. Basovskaya E. N. Criticism and semiotics. "Creators of black and white reality: on verbal aggression in the media", Novosibirsk: 2004.

2. Glebov V.V., Rodionova O.M. RUDN. "Features of verbal aggression", M: 2006.

3. Gorbachevich K. S. "Word variance and language norm", No. 2 - M: 2009.

4. Graudina L.K., Shiryaev E.N. "Culture of Russian speech", Moscow: 1999.

5. Dzyaloshinskii I. M. MU. "Psychology of mass communications", M: 2008.

6. Enina L. Russian press in a multicultural society: tolerance and multiculturalism as guidelines for professional behavior. "Speech aggression and speech tolerance in the media", M: 2003.

7. Kozhina M.N. "Stylistic Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language", No. 2 - Moscow: 2006.

8. Kostomarov V. G. "Linguistic taste of the era", Chrysostom: 1999.

9. Lapteva O.A. "General literary and specific elements in determining the status of oral public literary speech. The structure of linguistic stylistics and its main categories", Perm: 1983.

10. Peshkovsky A. M. "Selected Works", M: 1959.

11. Tretyakova V. S. "Inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words", Barnaul: 2000.

12. Shcherbinina Yu. V. "Verbal aggression", KomKniga: 2006.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE AND HIGHER SCHOOL

SAINT PETERSBURG COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUCTION

Languagetaste. Languagefashion. Languageaggression

Completed by: student of group 22-A-14

Adamyan L.Yu.

Checked by: Trotsenko I.N.

Saint Petersburg

Content

Introduction
Chapter 2
Conclusion
Bibliography

Introduction

Speech skill- This is a basic professional quality. One of the most important components is the culture of speech, which is part of the general culture of a person. By the way a person speaks, one can judge the level of his spiritual development, his inner culture. The formation of speech skills involves the possession of expressive, clear and literary speech.

The problems of speech culture are determined, first of all, by the problems of language in society. The subject of speech culture is the norms of the literary language, types of communication, its principles and rules, ethical standards of communication, functional styles of speech, the foundations of the art of speech, as well as the difficulties of applying speech norms and the problems of the current state of the speech culture of society. The culture of speech is important for establishing contact between the narrator and his listeners, and is also the main part of it.

The global changes that have taken place in our country in the last ten to fifteen years have also radically affected linguistics. The desire of researchers to embrace these changes as a whole, to comprehend at least in general terms the linguistic modernity, leads to the movement of linguistics itself in the direction that can be called a philosophical essay on the topic of modern language.

The relevance of the study, therefore, is determined, on the one hand, by the need to comprehensively comprehend the changes in the modern Russian language that have taken place in the last ten to fifteen years, and on the other hand, by the need to expand the range of topics and bring Russian linguistics closer to the science of Europe and the United States.

An ordinary person perceives the world as he sees it, as they say, "in front of him", perceiving it as it is, and being surprised at the changes. A person with a scientific mindset is trying to see patterns and dynamics in everything, to find the cause of progress and regression, to understand the universal constant movement. Linguists are no exception in this sense. Therefore, much has been written about the evolution of the Russian language. The law of interdependence of language and mode of production, language and culture is derived. The development and regression of the language is perceived as a direct reflection of the profound changes in society.

The purpose of this work is to study language taste, language fashion and language aggression.

The main tasks include consideration of the concept of language taste, language flair, reasons for changing language taste, the concept of language fashion and its types, reasons for changing language norms, a set of signs of norms, various definitions of speech aggression and its causes.

Chapter 1. What is "language taste", "language fashion" and "language aggression"?

Language taste- these are the norms and standards of linguistic behavior, speech culture adopted at a certain stage in the development of society.

Language taste- the idea of ideal text models and ideal speech production in general, which took shape in the process of social and speech activity. The linguistic taste of the era is largely associated with historical, turning points in the life of the people. The linguistic taste of our time is characterized by the convergence of traditional literary means of expression with everyday colloquial speech, with social and professional dialects, with jargons.

Taste in general - this is the ability to evaluate, understanding the right and beautiful; these are passions and inclinations that determine the culture of a person in thought and work, in behavior, including speech. These attitudes determine a person's attitude to language, the ability to intuitively evaluate the correctness, relevance, aesthetics of speech expression.

However, this individuality is formed in the course of assimilation of social knowledge, norms, rules, traditions. Therefore, taste always has a concrete-social and concrete-historical basis. Manifesting itself individually, taste reflects the dynamics of social consciousness and unites the members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

The most important condition for taste is a sense of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious assessment of its tendencies, the path of progress.

Language (speech) fashion - manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

The concept of linguistic taste, of course, is associated with ideas about the qualities of speech. In the book "Good Speech", Saratov linguists define the concept in the title as speech, first of all, expedient, corresponding to the ethics of communication, norm, understandable to the addressee, as creative speech. The criteria for good speech also include moderate conservatism, universality, and the desire for non-variance. IN AND. Karasik proposes to understand speech culture as "the degree of approximation of the linguistic consciousness of the individual to the ideal completeness of linguistic wealth in one form or another of the language. On this basis, they stand out different types linguistic personalities.

In general, the literary and linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory today. The literary standard is becoming less standard, notes V.G. Kostomarov, i.e. in the language, as in everything, the norm of permissibility has changed.

The question arises: why is this happening? Answering it, V.G. Kostomarov introduces the concepts of linguistic taste as a category of speech culture and its extreme embodiment - linguistic fashion: "Taste can be understood as a system of ideological, psychological, aesthetic and other attitudes of a person or a social group in relation to language and speech in this language. Taste always has a concrete social and a concrete historical basis, appearing individually, taste reflects in its development the dynamics of social consciousness and unites the members of a given society at a given stage of its history.

The most important condition for the taste of V.G. Kostomarov considers a feeling that is social in nature, assimilated by every native speaker, i.e. a sense of language, which is the result of speech and general social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious, as a rule, assessment of the trends in its development. Language sense underlies the acceptance and rejection of these trends.

The next question that needs to be answered in order to understand the linguistic features of the situation in modern Russia is the question of under whose influence modern linguistic taste is formed. We have to state with regret that the typical features of the Russian language are formed "by no means only because of low literacy and slovenliness, but because of precisely a conscious attitude, a desire to follow certain tastes set by an influential part of society, on the whole, quite educated and very well versed, but deliberately deforming the norms and stylistic patterns of the literary and linguistic standard.

Language itself is a social phenomenon, not a biological one. Language arises and functions only within the framework of human society. And one of the functions of the language is unifying.

As for the relationship between language and fashion, it should be noted that both language and fashion are sign systems, along with other similar sign systems, without which it is impossible to imagine the life of human society - ornament, music, dance, architecture, and so on.

The subject of the study is the phenomenon of language fashion, which has become especially relevant in Russian society in recent years.

This is how the idea arose to analyze the influence exerted by linguistic "fashions" on language and society, without deviating, nevertheless, from the main principles of classical Russian linguistics.

The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the problem of language fashion is considered for the first time. Until now, this problem has been studied within the framework of the topic of speech etiquette. At the same time, the theoretical development of the problem consisted only in linking specific linguistic facts to historical reality and culture. In the study, the facts of language fashion are considered in line with the hypothesis of linguistic relativity, analyze the impact that language fashion has on language and society.

Language (speech) fashion- the manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of the language can be denoted by the word fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly transient, conspicuous and usually irritating to the older and conservative part of society.

The concept of language fashion, which is relevant for characterizing the speech behavior of an individual, is rightly associated with the mandatory redundancy of linguistic cultural patterns, with the awareness of their prestige in a particular society, with the language choice made by the individual. Correlating the concepts of "linguistic taste" and "linguistic fashion", V.G. Kostomarov notes: "Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of the language, sometimes brought to the point of absurdity, can be denoted by the word" fashion "". "Fashion as a regulator of cultural and speech behavior is more clearly manifested in a society that is dynamic, open, mobile and redundant, that is, it contains diverse and competing cultural patterns between which you can choose. Modern Russia is characterized by an increased trend of renewal, and fashion provides the possibility of a break with the immediate past."

There are several definitions of the term "speech (verbal, verbal) aggression".

In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by Kozhina M.N. verbal aggression is defined as "the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that offends someone's pride, dignity."

The authors of the article "Peculiarities of verbal aggression" Glebov V.V. and Rodionova O.M. define this term as "conflict speech behavior, which is based on the installation of a negative impact on the addressee."

Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book "Verbal Aggression" writes that one of the reasons is "insufficient awareness of one's own speech behavior in general and in particular the aggressive components in it"

Another reason that V. Tretyakova notes in her article is "inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words."

It is also necessary to highlight the personal cause of verbal aggression in the media, which Dzyaloshinsky I.M. writes about. And he clarifies what has been said: “This is, firstly, low intelligence and, accordingly, low speech culture, when a journalist cannot express his thoughts and replaces the accuracy of his statement with the emotionality of speech; secondly, a journalist, obsessed with an idea, seeks to use all possible speech resources so that the idea with which he is sick becomes a universal disease.

However, one should not lose sight of the fact that speech aggression can be one of the types of speech strategy and be used consciously in order to discredit the interlocutor. The purpose of this strategy is to humiliate, insult, laugh at the interlocutor. And tactics will be insult, threat, ridicule, accusation, hostile remark, reproach, slander, etc.

According to scientists, the aggression of speech demonstrates an authoritarian style of communication, lack of professionalism and leads to alienation, hostility, and misunderstanding. Therefore, aggression is ethically unacceptable and ineffective from a communicative point of view. In this regard, it is necessary to learn how to control, restrain, overcome verbal aggression. There is a scientific literature with practical recommendations for overcoming verbal aggression. Thus, Enina L. in her article calls on journalists to reduce verbal aggression by refusing direct evaluative oppositions, from rude evaluative expressions of images of "foreigners", "due to an analytical approach to this problem."

According to the Dictionary of Foreign Words: actual vocabulary, interpretation, etymology, the words "aggression" in Russian were recorded in the second half of the 18th century with the meaning "an armed attack on a state with the aim of seizing its territory and forcibly subjugating it." In the second half of the 20th century, the word acquired a new meaning: "actively hostile behavior of one person towards others."

Chapter 2

Language- a stable structure, centuries have no power over it. It is strictly organized, has grammatical categories and lexical composition, which have remained almost unchanged for centuries. However, since the 18th century, talks about the deterioration of the Russian language, its degradation, the loss of linguistic taste in each new generation have not ceased. Is it really so terrible and irreversible the state of affairs with the language, as some purists - fighters for its purity - try to present it? The reasons for fears have a certain basis. A large number of new foreign words come into the language, some of which are unusual, "cutting the ear" of native speakers. The “alienness” of borrowing is especially noticeable at first. What happens to the word after that? So, let's say that someone else's word comes to Russian soil along with a new concept, or simply becomes fashionable and only therefore becomes widespread among the masses. The first thing that happens to him is the "Russification" of his sound shell. Borrowing is adjusted to the standard pronunciation norms of the Russian language.

The next step - the word usually has inflection, on the basis of which it is built into the corresponding paradigm (that is, the word acquires a certain declension or conjugation), receives one form or another of the gender. Language processes other people's words.

Is it necessary to be afraid of it? We know that evolution natural state living language. Only Latin, Ancient Greek, Gothic and other dead languages like them do not change. Why is this happening? There are several reasons for this, both external and internal.

Let's talk about externals first. Like a living organism, in the language there is an exchange, so to speak, of "linguistic substances": some words grow old, archaize and disappear from use, others - neologisms - replace them. The influence of dialects, social jargons, secondary borrowings leads to temporary coexistence in the language of competing variants.

It often happens that a word, having come from the linguistic periphery, gradually displaces the legitimate word or form of the word, thereby contributing to a change in the language.

In addition to external ones, linguistics also knows some (although by no means all!) Internal reasons for the evolution of a language. Among them, the most obvious are the so-called principle of analogy and the principle of economy. The operation of the principle of analogy is manifested in the desire to overcome linguistic variants, to unify the models for constructing and pronouncing words. Analogy can also respond to fashion. If borrowed words in the 19th and early 20th centuries received French voicing, then in the second half of the 20th century their Americanization began, or in some cases, an orientation towards sounding in the original language.

Another principle leading to linguistic evolution is the desire of the language to save speech means and speech efforts. The remarkable linguist E.D. Polivanov once wrote: “Oddly enough, but that collective psychological factor, which everywhere, when analyzing the mechanism of language changes, will peep through as the main spring of this mechanism, really is what, roughly speaking, can be called the words: “human laziness” Nothing can be done, people in communication prefer shorter, economical forms, and with "competition" of options, short ones win more often.

The direction of the emerging taste can be judged by the influence on the style, which is characterized by blurred boundaries between different communicative spheres.

The problem of psychological attitude and taste, susceptibility to fashion shows examples of inconsistency, from the point of view of stylistic laws, the choice of linguistic means of expression.

language aggression mova taste

The fashion of stylistic taste for democratization and liberalization speaks to an interest in jargon, vernacular, and colloquial intonations. Because of the fear of the taste setting for stylistic decline, the structure of the monologue and public dialogue is changing.

In oratory, prohibitions are removed, by which it was possible to distinguish from everyday speech, allowing for a less responsible and deliberate selection of means of expression. This is influenced by a change in the style of the topic of public speaking. There is a growing variety of dialogues and a decrease in monologues that express the position of the argumentative.

The formation of stylistics, which refers to a certain linguistic taste, requires a radical change in literary means of expression.

Public taste dictates the democratization of speech, which is associated with the renewal of literary laws, by means of internal language resources.

The constant presence of jargon in the text leads to their stabilization, reducing their jargon qualities. Such means of expression lose the need to refer to them, and in time become simply a literary standard.

Permissibility measures have changed in speech culture, norms have become freer not only in communication and language, but also in other areas of activity.

The destruction of the lines between the serious and everyday style of speech, which is characteristic of newspapers, is only a reflex event in the speech culture of society. The first to feel the change in speech taste at birth were writers and poets, and not at all journalists who were subject to a new taste in the extremes of fashion.

Colloquialism and jargon fall into widespread educated use, resulting in unrequited slovenliness, creating vulgar or erroneous word usage, where words are used out of meaning and in combinations that are not inherent in the norms of the language. Such use has a negative character in education, the destruction of the norms of language standards.

The Russian language, with its abundance of prefixes and endings, is very well suited for the perception of foreign words. But not all linguists agree to use words of foreign origin, so they look in the vocabulary before 1917 for words that can replace them, but there is little progress.

The media disseminate new terms very persistently, showing that their language has an impact on all styles of speech. Such terms are quickly used in trade, youth environments, and quickly cease to require interpretation.

Foreign words greatly clog literary speech, because for many borrowings, you can pick up an analogue in the Russian language. But they cease to be used, having foreign analogues, and soon will completely go out of use.

In phraseology, there is a desire for speech renewal, and for changing traditional designations. Sometimes it is enough to refer to another grammatical structure, or to replace one of the elements with a synonym. Phraseological creativity is intertwined with the semantic development of individual words, their actualization activates new combinations that turn into phrases with different stability.

The language taste of society is not limited to colloquial expressiveness, but also has a balance of desire to preserve and enhance book suffixes, as well as the emergence of new models of word-forming elements. Bookish taste is supported, in the first place, by their own word-formation means.

If you follow the language practice of the media, then novelties in grammar and phonetics are revealed, which are more stable than stylistics, vocabulary, phraseology. Neologisms appear with a violation of orthoepic, morphological and syntactic errors, which gives strong public resistance.

There are a lot of such errors, and the language is tolerant of liberties in spelling and punctuation. This will lead to the fact that the next generation will already use radically changed language norms that meet their tastes.

The English language, which they try to emulate, has a high variance, a well-known freedom in spelling. Whereas in Russian, deviating from the norms is perceived as a critical mistake, even if it occurs within the limits allowed by the system.

New processes are going on more actively in syntax than in vocabulary, and even morphology is undergoing changes that are very noticeable.

In the construction of sentences, there is a taste desire for fuzziness, free design.

In texts, the media often began to use colloquial, colloquial constructions, constructions with interjections and various particles belonging to oral speech.

Under the dictated rules, the psychology of a rebuilt life, when the new is perceived, and the old is forgotten, ignored, just because it is not new, spelling and punctuation prescriptions lose their compulsion.

1) Language fashion bears an extensive network of social functions, the main of which is social regulation and self-regulation of human behavior.

2) Being a derivative of language and culture, language fashion itself has an impact on language and culture.

3) Language fashion has a cyclical nature.

The problem of aggression, verbal and non-verbal, is increasingly becoming the subject of analysis and discussion in linguistic science. Aggression, including verbal, is one of the components of the opposition between good and evil, tolerance (tolerance) and intolerance (intolerance). The need to study this problem is due to its inclusion in the social context, since it is society that acts as a regulator of the various manifestations of this phenomenon.

Speech (verbal) aggression in the most general form can be defined as offensive communication; verbal expression of negative emotions, feelings or intentions in an offensive, rude, unacceptable form in a given speech situation.

Speech aggression occurs under the influence of various motives and acquires different ways expressions.

On the one hand, verbal aggression serves as an expression of negative emotions (reactions to external and internal stimuli). environment) and feelings ( special kind emotional experiences that are comparatively stable and arise on the basis of the higher social needs of a person). Emotions and feelings that cause verbal aggression include anger, irritation, resentment, discontent, disgust, contempt, etc.

Such aggression occurs most often as a response to an external stimulus. For example, a person was rude in a store, stepped on his foot in a bus, denied some request, objected to a dispute - the answer to this physical or psychological discomfort can often be scolding, swearing, verbal attacks on the interlocutor, the main function of which is psychological relaxation, withdrawal nervous tension getting rid of negative emotions.

On the other hand, verbal aggression can also occur as a special intention - a deliberate desire of the speaker to cause communicative damage to the addressee (humiliate, insult, ridicule, etc.) or to realize some of their needs in such a "forbidden" way (self-affirmation, self-defense, self-realization and etc.).

So, for example, schoolchildren can deliberately ridicule a classmate in order to increase their own self-esteem, demonstrate "power", a dominant position, and strengthen their authority in the children's team. Verbal aggression at the level of negative emotions and feelings acts as aggressive speech behavior - little conscious activity, manifested in patterns and stereotypes of actions learned by a person either on the basis of imitation of other people's patterns and stereotypes, or on the basis of one's own experience. Deliberate, purposeful, initiative verbal attack is an aggressive speech activity and is defined as a consciously motivated purposeful human activity.

It is the latter type of verbal aggression (aggression in its "pure form") that is most dangerous in communicatively, since it is a thoughtful, planned, prepared speech act, the purpose of which is to cause communicative harm to the addressee, to destroy the harmony of communication.

In addition, there are special situations in relation to which we can talk about the imitation of aggression - a kind of verbal game. For example, the speaker is joking or wants to demonstrate their potential for hurtful communication.

Such communication often turns into a situation of real verbal aggression, since it takes place in an atmosphere of significant emotional tension and can lead to mutual misunderstanding, disunity, alienation of its participants ("What if he is not joking, but really angry?").

Another case of imitation of aggression is aggro, which means special ritual actions before the manifestation of real aggression or instead of it. These actions can be both verbal (for example, the chants of football "fans") and non-verbal (for example, priestly tribal dances, gestures and movements of rock concert listeners, etc.).

It is possible to qualify any statement from the point of view of the manifestation of aggression in it only if we rely on the context of the speech situation, i.e. we analyze the specific conditions of communication: place, time, composition of participants, their intentions and relations between them.

The conditions for the manifestation of verbal aggression in a given utterance or a specific speech situation are, first of all, the following:

negative communicative intention of the speaker (for example, to humiliate the addressee, to express negative feelings and emotions, etc.);

inconsistency of the statement with the nature of communication and the "image of the addressee" (for example, familiar address in an official setting; addressing only one interlocutor in group communication; offensive hints towards the interlocutor, etc.);

negative emotional reactions of the addressee to this statement (resentment, anger, irritation, etc.) and replies reflecting them (accusation, reproach, refusal, expression of protest, disagreement, reciprocal insult, etc.).

So, in an informal situation, characterized by a general positive attitude towards mutual understanding and consent, statements like "Go you!" or "You're lying, you bastard!", which are in the form of a rude demand or an insult, in a certain situation they can express surprise or act as a kind of positive assessment. In the latter case, they roughly correspond in meaning to interjections, such as "great!", "wow!".

The phrase "I'll kill you!" may, depending on the context, sound both as a serious threat, and as a playful exclamation, and as an indirect invitation to a word game.

First of all, this phenomenon should be distinguished from the use of invectives (curses, swear words and expressions) in speech and the use of vulgarisms (marked by a special harshness, rudeness of colloquial words and expressions as parallel designations of concepts that can be expressed in literary variants).

It is known that rude statements, especially in children's speech and communication of adolescents, can be used not only to offend or humiliate the addressee, but often simply "out of habit". This happens, obviously, due to the low level of speech culture, the poverty of the vocabulary, the lack of the ability to express one's thoughts and feelings. literary language and basic inability to communicate. Sometimes a person seeks in a similar way to demonstrate "knowledge" of profanity, to show his adulthood, emancipation, originality.

The use of vulgarisms and invectives, although not necessarily a manifestation of verbal aggression, nevertheless, demonstrates the bad manners, tactlessness of the speaker, the low level of his verbal and mental culture. This feature of abuse was noted by Aristotle: "From the habit of swearing in one way or another, a tendency to commit bad deeds develops." It is not for nothing that a person's speech is considered to be his self-characteristic, and, paraphrasing a well-known saying, it is quite possible to say: "Tell me how you speak, and I will tell you who you are."

Thus, when analyzing the speech of children and adolescents, it is important to remember and take into account that vulgar and invective word usage does not in itself express verbal aggression, but unequivocally creates a rudely unacceptable tone of speech, vulgarizes communication, and can provoke reciprocal rudeness.

It is important to distinguish manifestations of verbal aggression from specific forms of speech behavior in children's and youth subcultures.

The children's speech environment, being an integral part of the logosphere of almost any nation, has a number of specific features that allow us to consider it as a kind of layer of a national speech culture, a special sublinguistic subgroup. In this environment, vulgarisms, scolding, swearing are often transformed into socio-speech phenomena that are qualitatively different in their goals and motives.

So, in the speech of adolescents, invective can act as a means of establishing contact, achieving unity or a way of recognizing each other by members of a certain group of people communicating (classmates, company members, etc.). A prerequisite The absence of aggression in such a statement is the speaker's confidence that the addressee will not be offended by the invective, and his recognition of the interlocutor's right to respond in a similar way.

In the speech of young children, threats ("horror stories"), ridicule ("teasers"), squabbles often take on the character of word creation, word play, competition in speech ingenuity.

Harmless nicknames (nicknames) and special ritual appeals should also be distinguished from real insults.

The former are actively used in the children's and adolescent speech environment. They are distinguished from aggressive statements by relative emotional neutrality and the absence of offensive meaning for the addressee. Their purpose is a special naming, specific naming, designation of the addressee, identification of its distinctive features, selection from a number of similar ones.

Thus, one should not confuse offensive, offensive, aggressive statements with statements that are outwardly similar in form and related in situations of use, occurring in the children's speech environment. The aggressiveness of the statement is determined only by the context of the speech situation, the real conditions of communication.

Conclusion

In conclusion of this study, it should be noted that the language fashion regulates the behavior of individuals and groups that make up the linguistic and cultural system, and contributes to the adaptation of the latter to changing internal and external environmental conditions. However, a similar function is performed by almost any more or less large-scale socio-cultural phenomenon that has existed for a more or less long time. The named general function of the language mode is implemented through a number of private functions:

The function of creating and maintaining uniformity and diversity in linguocultural samples. It is fruitful to consider uniformity and diversity as two sides of the same function of language fashion. Depending on the criterion for distinguishing between these two sides, on the phase of the fashion cycle and the features of the interaction of the language fashion and the social system, the unifying or differentiating function of the language fashion comes to the fore.

Uniformity is manifested in the fact that, thanks to the language fashion, the same cultural pattern is assimilated and accepted as one's own by many individuals, various social groups and global societies (peoples, civilizations). The highest degree of uniformity is achieved at the highest phase of the fashionable language cycle, when a given cultural pattern, which is in the language fashion (fashionable language standard), covers a maximum of native speakers. The uniformity supported by the language fashion plays an important positive role, providing harmony in modern conditions, when different cultural patterns compete with each other. To this we can add that fashionable linguistic uniformity contributes to mutual understanding and the development of contacts between global societies, and this is the most pressing problem today.

It is precisely for the uniformity generated by it that the language fashion is often criticized, accusing it of widespread standardization and the establishment of identical linguistic tastes. In this regard, it should be noted that without a certain degree of uniformity in cultural patterns, in lifestyle, in everyday behavior, social life in general would be impossible. Some argue for each individual to "creatively" approach problems Everyday life and independently decided what and how to say to him, in what style to respond to this or that phenomenon. If such people are absolutely sure that they themselves, without focusing on anyone or anything, have chosen; their own original style of speech, if every day they creatively solve the question of what words to say hello or say goodbye, then, as they say, God grant them. In real life, a normal individual makes his choice from the samples offered by society, under the influence of society and social groups. Some internally torn, assimilated cultural patterns that regulate speech activity turn into everyday habits, norms of communication and expression of thoughts, are automatic in nature and do not require the mobilization of the creative potential of the individual, releasing it to solve more serious problems.

In addition, due to social, economic and cultural differentiation, the fashionable language standard is not the same in different groups, it is divided into a number of modifications. One and the same language "fashion" often manifests itself in countless variants, for example, one language fashion of discotheques varies precisely according to the predominant composition of the visitors of these discos. The most important thing is that the same linguistic "modes" in different social and cultural environments are attributed the most various meanings, they are associated with a wide variety of values, and in this sense, the unifying language fashion also plays a differentiating role.

It is necessary to pay attention to one more aspect of the function of uniformity-diversity. It is known that modern mass media use, so to speak, in-line production based on the unification and standardization of both the processes and the results of this production. The condition for its "effectiveness is the synchronization of certain stages, rhythms of production and its identical results. Uniformity to one degree or another is an inevitable companion of mass production. But the problem of uniformity-diversity has not only a synchronic, but also a diachronic dimension. Updating the production-text and related processes its creation and dissemination, fashionable linguistic innovations produce diachronic, i.e. non-simultaneous, diversity.Performing diachronic diversity, language fashion thus performs an important function of compensating for synchronous monotony, which acts as a condition and result of mass in-line production.

As applied to social groups, the function of uniformity-diversity is largely a function of group demarcation-leveling through fashionable language standards.

The innovative function is one of the main and most obvious functions of language fashion: everyone knows that language fashion brings novelty with it. Since the action of the language fashion extends to the most diverse areas of socio-economic and cultural life, to the extent it increases the innovative potential of society, the readiness to introduce and accept innovation in the relevant areas. It affects the renewal of not only the language itself, but also industrial products, technology, artistic styles, etc. In every society, social group, in every sector of their life, there is a certain degree of readiness for linguistic innovations - innovativeness. Language fashion - source, result and indicator high degree innovation. Since the rhythm of socio-economic and cultural life is not the same in different periods, to the extent that the degree of innovation of the same society or group changes.

By stimulating innovation, language fashion contributes to the adaptation of society, groups, individuals to the changing conditions of their existence, both internal and external. The point is not that all the solutions proposed by the language fashion are obviously adequate to these conditions. Of primary importance is the fact that the language fashion stimulates the heuristic, exploratory, experimental principle in society and culture, develops readiness in the social system not only for the actual fashionable language, but also for other types of innovations.

By strengthening the innovativeness of a society or social group, the linguistic fashion thereby weakens its traditional character and undermines the power of custom. Moreover, the rejection of inherited cultural patterns in favor of new ones in this case is not associated with social disintegration, since, thanks to the language fashion, this rejection is sanctioned by society and social groups.

However, the interaction of the innovative function of fashion with traditional cultural patterns is by no means unambiguous.

Firstly, this function is sometimes included in traditional designs and assimilated by them.

Secondly, the innovative function of the language fashion often acts in the form of actualization of the linguocultural tradition. From time to time certain elements of the linguocultural heritage are endowed with fashionable meanings.

In our time, the actualization of tradition is widespread and presented in a very diverse way. Here is the fashion for "linguistic" antiquity and "retro styles" in various types of literature and art, and the language of myths about the past as the "golden age" of sociocultural existence, and the language of xenophobia, etc. The fact that these forms of consciousness are influenced by the language fashion (although, of course, not by it) is evidenced by the fact that a similar actualization of tradition and traditionalism occurs simultaneously in the languages of different peoples.

communicative function. All sign systems functioning in society serve as a means of communication between people; language fashion is one such system. Communication is one of the most important functions, without which human society is generally impossible.

Like many others: signs, linguistic fashion serves as a means of interaction between individuals, social groups and societies. Fashionable communication consists in the fact that fashionable standards are transmitted from one person to another. Along with these standards, the values of language fashion they designate are transferred: "internal" (modernity, universality, play and demonstrativeness) and the various "external" values behind them. "values expressing the deep needs and aspirations of various societies, social groups and individuals.

Through participation in a language fashion, individuals send messages to each other about their adherence to its values, and also associate them with their group, profession, etc. These messages express the image of the ideal participant in the language fashion.

Human aggression, including verbal aggression, is a multifaceted phenomenon. All considered definitions recognize that aggression is an integral dynamic characteristic of a person's activity and adaptability and therefore is an object of serious study.

There are three types of human influence power (the power of thought, the power of words, the power of action), of which, thanks to the development of means of communication, in modern world the power of the word is especially developed. Therefore, a comprehensive study of verbal aggression is necessary condition that ensures the communicative security of an individual and society as a whole. But not only the study of this problem should be carried out to reduce the consequences of verbal aggression, but also legislative regulation speeches in the media. Without legal support for this issue, there will be no leverage on the media in the field of speech culture.

In the course of this work, I considered the phenomenon of linguistic taste, linguistic fashion, linguistic aggression, so the purpose of the abstract can be considered fulfilled.

Bibliography

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2) Kostomarov V.G. My genius, my language: reflections of a linguist in connection with. societies, discus. about lang. - M.: Knowledge, 1991-p.63.

3) Filin F.P. Some questions of the functioning and development of the Russian language // Problems of linguistics. 1975. - No. 3. - S.38-43.208.

4) Kostomarov V.G. The language taste of the era: From observations on the speech practice of the mass media M .: Pedagogy-press, 1994-p.247.

5) Mistuk T.A. Trends in the semantic evolution of the modern Russian language: Based on the neological metaphorization of common vocabulary in newspaper journalism in 1992-1997: Abstract of the thesis. dis. cand. philol. Sciences Barnaul, 1998. - P.15.

6) Veselov P.V. Some issues of international standardization of technical terminology // Issues of linguistics and teaching methods foreign languages. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow. un-ta, 1968. issue 1. - P.112-118.203.

7) Danilenko V.P. Russian terminology. M.: Nauka, 1977. - S.241.

8) [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://revolution. allbest.ru/languages/00325458_0.html (date of access: 10/27/15).

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11) Germanova N.N. Introduction to linguistics. Language in a sociocultural context: Tutorial. M.: IPK MGLU "Rema", 2008. - 144 p.

12) Grachev, M. A. Dictionary of youth slang / M. A. Grachev, A.I. Gurov - Gorky, 2007. - 366 p.

13) Gromov, D. V. Slang of youth subcultures: lexical structure and features of formation // Russian language in scientific coverage. - 2009. - No. 1. - C.228-240.

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17) Tronsky I.M. Common Indo-European language state. - L .: Nauka, 1967. C: "267.

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Language taste of the era. Language taste

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Introduction

The purpose of this work is to study language taste, language fashion and language aggression.

The main tasks include consideration of the concept of language taste, language flair, reasons for changing language taste, the concept of language fashion and its types, reasons for changing language norms, a set of signs of norms, various definitions of speech aggression and its causes.

Chapter 1. What is "language taste", "language fashion" and "language aggression"?

Language taste- these are the norms and standards of linguistic behavior, speech culture adopted at a certain stage in the development of society.

The most important condition for taste is a sense of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious assessment of its tendencies, the path of progress.

Language (speech) fashion - manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

In general, the literary and linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory today. The literary standard is becoming less standard, notes V.G. Kostomarov, i.e. in the language, as in everything, the norm of permissibility has changed.

Language itself is a social phenomenon, not a biological one. Language arises and functions only within the framework of human society. And one of the functions of the language is unifying.

As for the relationship between language and fashion, it should be noted that both language and fashion are sign systems, along with other similar sign systems, without which it is impossible to imagine the life of human society - ornament, music, dance, architecture, and so on.

The subject of the study is the phenomenon of language fashion, which has become especially relevant in Russian society in recent years.

This is how the idea arose to analyze the influence exerted by linguistic "fashions" on language and society, without deviating, nevertheless, from the main principles of classical Russian linguistics.

Language (speech) fashion- the manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of the language can be denoted by the word fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly transient, conspicuous and usually irritating to the older and conservative part of society.

There are several definitions of the term "speech (verbal, verbal) aggression".

In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by Kozhina M.N. verbal aggression is defined as "the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that offends someone's pride, dignity."

The authors of the article "Peculiarities of verbal aggression" Glebov V.V. and Rodionova O.M. define this term as "conflict speech behavior, which is based on the installation of a negative impact on the addressee."

Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book "Verbal Aggression" writes that one of the reasons is "insufficient awareness of one's own speech behavior in general and in particular the aggressive components in it"

Another reason that V. Tretyakova notes in her article is "inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words."

Chapter 2

The next step - the word usually has inflection, on the basis of which it is built into the corresponding paradigm (that is, the word acquires a certain declension or conjugation), receives one form or another of the gender. Language processes other people's words.

Is it necessary to be afraid of it? We know that evolution natural state living language. Only Latin, Ancient Greek, Gothic and other dead languages like them do not change. Why is this happening? There are several reasons for this, both external and internal.

It often happens that a word, having come from the linguistic periphery, gradually displaces the legitimate word or form of the word, thereby contributing to a change in the language.

The direction of the emerging taste can be judged by the influence on the style, which is characterized by blurred boundaries between different communicative spheres.

The problem of psychological attitude and taste, susceptibility to fashion shows examples of inconsistency, from the point of view of stylistic laws, the choice of linguistic means of expression.

Conclusion

As applied to social groups, the function of uniformity-diversity is largely a function of group demarcation-leveling through fashionable language standards.

However, the interaction of the innovative function of fashion with traditional cultural patterns is by no means unambiguous.

Firstly, this function is sometimes included in traditional designs and assimilated by them.

Secondly, the innovative function of the language fashion often acts in the form of actualization of the linguocultural tradition. From time to time certain elements of the linguocultural heritage are endowed with fashionable meanings.

communicative function. All sign systems functioning in society serve as a means of communication between people; language fashion is one such system. Communication is one of the most important functions, without which human society is generally impossible.

Through participation in a language fashion, individuals send messages to each other about their adherence to its values, and also associate them with their group, profession, etc. These messages express the image of the ideal participant in the language fashion.

Human aggression, including verbal aggression, is a multifaceted phenomenon. All considered definitions recognize that aggression is an integral dynamic characteristic of a person's activity and adaptability and therefore is an object of serious study.

In the course of this work, I considered the phenomenon of linguistic taste, linguistic fashion, linguistic aggression, so the purpose of the abstract can be considered fulfilled.

Bibliography

Similar Documents

Language taste of the era. Language taste

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

The purpose of this work is to study language taste, language fashion and language aggression.

The main tasks include consideration of the concept of language taste, language flair, reasons for changing language taste, the concept of language fashion and its types, reasons for changing language norms, a set of signs of norms, various definitions of speech aggression and its causes.

Chapter 1. What is "language taste", "language fashion" and "language aggression"?

Language taste- these are the norms and standards of linguistic behavior, speech culture adopted at a certain stage in the development of society.

The most important condition for taste is a sense of language, which is the result of speech and social experience, the assimilation of knowledge of the language and knowledge about the language, the unconscious assessment of its tendencies, the path of progress.

Language (speech) fashion - manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

In general, the literary and linguistic norm is becoming less definite and obligatory today. The literary standard is becoming less standard, notes V.G. Kostomarov, i.e. in the language, as in everything, the norm of permissibility has changed.

Language itself is a social phenomenon, not a biological one. Language arises and functions only within the framework of human society. And one of the functions of the language is unifying.

As for the relationship between language and fashion, it should be noted that both language and fashion are sign systems, along with other similar sign systems, without which it is impossible to imagine the life of human society - ornament, music, dance, architecture, and so on.

The subject of the study is the phenomenon of language fashion, which has become especially relevant in Russian society in recent years.

This is how the idea arose to analyze the influence exerted by linguistic "fashions" on language and society, without deviating, nevertheless, from the main principles of classical Russian linguistics.

Language (speech) fashion- the manner of expression adopted in a particular community and relevant for a short time.

Changing ideas about the correct and effective use of the language can be denoted by the word fashion. In other words, fashion is a manifestation of taste, more individual, quickly transient, conspicuous and usually irritating to the older and conservative part of society.

There are several definitions of the term "speech (verbal, verbal) aggression".

In the stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language, edited by Kozhina M.N. verbal aggression is defined as "the use of linguistic means to express hostility, hostility; a manner of speech that offends someone's pride, dignity."

The authors of the article "Peculiarities of verbal aggression" Glebov V.V. and Rodionova O.M. define this term as "conflict speech behavior, which is based on the installation of a negative impact on the addressee."

Speaking about the causes of verbal aggression, Shcherbinina Yu.V. in his book "Verbal Aggression" writes that one of the reasons is "insufficient awareness of one's own speech behavior in general and in particular the aggressive components in it"

Another reason that V. Tretyakova notes in her article is "inadequate defensive actions taken in connection with the misinterpretation of words."

Chapter 2

The next step - the word usually has inflection, on the basis of which it is built into the corresponding paradigm (that is, the word acquires a certain declension or conjugation), receives one form or another of the gender. Language processes other people's words.

Is it necessary to be afraid of it? We know that evolution natural state living language. Only Latin, Ancient Greek, Gothic and other dead languages ​​like them do not change. Why is this happening? There are several reasons for this, both external and internal.

It often happens that a word, having come from the linguistic periphery, gradually displaces the legitimate word or form of the word, thereby contributing to a change in the language.

The direction of the emerging taste can be judged by the influence on the style, which is characterized by blurred boundaries between different communicative spheres.

The problem of psychological attitude and taste, susceptibility to fashion shows examples of inconsistency, from the point of view of stylistic laws, the choice of linguistic means of expression.

Conclusion

As applied to social groups, the function of uniformity-diversity is largely a function of group demarcation-leveling through fashionable language standards.

However, the interaction of the innovative function of fashion with traditional cultural patterns is by no means unambiguous.

Firstly, this function is sometimes included in traditional designs and assimilated by them.

Secondly, the innovative function of the language fashion often acts in the form of actualization of the linguocultural tradition. From time to time certain elements of the linguocultural heritage are endowed with fashionable meanings.

communicative function. All sign systems functioning in society serve as a means of communication between people; language fashion is one such system. Communication is one of the most important functions, without which human society is generally impossible.

Through participation in a language fashion, individuals send messages to each other about their adherence to its values, and also associate them with their group, profession, etc. These messages express the image of the ideal participant in the language fashion.

Human aggression, including verbal aggression, is a multifaceted phenomenon. All considered definitions recognize that aggression is an integral dynamic characteristic of a person's activity and adaptability and therefore is an object of serious study.

In the course of this work, I considered the phenomenon of linguistic taste, linguistic fashion, linguistic aggression, so the purpose of the abstract can be considered fulfilled.

Bibliography

Similar Documents

Is it necessary to be afraid of it? We know that evolution natural state living language. Only Latin, Ancient Greek, Gothic and other dead languages like them do not change. Why is this happening? There are several reasons for this, both external and internal.