Who headed the first government of the Dassr. Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
, Azerbaijani, Tat, Chechen (since 1978)
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Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Dagestan ASSR)- an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR that existed in -1993.
Story
On December 17, the Supreme Council of Dagestan adopted a declaration on the indivisibility and integrity of the republic, in which it is called Republic of Dagestan .
On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia introduced the double name "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic - Republic of Dagestan" into the Russian constitution; the change went into effect on May 16, 1992. On July 30, 1992, the Supreme Council of Dagestan amended the constitution of the republic, which proclaimed the equivalence of the names "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic" and "Republic of Dagestan", while in the preamble and main body of the constitution, preference was given to the second name, and the double designation of the republic was preserved only in the name of the constitution.
Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan ASSR included 10 cities of republican subordination:
and 39 districts:
Population
Population dynamics of the republic:
| Year | Population, people | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 788 098 | 1926 census | |
| 930 416 | 1939 census | |
| 1 062 472 | 1959 census | |
| 1 428 540 | 1970 census | |
| 1 627 884 | 1979 census | |
| 1 802 579 | 1989 census |
National composition
| year | Russians | Avars | Dargins | Kumyks | Laks | Lezgins | Nogais | Azerbaijanis | Tabasarans | Tats and Mountain Jews |
Chechens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12,5% | 17,7% | 13,9% | 11,2% | 5,1% | 11,5% | 3,3% | 3,0% | 4,0% | 1,5% | 2,8% | |
| 14,3% | 24,8% | 16,2% | 10,8% | 5,6% | 10,4% | 0,5% | 3,4% | 3,6% | ? | 2,8% | |
| 20,1% | 22,5% | 13,9% | 11,4% | 5,0% | 10,2% | 1,4% | 3,6% | 3,2% | 1,6% | 1,2% | |
| 14,7% | 24,4% | 14,5% | 11,8% | 5,0% | 11,4% | 1,5% | 3,8% | 3,7% | 1,3% | 2,8% | |
| 9,2% | 27,5% | 15,6% | 12,9% | 5,1% | 11,3% | 1,6% | 4,3% | 4,3% | 0,9% | 3,2% |
Notes
- . .
- USSR Constitution of 1936, article 22
- (unavailable link - ). .
- See: Law Russian Federation dated April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I "On changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. - 1992. - No. 20. - Art. 1084. This law came into force from the moment of its publication in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on May 16, 1992.
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Links
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
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I could go on for a very, very long time, because all this irritated me at that time, and I had thousands of questions to which no one gave me answers, but only advised me to simply “believe,” which I would never do in my life could not, because before believing, I had to understand why, and if there was no logic in the same “faith”, then for me it was “looking for a black cat in a black room”, and such faith was not neither my heart nor my soul needs. And not because (as some told me) I had a “dark” soul that did not need God ... On the contrary, I think that my soul was bright enough to understand and accept, only there was nothing to accept ... Yes, and what could be explained if people themselves killed their God, and then suddenly decided that it would be “more correct” to worship him?.. So, in my opinion, it would be better not to kill, but would try to learn from him as much as possible, if he really was a real God... For some reason, much closer at that time I felt our "old gods", carved statues of which in our city, and throughout Lithuania, a great lots of. These were funny and warm, cheerful and angry, sad and stern gods who were not as incomprehensibly "tragic" as the same Christ, who was given amazingly expensive churches, as if really trying to atone for some sins...
"Old" Lithuanian Gods in my hometown of Alytus, homely and warm, like a simple friendly family...
These gods reminded me of kind characters from fairy tales, who were somewhat similar to our parents - they were kind and affectionate, but if necessary, they could severely punish us when we played too much pranks. They were much closer to our soul than that incomprehensible, distant, and so terribly perished by human hands, God...
I ask the believers not to be indignant, reading the lines with my then thoughts. It was then, and I, like everything else, in the same Faith was looking for my childish truth. Therefore, I can argue about this only about my views and concepts that I have now, and which will be presented in this book much later. In the meantime, it was a time of "stubborn search", and it was not so easy for me ...
“You are a strange girl...” the sad stranger whispered thoughtfully.
“I’m not weird—I’m just alive. But I live among two worlds - the living and the dead... And I can see what many, unfortunately, do not see. Because, probably, no one believes me ... But everything would be so much easier if people listened, and at least for a minute thought, even if not believing ... But, I think that if this happens when Someday, it certainly won’t happen today ... But today I have to live with this ...
“I'm sorry, honey…” the man whispered. “You know, there are a lot of people like me here. There are thousands of them here... It would probably be interesting for you to talk to them. There are even real heroes, not like me. There are many here...
I suddenly had a wild desire to help this sad, lonely man. In fact, I had absolutely no idea what I could do for him.
“Do you want us to create another world for you while you are here?” Stella suddenly asked unexpectedly.
It was a great idea, and I felt a little ashamed that it hadn't occurred to me first. Stella was a wonderful person, and somehow, she always found something nice that could bring joy to others.
- What kind of "other world"? .. - the man was surprised.
“Look, look…” and a bright, joyful light suddenly shone in his dark, gloomy cave!.. “How do you like such a house?”
Our "sad" friend's eyes lit up happily. He looked around in confusion, not understanding what had happened here ... And in his terrible, dark cave the sun was shining brightly and cheerfully, lush greenery was fragrant, birds were singing, and there was a smell of amazing smells of blossoming flowers ... And in in its far corner a brook murmured merrily, splashing droplets of the purest, freshest, crystal water...
- Here you go! As you like? Stella asked cheerfully.
The man, completely stunned by what he saw, did not utter a word, only looked at all this beauty with eyes widened in surprise, in which trembling drops of “happy” tears shone like pure diamonds ...
- Lord, how long have I not seen the sun! .. - he whispered softly. - Who are you, girl?
- Oh, I'm just a man. Just like you - dead. And here she is, you already know - alive. We walk here together sometimes. And we help, if we can, of course.
It was clear that the baby was happy with the effect and literally fidgeting with the desire to prolong it ...
- Do you really like? Do you want it to stay that way?
The man just nodded, unable to utter a word.
I didn’t even try to imagine what happiness he should have experienced, after that black horror in which he was daily, and for so long, was! ..
“Thank you, dear…” the man whispered softly. “Just tell me, how can it stay?”
- Oh, it's easy! Your world will only be here, in this cave, and no one will see it except you. And if you don't leave here, he will stay with you forever. Well, I will come to you to check... My name is Stella.
- I don't know what to say for this... I didn't deserve it. This is probably wrong ... My name is Luminary. Yes, not very much “light” has brought yet, as you can see ...
- Oh, nothing, bring more! - it was clear that the baby was very proud of what she had done and was bursting with pleasure.
“Thank you, dear ones...” The luminary sat with his proud head down, and suddenly burst into tears like a child...
- Well, what about the others, the same? .. - I whispered softly into Stella's ear. - There must be a lot of them, right? What to do with them? After all, it's not fair to help one. And who gave us the right to judge which of them is worthy of such help?
Stellino's face immediately frowned...
– I don't know... But I know for sure that it's right. If it wasn't right, we wouldn't be able to. There are other laws...
Suddenly it dawned on me:
“Wait a minute, but what about our Harold?! .. He was a knight, so he also killed?” How did he manage to stay there, on the “upper floor”? ..
– He paid for everything he did... I asked him about it – he paid very dearly... – Stella answered seriously, wrinkling her forehead funny.
- What did you pay? - I did not understand.
“Essence ...” the little girl whispered sadly. - He gave part of his essence for what he did during his lifetime. But his essence was very high, therefore, even having given away part of it, he was still able to remain “on top”. But very few people can do this, only truly very highly developed entities. Usually people lose too much, and go much lower than they originally were. How Luminary...
It was amazing... So, having done something bad on Earth, people lost some part of themselves (or rather, part of their evolutionary potential), and even at the same time, they still had to remain in that nightmarish horror that was called - "lower" Astral... Yes, for mistakes, and in truth, you had to pay dearly...
“Well, now we can go,” the little girl chirped, waving her hand contentedly. - Goodbye, Light! I will come to you!
We moved on, and our new friend was still sitting, frozen with unexpected happiness, greedily absorbing the warmth and beauty of the world created by Stella, and plunging into it as deeply as a dying person would do, absorbing life suddenly returned to him.. .
- Yes, that's right, you were absolutely right! .. - I said thoughtfully.
Stella beamed.
Being in the most “rainbowy” mood, we had just turned towards the mountains, when a huge, spiked-clawed creature suddenly emerged from the clouds and rushed straight at us ...
- Take care! - Stela squealed, and I just managed to see two rows of razor-sharp teeth, and from a strong blow to the back, rolled head over heels to the ground ...
From the wild horror that seized us, we rushed like bullets along a wide valley, without even thinking that we could quickly go to another “floor” ... We simply did not have time to think about it - we were too scared.
The creature flew right above us, loudly snapping its gaping toothy beak, and we raced as far as we could, spraying vile slimy sprays to the sides, and mentally praying that something else would suddenly interest this terrible “wonder bird” ... It was felt that it is much faster and we simply had no chance to break away from it. As an evil, not a single tree grew nearby, there were no bushes, not even stones behind which one could hide, only an ominous black rock could be seen in the distance.
- There! - Stella shouted, pointing her finger at the same rock.
But suddenly, unexpectedly, right in front of us, a creature appeared from somewhere, the sight of which literally froze our blood in our veins... It arose, as it were, “straight out of thin air” and was truly terrifying... The huge black carcass was completely covered long stiff hair, making it look like a pot-bellied bear, only this “bear” was as tall as a three-story house ... The bumpy head of the monster was “married” with two huge curved horns, and a pair of incredibly long fangs, sharp as knives, adorned its terrible mouth, just looking on which, with a fright, the legs gave way ... And then, surprising us unspeakably, the monster easily jumped up and .... picked up the flying "muck" on one of its huge fangs... We froze dumbfounded.
- Let's run!!! Stella screamed. - Let's run while he is "busy"! ..
And we were already ready to rush again without looking back, when suddenly a thin voice sounded behind our backs:
- Girls, wait! No need to run away! .. Dean saved you, he is not an enemy!
We turned around sharply - a tiny, very beautiful black-eyed girl was standing behind ... and calmly stroking the monster that approached her! .. Our eyes popped out of surprise ... It was incredible! For sure - it was a day of surprises!.. The girl, looking at us, smiled affably, not at all afraid of the furry monster standing nearby.
Please don't be afraid of him. He is very kind. We saw that Ovara was chasing you and decided to help. Dean is a good guy, he made it in time. Really, my good?
"Good" purred, which sounded like a slight earthquake, and, bending his head, licked the girl's face.
“And who is Owara, and why did she attack us?” I asked.
She attacks everyone, she is a predator. And very dangerous,” the girl replied calmly. “May I ask what you are doing here?” You're not from here, girls, are you?
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USSR
Makhachkala
Russian, Avar, Dargin, Lak, Lezgin, Kumyk, Nogai (before 1936 and after 1978), Tabasaran, Azerbaijani, Tat, Chechen (since 1978)
Russians, Avars, Laks, Lezgins, Tabasarans, Kumyks, Nogais, Dargins, Tats, etc.
50.3 thousand km²
Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Dagestan ASSR)- an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR that existed in 1921-1993.
The capital is the city of Makhachkala.
- 1. History
- 2 Administrative divisions
- 3 Population
- 3.1 National composition
- 4 Notes
- 5 Links
Story
On January 20, 1921, the Dagestan Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was formed on the territory of Dagestan and part of the territory of the Terek regions. The First All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets, held on December 1-7, 1921, adopted the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR. In 1923 the republic was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR.
With the adoption of the new Stalinist constitution on December 5, 1936, the republic was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory, and the word order in the name was also changed: Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Later, on June 12, 1937, the Extraordinary 11th All-Dagestan Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR.
On February 22, 1938, five northern regions of the republic (Achikulaksky, Karanogaysky, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyarsky, Shelkovskaya) were transferred to the Ordzhonikidze Territory. Of these, the Kizlyar Autonomous Okrug was formed with the center in the city of Kizlyar.
On March 7, 1944, as a result of the liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, several of its mountainous regions were ceded to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On January 9, 1957, its territories were returned to the restored Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; most of the territory of the former Kizlyar district was included in the Dagestan ASSR from the abolished Grozny region, as a result of which the territory of Dagestan adopted modern borders.
In 1965 the republic was awarded the Order of Lenin; in 1970 - the Order of the October Revolution.
On May 24, 1991, the Dagestan ASSR was transformed into Dagestan SSR as part of the RSFSR (which did not comply with Article 85 of the Constitution of the USSR), and on December 25, 1993, after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - in Republic of Dagestan.
Administrative division
Initially, the republic was divided into 10 districts:
- Avar - center with. Khunzakh
- Andean - s. Botlikh
- Gunibsky - Gunib fortification
- Darginsky - s. Levashi
- Kazi-Kumukhsky (Laksky) - s. Kazi-Kumukh
- Kaytago-Tabasaransky - with. Majalis
- Kyurinsky - s. Kas-Kent (Kasumkent)
- Samursky - s. Oh you
- Temir-Khan-Shurinsky - Temir-Khan-Shura
- Khasav-Yurtovsky - slob. Khasav-Yurt
On November 16, 1922, the Kizlyar district and the Achikulak district were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR from the Terek province.
On November 22, 1928, instead of districts and districts, 26 cantons and 2 sub-cantons were formed in the republic.
On February 22, 1938, Achikulaksky, Karanogaysky, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyarsky and Shelkovskaya districts were transferred to the newly formed Kizlyarsky district of the Ordzhonikidzevsky region.
On March 7, 1944, Vedensky, Kurchaloevsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky, Sharoevsky districts were transferred from the abolished Chechen-Ingush ASSR to the Dagestan ASSR.
Districts of the Dagestan ASSR in 1953
On June 25, 1952, in addition to the regional division, 4 districts were formed as part of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Buynaksky, Derbent, Izberbashsky, Makhachkala.
On April 24, 1953, the districts were abolished, all districts were transferred to the direct subordination of the administration of the republic.
On January 9, 1957, the Andalal, Vedensky, Ritlyabsky, Shuragatsky regions were transferred to the restored Chechen-Ingush ASSR; from the abolished Grozny region, the city of Kizlyar, Karanogai, Kizlyar, Krainovsky, Tarumovsky districts were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR.
Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan ASSR included 10 cities of republican subordination:
- Makhachkala
- Buynaksk
- Dagestan Lights
- Derbent
- Izberbash
- Kaspiysk
- Kizilyurt
- Kizlyar
- Khasavyurt
- Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk
and 39 districts:
- Agulsky - center with. Tpig
- Akushinsky - s. Akusha
- Akhvakhsky - s. carat
- Akhtynsky - s. Oh you
- Babayurtovsky - s. Babayurt
- Botlikhsky - s. Botlikh
- Buynaksky - Buynaksk
- Gergebilsky - s. Gergebil
- Gumbetovsky - s. Mechelta
- Gunibsky - s. Gunib
- Dakhadaevsky - s. Urcarach
- Derbent - Derbent
- Kazbekovsky - s. Dylym
- Kaytagsky - s. Majalis
- Kayakentsky - s. Novokayakent
- Kizilyurt - Kizilyurt
- Kizlyarsky - Kizlyar
- Kulinsky - s. wachi
- Kurakhsky - s. Kurakh
- Laksky - s. Kumukh
- Levashinsky - s. Levashi
- Leninsky - s. Karabudakhkent
- Magaramkentsky - with. Magaramkent
- Novolaksky - s. Novolakskoe
- Nogaisky - s. Terekli Mekteb
- Rutulsky - s. Rutul
- Sergokalinsky - s. Sergokala
- Soviet - p. Soviet
- Suleiman-Stalsky - p. Kasumkent
- Tabasaransky - s. Huchni
- Tarumovsky - s. Tarumovka
- Tlyaratinskiy - s. Tlyarat
- Untsukulsky - s. Untsukul
- Khasavyurt - Khasavyurt
- Khivsky - s. Khiv
- Khunzakhsky - s. Khunzakh
- Tsumadinsky - s. Agvali
- Tsuntinsky - s. Bezhta
- Charodinsky - s. Tsurib
Population
Population dynamics of the republic:
| Year | Population, people | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 788 098 | 1926 census |
| 1939 | 930 416 | 1939 census |
| 1959 | 1 062 472 | 1959 census |
| 1970 | 1 428 540 | 1970 census |
| 1979 | 1 627 884 | 1979 census |
| 1989 | 1 802 579 | 1989 census |
National composition
| year | Russians | Avars | Dargins | Kumyks | Laks | Lezgins | Nogais | Azerbaijanis | Tabasarans | Tats and Mountain Jews |
Chechens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 12,5% | 17,7% | 13,9% | 11,2% | 5,1% | 11,5% | 3,3% | 3,0% | 4,0% | 1,5% | 2,8% |
| 1939 | 14,3% | 24,8% | 16,2% | 10,8% | 5,6% | 10,4% | 0,5% | 3,4% | 3,6% | ? | 2,8% |
| 1959 | 20,1% | 22,5% | 13,9% | 11,4% | 5,0% | 10,2% | 1,4% | 3,6% | 3,2% | 1,6% | 1,2% |
| 1970 | 14,7% | 24,4% | 14,5% | 11,8% | 5,0% | 11,4% | 1,5% | 3,8% | 3,7% | 1,3% | 2,8% |
| 1989 | 9,2% | 27,5% | 15,6% | 12,9% | 5,1% | 11,3% | 1,6% | 4,3% | 4,3% | 0,9% | 3,2% |
Notes
- 1 2 All-Union Population Census 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
- ALL-RUSSIAN CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Decree of January 20, 1921. ON THE AUTONOMOUS DAGESTAN SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLIC
- 1 2 Brief information on administrative-territorial changes in the Stavropol Territory for 1920-1992.
- USSR Constitution of 1936, article 22
- Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 "On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR"
- World Historical Project. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union population census of 1926. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union population census of 1939. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union population census of 1959. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
- All-Union population census of 1970. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
- All-Union Population Census 1979. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
Links
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
| RSFSR | |
|---|---|
| Autonomous republics (ASSR) | |
|
Bashkir (1919-1990¹) Buryat (1923-1990¹) Gorno-Altai (1990¹-1991²) Mountain (1921-1924) Dagestan(1921-1990¹) Kabardino-Balkarian (1936-1990¹; 1944-1957 Kabardian) Cossack (1925-1936) Kalmyk (1935-1943; 1958-1990¹) Karakalpak (1932-1936) Karachay-Cherkessian (1990-1990) (¹) 1923-1940; 1956-1990¹) Kirghiz (1920-1925) / Kirghiz (1926-1936) Komi (1936-1990¹) Crimean (1921-1945) Mari (1936-1990¹) Mordovian (1934-1990¹) Volga Germans (1924- 1941) North Ossetian (1936-1990¹) Tatar (1920-1990¹) Tuva (1961-1990¹) Turkestan (1918-1924) Udmurt (1934-1990¹) Chechen-Ingush (1936-1944; 1957-1990) Chuvash (1925) 1990¹) Yakutskaya (1922-1990¹) |
|
| Autonomous regions | |
|
Adyghe (Circassian) (1922-1928) Adyghe (1928-1992) Buryat-Mongolian (1921-1923) Votskaya (1920-1932) Gorno-Altai (1948-1992) Jewish (since 1934) Ingush (1924-1934) Kabardian ( 1921-1922) Kabardino-Balkarian (1922-1936) Kalmyk (1920-1935; 1957-1958) Karachay-Cherkess (1922-1926; 1957-1992) Karachay (1926-1943) Komi (Zyryan) (1921-1936) Mari (1920-1936) Mongolian-Buryat (1921-1923) Mordovian (1930-1934) Volga Germans (1918-1924) Oirat (1922-1932) / Oirot (1932-1948) North Ossetian (1924-1936) Tuva (1944) -1961) Udmurt (1932-1934) Khakass (1930-1992) Circassian (Adyghe) (1922) Circassian (1928-1957) Chechen (1922-1934) Chechen-Ingush (1934-1936) Chuvash (1920-1925) |
|
| Autonomous and national districts (AO, NO) | |
|
Aginsk Buryat-Mongolian NGO (1937-1958) / Aginsk Buryat Autonomous Okrug (1958-2008) Argayash NGO (1934) Balkar (1921-1922) Vitimo-Olekma NGO (1931-1938) Ingush (1921-1924) Kabardian NGO (1920- 1921) Karachaevsky NO (1920-1922) Karelian NO (1937-1939) Komi-Permyatskiy (1925-2005) Koryak Autonomous Okrug (1930-2007) Nenets NO (1929-1977) / Autonomous Okrug (since 1977) Ostyako-Vogulskiy NO (1930) -1940) Okhotsk-Evensky NO (1930-1934) North Ossetian (1920-1921) Sunzhensky Cossack (1920-1929) Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetsky) NO (1930-1977) / AO (1977-2006) Ust-Ordynsky Buryatsky NO (1937-1978) / AO (1978-2008) Khanty-Mansiysk NO (1940-1978) / AO (since 1978) Chechen NO (1920-1922) Circassian NO (1926-1928) Chukotka AD (since 1930) Evenk AD (1930-2007) Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (since 1930) |
|
| ¹ Date of adoption of the declaration of sovereignty ² Confirmation of the status of the republic |
Today marks the 95th anniversary of the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. This date is truly significant: it is no secret to anyone that the struggle for influence over Dagestan has been going on between the largest states for a number of centuries, and the republic has become the scene of bloody clashes between these countries. Under these conditions, the peoples of Dagestan could preserve their choice only by unity and joint actions.
Secretary of the Central Council of the UCP-CPSU, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the MSK-VLKSM Ilgam Gapisov
2016-01-20 18:59
On the eve and during the Great October Revolution, a fierce struggle took place in Dagestan between revolutionary and counter-revolutionary forces. The counter-revolutionary forces were supported by Turkey and set the task of creating an independent Islamic state. Settled in Dagestan on the bayonets of Turkish askers, the so-called Mountain Government, under the dictation of foreign imperialist circles, on May 11, 1918 in the city of Batumi, adopted a declaration on the formation of an independent republic of the highlanders of the North Caucasus and Dagestan. The first paragraph of this declaration read: "The Union of Highlanders of the Caucasus decides to secede from Russia and form an independent state."
On March 20, 1920, Soviet power was fully restored in Dagestan, and consideration of issues of national state building. After a lot of preparatory work, on November 13, 1920, the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan opened in Temir-Khan-Shura, which was attended by about 300 delegates from the districts and nationalities inhabiting Dagestan, at which, on behalf of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Soviet Government, the People's Commissar for Affairs nationalities of the RSFSR I.V. Stalin announced the Declaration on the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (DASSR). The congress adopted a resolution in which it declared the inviolability of the alliance of the peoples of Dagestan with the working peoples of Soviet Russia. In particular, it said: "... The alliance with the working peoples of Soviet Russia from this moment grows into eternal, powerful, inseparable bonds of brotherhood and mutual solidarity for the whole long path of struggle and the victorious creation of a new life." The congress delegates with unanimous approval proclaimed the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Education was legislated by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 20, 1921, which established that the DASSR was part of the RSFSR. Temir-Khan-Shura was renamed the city of Buynaksk in memory of the leader of the Dagestan Bolsheviks, who was shot by the White Guards along with other revolutionaries.
In early December 1921, the First All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets took place, at which the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR was adopted. For the first time in the entire centuries-old history, the peoples of Dagestan united into a single public education- a republic.
Socialist autonomy will firmly enter the life of the highlanders as an indestructible brotherhood of the peoples of Dagestan, the legal embodiment of their centuries-old economic and spiritual unity. The new state formation united within its borders peoples historically connected by close economic relations, traditional friendship, common past and cultural heritage.
Dagestan autonomy consolidated the indissoluble bonds that linked Dagestan and Russia together, active political, economic and cultural relations between which have not been interrupted over the past ten centuries. The adopted fateful decision opened before the Dagestan people the way for the further development of their own statehood, wide opportunities for the flourishing of national culture, among other peoples of our multinational country. A unique ethno-linguistic situation has developed on the territory of the republic. Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Kumyks, Laks, Russians, Nogais, Tabasarans, Aguls, Rutuls, Tsakhurs and many others live in Dagestan.
The most popular heroes of the Dagestan people, the organizers and leaders of their struggle against the counter-revolution and interventionists were Ullubiy Buynaksky and Mohammed-ali-Dakhadaev, better known as Makhach. The names of these people will never be forgotten by the peoples of Dagestan. In memory of Dakhadaev, on May 14, 1921, Port-Petrovsk was renamed Makhachkala by the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee.
Relying on the enormous assistance of Soviet Russia, in a short time it was possible to restore what had been destroyed during civil war National economy. Over the first two decades, the Dagestan ASSR, thanks to the selfless work of the Dagestanis, their cooperation with other peoples of our multinational country, has moved to a new stage. economic development- from the agrarian way of life to the agro-industrial one. In Dagestan, the education system began to operate, universities began to work, a new layer of the Dagestan intelligentsia was formed, science, literature, and art were developed.
Dagestanis will never forget the great help and support of the Russian people, other peoples of a multinational country in the development of the economy and culture of the Land of Mountains. The fruitful activity of Russian teachers, engineers, doctors, scientists and managers has transformed the mountainous region. Overcoming everyday difficulties, the language barrier, adopting new customs and traditions, they actively contributed to the rise of the economy, familiarizing the highlanders with modern achievements in all spheres of society.
The pages of history testify to the fidelity of the historical choice of the peoples of Dagestan to live and create as part of Soviet Russia. This is not just an assessment of events. This is a lesson of history, which is imprinted in the hearts of the peoples of Dagestan.
Nowadays, we all know perfectly well how difficult the recent history Dagestan in post-Soviet Russia. This is the difficult financial situation of the working population, and the difficulties in the socio-economic development of the region, and the activity of the bandit underground supported from abroad. Nevertheless, no one should doubt that the fate of Dagestan is forever linked with Russia. After all, it is in Dagestan that the world's first monument dedicated to a Russian teacher has been erected today - today it is a symbol of the efforts, labor and self-sacrifice of Russian teachers who will forever remain in the memory of their students.
On this day, the working people of the republic will inevitably turn to the events of history that have played a special role in achieving unity. I would like to wish this holiday to become a clear evidence of the unity of the people of Dagestan in solving the pressing problems of developing the republic and overcoming negative phenomena in society.
Speech by the People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR I.V. Stalin at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan on November 13, 1920
Comrades! The Soviet government of the Russian Socialist Federative Republic, until recently engaged in a war against external enemies both in the south and in the west, against Poland and Wrangel, did not have the opportunity and time to devote its forces to resolving the issue that worries the Dagestan people.
Now that Wrangel's army has been defeated, its pitiful remnants are fleeing to the Crimea, and peace has been concluded with Poland, the Soviet government has the opportunity to deal with the question of the autonomy of the Dagestani people.
In the past, power in Russia was in the hands of tsars, landowners, manufacturers and breeders. In the past, Russia was the Russia of tsars and executioners. Russia lived by oppressing the peoples that were part of the former Russian Empire. The government of Russia lived at the expense of juices, at the expense of the forces of the peoples it oppressed, including the Russian people.
It was a time when all nations cursed Russia. But now that time is past. It is buried, and it will never rise again.
On the bones of this oppressive tsarist Russia grew new Russia- Russia of workers and peasants.
A new life began for the peoples that were part of Russia. A period of emancipation began for these peoples, who suffered under the yoke of tsars and the rich, landlords and manufacturers.
The new period that began after the October Revolution, when power passed into the hands of the workers and peasants and power became communist, was marked not only by the liberation of the peoples of Russia. He also put forward the task of liberating all peoples in general, including the peoples of the East, suffering from the oppression of the Western imperialists.
Russia has become a lever of the liberation movement, setting in motion not only the peoples of our country, but the whole world.
Soviet Russia is a torch that illuminates the path to liberation from the yoke of oppressors for the peoples of the whole world.
At present, the government of Russia, thanks to the victory over the enemies, having received the opportunity to deal with issues of internal development, has found it necessary to announce to you that Dagestan should be autonomous, that it will enjoy internal self-government, while maintaining fraternal ties with the peoples of Russia.
Dagestan must be governed according to its own peculiarities, its way of life and customs.
We are told that Sharia is of great importance among the Dagestan peoples. It has also come to our attention that the enemies of the Soviet government are spreading rumors that the Soviet government is forbidding Sharia.
I am authorized here on behalf of the Government of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic to declare that these rumors are false. The Government of Russia grants every nation the full right to be governed on the basis of its own laws and customs.
The Soviet government considers Sharia to be just as legitimate, a common law, as is the case with other peoples inhabiting Russia.
At the same time, I consider it necessary to state that the autonomy of Dagestan does not and cannot mean its separation from Soviet Russia. Autonomy does not represent independence. Russia and Dagestan must maintain contact with each other, because only in this case Dagestan will be able to maintain its freedom. In granting autonomy to Dagestan, the Soviet government has a specific goal to select from among the local workers honest and devoted people who love their people, and to entrust to them all the governing bodies of Dagestan, both economic and administrative. Only in this way, and only in this way, can the Soviet power in Dagestan be brought closer to the people. The Soviet government has no other goal than raising Dagestan to a higher cultural level by attracting local workers.
The Soviet government knows that darkness is the first enemy of the people. Therefore, it is necessary to create more schools and governments in local languages.
In this way, the Soviet government hopes to pull the peoples of Dagestan out of the quagmire, darkness and ignorance where they were thrown by the old Russia.
The Soviet government believes that the establishment of autonomy in Dagestan, similar to the one enjoyed by Turkestan, the Kirghiz and Tatar republics, is necessary.
The Soviet government proposes that you, representatives of the peoples of Dagestan, instruct your Dagestan Revolutionary Committee to elect representatives to be sent to Moscow and work out there, together with representatives of the highest Soviet government, a plan of autonomy for Dagestan.
The latest events in the south of Dagestan, where the traitor Gotsinsky opposed the freedom of Dagestan, being the executor of the will of General Wrangel, the same Wrangel who under Denikin, fighting the rebels, destroyed the villages of the highlanders of the North Caucasus, these events speak volumes.
I must note that the Dagestan people, in the face of their red partisans in the battles with Gotsinsky, defending their Soviet power, thus proved their devotion to the red banner.
If you drive out Gotsinsky, the enemy of the working people of Dagestan, you will thereby justify the trust placed by the highest Soviet power in giving autonomy to Dagestan.
The Soviet government is the first government that voluntarily gives autonomy to Dagestan.
We hope that the peoples of Dagestan will justify the confidence of the Soviet government.
Long live the union of the peoples of Dagestan with the peoples of Russia)
Long live the Soviet autonomy of Dagestan!
After the end of the civil war, the party was faced with the task of organizing the state of the national outskirts.
The main issue of the national policy of the party was the question of self-determination of various nationalities on the basis of Soviet autonomy.
By the autumn of 1920. many nationalities have already received autonomy, but the state status of Dagestan has not yet been finally determined. This was prevented by civil war and foreign intervention.
To solve the state structure of Dagestan, it was decided to convene congresses of the peoples of Dagestan and the Terek region. Some leading officials of Dagestan, such as Vekshin, Isaev, considered it untimely to decide on the autonomy of Dagestan and accused the supporters of autonomy of putting the interests of Dagestan above the interests of the revolution. The disputes also revealed the position of the rightists, who understood complete independence by autonomy. These positions were criticized at the meeting of party activists on November 13, 1920. On the same day, the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan opened in Temir-khan-Shura, which was attended by about 300 delegates. Here the declaration on the Soviet autonomy of Dagestan was announced. At the congress, a delegation was elected for a trip to Moscow, which consisted of D. Korkmasov, A. Takho-Godi, S. Gabiev and was supposed to develop, together with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the main provisions of the decree on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR. They also took part in the drafting of the Constitution of the DASSR.
January 20, 1921 The Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR issued a decree on the formation of an autonomous Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic. The Dagestan ASSR included the Avar, Gunib, Darginsky, Kazikumukhsky, Kaitago-Tabasarnsky, Kyurinsky, Samursky, Temirkhanshurinsky, Khasavyurtsky districts and the territory of the Caspian coast. The authorities and administration of Dagestan became the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR and local councils
The immediate task of the regional party organization and the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee was to convene the Constituent Congress of Soviets, which opened on December 1, 1921. in Buynaksk. At the congress, questions were discussed about the activities of the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee for the entire period of its existence, about the results of the campaign to help the starving in the Volga region, about the activities of the Economic Council, about the approval of the draft constitution of the DASSR, about the elections of the CEC of Dagestan. The congress approved the activities of the Dagrevkom and considered questions of economic construction. The discussion and adoption of the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR was of great importance. The presidium of the CEC was elected at the congress, it included N. Samursky (chairman), A. Nakhibashev (secretary), N. Aliyev, M. Khizroev, G. Hajiyev and others. Korkmasov was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. Soviet power in Dagestan was finally established.
Dagestan in the years of restoration National economy.
As a result of the civil war, the national economy of the region fell into decay, cities and railways were destroyed, and the port suffered. The industry of Dagestan was going through a difficult period. Fish, textile, canning industries were in decline. The handicraft industry suffered greatly. Even more deplorable was the state of agriculture. The number of livestock was reduced, there was not enough bread. In 1922, there were 200 thousand starving people in the region, various epidemics raged. It was necessary to take up the restoration of the national economy in an organized manner, to eliminate the devastation.
The attention of the peoples was primarily focused on the restoration of the villages destroyed by the White Guards. The Darevkom attached particular importance to this and demanded an active attitude to this problem from the members of the presidium.
By a resolution of the Dagrevkom of June 16, 1920, a temporary special department was formed under him for the restoration of destroyed villages, the leadership of which was entrusted to the chairman himself and the heads of departments. For the direct organization of work, a commission of technicians was created. In the areas of Temir-Khan-Shura, Derbent and Khasavyurt, three party departments began to function.
In the week of labor in honor of the 111th International, organized to restore the most affected villages of the Temirkhanshurinsky district, 18 auls took part. The workers of Dagestan organized a week of the red plowman and came to the aid of the peasants. It had importance to bring workers and employees closer to the working highlanders. A lot was done to clean and rebuild irrigation canals. The Sulak Canal was restored. Channels of the Kyurinsky district. Workers everywhere carried out work on laying roads, repairing and building bridges.
As soon as the territory of the region was cleared of Denikin, the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee began preparations for the nationalization of industry and, first of all, took into account existing enterprises. The government commission included representatives of the Revolutionary Committee, Economic Council and prof. organizations, including D. Korkmasov, N. Samursky, A. Takho-Godi and others.
Its conclusions were considered in the regional committee of the RCP (b) and in the Daghrevkomey
Since most enterprises did not work due to the sabotage of their owners, it was necessary to speed up the implementation of nationalization measures, establish a centralized management, and, by investing additional capital, modernize industrial equipment.
The practical implementation of this task was not entrusted to the organizational bureau of the Dagestan Regional Council of the National Economy. In May 1920, the bureau decided to immediately transfer the tanneries located in Temirkhanshur with all inventory, stocks of raw materials and materials, assets and liabilities to the economic council. In May, the question of the nationalization of fisheries was discussed. Fisheries and fish canning factories were transferred to the department of the fishing industry created under the Dagestan Economic Council. At the same time, oil mills, soap factories, distilleries, distilleries and vodka factories were nationalized. To manage the distillery and alcohol-vodka industry, a special department was formed under the economic council.
Thus, at the beginning of 1921, the economic council already controlled the main industrial enterprises, port and railway facilities, and the entire banking system. At the same time, he was engaged in the centralization of handicrafts and the organization of their systematic work.
The joint meeting of representatives of the economic councils of the South-East and the Dagestan Economic Council on the issue of the nationalization of small industry, held on January 11, 1921, decided: to carry out a formal nationalization of enterprises on the basis of existing instructions; in the mountains, nationalization should not be carried out temporarily; small enterprises owned by Persian subjects should not be nationalized. A commission of representatives of party, Soviet, trade union and economic bodies was established.
During the years of peaceful construction, the system of war communism came into conflict with the interests of the peasantry and could lead to a break in the alliance between the working class and the peasantry. It was necessary to develop a form of union on a different basis. The path to this lay through the new economic policy. The issue of transition to it was one of the main issues on the agenda of the 10th Congress of the Communist Party, held in March 1921. The congress decided to immediately replace the surplus tax with a tax in kind.
The restoration of the country's national economy had to begin with agriculture: it was necessary to provide industry with raw materials, and workers with food. The replacement of the surplus appropriation led to a restructuring of the entire economic front, the entire economic policy of the state, not only in the field of agriculture, but also in the field of industry and labor organization. Nevertheless, the adoption of the NEP could not be limited to a decree on tax in kind. In order for the peasant to be able to freely dispose of the surplus of his farm, free trade had to be allowed. Hence, the question of the role of cooperation, of the normalization of monetary circulation. The system of wages for workers has changed. The transition from the natural form of remuneration to cash linked wages with an increase in labor productivity. The problem arose of revitalizing small and handicraft industries, leasing out some small enterprises, and transferring large state enterprises to self-financing.
In Dagestan, the policy of war communism began to be carried out later than in Central Russia - as the territory was liberated from the White Guards and bourgeois-nationalist gangs. On August 24, 1920, the Dagrevkom issued an order that the owners of bread, fodder and livestock are obliged to hand over excess food to the food authorities. The food authorities must distribute everything received among the working people of the region. The rest should be sent to other regions in exchange for those products that are produced in insufficient quantities in Dagestan, mainly bread. Further, it was noted that the Food Committee sets fixed prices for these products. Procurement and export outside the region of grain products, fodder, livestock and raw materials were prohibited both by individuals and all institutions and departments, except for food authorities. Such an emergency measure found support among the peasantry.
The surplus appropriation was burdensome both for the main producer - the middle peasant, and for the poor, it directly or indirectly interfered with the development of agriculture. On July 27, 1921, the government of Dagestan issued a decree on tax in kind. The entire rural population of the republic was involved in its payment, when establishing the norms, the hardships and devastation suffered by the mountaineers in connection with military operations were taken into account. The tax in kind was much less than the food appropriation. The size and timing of its introduction became known to the peasants before the spring sowing.
The poor peasants were exempted from paying the tax in whole or in part, and it was levied from the middle peasants in a smaller amount than from the prosperous and kulak farms. In 1922 the farms of the mountain districts were completely exempted from the tax, having less than one quarter of a tithe of crops, less than two heads of cattle. A number of benefits were presented to peasants who increased the area of crops and applied advanced methods of cultivating the land.
New economic policy opened up favorable opportunities for the development of agriculture. The food situation in the republic has somewhat improved. Highlanders began to show interest in increasing labor productivity, more actively engaged in gardening. However, the insecurity of the population of the mountain districts with bread, the fragmentation of peasant farms, the uneven distribution of land and livestock, the presence a large number landless farms testified to the extremely difficult living conditions of the working people.
Great importance had the decisions of the 10th Congress on the national question. They pointed out that with the victory of October in our country, national oppression was abolished, but actual national inequality remained, the elimination of which is a lengthy process. This inequality consisted in the fact that a number of republics, including Dagestan, noticeably lagged behind central Russia in the political, economic and cultural level.
The peoples of our country were given the task of helping the working masses of the outlying regions in every possible way.
It was necessary to eliminate one-sidedness in the development of the national economy, to create new branches of industry, taking into account natural conditions every region, to equip the industry and agriculture of the border regions with new machinery, to raise labor productivity on this basis, to develop modern views transport, to organize the transfer of small-scale peasant farms to the rails of a large-scale mechanized collective farm, to provide objective conditions for the formation of a national working class.
Dagestan in 20-30s 20th century
In the 20-30s. The Soviet government adopted a tax policy that allowed various sections of the peasantry to more rational methods of farming. The strengthening of peasant farms made it possible to develop all branches of agricultural production, to create the necessary economic base for the normal operation of industry.
In 1920, agronomic centers were restored in the Temirkhanshurinsky, Khasavyurt and Derbent districts. They made plans for mandatory crops and participated in their implementation, distributed agricultural equipment and promoted better farming methods. Two-year courses for the training of agricultural specialists have been opened in Buynaksk. Steps were taken to organize agriculture on a modern scientific basis. In 1923, an exhibition of farm animals was held.
The promotion of agricultural knowledge among the population, the organization of courses, lectures, talks and reports, contributed to the spread of modern farming methods.
Land management work has been carried out. Many poor peasant farms were allotted land. The water problem was very important for Dagestan. For the organization of the water management of Dagestan, the government of the RSFSR began to allocate significant cash and necessary equipment.
The devastation and acute lack of land forced the population of the mountains and foothills to rush to the plane. It was necessary to solve the problem of increasing the land suitable for cultivation. First of all, the Prisulakskaya lowland attracted attention. In the autumn of 1921, the construction of the Canal named after. October revolution.
Soon, water management work began in areas of fertile lands - Babayurt, Khasavyurt, Kizlyar and Samur regions, restoration and development of mountain irrigation in Levashinsky, Gunibsky, Avar and other districts. Since 1927, the efforts of the highlanders have been directed towards regulating the flow of mountain rivers, draining swamps, increasing irrigated areas in areas of irrigated agriculture, and supplying villages with water.
In the 1920s, peasant committees began to be created on the basis of a decree of the government of Soviet Russia dated May 14, 1921. Their functions included organizing mutual assistance in case of crop failures and natural disasters, providing low-power and farm laborers with food, seeds, and draft power. These bodies were supposed to help in every possible way to wrest the poorest part of the population from the influence of the kulaks and the clergy; at the expense of the peasant committees, the poor were cooperative.
The role of mutual aid committees was determined by the fact that they rallied farm laborers and the poor in the struggle for the implementation of the social and economic measures of the party and government, and acquainted the population with the principles of collective farming.
The construction and operation of the entire Dagestan industry was in charge of the Dagestan Council of the National Economy, created first as a department under the revolutionary committee, and then after the formation of the DASSR, functioning as a people's commissariat. In the sphere of its activity there were up to 45 large and small enterprises concentrated in Makhachkala, Buynaksk and Derbent and designed for the processing of local raw materials.
All enterprises were divided into three groups: the first included enterprises of state importance and therefore accepted for state supply; in the second - to be leased; the third were those that had to be liquidated due to lack of raw materials and for various other reasons.
The Dagestan Economic Council set about organizing their work in an atmosphere of general ruin, among ruins and poverty. In addition to the help of the center, he attracted his extremely limited funds, tried to find internal resources.
The party organization and the government of Dagestan resolved the issues of the economic revival of the republic.
In June 1921, the presidium of the Dagrevkom considered the work plan of a scientific and technical expedition to explore the Khiut and Mogokh sulfur deposits and the issue of appropriations for the Mines Administration. Certain amounts were allocated for the development of mercury.
In July, the issue of restoring the Dagestan Lights glass factory was discussed, which had not only economic, but also political significance: the enterprise served the entire country and was at that time the only plant in Russia that operated on petroleum gas. It was decided to restore the plant of the Labor and Defense Council. New machines were purchased in Germany and Belgium, foreign workers and specialists arrived, and mechanization of production was introduced. In addition to window glass, the plant began to produce bottles for Caucasian wine and mineral waters, as well as for export to the countries of the Middle East.
Since May 1922, by decision of the government, all Dagestan industry was removed from the state. supply and transferred to self-financing. Pre Doug. The Economic Council took a number of measures aimed at reducing the cost of production. A new production program and financial estimates of enterprises were drawn up, the staff was revised, the organization of labor was improved, the technical and accounting apparatus was strengthened, and overhead costs were reduced. In April, a trade department was organized for the procurement of materials and the sale of products of all enterprises of the republic. Soon the trading department took over the local market. Self-supporting enterprises soon became stronger, their leaders gained considerable experience.
The Economic Council directed all its efforts towards identifying and using the reserves of individual enterprises and the industry of the republic as a whole, which led to a further strengthening of the positions of Soviet power here.
DAGESTAN DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR.
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany treacherously attacked the Soviet Union. The whole country rose to fight the invaders.
Dagestan also took its place in the battle formation. The working people of the republic were indignant at the invasion of the hordes of German fascism. On June 22, in the evening, a rally of residents of the capital took place in the Makhachkala city garden. The people of Makhachkala, in a unanimously adopted resolution, vowed to defend their homeland.
In the very first days of the war, the military registration and enlistment offices began to receive hundreds of applications from the population with a request to be enlisted as volunteers in the ranks of the Soviet Army and immediately sent to the front.
Thousands of Dagestanis went to the front in the very first days of the war. The departed men were replaced by their mothers, wives and sisters, they gave all their strength to the common cause of defeating the Nazi invaders. Many pensioners and elderly cadre workers returned to factories and factories, collective farms and state farms. The peoples of Dagestan rose to military and labor feats.
From the very beginning of the war, the Dagestan party organization united and directed the efforts of the working people of the republic to comprehensive assistance to the front, called on the highlanders to strengthen discipline and increase revolutionary activity.
Meetings of party activists were held in all cities and regions of the republic. Specific measures were outlined for restructuring organizational and political work and subordinating it to the interests of the front. Particular attention was paid to strengthening party leadership in industry, agriculture, and transport.
In the very first days of the war, the Communist Party and the Soviet government took steps to organize a nationwide rebuff to the aggressor. The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars addressed the party, Soviet, trade union and Komsomol organizations of the front-line regions with a directive that contained a detailed program for the fight against the Nazi invaders.
The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Soviet government set before the party and the people the task of immediately reorganizing all work on a war footing, subordinating it to the interests of the front. For the rapid mobilization of all forces and means on June 30, 1941, the State Defense Committee was created. The Committee concentrated in its hands all power, state and economic leadership in the country. Stalin was appointed chairman of the committee.
The war demanded from the party, Soviet, and economic organs of the rear a radical change in the methods of leadership. The party organization of Dagestan in the shortest possible time reshuffled personnel in connection with the departure of a significant number of workers to the army, providing all areas of work with party leadership. Party organizations in the localities, leading mass political work among the population, took urgent measures to organize a rebuff to the enemy.
In Dagestan, as elsewhere in the country, selfless work began to fulfill military orders. In production, people worked, regardless of time.
The war demanded huge efforts from the workers of the fields. Thousands of collective farmers went to the front, agricultural machinery, acreage, and the number of draft animals were greatly reduced. Under these conditions, Party and Soviet organs in rural areas mobilized all the forces of collective farms and state farms for harvesting, for early fulfillment of obligations to the state. The most important areas of agricultural production were headed by the communists.
Successes in agriculture were largely ensured by a clear organization of work, the correct distribution of the workforce. Party organizations sought to involve all able-bodied people in social production.
The Soviet intelligentsia worked selflessly together with the working class and the collective farm peasantry. All engineers and technicians not drafted into the army, agricultural specialists, teachers and doctors, scientists, writers, artists tried to make their work as useful as possible for defense. They sought out new types of local raw materials for industry, studied ways to improve agriculture, reorganized educational work in schools and higher educational institutions, improved the forms and methods of political education of the population, and treated the wounded.
However, the Dagestanis, like all Soviet people, understood that what had been achieved was only the beginning of subordinating the economy to the needs of the war, that there was difficult work ahead to restructure the national economy on a war footing. It was necessary in the shortest possible time to double and triple aid to the front, to create such conditions for industry, transport and agriculture that they would best satisfy the growing needs of the country and the army.
At the same time, defense work was launched in the republic to prepare the reserves of the Soviet Army, and the activity of sports organizations intensified. In almost all districts, the formation of detachments of the people's militia, the creation of self-defense groups, as well as sanitary teams, began. Former red partisans, participants in the civil war, old and young workers, collective farmers and intellectual workers turned to party committees and military registration and enlistment offices with a request to enroll them in the militia units being created. By the end of July 1941. about 6 thousand people signed up for the people's militia units. The Republican headquarters of the people's militia was created.
During the war, party organizations changed the forms and methods of agitational mass work. Rallies and talks were of great importance. Party offices under city party committees were transformed into city propaganda centers. A clear result of mass political work was a patriotic upsurge, expressed in the movement for the creation of a defense fund. The initiators of the movement were the workers and employees of the three largest enterprises in Makhachkala - the factory named after. International, a fish cannery, and among the workers of the village - the collective farmers of the Sergokalinsky district, who unanimously decided to contribute five workdays to the defense fund. This initiative was supported by all the workers, employees and peasantry of the republic.
To account for the funds received by the defense fund, special commissions were organized at the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR, at city and district executive committees.
In the very first days of the war, a program was outlined for restructuring the peace socialist economy. The people began to implement this program.
The military restructuring of industry was carried out in Dagestan, as well as throughout the country, by switching enterprises to fulfill military orders and a radical change in the range of products. This changed not only the structure of industry, but also the ratio of the capacities of its various branches. The production of some types of civilian products was stopped and the production of military products was mastered. The metalworking industry began to produce, for example, ammunition; canning enterprises have mastered the production of new types of canned meat and vegetables; leather and footwear factory - cavalry saddles.
The war distracted thousands of workers from production. Many skilled workers in industry and transport were drafted into the army. In the first month alone, about 8 thousand people left the Dagestan industry. They were replaced by women and teenagers. Thus, along with the restructuring of the national economy on a war footing, the issue of providing enterprises with skilled workers was resolved. In the initial period, in connection with the mobilization into the army, the expansion of production and the relocation of enterprises to new places, the workforce was largely renewed. The main form of personnel training was individual and team training directly in the shops.
The increase in labor productivity was of great importance during the war years. Therefore, it was necessary to ensure that not just a few, but hundreds and thousands of workers, entire teams, fulfilled and exceeded the norms. Party, trade union and Komsomol organizations paid much attention to this. They searched for reserves, enterprises, provided practical assistance to innovators, and carried out a great deal of educational work. As a result, the number of pioneers has increased.
By the autumn of 1941. the industry of the republic has basically restructured its work. The most important measures were taken to mobilize the development of the national economy: the redistribution of resources and reserves of the republic in favor of the front, the transfer of civilian industry to the production of weapons, ammunition and other military materials, the redistribution of human reserves, the deployment of the first enterprises evacuated to the republic. At all these enterprises, the production of ammunition and other products necessary for the front was adjusted. The industry of Dagestan mastered and mass-produced mortars, fragmentation bombs, shells, mines, etc.
The manufacture of ammunition and equipment was carried out mainly from raw materials available in Dagestan. In the development and production of weapons and ammunition, in the mobilization of all the forces of the working people of the republic, an important role belonged to the created in October 1941. Makhachkala Defense Committee. This committee directly supervised the construction of defensive structures, the strengthening of the capital of the republic as the most important strategic point, the mobilization of funds to help the front, followed the implementation of military orders, the deployment of evacuated enterprises and the population, etc.
The style and methods of work of the party organization have changed. The city and district committees of the parties, the city and district Soviets of Working People's Deputies acted clearly and promptly. At the Council of People's Commissars of the DASSR and at the district executive committees, special meetings were created to resolve numerous economic and political issues, which dealt not only with national economic plans, but also with mobilization work.
In November 1941 The 10th plenum of the Dagestan Regional Party Committee was held to discuss the practical tasks of the party organization in war conditions. The plenum especially noted the need to turn the republic into an obscene fortress in the path of the enemy as soon as possible. The plenum proposed to organize uninterrupted and fast transportation of goods, primarily military, to strictly guard transport routes, and establish communications. Introduce strict order and firm discipline on the routes, stations, communications enterprises.
The decisions of the 10th plenum formed the basis of the work of the party. Soviet and economic bodies of the republic. Inspired by the defeat of the Nazi invaders near Moscow, the working people of Dagestan increased their assistance to the front.
Many difficulties arose in supplying enterprises with raw materials and materials - the supply of scarce materials to the republic was limited. The restructuring of the entire national economy radically changed the work of transport. The movement of productive forces, the evacuation of the population and various cargoes - all this required from transport, especially railway, an increase in freight turnover, throughput capacity of stations. Makhachkala became the most important point through which there was direct communication between the front and the rear. A huge burden and hardest trials fell on the shoulders of the railway workers. By joining the All-Union socialist competition, the Dagestan railway workers achieved good production results. The average daily loading and unloading has significantly increased, the departure and running of trains on schedule has improved, and the number of violations of the rules for the technical operation of rolling stock has decreased.
The importance of the Makhachkala port as an important transport hub has greatly increased. A large load during the war years was assumed by automobile and horse-drawn transport.
In fierce battles with the enemy, the love of the Soviet people for their homeland was manifested. Representatives of the peoples of Dagestan also fought on the fronts of the war. The frontier guards took the first blows. Among them there were many Dagestanis who bravely entered the fight against the enemy. Maksud-Gerei Shikhaliev, the commander of the military unit of the Brest Fortress, fought back to the last bullet. Kh. Gamidov fought in the Far North and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In the south, an immortal feat was accomplished by M. Ibragimov - he broke through to a group of Germans in the enemy rear and, having stunned the Nazis, alone brought 22 prisoners to the headquarters of his unit.
The Nazi command relied on the lightning capture of Moscow. However, this plan disgracefully failed. Among the defenders of the capital was a tankman A. Mardakhaev. In one of the battles, he inflicted a lot of damage on the Nazis. When the Germans set fire to his tank, Mardakhaev sent his flaming car to the enemy headquarters and died a hero's death. He was posthumously awarded the Order of Lenin.
At the end of 1941, a submarine under the command of Magomed Gadzhiev conducted a surface battle unprecedented in the history of naval battles. Floating to the surface, the boat attacked three enemy ships. Two went down. The third hastily disappeared. M. Hajiyev died in May 1942. He was awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union.
Captain Valentin Emirov bravely fought against the Nazi invaders. He commanded a squadron of combat fighters and died in an unequal air battle with Nazi aircraft.
Taking advantage of the absence of a second front in Europe, the Nazi command in the spring of 1942. concentrated large forces on the Soviet-German front. The enemy troops were going to strike the main blow in the southern sector. The Caucasus, with its richest resources, occupied a special place in the aggressive plans of Nazi Germany.
In the autumn of 1942 Dagestan found itself directly in the front line, turned into an important strategic area. Before the party organization of the republic, before all the peoples of Dagestan, the task arose - not to let the enemy go to the south, in Transcaucasia, to stubbornly defend every city, aul. Create defensive lines. Since the second quarter of 1942. some enterprises were relocated outside the DASSR. Most of the equipment of the metalworking and oil refining industries were evacuated to the regions of Transcaspia. The construction of individual large enterprises was mothballed.
Warriors-Dagestanis continued to fight desperately against the Nazi-German invaders. They were participants in the greatest battle of Stalingrad. The names of the heroes of Stalingrad H. Nuradilov, M. Baymurzaev and others are covered with unfading glory. Machine gunner Khanpasha Nuradilov exterminated 920 German soldiers and officers. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Highlander from the village of Kumtorkal Magomed-Zagir Baimurzaev fought on the banks of the Volga. In August 1942 He was seriously wounded, but did not leave the battlefield. All the fighters and Baimurzaev himself died, preventing the Nazi column from reaching the Volga.
In the ranks of the 62nd army of General V. Chuikov, Vera Khanukaeva fought against the Nazis. She carried out responsible work at the headquarters of the regiment and received several awards.
The Battle of Stalingrad was in full swing when the Soviet troops began preparing for a counteroffensive. After the Battle of Stalingrad, a turning point in the war came.
In the summer of 1943 the Nazis suffered a major defeat near Kursk. This battle brought Germany to the brink of disaster and heralded a new stage in the offensive actions of the Soviet troops. The most important economic and military-strategic regions were liberated: the North Caucasus, Donbass, Rostov, Voronezh, Kursk, Oryol, Smolensk, Bryansk regions and the entire Left-Bank Ukraine.
The radical change in the course of the war was ensured by the heroic efforts of the Soviet soldiers, the selfless labor of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, and the enormous organizational activity of the party and government. In 1943 the Soviet rear faced new military and economic tasks. They were determined by the need to increase assistance to the front, to provide financial support for the growing strikes of the Soviet troops, to satisfy the needs of the army and navy, to supply them with first-class weapons, ammunition, food, to eliminate the enemy's superiority in tanks, aircraft and some other types of military equipment.
The same tasks were to be solved by the DASSR. Here, of course, there were specific features, but the purpose of production was the same for the whole country: to satisfy the needs of the front and the needs of the rear.
The defeat of the Nazis on the Volga and in the North Caucasus created favorable conditions for the deployment of offensive operations along the entire front. The blockade of Leningrad was broken, Donbass was liberated. Kharkiv, hundreds of cities and other settlements. In the spring of 1943 Soviet troops pushed back the fascist army by 600-700 km, the expulsion of the invaders from the USSR began. However, the Nazi war machine was still in operation. Moreover, in the summer the Nazis tried to take revenge in the region of Orel and Belgorod, but they received a crushing blow near Orel and Kursk.
After this defeat, the Germans began to pin their hopes on natural barriers - the Kerch Strait, the Desna, the Dnieper, etc. major rivers, behind which they expected to regroup their defeated armies. Soviet troops successfully crossed the water lines and continued a broad offensive along the entire front.
1944 was marked by new victories of the Soviet people over the invaders. Now the main task was to completely expel the enemy from Soviet soil, and then eliminate the fascist "new order" in Europe.
In September 1944, the Soviet Army entered the territory of Germany. In this final period of the war, Dagestani warriors fought on all fronts, in all branches of the military. Sergeant Abdurakhman Abdullaev participated in the battles near Rostov and Sevastopol. Ismail Isaev was among the defenders of Leningrad. Sadu Aliev, a teacher from the Gunib district, who fought in the Far North, was nicknamed "the champion of snipers" in his unit. He destroyed 127 Nazis, for which he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Major Magomed Gamzatov distinguished himself in the battle for the Crimea. Gamzatov's battalion crossed the Kerch Strait, took up defensive positions and repulsed many counterattacks. This was the beginning of the liberation of the Crimea.
Warriors-Dagestanis were active participants in the offensive operations of the Soviet army. Remarkable feats marked the path of the tanker Elmurza Dzhumagulov. In the battles of 1944 the fearless pilot of Naval Aviation Yusup Akaev distinguished himself. He fought near Sevastopol. After the war Hero of the Soviets. Union Y. Akaev returned to Dagestan. Dagestan is proud of the wonderful pilot, twice Hero of the Soviet Union Akhmetkhan Sultan and others.
Our republic has gone from a decree autonomous formation within Russia to the full-fledged Republic of Dagestan, which has an equal status with all other subjects of the Russian Federation, becoming its southernmost part.
The entry of Dagestan into Russia was not an easy process. The tsarist administration had to make a lot of efforts to involve Dagestan in the mainstream of the economic and cultural development of the empire. To this end, a number of reforms were carried out, the most important of which was the administrative one, which contributed to the stabilization of the political situation in the Caucasus. Under the influence of Russia, economic specialization actively took place in the mountainous region, commercial agriculture and cattle breeding developed. An important aspect in the development of the Dagestan region was the emergence of a national intelligentsia, which was facilitated by the opening of secular schools. The tsarist administration opened vacancies in the secondary and higher educational institutions of the empire for the Dagestan elite. At the same time, educational institutions, libraries, and hospitals first appeared in the region. The Dagestan region as part of the Russian Empire existed from April 1860 until January 20, 1921.
In 1917, a revolution took place in the Russian Empire, and Soviet power was established in Dagestan. In November 1920, the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan was held in Temir-Khan-Shura, at which the People's Commissar for Nationalities, Joseph Stalin, proclaimed the Declaration on the Soviet autonomy of Dagestan. And on January 20, 1921, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee legislated the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which is part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), - a Decree was adopted on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR as part of the RSFSR. It included Avar, Andi, Gunib, Darginsky, Kazi-Kumukhsky, Kaitago-Tabasaransky, Kyurinsky, Samursky. Temirkhan-Shurinsky, Khasavyurt districts and the territory of the Caspian coast. Much later, the Karanogai, Kizlyar, Krainovsky, Tarumovsky regions (now Nogai, Tarumovsky, Kizlyar regions) and the city of Kizlyar were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR. By the aforementioned Decree, the central government recognized the national-state autonomy proclaimed by the peoples of Dagestan at the Extraordinary Congress on November 13, 1920 within Russia. The decree on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR determined the final borders, peaceful methods for resolving territorial disputes, the activities of the republic's governing bodies, and the basic principles of relations between central and local authorities. Over time, the Dagestan autonomy within the Russian Federation became one of the leading regions in the North Caucasus. The Dagestan people made a choice in favor of state unity with Russia, it was the most correct choice in terms of self-preservation and self-development of our peoples as part of a united Russia. In addition, paradoxically, despite the centuries-old existence of various political associations on the territory of our region, it was the Dagestan ASSR that became the first real all-Dagestan state, the process of state building began, in which all the peoples of our republic participated on equal terms. were formed and higher authorities authorities and administrations of the republic - the Central Executive Committee (CEC) and the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). Nazhmudin Samursky was elected chairman of the CEC, and the first government of the republic was headed by Jalaletdin Korkmasov. The formation of the Dagestan ASSR finally sealed the victory of Soviet power in the republic.
The Dagestan ASSR received organizational and practical implementation on December 5, 1921, at the All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets, which adopted the first Constitution in the history of the republic.
The creation of a single Dagestan state made it possible to make a powerful breakthrough in economic, political and cultural development. Enterprises destroyed during the Civil War were restored, dozens of new plants, factories, power plants, transport infrastructure facilities, the October Revolution canal were built, hunger and illiteracy were defeated. During the years of Soviet power, Dagestan became a republic with a developed industry and diversified agriculture.
In the development of the economy, an important role was played by the electric power industry and the oil-producing industries, mechanical engineering, the building materials industry, the chemical and food industries. During the Soviet period, dozens of large industrial enterprises were built, an advanced industrial system for its time was created, and an industrial structure that was quite developed even by modern standards. The social structure of Dagestan has changed radically, where today almost half of the population lives in cities. The appearance of settlements was also transformed: new beautiful schools, hospitals, residential buildings, administrative buildings were built, the area of gardens and parks grew. In the field of culture, great changes have also taken place - national professional theaters have been created, a system of higher and secondary educational institutions capable of satisfying all the basic needs of the republic in specialists.
Dagestan became an exemplary Soviet autonomy, characterized by high rates socio-economic and cultural development. The highlanders of Dagestan kept the solemn oath given in 1920 at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan on friendship and fraternal solidarity with the peoples of the Soviet Union in the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War. As the Head of the Republic of Dagestan Ramazan Abdulatipov noted: “During the Great Patriotic War, our country was saved by the unity of the people. Hundreds of thousands of Dagestanis stood up to defend their homeland - the Soviet Union and defended not only themselves, but also many peoples of the world from enslavement. Blessed memory to all the heroes who gave their lives for the unity and independence of our Fatherland! There are 59 Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia in Dagestan, because the Dagestanis have always been courageous warriors, patriots of their country, they have always strengthened the friendship of peoples. The peoples of Dagestan confirmed their choice during the collapse of the USSR and the formation of new independent states, remaining within the Russian Federation.
The head of Dagestan, speaking at an event dedicated to the Day of National Unity, said: “Even in the most difficult times, the Dagestanis believed in Russia, strove for it. Thanks to Russia, we are a civilized, cultured country, we are a nation that has a historical past, present and, no doubt, a future.”