Homonyms: examples of words. Homonyms Homonyms online pick up

According to linguists, the Russian language has more than 150,000 words, and this number is constantly growing. However, despite the richness of our language, there are often cases in it when one lexical unit can denote several different concepts. Such words belong to the category of homonyms. It will be about what homonyms are in Russian, what are their types and varieties.

The term "homonymy" is known from ancient Greece, formed from the combination of two Greek words homos and onima, which literally translates as "the same name, name." Consequently, scientists became interested in this problem many centuries ago. Homonyms are words that are identical in pronunciation and writing, but have different, unrelated meanings. In speech, the meanings of these words are usually easily determined from the context due to the conversational situation.

We give below sentences with homonyms, on the example of which the meaning of homonymous words will be clear from the context:

1. In our club Today admission is free for everyone. - Because of the houses rose high clubs smoke.
2. The boat docked at cool riverbank. My grandmother always made tea. cool boiling water.
3. Vanya under any pretext drove to the neighboring village. - Telegrams are written without pretexts and unions to save money.

emergence

Scientists name many reasons for the emergence of homonymy. As a rule, this is due to the development and change of the language.

Let's consider the main ones:

1. In the process of divergence of the meanings of one polysemantic word. Example: belly - part of the body or life.
2. Random consonance of a Russian word with a borrowed word or two borrowed words (from different languages ​​or the same language, but at different times). Examples: Goal- from English. "ball kicked into the goal" or from Dutch. "ship hull"; water pump- from fr. 19th century - "pump" or from fr. 20th century - "splendor".
3. Random identity in the sound of a dialect word with a literary one. Example: stitch- lit. quilt or dial. path.
4. The same sound as a result of phonetic and orthographic transformations taking place in the language. Example: " onion" like a vegetable and "onion" how weapons came from different words that were once spelled differently: one with a combination of “oh” in place of “y”, and the other with a “o” nasal.
5. As a result of the emergence of new words through word formation. Example: the word " key" in the meaning of the unlocking tool came from the noun. stick, and the word " key" as the name of a water source - from Ch. bubbling.

Onion as a vegetable and onion as a weapon

Types

There are 2 main types of homonymous words:

• Complete, having a match in the entire paradigm of grammatical forms. For example, the words "chapter" (books) and "head" (states) are the same in all cases and numbers.
• Incomplete (partial), having discrepancies in one or more grammatical forms. For example, the word "baika" (story) is declined in all cases and numbers, and "baika" (fabric) has no plural. h.

Remember! Full and partial homonyms are always expressed in one part of speech.

Useful video: homonyms

The phenomena of homonymy

There are phenomena that bear a close resemblance to homonymy. However, such words are not homonymous in the full sense of the term. They reflect random coincidences of words at various levels of the language.

There are the following types:

• homoforms,
• homographs.

Homonym types

Homoforms are a kind of homonyms in which there is a coincidence in only one (sometimes in several) grammatical forms. They usually refer to different parts of speech.

• pigeons(n. in R.p. or V.p.) drive - the sky becomes pigeons(adj. comparative degree);
• section (noun) of property - section (verb in the past tense) naked.

Homophones are a variety of homonyms that differ in meaning and spelling, but are identical in sound.

Homophones can be words:

• expressed in one part of speech: rinse - caress; mushroom - flu; lick - climb;
• belonging to different parts of speech: climb - flattery; young - hammer; old-timer - guarded;
• phrases that have a sound match: by kalach - I will beat; with fire - bend, grow up to a hundred - until old age.

homographs- words that are different in meaning and pronunciation (mainly due to stress), but coinciding in spelling.

Example: mugs - mugs; fall asleep - fall asleep; Iris - iris.

Polysemantic words

One of the difficult tasks is to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. The table below will help to distinguish homonyms from polysemantic words.

Way of demarcation	Polysemantic words, examples	Homonyms, examples
1. Lexical (carried out by the selection of synonyms)	They form identical rows of synonyms. Copy(paintings) - copy(father). Common synonyms: double, dubbing.	They form various synonymic rows. Escape (from home) - departure, flight. Escape (about a plant) - a stem, a branch.
2. Morphological (according to the form of education)	One form of education.	different form of education. The word “thin” (about a person’s physique) forms the form of the comparative degree “thinner”, and the word “thin” (bad) has another form of the comparative degree - “worse”.
3. Word-building (according to the ways of forming new words)	New words form the same word-building chains. A mask (overlay that hides the face) and a mask (cosmetic product) have the following chain: mask - mask - mask - mask.	Various word formations. Escape (from home) is formed from the word run or run; Escape (about a plant) has no variants of word formation.
4. Semantic (according to the degree of homogeneity of values)	All meanings of a polysemantic word are united in meaning and have common features. Word house(building): people are supposed to live in it; Word house(family): it is understood that some community of people lives in the same building.	The values ​​are not related to each other. checker as a "figure for a board game" is in no way connected in meaning with the word checker in the meaning of "cold weapons".
5. Dictionary (according to the article in the explanatory dictionary)	They have one dictionary entry. Dictatorship- 1) state power based on the political domination of one group of people; 2) unlimited power based on violence.	Divided into separate dictionary entries. Check1 is the title of a monarch in Iran. check2- position in chess, when there is a direct attack on the opponent's king.

Attention! There are special dictionaries in which you can find a complete list of homonyms, for example, N.P. Kolesnikov. You can also use online dictionaries to search for them, the most complete is Homonyms.

Areas of use

Homonymy is a special linguistic phenomenon, and therefore the question arises: what are homonyms for? They are widely used in speech and often become a tool for word play, especially when both of their options are present in one statement. By combining different in meaning and identical in sound words, the speaker achieves the desired effect - contrast or comedy.

The use of homonyms is one of the favorite techniques of writers and poets. Most often, these words are played up in puns or jokes. Here is an interesting example of an epigram for a teacher: “I loved students fall asleep he, apparently, because // That they loved fall asleep at his lectures.

Often homonyms "rhyme" in poetic lines:

breaking away from Earth

On a big rocket

They took a handful land

In memory of the planet.

On the basis of the contrast of the meanings of homonyms, some proverbs and sayings are also built: “Mow oblique, if he himself is not oblique”, “Whatever it is, but wants to eat”.

Usually, it is clear from the context which word from the homonymous pair (group) is used, but often the inept use of these words leads to a change in meaning and undesirable comedy. For example: The distraction of a player led to the loss of points. A similar ambiguity can be found in the works of famous writers: “With the fire of Prometheus” (bend?); “Souls are wonderful impulses” (from the word strangle?).

Advice! It is necessary to use homonyms in speech with caution, avoiding ambiguity and unnecessary comedy. For fidelity, pronounce the statement aloud.

Useful video: grammatical homonyms of the Russian language

conclusions

Homonymy is one such phenomenon that makes our language richer and more interesting. Acquaintance with these words helps to avoid mistakes in one's own speech and better understand someone else's. Especially this knowledge will be useful to those who are engaged in advertising or want to become a good writer.

In contact with

Of course, you guessed that the boys did not understand each other, because they were talking about different things, while calling them the same word. This is an example of homonyms. After all, oatmeal is a bird, and oatmeal is also a cereal.

Homonyms Words that are similar in sound and spelling but different in meaning. The word "homonym" comes from two Greek words: omos- the same onimo- name.

Consider examples of homonyms, compare the sound, spelling and meaning of words.

In the sea, a land strip

It's called a braid

And the girl has a braid

Ripe oats.

There is dew on the grass

The scythe mows the grass.

I have one question:

How many braids are there in the world?

Rice. 2. Homonyms: braid ()

Spit- a narrow shoal running from the shore.

Spit- braided hair.

Spit- a tool for mowing grass.

The porridge ripened in the meadow.

Cow Masha eats porridge.

Masha likes lunch:

Nothing tastes better!

Kashka- white clover.

Kashka- a dish of grains boiled in water or milk.

Say "spring" -

And here arose

Runs in the green

Cheerful key murmuring.

And we call the spring the key

(The key to the door has nothing to do with it).

Rice. 3. Homonyms: Key ()

Key- spring.

Key- Locking device.

We are foxes

Friendly sisters.

Well, who are you?

We are foxes too!

How, with one paw?

No, even with a hat.

Rice. 4. Homonyms: Chanterelles ()

Chanterelles- mushrooms.

Chanterelles- animals.

Come learn to shoot with me

And look for me on the ridge.

I can hit the bird accurately

And also I get into cabbage soup.

Rice. 5. Homonyms: Bow ()

Onion- plant.

Polysemantic words and homonyms are spelled the same. The main difference between them is that polysemantic words have something in common in the lexical meaning (color, shape), while the lexical meanings of homonyms are completely different.

If you doubt the definition of a polysemantic word or homonym, an explanatory dictionary will come to your aid. Consider the difference in the entry of dictionary entries:

The root is a polysemantic word that has several meanings:

1. The underground part of plants.

2. The inner part of the hair, tooth.

3. Beginning, source of something (figurative).

4. Significant part of the word.

In the dictionary of a polysemantic word, each of its meanings is indicated by a number.

Consider how homonyms are represented in the dictionary. For example:

A faucet is a shut-off device in the form of a tube for the release of liquid or gas.

A crane is a machine for lifting and moving goods over short distances.

In the dictionary, homonyms have a separate dictionary entry.

It is possible to determine the meaning of homonyms only when the word is used in a phrase or in a sentence.

Let's complete the task.

Let's look at the pictures. Let's make sentences or phrases with homonyms to show their different lexical meanings.

1. Fluffy mink.

2. Deep mink.

Rice. 11. Homonyms: Mink ()

1. We saw a picture with a predatory lynx.

2. The horse was trotting.

Rice. 12. Homonyms: Lynx ()

1. Do not pollute the environment.

2. Grandmother will arrive on Wednesday.

Rice. 13. Homonyms: Wednesday ()

So, we learned that in Russian there are words that are spelled and pronounced the same way, but have different lexical meanings. These words are called homonyms.

Homonyms are often used in puzzles and riddles, for example:

What fabric can not be used to sew a shirt?

From the railway.

What faucet can't drink from?

From the lift.

In which cage are birds and animals not kept?

In the chest.

Which forests do not have game?

In construction.

What kind of belt can not be girdled?

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

1. Bukina-69.ucoz.ru ().
2. toyskola.ucoz.ru ().
3. Festival of pedagogical ideas "Open Lesson" ().

• Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. P2. Do ex. 33, 34 p. 25.
• Choose homonyms for these words. Make up sentences to understand the meaning of the words.

Castle, foam, cream.

• * Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, come up with riddles or puzzles, where the answers are homonymous words.

Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but differ in lexical meaning and compatibility with other words.

Homonyms are divided into complete and incomplete.

Full homonyms coincide in all their grammatical forms. For example: key (source,) - key (rod for unlocking locks); block (building material) - block (sports technique).

Incomplete homonyms do not match in their individual grammatical forms. Examples: bow (weapon) - bow (garden plant). The word "onion" in the meaning of "plant" does not have a plural form.

Types of homonyms

In addition to lexical homonyms, there are quite a few phenomena close to them. There are the following types of homonyms:

1) - words that are spelled the same, but completely different. Examples: castle - castle; Atlas - atlas; Iris - iris; on the street soars - an eagle soars;

2) Homophones are words that are pronounced the same but are spelled differently. Examples: company - campaign; lead - lucky; rinse - caress; ink - ink; guarded -; Roman - novel; arson - arson;

3) homoforms - words that coincide in their individual forms. Examples: I am treating a patient - I am flying on an airplane; young man - taking care of a young mother.

Thus, homonymy is such a lexical-semantic unit that serves as a means of creating expressiveness of speech.

Homonyms (from the Greek oμoς - the same and ονομα - name) - different in meaning, but identical in spelling units of the language (words, morphemes, etc.). The term was introduced by Aristotle.

Full lexical homonyms are words that are the same in sound but different in meaning. For example, onion(plant) and onion(for shooting). There is also partial homonymy, in which only certain forms of words coincide, for example, lived(verb live) and lived(noun lived). Along with homonyms, there are homographs - words that have the same spelling, but different stress ( flour - flour).

Our dictionary contains homoforms-homographs, i.e. forms of different (although often close in meaning) words that have the same spelling. Accent is not taken into account, letter yo not used - as is usually the case in written text. For example, running (run, run), take (take, takes(headdress)). We called them homonymous word forms. The dictionary is organized in such a way that word forms are on the left, and lexemes (dictionary words) to which these word forms refer to are on the right. Parts of speech marks are given in parentheses.

A complete list of homonymous word forms was obtained by generating all word forms from the computer version of A.A. Zaliznyak’s Grammar Dictionary (*) in the Department of the Russian Language Machine Fund of the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Matching word forms of such words were excluded from the complete list for this publication:

• - participle - adjective
• - type verbs tear out - break out
• - type nouns boot - boots
• - spelling variants bypass - bypass, beaver - beaver

and some other similar words.

Designations of parts of speech:

With- noun

ms- pronoun

union- union

P- adjective

number- numeral

intl- interjection

G- verb

ancestor- predicative

often- particle

n- adverb

offer- preposition

centuries- introductory word

In many languages ​​of the planet there is such a thing as homonymy. It is based on the fact that words and morphemes that are the same in sound and spelling have different meanings. They are called "homonyms". Examples of them are found all over the place. We use them very often in ordinary speech.

Homonyms

Examples confirming this phenomenon are known to many. These are common words:

• "bow" in the meanings of plant and weapon;
• "escape", in one case denoting a young branch, and in another - unauthorized hasty departure.

Out of context, it is difficult to determine exactly what meaning these homonyms are used in. Example sentences with words will demonstrate this phenomenon clearly.

• Green onions are especially good in vegetable salads.
• The boy was given a toy bow and arrow for his birthday.
• The apple tree gave a young shoot, but the gardener pruned it in the fall.
• The Count of Monte Cristo escaped from prison in a creative way, replacing the prisoner's corpse with himself.

Examples of phrases will help to understand what homonyms mean:

• "green onions" and "accurate onions";
• "maiden spit" and "river spit";
• "three apples" and "three rag stain".

This phenomenon is quite entertaining, therefore it is often used by Russian language teachers as an entertaining technique in studying the subject, a way to expand the vocabulary and horizons of students.

Games with homonyms in the classroom and extracurricular activities

To conduct this competition, you should prepare pairs of words that have the same pronunciation and spelling, but completely different meanings. Only meanings are offered to players, and the words themselves (you can use the same spelling for both) are hidden under a cardboard picture that will serve as a point token, for example, a pattern of a tree leaf, an apple, a gold ingot. The participant who correctly named the homonyms receives this emblem after the correct answer as a point. At the end of the game, token points are counted up and a winner is chosen.

Homonyms are suitable for the competition, examples of which may be as follows (it should be recalled that only pictures are presented to participants and viewers, the words themselves are closed):

• "shop" as a piece of furniture and a medium-sized outlet;
• the word "lama", acting in one sense as an animal, and in another - as a Tibetan monk.

At the lesson, you can offer students one or two pairs of words. This task will take only a few minutes, and the benefits will be huge. Indeed, in addition to the above, this type of activity generates and strengthens interest in the study of the Russian language.

Homonymy and polysemy

Many words have more than one meaning. Coinciding in spelling, they differ lexically. It is necessary to distinguish between homonyms and polysemantic words. Examples of polysemy are also quite common. For example, two words pronounced as "key" can act as homonyms in the following way:

• spring and device for opening.

But in the meanings of “violin”, “wrench”, “from the door lock”, “device for rolling cans”, “key” is one word. This is an amazing linguistic feature, which should already be considered as a phenomenon of polysemy. Indeed, in each of the listed options, the ability of the key to open something appears: a musical string or some object. It is one word with different meanings, not different homonyms.

There are a great many examples of such polysemantic words in Russian speech. Sometimes it is quite difficult to separate them from homonyms.

Polysemy sometimes comes from the transition of the name by external resemblance. This is

• "sleeve" - ​​a separate riverbed and part of the shirt;
• "tape" - a device for a girl's hairstyle and a long road, a moving part of the conveyor.

The ambiguity of these words arose from the outward similarity of some features. For example, a sleeve in clothing is separated from a common large object. And the branching of the channel resembles the same phenomenon. Actually, the word “trouser leg” could have appeared in this version, but for some reason the Russian people chose the “sleeve”.

The tape is a narrow long object. Apparently, the person who invented the conveyor saw the similarity of its moving part with a device for a girl's hairstyle. This is how the name transition, the phenomenon of polysemy, took place.

Etymological homonymy

A group of words refers to homonyms unambiguously, since their very origin is already different. Therefore, in the task “Give examples of homonyms that differ etymologically”, you need to pick up such words that came into Russian speech from different languages. To do this, look into the etymological dictionary.

These are the word "boron", denoting a chemical element, and its homonym - a pine forest. The first noun came into Russian speech from the Persian language, where it sounded like "borax", that is, a compound of boron. The name of the pine forest is of Slavic origin.

Some linguists believe that the existence of the phenomenon of homonymy should be recognized only where the very etymology of words differs.

The same linguists do not see homonymy in the noun "ether" as an organic substance and in the meaning of "broadcasting and television". After all, historically both words have a common etymology. They came from the ancient Greek root αἰθήρ, which means "mountain air". And if the task says: “Give examples of homonyms,” and the respondent uses the word “ether” in two meanings, then these scientists will consider the answer incorrect.

Disputes of linguists about polysemy and homonymy

However, not everyone can offhand determine the historical origin of words. Often this requires special dictionaries. Therefore, most people see that the meanings of the word "ether" are completely different and classify them as homonyms. Therefore, some linguists also do not see ambiguity here. The explanatory dictionary also refers them to different words with different meanings.

Examples of homonyms that cause controversy among linguists are as follows:

• “braid” in the meaning of a hairstyle and a mowing tool, since some argue that there is a transition of the name here according to external similarity (thin and long);
• "pen" as a tool for writing, a device for opening, turning on, since some people determine polysemy by the fact that they have something in common in the mode of action (they write and open with their hands);
• "feather" in the sense of "pen" and as a skin horn formation of birds and some dinosaurs, considering that the first meaning came to the word from the historical way of writing with bird feathers.

Some linguists refer to homonymy all words in which polysemy can be traced. They consider polysemy only a special case.

Full homonyms

Linguists divide words that have the same pronunciation and spelling and have different meanings into two groups. Full lexical homonyms belonging to the same grammatical category are allocated to one category. Examples of these: "scythe", "tongue", "escape", "key" and others. In all their forms, these words coincide both in spelling and in pronunciation.

Incomplete or partial homonyms

There are also words that coincide only in some forms. These are grammatical homonyms. Examples of this phenomenon often refer to different parts of speech:

• “three” is a verb of the 2nd person singular imperative with the initial form “rub” and “three” is a cardinal number;
• “oven” is a verb in an indefinite form and “oven” is a feminine singular noun;
• "saw" is a feminine singular past tense verb and "saw" is a feminine singular noun.

Grammatical homonymy is also observed in words belonging to the same part of speech. For example, the verbs of the 1st person singular of the present tense "fly". The first word is defined as an action related to medicine. Already the infinitive will sound like "treat". And the second verb has the initial form "to fly" and denotes the action of making a flight.

Partial homonymy is observed in words of the same grammatical category. This happens when words differ in only one form. For example, two nouns "weasel" - an animal and a manifestation of tenderness - do not coincide only in the genitive plural. These homonyms will look like “weasels” and “weasels” in this form.

Homonyms and homophones

Some confuse the phenomenon of homonymy with others. For example, homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings but are spelled differently. These are not homonyms! Examples of words that are homophones show this feature.

• “Cat” is a pet, and “code” is most often a certain set of characters or sounds.

Everyone will notice that these words should be written in different ways. But by ear to catch the difference is almost impossible. The word "code" must be pronounced with a stunning final consonant. This is where the sound similarity comes from.

Homonymy and homography

There are other linguistic phenomena similar to the one we are considering. For example, homographs are interesting because they are the same in spelling, but are pronounced differently, most often due to stress. They are also not homonyms. Examples of homograph words are as follows:

• gate - gate;
• castle - castle;
• smell - smell.

Homographs are also interesting for composing tasks for contests and games. With the help of picture riddles in which homographs are encrypted, linguistic activities can be diversified.