Day of formation of the Dag ASSR 1921. Formation of the Dagestan ASSR

Dagestan - part of the RSFSR. Located in east. parts of Sev. Caucasus, in the East it is washed by the Caspian Sea. Formed on January 20. 1921. Square. 50.3 thousand km 2. Us. - 1,062,472 hours (1959); as of 1 Jan. 1963 - 1222 thousand people (Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Laks, Kumyks, Tabasarans, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs, Mountain Jews, etc.); mountains us. - 314,968 hours, rural - 747,504 hours (1959). In D. - 8 cities, 25 villages. districts, 7 settlements of mountains. type. The capital is Makhachkala.

The primitive communal system on the territory of D. Terr. D. was mastered by man in the Paleolithic era. Stone monuments were found in D. centuries (Chumis-Inits, Usisha, Chokh, Rugudzha), the oldest of which belonged to the Acheulian era. Neolithic materials. eras (Tarnair, Buynaksk, Akusha) show the transition of the D. tribes to hoe agriculture and cattle breeding. Subsequent, Eneolithic. an era covering the 3rd millennium BC. e., characterized by the further development of agricultural and cattle breeding. x-va and a peculiar culture characteristic of the entire Caucasus. The most important achievement of this era is the development of copper and its alloys. In the Eneolithic era, the maternal system of kinship was replaced by the paternal one. Monuments of the Bronze Age (in the districts of Derbent, Manas, Karabudakhkent, Makhachkala, B. Chiryurt, Irganai, Chokha, Kuli) show continuity in the development of local culture. In the Bronze Age, the first major division of labor took place. Plowed agriculture and cattle breeding are developing, which is predominant. settled character. Inter-tribal exchange is intensifying. Relig. beliefs: animism, magic, cult of fire; began to take shape cosmogonic. representation. Within the framework of a single culture, the North-East. Caucasus, its local variants arise. This reflected the process of ethnic. differentiation within the dag. kinship groups. tribes, ending with the formation of smaller cultural groups - the distant ancestors of modern. ethnic D. The process of decomposition of the tribal system, which began in the Late Bronze Age, intensified in the 1st millennium BC. e., in the era of development and widespread introduction of iron. The D. tribes (legs, gels, ducks, etc.) embark on the path of forming tribal unions, which ended with the entry at the end of the 1st millennium BC. e. in a large state association on the territory Azerbaijan - Caucasian Albania. During the existence of Albania on the territory. South D. cities arose: Choga, Toprakh-Kala, Urtseki, etc. In the 3rd century. n. e. South D. up to Derbent was occupied by the Sassanids, and the coastal strip to the north from Derbent in the 4th century. captured by the Huns. The population of D. was engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding; handicraft and trade developed, mainly on the coast of the Caspian Sea. Significant centers of craft and trade were the years. Derbent, Semender, Zerekhgeran (Kubachi). Linens, metal products, madder, and saffron were exported from Dagestan. In the 5th c. in D. the Albanian alphabet became widespread. Monuments with Albanian inscriptions were found in Derbent, Belidzhi, Kumukh and Oroda.

The origin and development of feudal relations in Dagestan (6th-19th centuries). In the 6th-10th centuries. there was a decomposition of the primitive communal system and the emergence of feuds. relations. The process of feudalization took place more intensively in the flat part of the Dagestan. the flat part of Dagestan became part of the Khazar Khaganate with its center in Semender. In the rest of the D. there were political. early feudal education. such as Sarir, Lakz, Gumik, Dzhidan, Kaitag, Zerekhgeran, Tabasaran, and others. The borders of these associations basically corresponded to the borders of the settlement of the Dagestan peoples - Avars, Dargins, Laks, and Lezgins. The development of the feud. relations in D. contributed to the Arab. colonization. Since 664 D. was subjected to incessant invasions of the Arabs, who finally subjugated the entire D. to their power in the 1st half. 8th c. They imposed heavy taxes on the subjugated population—kharaj (land tax) and jizya (head tax on non-Muslims)—and vigorously planted Islam in D.. The peoples of Dagestan offered stubborn resistance to the Arabs. In the beginning. 9th c. in connection with the cross. In the uprising of Babek, anti-Arabs intensified in Transcaucasia and Dagestan. speeches. In 851 the highlanders of Dagestan supported an uprising against the rule of the Arabs in Georgia. In 905 and 913-914 the united forces of the highlanders of D. defeated the protege of the Arabs, the ruler of Shirvan and Derbent. Since that time, D.'s connections with Russia have been established.

In the 10-11 centuries. further development was received by agriculture and cattle breeding, blacksmithing, foundry, jewelry, and ceramics developed. production. The craft centers were Kumukh, Shinaz, Bezhta, Gotsatl, and others. Kubachi weapons, Lezgin and Tabasaran carpets and rugs were exported through Derbent to the east and north (Rus). Prominent place in ext. trade was occupied by the merchants of Derbent. Successes in the development of the economy were accompanied by the development of Dagestan culture. Construction has reached a high level. technique, applied art; Arab spread. writing. Historians appear. chronicles. In 1106 the "History of Dagestan, Shirvan and Arran" was compiled. Christianity penetrated into Dagestan through Georgia (temples in Antsukh, Tsakhur, and Genukh, a chapel near Datong, and Christian cemeteries in Khunzakh and Urada). Means. number of stones crosses with cargo. and Georgian-Avar inscriptions testify to the fairly widespread distribution of Christianity in D. and to attempts to create a written language in the Avar language. based on freight. charts. However, in a number of places pagan ideas were still strong.

All R. 11th c. the Seljuks captured Azerbaijan and b. h. D. At the end of the 11th century. Derbent emerged as an independent principality. Around the end of the 12th century in D. formed large state. formations: Avar Khanate, Kazikumukh Shamkhalate, Kaitag Utsmiystvo, Maysumstvo Tabasaranskoe and a number of minor political. associations. The Shamkhals and khans repeatedly tried to unite the entire Dagestan under their rule, but the lack of an economic and political prerequisites (underdevelopment of feudal relations, ethnic diversity, civil strife) prevented the creation of a single state-va. D. at Wed. century remained fragmented into small political. units, each of which had an internal. order and armament. strength.

In the 20s. 13th c. D. was devastated. the invasion of the Mongols. In the 14th century troops of Uzbek, Tokhtamysh, and Timur invaded D. They destroyed cities and many villages (Kadar, Kaitag, Tarki, Batlukh, Kuli, Tanus, Khunzakh, etc.) and contributed to the planting of Islam in Dagestan. With the death of Timur (1405), the desire to liberate D. from the foreign yoke intensified. Great influence on will free. struggle in D. was rendered by Russia. With the education and strengthening of Rus. centralizations. state-va, especially after the accession of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates, strong ties were established between D. and Russia. All in. D. originated in Russian. Terki, developed economic. D.'s connections with Transcaucasia and North. Caucasus. This contributed to the development of x-va, trade, restoration of crafts. centers. In the 15-16 centuries. Muslims were discovered in Derbent, Tsakhur, Kara-Kureish, Kubachi, Kumukh, Khunzakh and others. schools (madrasas), in which, along with the study of the Koran, young people studied Arab. languages, mathematics, philosophy, etc. In the 15th century. attempts were made to develop on the basis of the Arab. alphabet writing for the Avar and Lak languages, and in the 16th century. - for the Dargin language. Scientists D. created a number of original works, the most valuable of which is the history of the Middle Ages. D. - "Tarihi Dagestan" by Muhammad Raffi.

In the 14th-17th centuries. feudal development continued. relations in D. But at the same time, in a number of districts of the country, patriarchal-clan relations still existed. In the 16-17 centuries. in the Kaitag Utsmiystvo and the Avar Khanate, feuds were drawn up. codes that strengthened the rights of feudal lords over the dependent population. Customary law played an important role in Dagestan, and blood feuds existed. In x-ve feudal lords used slaves. Feud. fragmentation, frequent feuds. feuds and constant invasions tour. and iran. troops led to the fact that D. lasts. time remained patriarchal-feudal. relationship, slowly developed produces. strength.

From the beginning 16th century up to the 1st floor. 17th century Dagestan was subjected to the incessant aggression of Iran and Turkey, which fought among themselves for the mastery of the Caucasus. In the conditions of constant struggle with external. an economically and politically fragmented, torn feud by the enemy. strife, the multilingual D. was forced to seek the patronage of Russia, in which the highlanders saw a counterbalance to the Iranian tour. aggression. In the 1st floor. 17th century Tarkov shamkhalate, Kaitag utsmiystvo, Avar and Kazikumukh khanates, etc. passed into Russian citizenship. complications and internal difficulties under the Ganja Treaty of 1735, Russia ceded them to Iran. But the peoples of D. continued to liberate. anti-Iran. fight. In 1742, Nadir Shah, at the head of a huge army, invaded Dagestan, but was defeated. Economical the development of the coastal districts outstripped the upland D., where the main. industry with farming was transhumance, household crafts were developed (clothes, simple agricultural equipment), which satisfied their own needs. x-in. Int. trade was mainly barter, its centers were Derbent, Tarki, Enderey, Khunzakh, Kumukh, Akhty. Livestock products and handicrafts were exported to Azerbaijan, Georgia, to the North. Caucasus. Trade intensified. D.'s connections with Russia. In the 18th century there were changes in the social-economic. order. Feuds continued to develop in the flat and partly upland Dagestan. relations. In high-mountain D. early feud. relations were still combined with obsolete primitive communal relations. The strongest possessions were the Avar, Kazikumukh khanates and Tarkov shamkhalate.

Despite the political and economic fragmentation and constant invasions of foreign invaders, in the 17-18 centuries. the culture of the peoples of D. developed. The most striking of the products that have come down to us. folklore, telling about the heroic. D.'s fight against Iran. dominion, was epic. song in Avar, Lak and Lezgi. about Nadir Shah; heroics spread. songs reflecting the ist. ties with Georgia, Azerbaijan and the peoples of the North. Caucasus, class. wrestling (for example, the Avar. "Song of Khochbar", which has become common in Dagestan). The most prominent poet was Said Kochkhursky (1767-1812). In the 18th century was finally developed for the Avar, Lak, Dargin, Kumyk, and other languages, the Adjam writing system, based on. into Arabic. alphabet. Scientists D. - Magomed from Kudutl (1635-1708), Damadan from Megeb (d. 1718), Taishi from Kharakhi (1653-63), Dibir-Kadi from Khunzakh (1742-1817) - with their works on philology, jurisprudence, philosophy , mathematics, astronomy, and other sciences became famous outside of D. op. "Chronicle of the Wars of Jar", etc.

Joining D. to Russia. Penetration and development of capitalist relations. All R. 18th century over D. the threat of tour loomed. conquests, but the victory of Russia in Russian-tour. the wars of 1768-74 and 1787-91 eliminated this threat. In 1796, in connection with the invasion of the hordes of Agha Mohammed Khan, Rus. command squad. V. Zubova annexed the coastal territory to Russia. D. In 1797, Paul I returned the Russian. troops from the Caucasus. D. remained fragmented into 10 khanates, shamkhalism, utsmiystvo and more than 60 "free" societies. societies at different levels. development. In the domains where the feud. relations were more developed, the exploited population consisted of peasants who were in varying degrees of dependence on shamkhals, khans, utsmi, beks. In the "free" societies of Dagestan, where cattle breeding was the leading branch of the economy, the feudalizing nobility concentrated mountain pastures and cattle in their hands. Operation directly. the producer was covered with remnants of patriarchal-tribal relations, idyllic. customs and pseudo-kinship ties.

The Gulistan Peace Treaty of 1813 legally formalized the accession of Dagestan to Russia, which firmly protected the peoples of Dagestan from foreign invasions and created conditions for the liquidation of political power. fragmentation, contributed to the introduction of the highlanders to the economy and culture of the Russian. people. However, the colonial policy of tsarism caused spontaneous uprisings of the highlanders. Muslim. the clergy, pro-Turkish feudal lords, striving for selfish purposes to use the actions of the highlanders, led the anti-Russian. propaganda. In these difficult conditions at the turn of the 30s. 19th century under the banner of Muridism, an anti-colonial liberation arose. movement of mountaineers lod hands. Gazi-Magomed (in 1828-32), Gamzat-bek (in 1832-34) and Shamil (in 1824-59) proclaimed Imams of D. and Chechnya. In the beginning. 40s military-theocratic state-in - imamat, included means. part of D. and Chechnya. But for external the successes of the imamate increased the latent classes. contradictions, to-rye in the 50s. led to a departure from the bunk movement. wt. Tsarism strengthened the military. onslaught. Shamil was forced to capitulate in 1859. In 1860, the Dagestan region was organized, military people were introduced. management is bureaucratic. apparatus adapted to colonial conditions. In 1865-68 the slaves and part of the feudally dependent peasants were emancipated. But even this stubby cross. reform created the prerequisites for the penetration and development of capitalist. relations.

In 1877, with the beginning of the Russian tour. war, in D. after Chechnya, an uprising broke out against the colonial regime. Various segments of the population took part in it. While the working people of Dagestan fought for their emancipation, the feudal-clerical leaders, who seized the leadership of the uprising, sought to take advantage of the favorable situation and wrest D. from Russia. The uprising was put down.

All R. 19th century and especially after the construction in the 90s. and. D. D. joined the mainstream of the capitalist. development. Cooperage, oil refineries, nail, canning, and alcohol-and-vodka factories, tobacco, rope, and paper-spinning factories, a refrigerator, a mill, a printing house, and other enterprises are being built in Dagestan. A working class is being formed, the population of Petrovsk-Port (now Makhachkala), Derbent, Temir-Khan-Shura (now Buynaksk), Kizlyar, Khasavyurt is growing. Means. changes are taking place in x-ve. In the plains and foothill districts, large capitalist cities arose. farms of Vorontsov-Dashkov, Argutinsky-Dolgoruky, Lazarev, Konovalov and others. Rus. the peasants who moved to D. brought with them a higher level of agriculture. culture, and also unknown in D. page - x. crops: potatoes, tomatoes, beets, etc. In the 90s. an iron plow, harrows, mowers, and other agricultural products are being introduced. implements, a transition to a three-field crop rotation is made. In 1884-1913, the area under crops increased by 70%, the yield increased by 1.5 times, and the number of livestock increased by 40%. Home industry and handicrafts began to develop into small-scale production and scattered manufactory. However, the developing capitalist relations in D. did not become dominant. Prerevolutionary D. remained one of the backward outskirts of Russia. Secular schools opened by tsarism in the interests of colonial administration, honey. and veterinary stations, postal and telegraph institutions objectively contributed to the development of the culture of the peoples of D. N. Anuchin, V. V. Dokuchaev, M. M. Kovalevsky, and others. They studied the nature, history, ethnography, and languages ​​of Dagestan and contributed to the development of friendship between the highlanders and Russians. In the 19th century in D. appeared nat. historians, ethnographers and folklorists: M. Khandiev, D. M. Shikhaliev, A. Cherkeevsky, A. Omarov, M.-E. Osmanov, S. Gabiev, B. Dolgat and others.

The alliance of working mountaineers with the Russians was strengthened. proletariat, under the influence of which developed nat. and social self-awareness of the highlanders. Dec. In 1904, the first RSDLP organization in D. was created in Petrovsk-Port, the Derbent group of the RSDLP soon arose, and at the beginning. 1905 Temir-Khan-Shurinskaya. Leadership of the Social-Democrats D. org-tions were carried out by the Caucasian Union, Baku and Terek-Dagestan committees of the RSDLP. During the revolution of 1905-07 in February, May, October. 1905 workers went on strike. etc., ports, textile workers, employees of postal and telegraph institutions, students. In July 1906, one of the major revolutions broke out in Deshlager (now Sergokala). performances of military units in the tsarist army in the Caucasus - the uprising of the Samur infantry. shelf. In 1913, the tsarist government issued a law emancipating the dependent peasants of Dagestan from feuds. duties. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in March in Temir-Khan-Shura was organized by the Time. region perform. set, and 6 April. created local government Provisional. pr-va - Special Commissariat, subordinate to the Special Transcaucasian Committee. Burzh. nationalists and Muslims. The clergy sought the separation of D. from Russia and the formation of independent. state-va. To this end, on Apr. In 1917 they created the Jamiat ul-Islamiye society, and in Sept. - Dagestan milli-committee.

D. in the period of socialist construction. After the victory of Oct. revolutions in Russia, 7(20) Nov. 1917 at a meeting of the Petrovsky Council of Workers and Military. deputies on the report of the delegate of the 2nd All-Russian. Congress of Soviets N. Anisimov adopted a resolution recognizing the Sov. authorities. At the end of Nov. 1917 Voen.-revolutionary was created in Petrovsk-Port. committee (VRK) headed by U. Buynaksky. Dec 1 at a rally in Petrovsk-Port, Buynaksky, on behalf of the Military Revolutionary Committee, announced the establishment of the Sov. authorities. March 25, 1918 counter-revolutionary. forces organized armament. attack on Petrovsk-Port. The detachment of the Red Guard of Petrovsk-Port was forced to retreat to Astrakhan and partly to Baku. After the replenishment of the Red Guard. detachments returned to D., where they restored the Sov. power: 20 Apr. in Petrovsk-Port, May 2 in Temir-Khan-Shura and April 25. in Derbent. In Temir-Khan-Shura, the region was organized. VRK (U. Buynaksky, M. Dakhadaev, D. Korkmasov, A. Ismailov, S. Gabiev, E. Gogolev and others). In the fight for the Soviet In power, the working people of D. received great assistance from the Baku Council of People's Commissars, whose activities extended to D. On May 16, 1918, he appointed V. I. Naneishvili Extraordinary Commissar of the Dagestan Region. with the authority to organize there Sov. power, and before its formation to manage the region. By July 1918 Sov. power was established in Temir-Khan-Shurinsky, Kaitago-Tabasaransky, Kazikumukhsky, Darginsky and partially Gunibsky and Kyurinsky districts. In July 1918, a congress of Soviets of cities and liberated districts was held in Temir-Khan-Shura. The congress adopted laws on the nationalization of land, fisheries, and large industrial enterprises. enterprises, Doug chose. regional executive committee. With the invasion of the Caucasus, the German-tur., and then the English. interventions of the Soviets. power in D. temporarily fell. In the summer of 1918 the counter-revolutionary detachments of L. Bicherakhov (see Bicherakhovs) captured Derbent, Petrovsk-Port and Temir-Khan-Shura. At the head of the counter-revolution. pr-va became Prince. Tarkovsky. The Bolsheviks: M. Dakhadaev, N. Ermoshkin, I. Kotrov, G. Kandelaki, G. Tagizade were captured and brutally killed. All R. Feb. in the village of Kumtorkala, the 1st party was convened underground. conference, at which the underground Dagestan regional committee of the RCP (b) was elected, headed by Buynaksky, the Military was created. council (Buinaksky, O. Leshchinsky, S. Abdulkhalimov and others). In the cities and villages of D., partisans unfolded. traffic. Detachments of the Red Army were created (about 8 tons). In May 1919 the counter-revolutionary The pr-in arrested almost the entire staff of the Dagestan Regional Committee of the RCP (b). Buynaksky, Leshchinsky, Ismailov and others were shot. In July, Denikin's troops entered Dagestan. However, the revolutionary the movement grew, and by the end of 1919 the whole of Dagestan was engulfed in an uprising, which was led by the newly created underground Dag. the regional committee and the Caucasian Regional Committee of the RCP (b) headed by A. I. Mikoyan. In March, the 11th Red Army approached D. Rebel detachments that went on the offensive liberated Derbent and Temir-Khan-Shura. On March 30, units of the 11th Red Army under the leadership of G.K. Ordzhonikidze and S.M. Kirov, together with the partisans, captured Petrovsk-Port. Owls. power was restored throughout Dagestan. In the spring of 1921, anti-Sovs were suppressed in Dagestan. the rebellion of N. Gotsinsky.

Nov 13 1920 at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of D., a decision was made to create owls. autonomy D. 20 Jan. 1921 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree establishing the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR. Dec. 1921 1st Const. The Dag congress adopted the Dag constitution. ASSR, elected the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the republic. Ownership began. the revival of D. By 1926, the gross output of the industry of D. exceeded the gross output of 1913 by 21.5 percent. During the years of the socialist construction, the economy of Dagestan was completely transformed. Dozens of large and medium-sized enterprises were built; oil fields and coal mines arose. By 1939, 120 power stations had been built with a total capacity of 30,500 kilowatt-hours. Gross output of large-scale industry by 1940 had increased by 13 times compared to 1913. On the socialist In the beginning, the handicraft industry was rebuilt. The national frames. The working class of Dagestan, in comparison with 1920, increased fivefold in number. To the beginning 1940 was collectivized 98.5% cross. x-in. The sown areas of the republic amounted to 347.4 tons ha, exceeding the level of 1913 by 66%. Irrigate length. network has increased in comparison with 1921 by 5.5 times. Eliminating the age-old economic and cultural backwardness, the peoples of D. created the socialist. economy and culture. During the Fatherland period. war 1941-45 St. 40 Dagestanis were awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union, more than 10 thousand soldiers were awarded military orders and medals. In the postwar years, the peoples of D. achieved new successes in the socialist. construction. More than 40 large industrial projects have been put into operation. enterprises: z-dy elektrotermich. equipment, "DagZETO", Dagelektroapparat, separator, grinding machines, Dagelektroavtomat, mechanical repair. etc., completed the construction of the largest in the North. Caucasus, the Chiryurtovskaya HPP, the development of new oil fields in the Karanogay, Tarumovsky, Krainovsky and Kizlyar regions has begun. The chemical, glass, textile, and food industries are developing rapidly. prom-st, especially canning and wine-making. By 1961 prom. In comparison with 1913, Dagestan's output increased by more than 50 times, electricity generation by more than 70 times, and oil production by hundreds of times. After the September plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1953), the p. D. In 1953-62, the number of cattle increased by 166,000 heads, and that of sheep, by 1,118,500 heads. The average grain yield increased from 4.3 to 12.7 centners per 1 ha. In the coastal and foothill zones of Dagestan, plowing is completely mechanized, sowing by 93%, and harvesting by 95%. The working people of Dagestan are successfully fighting for the implementation of the program for building communism adopted by the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). By perspective plan people's development In 1961-80, oil production, machine building, and the metal-working industry will develop at a particularly accelerated pace in Dagestan, and the output of the canning and wine-making industries will increase several times over. By 1980, the area of ​​irrigated land will increase significantly in the republic. Until Oct. revolution, almost the entire population of D. was illiterate, there were no universities, theater, cinema, etc. During the years of Sov. authorities in D. carried out a cultural revolution, liquidated illiteracy, which means. part of the population got rid of religions. vestiges. A written language was created for the seven peoples of Dagestan. The works of S. Stalsky, G. Tsadasa, T. Khuryugsky, R. Gamzatov, and other prominent representatives of the multilingual owls are widely popular. doug. liters. In 1962 there were 1,586 schools in Dagestan, and 27 specialized secondary schools. and 4 higher uch. institutions, 1203 libraries, 951 clubs, 7 theaters, 570 film installations, a television center. In 1950, a branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established. In 1962, 49 newspapers and 10 magazines were published in Dagestan. Journals: "Friendship" (in 5 languages), "Goryanka" (in 5 languages), "Dagestan" (in Russian), "Proceedings of the Dag. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR", "Uch. history, language and literature", "Uch. zap. Dag. state. un-ta" (in Russian). Newspapers: "Dagestanskaya Pravda" (in Russian), "Bagarab Bayrakh" ("Red Banner", in Avar.), "Lenin Bayrakh" ("Lenin's Banner", in Dar-Gin.), "Communist" (in Lezg.), "Lenin Elu" ("Lenin's Way", in Kumyk), "Komsomolets of Dagestan" (in Russian), 29 region. and regional newspapers.

Historical institutions: Institute of History, Language and Literature Dag. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (established in 1925), East.-philological. f-t Doug. state un-ta im. V. I. Lenin (1931), Central State Archive (1929), Party Archive Dag. Regional Committee of the CPSU (1921), 4 local historian. museum, 1 historical and revolutionary. museum.

Source: Materials on the archeology of Dagestan, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1959; Berzhe A., Materials for the description of mountainous Dagestan, Tiflis, 1859; his own, Caspian region, Tiflis, 1856; History, geography and ethnography of Dagestan XVIII-XIX centuries. (archival materials), M., 1958; Butkov P., Materials for new history Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803, parts 1-3, St. Petersburg, 1869; Bronevsky S., The latest geographical (statistical, ethnographic) and historical. news about the Caucasus, vol. 1-2, M., 1823; Sat. information about the Caucasian highlanders, c. 1-10, Tiflis, 1868-1881; AKAK, vol. 1-12, Tiflis, 1866-1904; Belokurov S. A., Relations between Russia and the Caucasus, M., 1889; Khashaev Kh. M., Code of Laws of Ummu Khan of Avar, M., 1948; Alkadari G.-E., Asari - Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1929; Gidatlin adats, in Russian. and Arab. lang., Makhachkala, 1957; Adats of the Dagestan region and the Zagatal district, Tiflis, 1899; The movement of the highlanders of the North-Eastern Caucasus in the 20-50s. 19th century Sat. dok-tov, Makhachkala, 1959; The revolutionary movement in Dagestan in 1905-1907 (Sb. dok-tov and mat-lov), Makhachkala, 1956; Struggle to establish and consolidate Soviet power in Dagestan in 1917-1921. (Sb. dok-tov and mat-lov), M., 1958; The revolutionary committees of Dagestan and their activities to strengthen Soviet power and organize socialist construction (March 1920 - December 1921), (sat. Documents and materials), Makhachkala, 1960.

Lit .: Lenin V. I., The development of capitalism in Russia, Soch., 4th ed., Vol. 3; his own, Comrade-Communists of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Dagestan, Mountain Republic, ibid., vol. 32; Ordzhonikidze G.K., Izbr. Art. and speech. 1911-1937, M., 1939; Kirov S. M., Articles, speeches, documents, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 3, L., 1936; Essays on the history of Dagestan, vol. 1-2, Makhachkala, 1957; Magomedov R.M., History of Dagestan. From ancient times to the beginning XIX century, Makhachkala, 1961; Peoples of Dagestan. Sat. Art., M., 1955; Gadzhieva S. Sh., Kumyks. Historical and ethnographic research, M., 1961; Kotovich V. G., Sheikhov N. B., Archaeological. study of Dagestan for 40 years (results and problems), Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 8, Makhachkala, 1960; Bartold VV, The place of the Caspian regions in the history of the Muslim world, Baku, 1925; Kovalevsky M. M., Law and custom in the Caucasus, vol. 2, M., 1890; Neverovsky A. A., A brief look at the northern and middle Dagestan in the topographic. and statistic. relations, St. Petersburg, 1847; Yushkov S.V., On the question of the features of feudalism in Dagestan (before the Russian conquest), Uch. app. Sverdlovsk ped. in-ta, in. 1, 1938; Kusheva E., North Caucasus and international relationships XVI-XVII centuries, "IZH", 1943, No 1; Smirnov N. A., Characteristic features of the ideology of Muridism, M., 1956; his, Russian Policy in the Caucasus in the 16th-19th centuries, M., 1958; his, Muridism in the Caucasus, M., 1963; On the movement of mountaineers under the leadership of Shamil (session materials), Makhachkala, 1957; Fadeev A. V., Essays economic development steppe Ciscaucasia in the pre-reform period, M., 1957; his own, Russia and the Eastern Crisis of the 20s of the XIX century, M., 1958; his, Russia and the Caucasus in the first third of the 19th century, M., 1960; Khashaev Kh., The social system of Dagestan in the 19th century, M., 1961; Magomedov R. M., Socio-economic and political system of Dagestan in the 18th - early 19th centuries, Makhachkala, 1957; Gadzhiev VG, Accession of Dagestan to Russia. Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; Nishunov I.R., Economic consequences of the accession of Dagestan to Russia (pre-October period), Makhachkala, 1956; Kaimarazov G. Sh., Russia's progressive influence on the development of education and culture in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1954; Daniilov G.D., Dagestan during the Revolution of 1905-1907, Uch. app. Institute of History, Language and Literature, vol. 1, Makhachkala, 1956; his, Socialist. transformations in Dagestan (1920-1941), Makhachkala, 1960; Daniyalov A. D., Soviet Dagestan, M., 1960; Kazanbiev M., National-state construction in Dag. ASSR (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Abilov A. A., Essays on the Soviet culture of the peoples of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959; Struggle for victory and consolidation of Soviet power in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1960; Alikberov G., Revolution and civil war in Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1962; Efendiev A.-K. I., Formation of owls. intelligentsia in Dagestan (1920-1940), Makhachkala, 1960; Osmanov G., Collectivization p. x-va and DASSR, Makhachkala, 1961; Magomedov R. M., Chronology of the history of Dagestan, Makhachkala, 1959.

V. G. Gadzhiev. Makhachkala.

Dagestan ASSR

Today, January 20, Dagestan celebrates the 96th anniversary of the founding of the republic. The adoption on this day in 1921 by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Decree on the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was the starting point for a new stage in the history of our peoples. The decree legislated the will of the Dagestanis expressed by the Extraordinary Congress and laid the legal foundations for the all-Dagestan autonomous national statehood.

Autonomy of Dagestan - a new stage in the history of the region

The decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee determined the foundations of the state structure of the Dagestan ASSR, becoming, in fact, the temporary Constitution of the republic. The system of governing bodies, the rights of local authorities, the procedure for the relationship between federal and local authorities were determined. Then the DASSR included 10 districts and territories of the Caspian coast of Dagestan. To strengthen Soviet power in the republic great importance had the creation of national statehood, granting the peoples of Dagestan the right to resolve issues of their internal structure. Since May 1921, the city of Makhachkala (formerly Petrovsk), named after the revolutionary Makhach Dakhadaev, has become the capital of the DASSR. In December of the same year, the All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets took place, which approved the activities of the Dagestan Revolutionary Committee and adopted the first Constitution of the DASSR, which established a harmonious system of state authorities and administration of the republic. In addition, the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Dagestan was elected at the congress.

According to the chairman of the Coordinating Council of Non-Commercial Organizations of the Republic of Dagestan Zikruly Ilyasov, the peoples of Dagestan during this period for the first time in their centuries-old history united into a single state entity.

“The Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic received broad rights in political, economic and cultural life, which allowed state authorities and administration to independently resolve numerous issues of economic construction, administrative structure, distribution of budgetary funds, tax policy, organization of health care, education. Autonomy made it possible to create new type state relations in Dagestan, which led to the revival of the culture of the peoples, which radically changed the spiritual image of the highlander,” he said.

Another important point, according to Ilyasov, is that for 96 years the Dagestanis have been subjected to various trials that could break national unity.

"Tragic days and heroic periods Patriotic War 1812, the revolution and the formation of Soviet power, the brutal civil war and repression, the Great Patriotic War and the construction of socialism, natural disasters and the collapse of the USSR, perestroika and the creation New Russia, the fight against terrorism and the revival of Dagestan - all these grandiose events touched every Dagestan family, just as they touched the Russians of all regions of the great Motherland.

Today we undeservedly forget that the Dagestan ASSR was awarded four orders for labor and military feats. Let me remind you that in 1923 the republic received the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR for the majestic energy and solid work to dig an irrigation canal about 50 miles long by the local population in the order of crowded subbotniks. In 1965 - the Order of Lenin for achievements in development National economy. In 1971 - the Order of the October Revolution for the successes achieved in communist construction and in connection with the 50th anniversary of the formation of the DASSR. But the most important for us today is the Order of Friendship of Peoples, received in 1972 for the merits of the working people of the republic in strengthening fraternal friendship and cooperation of the Soviet peoples, success in cultural construction, ”he says.

According to Ilyasov, for a long time the fate of the Dagestanis was historically intertwined with the fate of millions of Russians.

“Reviewing the entire history of our republic, we can recognize relations with the Russian people as especially valuable. Dagestanis do not forget the names of the glorious sons of the Russian people who fought for the republic in the first years of its formation. We must not forget that the first dictionaries of the Dagestan languages ​​were created precisely by representatives of the Russian intelligentsia.

Today, many of our enemies are making great efforts to falsify our history, to “emasculate” the historical memory of the great achievements of their ancestors from the worldview and intellectual potential of young people. Therefore, the reproduction in the memory of the people of the good deeds of our fathers and grandfathers and the now living sons and daughters of Dagestan, who spared no knowledge, strength and energy in labor for the benefit of the Fatherland - Russia, is a good example in the patriotic and labor education of our youth," Zikrula stressed. Ilyasov.

Socio-economic significance of the creation of the DASSR

According to the deputy chairman of the People's Assembly of the Republic of Dagestan, the chairman of the regional Communist Party Makhmud Makhmudov, since the proclamation of autonomy and the formation of the republic, there has been a qualitative and quantitative renewal of Dagestan as a subject Russian Federation.

“First of all, changes have taken place in the organizational structure of the republic's authorities themselves, from which issues of planning and regulation of industrial potential, development of agriculture, culture and education come.

It was beneficial for the country to have a civilized, developed outskirts in every sense. In total, more than 30 new industries were created in the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: chemical, radio engineering, energy and construction industries. In addition, during the Soviet period, a revival of agriculture began in the republic. Thanks to good climatic conditions, the region was engaged in the supply of large quantities of fruits and grapes. In the mid-80s alone, more than 460 thousand tons of grapes were harvested in Dagestan, while at present we have only about 140 thousand tons.

In addition, a detachment of specialist engineers was sent to the republic from central Russia to build and develop industrial potential. Thanks to this, we were able to pass the difficult path to industrialization and collectivization in a short time. It was a period of economic upsurge, labor accomplishments of a multinational people. New plants and factories were built, reconstructed and equipped modern equipment old enterprises and technical lines, as well as large-scale transformations in the countryside,” the parliamentarian said.

He also noted that after the adoption of autonomy, education and science, culture and art were developed. “A lot of work was carried out in the republic to eliminate illiteracy. It is impossible to forget the contribution of the Russian teachers who were sent to us to teach the youth. As a result of Dagestan's familiarization with Russian, and through it, with world culture, a modern national intelligentsia was also actively formed. It was under the influence of Russian culture that Dagestan developed towards civilization,” Makhmudov emphasized.

According to him, despite some losses in the field of ethno-cultural customs and traditions of peoples, the socio-economic development of the republic was accompanied by intensive processes of consolidation of peoples. By the beginning of market reforms, the liquidation of the Soviet system of government, such indicators of the socio-economic development of the peoples of Dagestan as the ratio of urban and rural population, its distribution by sectors and sectors of the economy and the educational structure were quite close to each other and basically corresponded to the average indicators for the Russian Federation. Federation.

Change of status: from autonomy to a sovereign republic

The Dagestan ASSR on May 24, 1991 was transformed into the Dagestan SSR as part of the RSFSR, and already on December 25, 1993 - after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - into the Republic of Dagestan.

As Olga Kazakbiyeva, senior lecturer in the Department of the History of the Fatherland at the DSTU, noted, a special stage in the life of the Dagestanis is the era of the 90s of the last century, when Dagestan was subjected to various trials during the collapse of the Soviet Union.

“At a time when the republics of the former Soviet Union were adopting laws on their sovereignty, the Dagestan people showed consciousness and wisdom. Having renounced sovereignty, we were able to remain faithful to our historical choice - to live and develop in the fraternal family of the peoples of our country. This is a choice of development prospects for both the economy as a whole and the entire Dagestan society. The Second Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan, which took place at that time, announced the continuation of the course towards the creation of a democratic, legal and secular state,” she stressed.

Also, according to Kazakbieva, an important stage in the development of the republic was the adoption on July 26, 1994 of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan, which became important step on the way to the formation of democracy and the foundations of law.

“On the eve of the adoption of the Constitution of 1994, there was an economic crisis in Dagestan caused by the difficulties of the transition from the command-administrative system of management to a market economy, as well as the difficult geopolitical situation of the republic.

The most important prerequisites in the process of developing and adopting the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan was the desire to ensure a lasting interethnic and interfaith peace in order to effectively develop the economy and resolve social issues. Also, the Dagestanis were ready to give up individual interests in order to achieve the common good and respectfully treated the historical memory and the use of the positive experience of past generations. At the same time, the new Constitution has become a natural result of the stormy political activity of the population, which is characteristic of the transitional period in the life of the Russian state,” said Kazakbiyeva.

As the Head of the Republic Ramazan Abdulatipov said, only by showing genuine respect for our common history, learning from its glorious and tragic events, we turn to the traditions and experience of our ancestors, who cherished interethnic and confessional peace and harmony as the highest value.

Olga Kazakbieva recalled that over the 96 years of their existence, the Dagestanis have made a qualitative leap in all spheres of life. Past experience reflects the fact that the conditions for the well-being of present and future generations are the preservation and strengthening of the unity and cohesion of the multinational people, friendship and fraternal cooperation with all the peoples of the Russian Federation.

On December 17, the Supreme Council of Dagestan adopted a declaration on the indivisibility and integrity of the republic, in which it is called Republic of Dagestan .

On April 21, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia introduced the double name "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic - Republic of Dagestan" into the Russian constitution; the change went into effect on May 16, 1992. On July 30, 1992, the Supreme Council of Dagestan amended the constitution of the republic, which proclaimed the equivalence of the names "Dagestan Soviet Socialist Republic" and "Republic of Dagestan", while in the preamble and main body of the constitution, preference was given to the second name, and the double designation of the republic was preserved only in the name of the constitution.

On June 25, 1952, in addition to the regional division, 4 districts were formed as part of the Dagestan ASSR: Buynaksky, Derbent, Izberbashsky, Makhachkala.

Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan ASSR included 10 cities of republican subordination:

and 39 districts:

Population

Population dynamics of the republic:

Year Population, people Source
788 098 1926 census
930 416 1939 census
1 062 472 1959 census
1 428 540 1970 census
1 627 884 1979 census
1 802 579 1989 census

National composition

year Russians Avars Dargins Kumyks Laks Lezgins Nogais Azerbaijanis Tabasarans Tats and
Mountain Jews		 Chechens
12,5% 17,7% 13,9% 11,2% 5,1% 11,5% 3,3% 3,0% 4,0% 1,5% 2,8%
14,3% 24,8% 16,2% 10,8% 5,6% 10,4% 0,5% 3,4% 3,6% ? 2,8%
20,1% 22,5% 13,9% 11,4% 5,0% 10,2% 1,4% 3,6% 3,2% 1,6% 1,2%
14,7% 24,4% 14,5% 11,8% 5,0% 11,4% 1,5% 3,8% 3,7% 1,3% 2,8%
9,2% 27,5% 15,6% 12,9% 5,1% 11,3% 1,6% 4,3% 4,3% 0,9% 3,2%

Notes

  1. . .
  4. , Article 22
  5. (unavailable link - story) . .
  8. See: Law of the Russian Federation of April 21, 1992 No. 2708-I // Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. - 1992. - No. 20. - Art. 1084. This law came into force from the moment of its publication in Rossiyskaya Gazeta on May 16, 1992.
  10. . .
  11. . .
  12. . .
  13. . .
  14. . .
  15. . .

Links

  • Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
"Why shouldn't I speak!" I can speak and boldly say that it is a rare wife who, with a husband like you, would not take lovers (des amants), but I did not, she said. Pierre wanted to say something, looked at her with strange eyes, which she did not understand the expression, and lay down again. He suffered physically at that moment: his chest was tight, and he could not breathe. He knew that he needed to do something to end this suffering, but what he wanted to do was too scary.
"We'd better part ways," he said brokenly.
“To part, if you please, only if you give me a fortune,” said Helen ... To part, that’s what scared me!
Pierre jumped up from the sofa and staggered towards her.
- I'll kill you! he shouted, and seizing a marble board from the table, with a force unknown to him, took a step towards it and swung at it.
Helen's face became terrifying: she yelped and jumped away from him. The breed of his father affected him. Pierre felt the fascination and charm of rage. He threw the plank, smashed it, and approaching Helen with open arms, shouted: “Out!!” in such a terrible voice that the whole house was terrified to hear this cry. God knows what Pierre would have done at that moment if
Helen didn't run out of the room.

A week later, Pierre gave his wife a power of attorney to manage all the Great Russian estates, which accounted for more than half of his fortune, and left alone for St. Petersburg.

Two months passed after receiving news in the Bald Mountains about the battle of Austerlitz and the death of Prince Andrei, and despite all the letters through the embassy and all the searches, his body was not found, and he was not among the prisoners. The worst thing for his relatives was that there was still the hope that he had been raised by the inhabitants on the battlefield, and perhaps he was lying convalescing or dying somewhere alone, among strangers, and unable to give news of himself. In the newspapers, from which the old prince first learned about the defeat of Austerlitz, it was written, as always, very briefly and vaguely, that the Russians, after brilliant battles, had to retreat and made a retreat in perfect order. The old prince understood from this official news that ours had been defeated. A week after the newspaper that brought the news of the Battle of Austerlitz, a letter arrived from Kutuzov, who informed the prince about the fate that befell his son.
“Your son, in my eyes,” wrote Kutuzov, with a banner in his hands, ahead of the regiment, fell a hero worthy of his father and his fatherland. To the general regret of me and the whole army, it is still unknown whether he is alive or not. I flatter myself and you with the hope that your son is alive, because otherwise, among the officers found on the battlefield, about whom the list was submitted to me through parliamentarians, and he would have been named.
Having received this news late in the evening, when he was alone at. in his study, the old prince, as usual, the next day went for his morning walk; but he was silent with the clerk, the gardener, and the architect, and, although he looked angry, he said nothing to anyone.
When, at the usual time, Princess Mary came in to see him, he stood behind the machine and sharpened, but, as usual, did not look back at her.
- BUT! Princess Mary! he suddenly said unnaturally and dropped the chisel. (The wheel was still spinning from its swing. Princess Marya remembered for a long time this dying creak of the wheel, which merged for her with what followed.)
Princess Mary moved towards him, saw his face, and something suddenly sank into her. Her eyes couldn't see clearly. She saw from her father’s face, not sad, not killed, but angry and unnaturally working on herself, that now, now, a terrible misfortune, the worst in life, a misfortune that she had not yet experienced, an irreparable, incomprehensible misfortune, hung over her and crushed her. the death of the one you love.
– Mon pere! Andre? [Father! Andrei?] - Said the ungraceful, awkward princess with such an inexpressible charm of sadness and self-forgetfulness that her father could not stand her gaze, and turned away with a sob.
- Got the message. None were taken prisoner, none were killed. Kutuzov writes, - he shouted piercingly, as if wanting to drive the princess away with this cry, - killed!
The princess did not fall, she did not become faint. She was already pale, but when she heard these words, her face changed, and something shone in her radiant, beautiful eyes. As if joy, the highest joy, independent of the sorrows and joys of this world, spilled over the strong sorrow that was in it. She forgot all her fear of her father, went up to him, took his hand, pulled him towards her and hugged his dry, sinewy neck.
“Mon pere,” she said. Don't turn away from me, let's cry together.
- Scoundrels, scoundrels! the old man shouted, pulling his face away from her. - Destroy the army, destroy the people! For what? Go, go, tell Lisa. The princess sank helplessly into an armchair beside her father and wept. She saw her brother now at the moment he was saying goodbye to her and to Liza, with his gentle and at the same time arrogant air. She saw him at the moment when he tenderly and mockingly put the icon on himself. “Did he believe? Did he repent of his unbelief? Is he there now? Is it there, in the abode of eternal peace and bliss? she thought.
– Mon pere, [Father,] tell me how it was? she asked through tears.
- Go, go, killed in the battle in which they led to kill the Russians the best people and Russian glory. Go, Princess Mary. Go and tell Lisa. I will come.
When Princess Mary returned from her father, the little princess was sitting at work, and with that special expression of an inward and happily calm look, peculiar only to pregnant women, she looked at Princess Mary. It was evident that her eyes did not see Princess Marya, but looked deep into herself - into something happy and mysterious that was happening in her.
“Marie,” she said, moving away from the hoop and waddling back, “give me your hand here.” - She took the hand of the princess and put it on her stomach.
Her eyes smiled expectantly, the sponge with the mustache rose, and childishly happily remained raised.
Princess Mary knelt before her and hid her face in the folds of her daughter-in-law's dress.
- Here, here - do you hear? It's so strange to me. And you know, Marie, I will love him very much,” said Lisa, looking at her sister-in-law with sparkling, happy eyes. Princess Mary could not raise her head: she was crying.
- What's wrong with you, Masha?
“Nothing ... I felt so sad ... sad about Andrei,” she said, wiping her tears on her daughter-in-law's knees. Several times, during the morning, Princess Marya began to prepare her daughter-in-law, and each time she began to cry. These tears, for which the little princess did not understand the reason, alarmed her, no matter how observant she was. She didn't say anything, but looked around uneasily, looking for something. Before dinner, the old prince, whom she had always feared, entered her room, now with a particularly restless, angry face, and, without saying a word, went out. She looked at Princess Marya, then thought with that expression of eyes of inward-turning attention that pregnant women have, and suddenly burst into tears.
Did you get anything from Andrew? - she said.
- No, you know that the news could not come yet, but mon pere is worried, and I'm scared.
- Oh nothing?
“Nothing,” said Princess Marya, looking firmly at her daughter-in-law with radiant eyes. She decided not to tell her and persuaded her father to hide the terrible news from her daughter-in-law until her permission, which was supposed to be the other day. Princess Marya and the old prince, each in his own way, carried and hid their grief. The old prince did not want to hope: he decided that Prince Andrei had been killed, and despite the fact that he sent an official to Austria to look for the trace of his son, he ordered a monument to him in Moscow, which he intended to erect in his garden, and told everyone that his son is killed. He tried not to change his former way of life, but his strength betrayed him: he walked less, ate less, slept less, and became weaker every day. Princess Mary hoped. She prayed for her brother as if she were alive, and waited every minute for news of his return.

- Ma bonne amie, [My good friend,] - said the little princess on the morning of March 19 after breakfast, and her sponge with a mustache rose from the old habit; but as in all not only smiles, but the sounds of speeches, even gaits in this house, from the day the terrible news was received, there was sadness, even now the smile of the little princess, who succumbed to the general mood, although she did not know its cause, was such that she even more reminiscent of the general sadness.
- Ma bonne amie, je crains que le fruschtique (comme dit Foka - cook) de ce matin ne m "aie pas fait du mal. [My friend, I'm afraid that the current frischtik (as Chef Foka calls it) would not make me feel bad. ]
What about you, my soul? You are pale. Oh, you are very pale, said Princess Marya in fright, running up to her daughter-in-law with her heavy, soft steps.
“Your Excellency, why not send for Marya Bogdanovna?” - said one of the maids who were here. (Marya Bogdanovna was a midwife from a district town, who had been living in Lysy Gory for another week.)
“And indeed,” Princess Marya picked up, “perhaps, for sure. I will go. Courage, mon ange! [Don't be afraid, my angel.] She kissed Lisa and wanted to leave the room.
- Oh, no, no! - And besides pallor, the face of the little princess expressed a childish fear of inevitable physical suffering.
- Non, c "est l" estomac ... dites que c "est l" estomac, dites, Marie, dites ..., [No, this is the stomach ... tell me, Masha, that this is the stomach ...] - and the princess began to cry childishly, suffering, capriciously and even somewhat feignedly, breaking their little arms. The princess ran out of the room after Marya Bogdanovna.
— Mon Dieu! Mon Dieu! [My God! My God!] Oh! she heard behind her.
Rubbing her full, small, white hands, the midwife was already walking towards her, with a considerably calm face.
- Maria Bogdanovna! It seems to have begun, ”said Princess Marya, looking at her grandmother with frightened open eyes.
“Well, thank God, princess,” said Marya Bogdanovna without adding a step. You girls don't need to know about this.
“But why hasn’t the doctor arrived from Moscow yet?” - said the princess. (At the request of Lisa and Prince Andrei, they were sent to Moscow for an obstetrician by the deadline, and they were waiting for him every minute.)
“It’s okay, princess, don’t worry,” said Marya Bogdanovna, “and without a doctor everything will be fine.”
Five minutes later the princess heard from her room that something heavy was being carried. She looked out - for some reason the waiters were carrying into the bedroom a leather sofa that stood in Prince Andrei's office. There was something solemn and quiet on the faces of the carrying people.
Princess Marya sat alone in her room, listening to the sounds of the house, occasionally opening the door when they passed by, and looking closely at what was going on in the corridor. Several women walked to and fro with quiet steps, looked back at the princess and turned away from her. She did not dare to ask, shut the door, returned to her room, and either sat down in her chair, or took up her prayer book, or knelt before the kiot. To her misfortune and surprise, she felt that prayer did not calm her excitement. Suddenly the door of her room quietly opened and on the threshold appeared her old nurse, Praskovya Savishna, tied with a handkerchief, who almost never, due to the prince's prohibition, did not enter her room.
“I came to sit with you, Mashenka,” said the nanny, “yes, she brought the prince’s wedding candles in front of the saint to light, my angel,” she said with a sigh.
“Oh, how glad I am, nanny.
“God is merciful, dove. - Nanny lit candles entwined with gold in front of the icon-case and sat down at the door with a stocking. Princess Mary took the book and began to read. Only when footsteps or voices were heard did the princess look frightened, inquiringly, and the nanny looked at each other reassuringly. At all ends of the house, the same feeling that Princess Mary experienced while sitting in her room was overflowing and possessed everyone. I believe that what less people knows about the sufferings of the puerperal, the less she suffers, everyone tried to pretend to be ignorant; no one talked about it, but in all people, apart from the usual degree and respectfulness of the good manners that reigned in the prince's house, one could see one kind of general concern, softened heart and consciousness of something great, incomprehensible, happening at that moment.
There was no laughter in the big girls' room. In the waiter's room, all the people sat in silence, ready for something. On the courtyard they burned torches and candles and did not sleep. The old prince, stepping on his heel, walked around the study and sent Tikhon to Marya Bogdanovna to ask: what? - Just tell me: the prince ordered to ask what? and come and tell me what she will say.
“Report to the prince that the birth has begun,” said Marya Bogdanovna, looking significantly at the messenger. Tikhon went and reported to the prince.
“Very well,” said the prince, shutting the door behind him, and Tikhon no longer heard the slightest sound in the study. A little later, Tikhon entered the office, as if to fix the candles. Seeing that the prince was lying on the sofa, Tikhon looked at the prince, at his upset face, shook his head, silently approached him and, kissing him on the shoulder, went out without adjusting the candles and without saying why he had come. The most solemn sacrament in the world continued to be performed. The evening passed, the night came. And the feeling of expectation and softening of the heart before the incomprehensible did not fall, but rose. Nobody slept.

It was one of those March nights when winter seems to want to take its toll and pour out its last snows and snowstorms with desperate anger. To meet the German doctor from Moscow, who was expected every minute and for whom a set-up was sent to the main road, to the turn into a country road, horsemen with lanterns were sent to lead him along the bumps and gaps.
Princess Mary had long since left the book: she sat in silence, fixing her radiant eyes on the wrinkled face of the nurse, familiar to the smallest detail: gray hair, knocked out from under the scarf, on a hanging bag of skin under the chin.

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USSR

Status Was part of Administrative center

Makhachkala

Date of formation official languages

Russian, Avar, Dargin, Lak, Lezgin, Kumyk, Nogai (before 1936 and after 1978), Tabasaran, Azerbaijani, Tat, Chechen (since 1978)

Population (1989) National composition

Russians, Avars, Laks, Lezgins, Tabasarans, Kumyks, Nogais, Dargins, Tats, etc.

Square

50.3 thousand km²

Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Dagestan ASSR)- an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR that existed in 1921-1993.

The capital is the city of Makhachkala.

  • 1. History
  • 2 Administrative divisions
  • 3 Population
    • 3.1 National composition
  • 4 Notes
  • 5 Links

Story

On January 20, 1921, the Dagestan Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic. The First All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets, held on December 1-7, 1921, adopted the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR. In 1923 the republic was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor of the RSFSR.

With the adoption of the new Stalinist constitution on December 5, 1936, the republic was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory, and the word order in the name was also changed: Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Later, on June 12, 1937, the Extraordinary 11th All-Dagestan Congress of Soviets adopted the Constitution of the Dagestan ASSR.

On February 22, 1938, five northern regions of the republic (Achikulaksky, Karanogaysky, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyarsky, Shelkovskaya) were transferred to the Ordzhonikidze Territory. Of these, the Kizlyar Autonomous Okrug was formed with the center in the city of Kizlyar.

On March 7, 1944, as a result of the liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, several of its mountainous regions were ceded to the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

On January 9, 1957, its territories were returned to the restored Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; most of the territory of the former Kizlyar district was included in the Dagestan ASSR from the abolished Grozny region, as a result of which the territory of Dagestan adopted modern borders.

In 1965 the republic was awarded the Order of Lenin; in 1970 - the Order of the October Revolution.

On May 24, 1991, the Dagestan ASSR was transformed into Dagestan SSR as part of the RSFSR (which did not comply with Article 85 of the Constitution of the USSR), and on December 25, 1993, after the entry into force of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - in Republic of Dagestan.

Administrative division

Initially, the republic was divided into 10 districts:

  1. Avar - center with. Khunzakh
  2. Andean - s. Botlikh
  3. Gunibsky - Gunib fortification
  4. Darginsky - s. Levashi
  5. Kazi-Kumukhsky (Laksky) - s. Kazi-Kumukh
  6. Kaytago-Tabasaransky - with. Majalis
  7. Kyurinsky - s. Kas-Kent (Kasumkent)
  8. Samursky - s. Oh you
  9. Temir-Khan-Shurinsky - Temir-Khan-Shura
  10. Khasav-Yurtovsky - slob. Khasav-Yurt

On November 16, 1922, the Kizlyar district and the Achikulak district were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR from the Terek province.

On November 22, 1928, instead of districts and districts, 26 cantons and 2 sub-cantons were formed in the republic.

On February 22, 1938, Achikulaksky, Karanogaysky, Kayasulinsky, Kizlyarsky and Shelkovskaya districts were transferred to the newly formed Kizlyarsky district of the Ordzhonikidzevsky region.

On March 7, 1944, Vedensky, Kurchaloevsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky, Sharoevsky districts were transferred from the abolished Chechen-Ingush ASSR to the Dagestan ASSR.

Districts of the Dagestan ASSR in 1953

On June 25, 1952, in addition to the regional division, 4 districts were formed as part of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: Buynaksky, Derbent, Izberbashsky, Makhachkala.

On April 24, 1953, the districts were abolished, all districts were transferred to the direct subordination of the administration of the republic.

On January 9, 1957, the Andalal, Vedensky, Ritlyabsky, Shuragatsky regions were transferred to the restored Chechen-Ingush ASSR; from the abolished Grozny region, the city of Kizlyar, Karanogai, Kizlyar, Krainovsky, Tarumovsky districts were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR.

Thus, in 1990, the Dagestan ASSR included 10 cities of republican subordination:

  1. Makhachkala
  2. Buynaksk
  3. Dagestan Lights
  4. Derbent
  5. Izberbash
  6. Kaspiysk
  7. Kizilyurt
  8. Kizlyar
  9. Khasavyurt
  10. Yuzhno-Sukhokumsk

and 39 districts:

  1. Agulsky - center with. Tpig
  2. Akushinsky - s. Akusha
  3. Akhvakhsky - s. carat
  4. Akhtynsky - s. Oh you
  5. Babayurtovsky - s. Babayurt
  6. Botlikhsky - s. Botlikh
  7. Buynaksky - Buynaksk
  8. Gergebilsky - s. Gergebil
  9. Gumbetovsky - s. Mechelta
  10. Gunibsky - s. Gunib
  11. Dakhadaevsky - s. Urcarach
  12. Derbent - Derbent
  13. Kazbekovsky - s. Dylym
  14. Kaytagsky - s. Majalis
  15. Kayakentsky - s. Novokayakent
  16. Kizilyurt - Kizilyurt
  17. Kizlyarsky - Kizlyar
  18. Kulinsky - s. wachi
  19. Kurakhsky - s. Kurakh
  20. Laksky - s. Kumukh
  21. Levashinsky - s. Levashi
  22. Leninsky - s. Karabudakhkent
  23. Magaramkentsky - with. Magaramkent
  24. Novolaksky - s. Novolakskoye
  25. Nogaisky - s. Terekli Mekteb
  26. Rutulsky - s. Rutul
  27. Sergokalinsky - s. Sergokala
  28. Soviet - p. Soviet
  29. Suleiman-Stalsky - p. Kasumkent
  30. Tabasaransky - s. Huchni
  31. Tarumovsky - s. Tarumovka
  32. Tlyaratinskiy - s. Tlyarat
  33. Untsukulsky - s. Untsukul
  34. Khasavyurt - Khasavyurt
  35. Khivsky - s. Khiv
  36. Khunzakhsky - s. Khunzakh
  37. Tsumadinsky - s. Agvali
  38. Tsuntinsky - s. Bezhta
  39. Charodinsky - s. Tsurib

Population

Population dynamics of the republic:

Year Population, people Source
1926 788 098 1926 census
1939 930 416 1939 census
1959 1 062 472 1959 census
1970 1 428 540 1970 census
1979 1 627 884 1979 census
1989 1 802 579 1989 census

National composition

year Russians Avars Dargins Kumyks Laks Lezgins Nogais Azerbaijanis Tabasarans Tats and
Mountain Jews		 Chechens
1926 12,5% 17,7% 13,9% 11,2% 5,1% 11,5% 3,3% 3,0% 4,0% 1,5% 2,8%
1939 14,3% 24,8% 16,2% 10,8% 5,6% 10,4% 0,5% 3,4% 3,6% ? 2,8%
1959 20,1% 22,5% 13,9% 11,4% 5,0% 10,2% 1,4% 3,6% 3,2% 1,6% 1,2%
1970 14,7% 24,4% 14,5% 11,8% 5,0% 11,4% 1,5% 3,8% 3,7% 1,3% 2,8%
1989 9,2% 27,5% 15,6% 12,9% 5,1% 11,3% 1,6% 4,3% 4,3% 0,9% 3,2%

Notes

  1. 1 2 All-Union Population Census 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
  2. ALL-RUSSIAN CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Decree of January 20, 1921. ON THE AUTONOMOUS DAGESTAN SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLIC
  3. 1 2 Brief information on administrative-territorial changes in the Stavropol Territory for 1920-1992.
  4. USSR Constitution of 1936, article 22
  5. Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 "On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR"
  6. World Historical Project. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  7. All-Union population census of 1926. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  8. All-Union population census of 1939. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  9. All-Union population census of 1959. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  10. All-Union population census of 1970. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
  11. All-Union Population Census 1979. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.

Links

  • Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

A nation that does not know its past has no future (M. Lomonosov)

Our republic has gone from a decree autonomous formation within Russia to the full-fledged Republic of Dagestan, which has an equal status with all other subjects of the Russian Federation, becoming its southernmost part.

The entry of Dagestan into Russia was not an easy process. The tsarist administration had to make a lot of efforts to involve Dagestan in the mainstream of the economic and cultural development of the empire. To this end, a number of reforms were carried out, the most important of which was the administrative one, which contributed to the stabilization of the political situation in the Caucasus.

Under the influence of Russia, economic specialization actively took place in the mountainous region, commercial agriculture and cattle breeding developed. An important aspect in the development of the Dagestan region was the emergence of a national intelligentsia, which was facilitated by the opening of secular schools. The tsarist administration opened vacancies in the secondary and higher educational institutions of the empire for the Dagestan elite. At the same time, educational institutions, libraries, and hospitals first appeared in the region. Dagestan region as a part Russian Empire lasted from April 1860 to January 20, 1921.

In 1917, a revolution took place in the Russian Empire, and Soviet power was established in Dagestan. In November 1920, the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan was held in Temir-Khan-Shura, at which the People's Commissar for Nationalities, Joseph Stalin, proclaimed the Declaration on the Soviet autonomy of Dagestan. And on January 20, 1921, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee legislated the formation of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which is part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), - a Decree was adopted on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR as part of the RSFSR.

It included Avar, Andi, Gunib, Darginsky, Kazi-Kumukhsky, Kaitago-Tabasaransky, Kyurinsky, Samursky. Temirkhan-Shurinsky, Khasavyurt districts and the territory of the Caspian coast. Much later, the Karanogai, Kizlyar, Krainovsky, Tarumovsky regions (now Nogai, Tarumovsky, Kizlyar regions) and the city of Kizlyar were transferred to the Dagestan ASSR.

By the aforementioned Decree, the central government recognized the national-state autonomy proclaimed by the peoples of Dagestan at the Extraordinary Congress on November 13, 1920 within Russia. The decree on the formation of the Dagestan ASSR determined the final borders, peaceful methods for resolving territorial disputes, the activities of the republic's governing bodies, and the basic principles of relations between central and local authorities.

Over time, the Dagestan autonomy within the Russian Federation became one of the leading regions in the North Caucasus. The Dagestan people made a choice in favor of state unity with Russia, it was the most correct choice in terms of self-preservation and self-development of our peoples as part of a united Russia.

In addition, paradoxically, despite the centuries-old existence of various political associations on the territory of our region, it was the Dagestan ASSR that became the first real all-Dagestan state, the process of state building in which all the peoples of our republic participated on equal terms.

were formed and higher authorities authorities and administrations of the republic - the Central Executive Committee (CEC) and the Council of People's Commissars (SNK). Nazhmudin Samursky was elected chairman of the CEC, and the first government of the republic was headed by Jalaletdin Korkmasov. The formation of the Dagestan ASSR finally sealed the victory of Soviet power in the republic.

The Dagestan ASSR received organizational and practical implementation on December 5, 1921 at the All-Dagestan Constituent Congress of Soviets, which adopted the first Constitution in the history of the republic.
The creation of a single Dagestan state made it possible to make a powerful breakthrough in economic, political and cultural development. Were restored destroyed during civil war enterprises, dozens of new plants, factories, power plants, transport infrastructure facilities, the October Revolution canal were built, hunger and illiteracy were defeated. During the years of Soviet power, Dagestan became a republic with a developed industry and diversified agriculture.

In the development of the economy, an important role was played by the electric power industry and the oil-producing industries, mechanical engineering, the building materials industry, the chemical and food industries. During the Soviet period, dozens of large industrial enterprises were built, an advanced industrial system for its time was created, and an industrial structure that was quite developed even by modern standards.

The social structure of Dagestan has changed radically, where today almost half of the population lives in cities. The appearance of settlements was also transformed: new beautiful schools, hospitals, residential buildings, administrative buildings were built, the area of ​​gardens and parks grew. In the field of culture, great changes have also taken place - national professional theaters have been created, a system of higher and secondary educational institutions capable of satisfying all the basic needs of the republic in specialists.

Dagestan has become an exemplary Soviet autonomy, characterized by high rates of socio-economic and cultural development. The solemn oath given in 1920 at the Extraordinary Congress of the Peoples of Dagestan on friendship and fraternal solidarity with the peoples of the Soviet Union, the highlanders of Dagestan kept in the difficult years of the Great Patriotic War.

As the Head of the Republic of Dagestan Ramazan Abdulatipov noted: “During the Great Patriotic War, our country was saved by the unity of the people. Hundreds of thousands of Dagestanis stood up to defend their homeland - the Soviet Union and defended not only themselves, but also many peoples of the world from enslavement. Blessed memory to all the heroes who gave their lives for the unity and independence of our Fatherland! There are 59 Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia in Dagestan, because the Dagestanis have always been courageous warriors, patriots of their country, they have always strengthened the friendship of peoples.

The peoples of Dagestan confirmed their choice during the collapse of the USSR and the formation of new independent states, remaining within the Russian Federation. The head of Dagestan, speaking at an event dedicated to the Day of National Unity, said: “Even in the most difficult times, the Dagestanis believed in Russia, strove for it. Thanks to Russia, we are a civilized, cultured country, we are a nation that has a historical past, present and, no doubt, a future.”