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Device calculator zuse data 9 letters. Computers by Konrad Zuse

Device calculator zuse data 9 letters. Computers by Konrad Zuse

Konrad Zuse

Creator of the first programmable digital computer

The first device that worked well was the Z-3 model, which was completed in Berlin in 1941, and which I was able to present to the experts ... Today we know that this model was the first really working computer.

Konrad Zuse

One of the myths regarding the early history of computers has been commonly associated with the research and development of American scientists and engineers. This myth was busted in 1969 when information about Zuse's computers became available in the US and other countries.

His father, Emil Zuse, was a postal official, earned little, but together with his wife Maria Zuse, and Conrad's sister Liselotte, he did everything he could to support his son's interest in designing computers. I must say that as a child, Konrad designed a working model of a machine for changing coins. In 1935 he graduated from the Technische Hochschule with a degree in civil engineering and began working as an analyst for the Henschel airline. While working for this company, Zuse faced many of the tedious calculations involved in aircraft design. In 1936, at the age of 26, he decided to design a computing device (computer), having accumulated ideas for this and his parents' apartment as a "workshop".

He was going to build a series of computers, originally named Versuchsmodell (experimental model). The first Versuchsmodell, the V-1, built in 1938, was completely mechanical, with 16 machine words and occupied an area of 4 square meters. meters (the restored version of the V-1 is in the Verker und Technik Museum in Berlin). Zuse considered the Versuchsmodell series as a working tool for engineers and scientists who dealt with complex aerodynamic calculations.

At the beginning of the war, in 1939, Zuse was recruited into the army, but soon he and many engineers like him were released from military service and assigned to engineering projects that supported German military power. Zuse was sent to the German Aviation Research Institute in Berlin.

Returning to his hometown, the scientist continued to improve the Versuchsmodell series at his parents' house, and to a large extent at his own expense, although he worked at an institute that designed military aircraft for the Luftwaffe. Helmut Schreyer, who collaborated with Zuse on computers, suggested using electromagnetic relays for the second Versuchsmodell, the V-2. Schreyer showed Zuse how these relays could be applied to the structure of a digital mechanical computer designed by Zuse. Schreier, who went to Brazil after the war, also considered using vacuum tubes to build computers, and eventually developed the kind of "trigger circuit" now widely used in computer logic.

The V-2 was, of course, very unreliable, but one of the rare instances of its normal operation occurred when Alfred Teichmann, a leading scientist from the German Aviation Institute, visited Zuse's house, at his invitation. Teichman was an expert on the most important problem in aircraft construction - wing vibration. He immediately realized that a machine like the V-2 could help engineers solve this problem. The vibration problem "disappeared at the touch of a finger," Zuse later recalled.

Teichmann helped Zuse get money for his computer work, but Zuse continued to work at his parents' home and never hired an outside staff of assistants. With the help of Schreyer, Zuse completed the world's first fully functional, program-controlled computer in late 1941.

This third Versuchsmodell was named V-3. It had 1400 electromagnetic relays in memory, 600 relays for controlling calculations, and another 600 relays for other purposes. The computer worked in the binary system, the numbers were represented in floating point form, the length of the machine word was 22 bits, the memory size was 64 bits.

The V-3 multiplication operation took from three to five seconds. The problem most often solved by V-3 was the calculation of the determinant of a matrix (i.e., solving a system of equations with several variables). The V-3 was apparently the first computer to use reverse Polish notation to write arithmetic expressions. The invention of this notation is attributed to the Polish logician Jan Lukasiewicz, but Zuse did not know about Lukasiewicz's contribution, he simply reinvented the "wheel" like many other scientists.

During World War II, Zuse renamed his first three computers Z-l, Z-2, Z-3, respectively, to avoid confusion with the V-1 and V-2 rockets being developed by Wernher von Braun for the war against England. Zuse had always wanted to make his Z-series computers general purpose, but one computer did become specialized - the S-1, a variant of the Z-3, which probably supported German military power.

Computer Z-3

This specialized computer, the S-1, helped the Henschel Aircraft Company produce the flying bombs known as the HS-293. The less well-known and widely used von Braun HS-293 bomb was an unmanned airplane carried on top of a bomber. The bomber pilot would catch a target in his field of vision and drop the HS-293, while the bomber's crew radioed its gliding to the target. HS-293 blew up Allied ships after August 1943, and also destroyed bridges in Poland during the German retreat in 1945.

The S-1 computer worked reliably from 1942 to 1944 at the Henschel factory in Berlin, calculating wing and elevator dimensions important to the HS-293. Workers measured the true dimensions of the wings and elevators; the results of these measurements were placed in S-1, which then calculated the angle of deviation of the HS-293 from a straight path if these parts were correctly assembled. Zuse developed methods for programming his computer that did not require the programmer to have a detailed understanding of the internal organization of the computer. He tried to solve a problem that could be called a shortage of the world's leading programmers, because the war was draining human resources. He asked the Society for the Blind to send him a list of blind people who showed aptitude in mathematics. From the list, Zuse chose a certain August Fost, who then became a programming pro.

Now that the Z-3 was gaining ground, Zuse wanted to build an even more powerful computer. He imagined it with a large memory capacity of 500 numbers and with a 32-bit machine word. The Z-4 was Zuse's most sophisticated computer. He could add, multiply, divide or find Square root for 3 sec. At this time, Zuse already had the support of the German military command for the construction of general-purpose computers, although the Air Ministry, which ordered the computer, was only interested in the computer for calculations related to aircraft design. By 1942, Zuse founded the firm "Zuse Apparatebau". For most of the war, he worked alone, but by the end of the war, 20 employees worked under him. After the German defeat in February 1943 at Stalingrad, Zuse became a strong advocate for the end of the war. His computers could be useful for peaceful purposes. But life was unstable, and he could not be sure if his machines would survive. The Allies bombed Berlin every day. Z-3 was destroyed, and Z-4 before escaping from Berlin in March 1945, Zuse had to be transported three times around the city to avoid bombing, which disrupted the operation of the device.

Zuse was allowed to leave Berlin in recent months war. In March 1945, he and his assistant transported the dismantled Z-4 by train to Göttingen, 100 miles to the west. By order of the government, his equipment was to be taken to underground factories near Northeim, but after the first visit to the concentration camps, Zuse refused. He settled near the mountains, in a peaceful Bavarian village. Zuse was offered to leave Germany and move to England or the USA. Then he could build computers for the British during the post-war years. But he stayed in Germany. He lived in Hinterstein until 1946, with his equipment hidden in the basement of the farm.

In 1946, Zuse moved to another Alpine village, Hopferau, near the Austrian border. There he lived for three years. There was time to think. Hardware development stalled after the war, and Zuse returned to programming.

In 1945, he developed what he called the first programming language for computers. He called the programming system Plankalkul ("calculus of plans"). Zuse wrote a short essay about his creation and how it can be used to solve problems such as sorting numbers and performing operations in binary arithmetic. After learning how to play chess, Zuse wrote several pieces of Plankalkul programs that allowed a computer to evaluate chess positions.

Many ideas of the Plankalkul language remained unknown to a whole generation of programmers. It was not until 1972 that Zuse's work was published in its entirety, and this publication made experts think about what impact Plankalkul might have had if it had been known earlier. "Apparently, things could have turned out quite differently, and we do not live in the best of the worlds," one scientist remarked on this subject, criticizing the programming languages \u200b\u200bthat appeared later.

In 1948, Professor E. Steifil from technical university In Zurich, he ordered a Z-4 computer from Zuse for his laboratory. And in 1949, Zuse founded a small company called ZUSE KG, which was supposed to develop computers for scientific purposes. It lasted until 1966, when it was acquired by Siemens AG, but Zuse remained in the new firm as a freelance consultant. In the 1950s and 1960s, Zuse created new computers based on the Z-5 and Z-11 relays, then, together with Fromm and Günch, he created the Z-22 on vacuum tubes and the Z-23 on transistors. One of his latest developments was the Z-25 and Z-31 computers, as well as the Z-64 graphomograph for the automatic construction of drawings and maps. He wrote the book "History of Computing", published in German and English.

AT last years Zuse lived in the village of Hessian, a few hours' drive from Frankfurt, and his favorite pastime was painting, mostly abstract. His work has been shown in numerous exhibitions. He signed some of his paintings with the pseudonym "KONE SEE".

December 18, 1995 Konrad Zuse passed away. His merits, as one of the founders of the computer era, are undeniable.

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Biography

All three vehicles, Z1, Z2 and Z3, were destroyed during the bombing of Berlin in 1944. And in the next year, 1945, the company itself created by Zuse ceased to exist. A little earlier, the partially completed was loaded onto a cart and transported to a safe place in the Bavarian countryside. It was for this computer that Zuse developed the world's first high-level programming language, which he called Plankalkül. Plankalkül calculus of plans ).

In 1985, Zuse became the first honorary member of the German Society for Informatics, and since 1987 it began to award the Konrad Zuse Medal, which today has become the most famous German award in the field of computer science. In 1995, Zuse was awarded the Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for his life's work. In 2003, he was named the "greatest" German living by the ZDF channel.

Politically, Zuse considered himself a socialist. Among other things, this was expressed in the desire to put computers at the service of socialist ideas. Within the framework of the "equivalent economy", Zuse, together with Arno Peters, worked on creating the concept of a high-tech planned economy based on the management of powerful modern computers. In the process of developing this concept, Zuse introduced the term "computer socialism". The result of this work was the book “Computer Socialism. Conversations with Konrad Zuse (2000), co-authored.

After retiring, Zuse took up his favorite hobby, painting. Zuse died on December 18, 1995 in Hünfeld (Germany), at the age of 85. Today, several cities in Germany have streets and buildings named after him, as well as a school in Hünfeld.

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Notes

Literature

Jurgen Alex. Konrad Zuse: der Vater des Computers / Alex J., Flessner H., Mons W. u. a.. - Parzeller, 2000. - 263 S. - ISBN 3-7900-0317-4, KNO-NR: 08 90 94 10.(German)
Raúl Rojas, Friedrich Ludwig Bauer, Konrad Zuse. Die Rechenmaschinen von Konrad Zuse. - Berlin: Springer, 1998. - Bd. VII. - 221 S. - ISBN 3-540-63461-4, KNO-NR: 07 36 04 31.(German)
Zuse K. Der Computer mein Leben.(German)
The Computer - My Life. - Springer Verlag, 1993. - ISBN 0-387-56453-5.(English)
Meet: Computer = Understanding computers: Computer basics: Input / Output / Per. from English. K. G. Bataeva; Ed. and with prev. V. M. Kurochkina. - M .: Mir, 1989. - 240 p. - ISBN 5-03-001147-1.
Computer language = Understanding computers: Software: Computer Languages / Per. from English. S. E. Morkovin and V. M. Khodukina; Ed. and with prev. V. M. Kurochkina. - M .: Mir, 1989. - 240 p. - ISBN 5-03-001148-X.
Wilfried de Beauclair. Vom Zahnrad zum Chip: eine Bildgeschichte der Datenverarbeitung. - Balje: Superbrain-Verlag, 2005. - Bd. 3. - ISBN 3-00-013791-2.

An excerpt characterizing Konrad Zuse

“Svetlana,” I answered, a little embarrassed.
- Well, you see - you guessed it! What are you doing here, Svetlana? And who is your sweet friend?
- We are just walking ... This is Stella, she is my friend. And you, what kind of Isolde - the one who had Tristan? – already emboldened, I asked.
The girl's eyes widened in surprise. She apparently did not expect that in this world someone knew her ...
“How do you know that, girl?” she whispered softly.
- I read a book about you, I liked it so much! .. - I exclaimed enthusiastically. - You loved each other so much, and then you died ... I was so sorry! .. And where is Tristan? Isn't he with you anymore?
- No, dear, he is far away ... I have been looking for him for so long! .. And when I finally found him, it turned out that we cannot be together here either. I can’t go to him…” Isolda answered sadly.
And suddenly a simple vision came to me - he was on the lower astral, apparently for some of his "sins". And she, of course, could go to him, just, most likely, she did not know how, or did not believe that she could.
“I can show you how to go there if you want, of course. You can see it whenever you want, you just have to be very careful.
– Can you go there? - the girl was very surprised.
I nodded.
- And you too.
– Excuse me, please, Isolde, but why is your world so bright? Stella couldn't contain her curiosity.
- Oh, it's just that where I lived, it was almost always cold and foggy ... And where I was born, the sun always shone, it smelled of flowers, and only in winter there was snow. But even then it was sunny ... I missed my country so much that even now I just can’t enjoy it enough ... True, my name is cold, but this is because I was lost when I was little, and they found me on the ice. So they called Isolde ...
– Oh, but the truth is made of ice!.. I would never have thought of it!.. – I stared dumbfounded at her.
“What’s more! .. But Tristan didn’t have a name at all ... He lived like that all his life without a name,” Isolde smiled.
How about Tristan?
“Well, what are you, dear, it’s just “owning three camps,” Isolde laughed. – After all, his whole family died when he was still very young, so they didn’t give a name, when the time came – there was no one.
“Why are you explaining all this as if in my language?” It's in Russian!
- And we are Russians, or rather - we were then ... - the girl corrected herself. “And now, who knows who we will be ...
- How - Russians? .. - I was confused.
- Well, maybe not quite ... But in your concept, these are Russians. It’s just that then there were more of us and everything was more diverse - our land, and language, and life ... It was a long time ago ...
– But how does the book say that you were Irish and Scots?! .. Or is it all wrong again?
- Well, why not? It's the same thing, it's just that my father came from "warm" Russia to become the owner of that "island" camp, because the wars never ended there, and he was an excellent warrior, so they asked him. But I always yearned for "my" Russia... I was always cold on those islands...
“May I ask you how you really died?” If it doesn't hurt you, of course. In all the books it is written differently about it, but I would really like to know how it really was ...
- I gave his body to the sea, it was customary for them ... But I went home myself ... But I never reached ... I didn’t have enough strength. I so wanted to see our sun, but I couldn’t ... Or maybe Tristan “didn’t let go” ...
“But how does it say in the books that you died together, or that you killed yourself?”
– I don’t know, Svetlaya, I didn’t write these books… But people have always loved to tell each other stories, especially beautiful ones. So they embellished it so that they stirred up the soul more ... And I myself died many years later, without interrupting my life. It was forbidden.
- You must have been very sad to be so far from home?
- Yes, how can I tell you ... At first, it was even interesting while my mother was alive. And when she died, the whole world faded for me... I was too small then. And she never loved her father. He only lived in war, even I had only the price for him that I could exchange for me by marrying ... He was a warrior to the marrow of his bones. And he died like this. And I always dreamed of returning home. I even saw dreams... But it didn't work.
- Do you want us to take you to Tristan? First, we will show you how, and then you will walk by yourself. It's just…” I suggested, hoping in my heart that she would agree.
I really wanted to see this whole legend “in full”, since such an opportunity arose, and even though I was a little ashamed, but this time I decided not to listen to my strongly indignant “inner voice”, but to try to somehow convince Isolde to “walk” on the lower "floor" and find her Tristan there for her.
I really loved this "cold" northern legend. She won my heart from the very moment she fell into my hands. Happiness in her was so fleeting, and there was so much sadness! .. Actually, as Isolde said, apparently they added a lot there, because it really hooked the soul very much. Or maybe it was so?.. Who could truly know this?.. After all, those who saw all this did not live for a long time. That's why I so strongly wanted to take advantage of this, probably the only case, and find out how everything really happened ...
Isolda sat quietly, thinking about something, as if not daring to take advantage of this unique opportunity that so unexpectedly presented itself to her, and to see the one whom fate had separated from her for so long ...
– I don’t know... Do I need all this now... Maybe just leave it like that? Isolde whispered in confusion. - It hurts a lot ... I wouldn’t make a mistake ...
I was incredibly surprised by her fear! It was the first time since the day when I first spoke to the dead, that someone refused to talk or see someone whom I once loved so deeply and tragically ...
- Please, let's go! I know you will regret it later! We'll just show you how to do it, and if you don't want to, then you won't go there anymore. But you must have a choice. A person should have the right to choose for himself, right, right?
Finally she nodded.
“Well then, let’s go, Light One. You're right, I shouldn't hide behind "the back of the impossible", that's cowardice. And we never liked cowards. And I've never been one of them...
I showed her my protection and, to my great surprise, she did it very easily, without even thinking. I was very happy, because it greatly facilitated our "campaign".
- Well, are you ready? .. - Stella smiled cheerfully, apparently to cheer her up.
We plunged into the sparkling darkness and, after a few short seconds, were already “floating” along the silvery path of the Astral level...
“It’s very beautiful here ...” Isolda whispered, “but I saw him in another, not so bright place ...
“It's here too... Just a little lower,” I reassured her. "You'll see, now we'll find him."
We “slipped” a little deeper, and I was ready to see the usual “terribly oppressive” lower astral reality, but, to my surprise, nothing of the sort happened ... We ended up in a rather pleasant, but, really, very gloomy and what something sad landscape. Heavy, muddy waves splashed on the rocky shore of the dark blue sea... Lazily “chasing” one after another, they “knocked” on the shore and reluctantly, slowly, returned back, dragging gray sand and small, black, shiny pebbles. Farther on, a majestic, huge, dark green mountain was visible, the top of which shyly hid behind gray, swollen clouds. The sky was heavy, but not intimidating, completely covered with gray clouds. Along the shore, in places, stingy dwarf bushes of some unfamiliar plants grew. Again - the landscape was gloomy, but "normal" enough, in any case, it resembled one of those that could be seen on the ground on a rainy, very cloudy day ... And that "screaming horror" like the others we saw on this "floor" of the place, he did not inspire us ...
On the shore of this "heavy", dark sea, a lonely man was sitting in deep thought. He seemed still quite young and rather handsome, but he was very sad, and did not pay any attention to us who came up.
- My bright falcon ... Tristanushka ... - Isolde whispered in a broken voice.
She was pale and frozen like death ... Stella, frightened, touched her hand, but the girl did not see or hear anything around, but only looked at her beloved Tristan without stopping ... It seemed that she wanted to absorb every his line... every hair... the native curve of his lips... the warmth of his brown eyes... to keep it in his suffering heart forever, and perhaps even carry it into his next "earthly" life...
- My light ice ... My sun ... Go away, do not torment me ... - Tristan looked at her in fright, not wanting to believe that this was reality, and closing himself from the painful "vision" with his hands, he repeated: - Go away, joy my... Go away now...
Unable to watch this heartbreaking scene any longer, Stella and I decided to intervene...
- Please forgive us, Tristan, but this is not a vision, this is your Isolde! Moreover, the real one ... - Stella said affectionately. “Therefore, it is better to accept it, do not hurt more ...
“Linushka, is it you?.. How many times have I seen you like this, and how many have I lost!... You always disappeared as soon as I tried to talk to you,” he carefully stretched out his hands to her, as if afraid to frighten her away, and she , forgetting everything in the world, threw herself on his neck and froze, as if she wanted to stay like that, merging with him into one, now not parting forever ...
I watched this meeting with growing anxiety, and thought how it would be possible to help these two sufferers, and now they are so infinitely happy people so that at least this life left here (until their next incarnation) they could stay together...
“Oh, don't think about it now! They just met! .. - Stella read my thoughts. “And then we’ll definitely come up with something ...
They stood pressed against each other, as if afraid to be separated... Afraid that this wonderful vision would suddenly disappear and everything would again be the same as before...
- How empty it is for me without you, my Icicle! .. How dark it is without you ...
And only then I noticed that Isolde looked different!.. Apparently, that bright “sunny” dress was intended only for her alone, just like the field strewn with flowers ... And now she met her Tristan ... And I must say, in her white dress embroidered with a red pattern, she looked amazing!.. And she looked like a young bride...
- They didn’t dance round dances with you, my falcon, they didn’t say health resorts ... They gave me to a stranger, they married me on the water ... But I have always been your wife. Always betrothed... Even when I lost you. Now we will always be together, my joy, now we will never part ... - softly whispered Isolde.
My eyes stung treacherously and, in order not to show that I was crying, I began to collect some pebbles on the shore. But Stella was not so easy to deceive, and even now her eyes were also “in a wet place” ...
How sad, right? She doesn't live here... Doesn't she understand?.. Or do you think she'll stay with him?
Dozens of questions swirled in my head for these two, insanely happy people who do not see anything around. But I knew for sure that I would not be able to ask anything, and I would not be able to disturb their unexpected and so fragile happiness ...
– What are we going to do? Stella asked worriedly. - Shall we leave it here?
- It's not for us to decide, I think ... This is her decision and her life, - and, already turning to Isolde, she said. “Forgive me, Isolde, but we would like to go already. Is there any other way we can help you?
“Oh, my dear girls, but I forgot! .. You must forgive me! ..” The bashfully blushing girl clapped her hands. – Tristanushka, it is them who should be thanked!.. It was they who brought me to you. I used to come as soon as I found you, but you couldn't hear me... And it was hard. And so much happiness came with them!

Z1 Konrad Zuse

The creator of the first operating computer with program control is considered to be the German engineer Konrad Zuse, who from childhood loved to invent and, even when he was at school, designed a model of a machine for changing money. He began to dream about a machine capable of performing tedious calculations instead of a person when he was still a student. Not knowing about the work of Charles Babbage, Zuse soon set about creating a device much like the Analytical Engine of this English mathematician. In 1936, Zuse quit his job in order to devote more time to building a computer. After receiving a certain amount of money from friends, he set up a "workshop" on a small table in the corner of the living room in his parents' house. When the size of the machine began to grow, Zuse first moved two more tables to his workplace, and then moved with his device to the middle of the room. After about two years, the computer, which occupied an area of about 4 m2 and was an intricacies of relays and wires, was ready. The machine, which he called the Z 1 (from Zuse - the name Zuse, written in German), had a keyboard for entering data. The result of the calculations appeared on the panel - for this, many small light bulbs were used. Overall, Zuse was pleased with the machine, but found keyboard input to be cumbersome and slow. He began to look for other options, and after some time a solution was found: the commands for the car began to be entered using used 35 mm film, in which holes were made. The machine that worked with punched tape was called Z 2. And in 1941, Konrad Zuse completed the construction of the Z 3 relay computer, which used the binary number system. These models of cars were destroyed during the bombing during the war. All that remained was the Z 4 machine, which appeared in March 1945 (which was used for scientific calculations at the University of Göttingen), and later Zuse made another model Z 5. The main elements of all his computers were electromechanical relays, similar to those used then, for example, in telephone switches.
In 1942, Zuse and the Austrian electrical engineer Helmut Schreyer, who collaborated with Zuse from time to time, proposed a fundamentally new type of device. They were going to convert the Z 3 computer from electromechanical relays to vacuum vacuum tubes, which have no moving parts. The new machine was supposed to operate hundreds of times faster than any of the machines available at that time in warring Germany. However, this proposal was rejected: Hitler imposed a ban on all "long-term" scientific development, because he was sure of a quick victory. In heavy post-war years Zuse, not being able to continue working directly on the computer in full measure, directed all his energy to the development of the theory. He came up with effective method programming, and not only for the Z 4 computer, but for any other similar machine. Working alone, Zuse created a programming system called Plankalkul (Plankalkul, “plan calculus”). This language (surpassing "at certain points" in its capabilities appeared about 12 years later than Algol) is called the first high-level language. Zuse prepared a brochure where he spoke about his creation and the possibility of using it to solve various problems, including sorting numbers and performing arithmetic operations in the binary system (other computers of that time worked in the decimal system), and also presented several dozen Plankalkül program fragments for evaluation of chess positions. Not expecting to see his language implemented on a computer, he noted: “Plankalkül was born solely as a result of theoretical work, without any connection with whether or not machines suitable for Plankalkül programs will appear in the foreseeable future.”
Zuse's entire work was published only in the 1970s. This publication made experts think about what impact Plankalkül could have had if it had been widely known earlier. In the USA, independent of Zuse, George Stibitz (Model I, ..., Model V machines) and Howard Aiken (Mark 1 and other computers) were engaged in the creation of relay computers. And one of the most advanced “purely relay” machines was the RVM-1, designed and built under the guidance of a specialist in counting devices Nikolai Ivanovich Bessonov in our country in the mid-1950s. Relay computers had a low speed of performing arithmetic operations and low reliability, which was primarily due to the low speed and low reliability of their main counting and storage elements - electromechanical relays. In addition, these machines had the same drawback as Babbage's Analytical Engine: the absence of a program stored in memory. However, they occupy a very honorable place in the history of computer technology, as they are the first operating automatic program-controlled universal computers.

Konrad Zuse is a German engineer and computer pioneer. He is best known as the creator of the first truly working programmable computer and the first high-level programming language. Years of life: 1910-1995.

Zuse was born in Berlin and for a long time lived with his parents in the north of Saxony in the town of Hoyerswerda.

In 1935, Zuse was educated as an engineer at the Berlin Higher Technical School in Charlottenburg, which today bears the name of the Technical University of Berlin. Upon graduation, he went to work at the Henschel aircraft plant in Schönefeld, however, after working for only a year, he quit, coming to grips with the creation of a programmable calculating machine. Having experimented with the decimal number system, the young engineer preferred binary to her. In 1938, the first working development of Zuse appeared, which he called Z1. It was an electrically powered binary mechanical calculator with limited keyboard programming. The result of calculations in the decimal system was displayed on the lamp panel. built on own funds and friends' money, and, mounted on a table in the living room of the parental home, Z1 worked unreliably due to the lack of precision in the execution of the components. However, being an experimental model, it was not used for any practical purposes.

Second World War made it impossible for Zuse to communicate with other creation enthusiasts computer science in the UK and the United States of America. In 1939, Zuse was called up for military service, but managed to convince the army commanders of the need to give him the opportunity to continue his development. In 1940 he received support Research Institute aerodynamics, who used his work to create guided missiles. Zuse built a modified version of the calculator - Z2 based on telephone relays. Unlike the Z1, the new machine read instructions from perforated 35mm film. She, too, was a demonstration model and was not used for practical purposes. In the same year, Zuse organized the Zuse Apparatebau company to produce programmable machines.

Satisfied with the functionality of the Z2, in 1941 Zuse created an already more advanced model - the Z3, which today is considered by many to be the first actually operating programmable computer. However, the programmability of this binary calculator, assembled, like the previous model, on the basis of telephone relays, was also limited. Despite the fact that the order of evaluation could now be determined in advance, there were no conditional jumps and loops. Nevertheless, Z3 was the first among Zuse's computers to have practical application and was used to design the wing of an aircraft.

All three machines, Z1, Z2 and Z3, were destroyed during the bombing of Berlin in 1944. And in the next year, 1945, the company itself created by Zuse ceased to exist. A little earlier, the partially finished Z4 was loaded onto a cart and transported to a safe place in the Bavarian countryside. It was for this computer that Zuse developed the world's first high-level programming language, which he called Plankalkül.

Plankalkül is the world's first high-level programming language, created by the German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1942. Translated into Russian, this name corresponds to the expression "planning calculus".

The language was developed as the main tool for programming the Z4 computer, but it was also suitable for working with other computers similar to it.

Plankalkül supported assignment operations, subroutine calls, conditional statements, iterative loops, floating point arithmetic, arrays, hierarchical data structures, assertions, exception handling, and many others. modern facilities programming languages.

Zuse described the possibilities of the Plankalkül language in a separate pamphlet. In the same place, he described the possible use of the language for sorting numbers and performing arithmetic operations. In addition, Zuse compiled 49 pages of Plankalkül programs to evaluate chess positions. He later wrote that he was interested in testing Plankalkül's efficiency and versatility with regard to chess problems.

Working in isolation from other specialists in Europe and the United States has led to the fact that only a small part of his work has become known. The full work of Zuse was published only in 1972. And it is quite possible that if the Plankalkül language had become known earlier, the paths of development of computer technology and programming could have changed.

Zuse himself did not create an implementation for his language. The first compiler of the Plankalkül language (for modern computers) was created at the Free University of Berlin only in 2000, five years after the death of Konrad Zuse.

Three years later, in 1949, having settled in the city of Hünfeld, Zuse created the company Zuse KG. In September 1950 the Z4 was finally finished and delivered to ETH Zürich. At the time, it was the only working computer in continental Europe and the first computer in the world to be sold. In this, the Z4 was five months ahead of the Mark I and ten months ahead of the UNIVAC. Other computers were built by Zuse and his company, each of which began with a capital Z. The best known machines were the Z11, which was sold to the optical industry and universities, and the Z22, the first computer with magnetic memory.

In addition to general purpose computers, Zuse built several specialized computers. So, calculators S1 and S2 were used to determine the exact dimensions of parts in aviation technology. Machine S2, in addition to the calculator, also included measuring devices for measuring aircraft. The L1 computer, which remained in the form of an experimental model, was intended for Zuse to solve logical problems.

By 1967, Zuse KG had delivered 251 computers, worth about DM 100 million, but due to financial problems, it was sold to Siemens AG. Nevertheless, Zuse continued to conduct research in the field of computers, and worked as a specialist consultant for Siemens AG.

Zuse believed that the structure of the universe is similar to a network of interconnected computers. In 1969, he published the book "Computing Space" (German: Rechnender Raum), translated a year later by employees of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

In 1987-1989, despite suffering a heart attack, Zuse recreated his first Z1 computer. The finished model had 30,000 components, cost DM 800,000, and required 4 enthusiasts (including Zuse himself) to assemble it. The project was financed by Siemens AG along with five other companies.

In 1965, Zuse received the Harry Hood Memorial Prize, Medal and $2,000 from the Computer Society.

After retiring, Zuse took up his favorite hobby - painting. Zuse died on December 18, 1995 in Hünfeld (Germany), at the age of 85. Today, several cities in Germany have streets and buildings named after him.

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Literature

Jurgen Alex. Konrad Zuse: der Vater des Computers / Alex J., Flessner H., Mons W. u. a.. - Parzeller, 2000. - 263 S. - ISBN 3-7900-0317-4 , KNO-NR: 08 90 94 10.(German)
Raúl Rojas, Friedrich Ludwig Bauer, Konrad Zuse. Die Rechenmaschinen von Konrad Zuse. - Berlin: Springer, 1998. - Bd. VII. - 221 S. - ISBN 3-540-63461-4 , KNO-NR: 07 36 04 31.(German)
Zuse K. Der Computer mein Leben.(German)
The Computer - My Life. - Springer Verlag, 1993. - ISBN 0-387-56453-5.(English)
Meet: Computer = Understanding computers: Computer basics: Input / Output / Per. from English. K. G. Bataeva; Ed. and with prev. V. M. Kurochkina. - M .: Mir, 1989. - 240 p. - ISBN 5-03-001147-1.
Computer language = Understanding computers: Software: Computer Languages / Per. from English. S. E. Morkovin and V. M. Khodukina; Ed. and with prev. V. M. Kurochkina. - M .: Mir, 1989. - 240 p. - ISBN 5-03-001148-X.
Wilfried de Beauclair. Vom Zahnrad zum Chip: eine Bildgeschichte der Datenverarbeitung. - Balje: Superbrain-Verlag, 2005. - Bd. 3. - ISBN 3-00-013791-2.

An excerpt characterizing Konrad Zuse

“No, he’s not a fool,” Natasha said offendedly and seriously.
- Well, what do you want? You are all in love these days. Well, in love, so marry him! said the Countess, laughing angrily. - With God!
“No, mother, I am not in love with him, I must not be in love with him.
“Well, just tell him that.
- Mom, are you angry? Don't be angry, my dear, what am I to blame for?
“No, what is it, my friend? If you want, I'll go and tell him, - said the countess, smiling.
- No, I myself, just teach. Everything is easy for you,” she added, answering her smile. “And if you saw how he told me this!” After all, I know that he did not want to say this, but he accidentally said it.
- Well, you still have to refuse.
- No, you don't have to. I feel so sorry for him! He is so cute.
Well, take the offer. And then it’s time to get married, ”the mother said angrily and mockingly.
“No, Mom, I feel so sorry for him. I don't know how I will say.
“Yes, you don’t have anything to say, I’ll say it myself,” said the countess, indignant at the fact that they dared to look at this little Natasha as a big one.
“No, no way, I’m on my own, and you listen at the door,” and Natasha ran through the living room into the hall, where Denisov was sitting on the same chair, at the clavichord, covering his face with his hands. He jumped up at the sound of her light footsteps.
- Natalie, - he said, approaching her with quick steps, - decide my fate. She is in your hands!
"Vasily Dmitritch, I'm so sorry for you!... No, but you're so nice... but don't... it's... but I'll always love you like that."
Denisov bent over her hand, and she heard strange sounds, incomprehensible to her. She kissed him on his black, matted, curly head. At that moment, the hasty noise of the countess's dress was heard. She approached them.
“Vasily Dmitritch, I thank you for the honor,” said the countess in an embarrassed voice, but which seemed strict to Denisov, “but my daughter is so young, and I thought that you, as a friend of my son, would first turn to me. In that case, you would not put me in the need for a refusal.
“Mr. Athena,” Denisov said with downcast eyes and a guilty look, he wanted to say something else and stumbled.
Natasha could not calmly see him so miserable. She began to sob loudly.
“Mr. Athena, I am guilty before you,” Denisov continued in a broken voice, “but know that I idolize your daughter and your entire family so much that I will give two lives ...” He looked at the countess and, noticing her stern face ... “Well, goodbye, Mrs. Athena,” he said, kissed her hand and, without looking at Natasha, left the room with quick, decisive steps.

The next day, Rostov saw off Denisov, who did not want to stay in Moscow for another day. Denisov was seen off at the gypsies by all his Moscow friends, and he did not remember how he was put into the sledge and how the first three stations were taken.
After Denisov's departure, Rostov, waiting for the money that the old count could not suddenly collect, spent another two weeks in Moscow, without leaving home, and mainly in the young ladies' room.
Sonya was more tender and devoted to him than before. She seemed to want to show him that his loss was a feat for which she now loves him all the more; but Nicholas now considered himself unworthy of her.
He filled the girls' albums with poems and notes, and without saying goodbye to any of his acquaintances, finally sending all 43 thousand and receiving Dolokhov's receipt, he left at the end of November to catch up with the regiment, which was already in Poland.

After his explanation with his wife, Pierre went to Petersburg. There were no horses at the station in Torzhok, or the caretaker did not want them. Pierre had to wait. Without undressing, he lay down on a leather sofa in front of a round table, put his big feet in warm boots on this table and thought.
- Will you order the suitcases to be brought in? Make a bed, would you like some tea? the valet asked.
Pierre did not answer, because he did not hear or see anything. He had been thinking at the last station and still kept thinking about the same thing - about such an important thing that he did not pay any attention to what was going on around him. He was not only not interested in the fact that he would arrive later or earlier in Petersburg, or whether he would or would not have a place to rest at this station, but all the same, in comparison with the thoughts that occupied him now, whether he would stay for a few hours or a lifetime at that station.
The caretaker, caretaker, valet, a woman with Torzhkov sewing came into the room, offering their services. Pierre, without changing his position of his raised legs, looked at them through his glasses, and did not understand what they might need and how they could all live without resolving the issues that occupied him. And he was occupied with the same questions from the very day he returned from Sokolniki after the duel and spent the first, painful, sleepless night; only now, in the solitude of the journey, they took possession of it with particular force. Whatever he began to think about, he returned to the same questions that he could not solve, and could not stop asking himself. It was as if the main screw on which his whole life rested was curled up in his head. The screw did not go further in, did not go out, but spun, without grabbing anything, all on the same groove, and it was impossible to stop turning it.
The superintendent entered and humbly began to ask his excellency to wait only two hours, after which he would give courier for his excellency (what will be, will be). The caretaker obviously lied and only wanted to get extra money from the traveler. “Was it bad or good?” Pierre asked himself. “It’s good for me, it’s bad for another passing by, but it’s inevitable for him, because he has nothing to eat: he said that an officer beat him up for this. And the officer nailed him because he had to go sooner. And I shot Dolokhov because I considered myself insulted, and Louis XVI was executed because he was considered a criminal, and a year later those who executed him were killed, also for something. What's wrong? What well? What should you love, what should you hate? Why live, and what am I? What is life, what is death? What power governs everything?” he asked himself. And there was no answer to any of these questions, except for one, not a logical answer, not at all to these questions. This answer was: “If you die, everything will end. You will die and you will know everything, or you will stop asking.” But it was also scary to die.
The Torzhkovskaya tradeswoman offered her goods in a shrill voice, and especially goat shoes. “I have hundreds of rubles, which I have nowhere to put, and she stands in a torn fur coat and looks timidly at me,” thought Pierre. And why do we need this money? Precisely for one hair, this money can add to her happiness, peace of mind? Can anything in the world make her and me less subject to evil and death? Death, which will end everything and which must come today or tomorrow - all the same in a moment, in comparison with eternity. And he again pressed the screw, which was not grasping anything, and the screw was still spinning in the same place.
His servant handed him a book of the novel, cut in half, in letters m me Suza. [Madame Susa.] He began to read about the suffering and virtuous struggle of some Amelie de Mansfeld. [to Amalia Mansfeld.] And why did she fight her seducer, he thought, when she loved him? God could not put into her soul aspirations contrary to His will. My ex-wife didn't fight and maybe she was right. Nothing has been found, Pierre told himself again, nothing has been invented. We can only know that we know nothing. And this highest degree human wisdom."
Everything in him and around him seemed to him confused, meaningless and disgusting. But in this very disgust for everything around him, Pierre found a kind of annoying pleasure.
“I dare to ask Your Excellency to make room for a little one, here for them,” said the caretaker, entering the room and leading another, stopped for lack of horses, passing by. The passer-by was a squat, broad-boned, yellow, wrinkled old man with overhanging gray eyebrows over shining, indefinite grayish eyes.
Pierre took his feet off the table, got up and lay down on the bed prepared for him, occasionally glancing at the newcomer, who, with a gloomy tired look, without looking at Pierre, was heavily undressing with the help of a servant. Left in a shabby, covered sheepskin coat and felted boots on thin, bony legs, the traveler sat down on the sofa, leaning his very large and wide at the temples, short-cropped head against the back and looked at Bezukhy. The strict, intelligent and penetrating expression of this look struck Pierre. He wanted to speak to the traveler, but when he was about to turn to him with a question about the road, the traveler had already closed his eyes and folded his wrinkled old hands, on the finger of one of which was a large cast-iron ring with the image of Adam's head, sat motionless, or resting, or about something thoughtfully and calmly thinking, as it seemed to Pierre. The passerby's servant was all covered with wrinkles, also a yellow old man, without a mustache and beard, which apparently had not been shaved off, and had never grown with him. The agile old servant was dismantling the cellar, preparing a tea table, and brought a boiling samovar. When everything was ready, the traveler opened his eyes, moved closer to the table and poured himself one glass of tea, poured another for the beardless old man and served it to him. Pierre began to feel anxiety and the need, and even the inevitability of entering into a conversation with this traveler.
The servant brought back his empty, overturned glass with a half-bitten piece of sugar and asked if he needed anything.
- Nothing. Give me the book, said the passerby. The servant handed over a book, which seemed to Pierre spiritual, and the traveler deepened in reading. Pierre looked at him. Suddenly the passer-by put down the book, laid it down, closed it, and, again closing his eyes and leaning on his back, sat down in his former position. Pierre looked at him and did not have time to turn away, when the old man opened his eyes and fixed his firm and stern gaze straight into Pierre's face.
Pierre felt embarrassed and wanted to deviate from this look, but the brilliant, aged eyes irresistibly attracted him to him.

“I have the pleasure of talking to Count Bezukhy, if I am not mistaken,” said the passerby slowly and loudly. Pierre silently, questioningly looked through his glasses at his interlocutor.
“I heard about you,” continued the traveler, “and about the misfortune that befell you, my lord. - He seemed to emphasize the last word, as if he said: “yes, misfortune, whatever you call it, I know that what happened to you in Moscow was a misfortune.” “I am very sorry about that, my lord.
Pierre blushed and, hastily lowering his legs from the bed, bent down to the old man, smiling unnaturally and timidly.
“I did not mention this to you out of curiosity, my lord, but for more important reasons. He paused, without letting Pierre out of his sight, and moved on the sofa, inviting Pierre to sit down beside him with this gesture. It was unpleasant for Pierre to enter into a conversation with this old man, but, involuntarily submitting to him, he came up and sat down beside him.
“You are unhappy, my lord,” he continued. You are young, I am old. I would like to help you to the best of my ability.
“Oh, yes,” Pierre said with an unnatural smile. - I am very grateful to you ... Where do you want to pass from? - The face of the traveler was not affectionate, even cold and stern, but despite the fact, both the speech and the face of the new acquaintance had an irresistibly attractive effect on Pierre.
“But if for some reason you find it unpleasant to talk to me,” said the old man, “then you say so, my lord. And he suddenly smiled unexpectedly, a fatherly gentle smile.
“Oh no, not at all, on the contrary, I am very glad to meet you,” said Pierre, and, looking once more at the hands of a new acquaintance, he examined the ring closer. He saw Adam's head on it, the sign of Freemasonry.
“Let me ask,” he said. - Are you a Mason?
- Yes, I belong to the brotherhood of free masons, said the traveler, looking deeper and deeper into Pierre's eyes. - And on my own behalf and on their behalf, I extend my brotherly hand to you.

Device calculator zuse data 9 letters. Computers by Konrad Zuse

Biography

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An excerpt characterizing Konrad Zuse

Z1 Konrad Zuse

Write a review on the article "Zuse, Konrad"

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An excerpt characterizing Konrad Zuse