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What characterizes production assets. The concept of fixed production assets, their structure and classification

What characterizes production assets. The concept of fixed production assets, their structure and classification

The concept and essence of fixed production assets

There is such a thing as the fixed assets of an enterprise, which implies a certain set of production, material values, material values, etc., acting in the production process for a long period of time and retaining a material form during this period of time, while shifting their value to products in parts within the framework of wear and tear. The cost is carried forward as depreciation. Within the framework of this, we can talk about the main production assets and the main non-production assets.

The main non-production funds can be called various means of cultural purposes, household, etc. They are needed in order to facilitate the workflow of employees of the organization. These funds are on the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Within the scientific literature, there are many different opinions regarding the definition of fixed assets. More than one study has been done to explain this term. However, to date there is no consensus on the definition of fixed assets as an economic category.

Definition 1

Taking into account a number of sources, fixed production assets can be defined as a set of labor instruments used in several production cycles, which gradually wear out and transfer their value to a product or service in parts during their entire service life, and at the same time do not lose their natural form.

Fixed production assets are divided into different types and play a variety of roles in the production process of the organization. They may have different service lives, wear, functions, etc. The main production assets can be divided into types, groups, types for various reasons, into groups depending on their participation in the production process. There is a division of production assets into active and passive, depending on the specific features of participation in the production process.

Active production assets are such fixed assets that, within the framework of production, affect the object of labor itself and can change it.
Passive - these are all other fixed assets that do not affect the subject of labor, they create conditions for labor. If we consider the functional characteristics of fixed production assets, then we should talk about a different division.

Figure 1. Types of fixed production assets by functional basis. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

So, the main production assets can be considered as a certain system of values of an industrial and tangible nature, acting in the production process of certain products and services for a long period of time. At the same time, they retain their material form, while maintaining throughout the entire period of the production process of the enterprise, transferring their value to products in parts, as they wear out, in the form of depreciation.

Remark 1

It is important for the enterprise to build and maintain an optimal and efficient structure of these funds. There must be full security of basic production assets. At the same time, there should not be an excess of them, as this will entail unnecessary costs that will negatively affect the functioning of the organization.

Distinctive features of fixed production assets

It is necessary to distinguish between fixed production assets and circulating production assets. Their differences can be seen in the following figure.

Figure 2. Characteristics of the reproduction of fixed and circulating production assets. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Thus, it can be said that circulating production assets take part in the production process of a product or service once, while changing their natural-material form. Circulating production assets are completely consumed in the production process, transferring their value to the newly created product or service.

A number of features of fixed production assets can be distinguished: they retain their original and natural form, are used repeatedly in repeated production cycles, in order to first put them into operation they require one-time investments, and as part of their use, modernization and repair are also needed. In addition, it is worth noting the gradual transfer of value to a product or service in the form of depreciation.

A number of other sources distinguish two signs of fixed production assets:

the function they implement
degree of participation in the production process.

As part of the function being implemented, the main production assets are divided according to the classification shown in Figure 2 - reserves, facilities, etc., within the second feature, they are divided into active and passive, as shown in Figure 1 in this article.

It is worth noting that the final result of the use of on-line production assets is shown by a number of indicators, among which, first of all, it is worth noting:

return on assets;
Capital intensity.

Definition 2

Capital intensity can be called the inverse of the return on assets indicator. In turn, the return on assets is the ratio of the volume of manufactured products in value terms to the cost of fixed production assets.

The presented indicators can make it clear to the management of the organization whether it is worth making decisions regarding increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed production assets. If a decision is made to apply such measures, then among them we can single out the technical modernization of machines, improving the structure of fixed production assets by increasing the share of equipment, increasing the efficiency of planning in the organization, increasing the cost of using fixed production assets, training workers, etc.

Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, transferring their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a cost of more than 100 minimum monthly wages. Fixed assets are divided into production and non-production assets.

Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, devices, transmission devices, etc.).

Non-productive fixed assets do not participate in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).

The following groups and subgroups of fixed production assets are distinguished:

Buildings (architectural and construction objects for industrial purposes: workshop buildings, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.).
Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the implementation of the production process: tunnels, flyovers, roads, chimneys on a separate foundation, etc.).
Transmission devices (devices for the transmission of electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).
Machinery and equipment (power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices, Computer Engineering, automatic machines, other machines and equipment, etc.).
Vehicles (diesel locomotives, wagons, cars, motorcycles, carts, carts, etc., except for conveyors and conveyors included in the production equipment).
Tools (cutting, impact, pressing, sealing, as well as various devices for fastening, mounting, etc.), except for special tools and special equipment.
Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate the performance of production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).
Household inventory (office and household items: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicators, etc.).
.Other fixed assets. This group includes library collections, museum valuables, etc.

The share (in percent) of various groups of fixed assets in their total value at the enterprise represents the structure of fixed assets. At the enterprises of mechanical engineering in the structure of fixed assets, the largest share is occupied by: machinery and equipment - an average of about 50%; buildings about 37%.

Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, the main production assets are divided into active and passive. The active part of fixed assets includes machinery and equipment, vehicles, tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes all other groups of fixed assets. They create conditions for the normal operation of the enterprise.

Accounting and valuation of fixed assets

Fixed assets are accounted for in kind and value terms. Accounting for fixed assets in kind is necessary to determine the technical composition and balance of equipment; to calculate the production capacity of the enterprise and its production units; to determine the degree of its wear, use and timing of renewal.

The initial documents for accounting for fixed assets in physical terms are passports of equipment, jobs, and enterprises. The passports provide a detailed technical description of all fixed assets: the year of commissioning, capacity, degree of deterioration, etc. The enterprise passport contains information about the enterprise (production profile, material and technical characteristics, technical and economic indicators, equipment composition, etc.) necessary for calculating production capacity.

A cost (monetary) valuation of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total value, composition and structure, dynamics, depreciation charges, and also to assess the economic efficiency of their use.

There are the following types of monetary value of fixed assets:

Valuation at historical cost, i.e. at actual costs incurred at the time of creation or acquisition (including delivery and installation), at the prices of the year in which they were manufactured or purchased.
Valuation at replacement cost, i.e. at the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of revaluation. This value shows how much it would cost to create or acquire at a given time previously created or acquired fixed assets.
Estimate at the original or restoration, taking into account depreciation (residual value), i.e. at a cost that has not yet been transferred to the finished product.

The residual value of fixed assets Fost is determined by the formula:

Fost \u003d Fnach * (1-On * Tn),

where Fnach - the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets, rubles; Na - depreciation rate,%; Tn - the period of use of fixed assets.

When assessing fixed assets, the value at the beginning of the year and the average annual value are distinguished. The average annual value of Fsg fixed assets is determined by the formula:

Fsrg \u003d Fng + Fvv * n1 / 12 - Fvyb * n2 / 12,

where Fng - the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rubles; Fvv - the cost of introduced fixed assets, rub.; Fvyb - the cost of retired fixed assets, rub.; n1 and n2 - the number of months of functioning of the commissioned and retired fixed assets, respectively.

To assess the condition of fixed assets, such indicators are used as the depreciation coefficient of fixed assets, which is defined as the ratio of the depreciation cost of fixed assets to their full value; the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets, calculated as the cost of commissioned fixed assets during the year attributable to the value of fixed assets at the end of the year; the coefficient of disposal of fixed assets, which is equal to the value of retired fixed assets divided by the value of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.

In the process of functioning, fixed assets are subject to physical and moral wear and tear. Physical depreciation refers to the loss by fixed assets of their technical parameters. Physical wear can be operational and natural. Operational wear is a consequence of production consumption. Natural wear occurs under the influence of natural factors (temperature, humidity, etc.).

Obsolescence of fixed assets is a consequence of scientific and technological progress. There are two forms of obsolescence:

A form of obsolescence associated with a reduction in the cost of reproduction of fixed assets as a result of improving equipment and technology, the introduction of advanced materials, and an increase in labor productivity.

A form of obsolescence associated with the creation of more advanced and economical fixed assets (machinery, equipment, buildings, structures, etc.).

Obsolescence assessment of the first form can be defined as the difference between the original and replacement cost of fixed assets. Obsolescence assessment of the second form is carried out by comparing the reduced costs when using obsolete and new fixed assets.

Depreciation of fixed assets

Depreciation is understood as the process of transferring the value of fixed assets to created products. This process is carried out by including a part of the cost of fixed assets in the cost of manufactured products (work). After the sale of products, the company receives this amount of funds, which it uses in the future to purchase or build new fixed assets. The procedure for calculating and using depreciation deductions in the national economy is established by the government.

Distinguish between depreciation amount and depreciation rate. The amount of depreciation for a certain period of time (year, quarter, month) is the monetary amount of depreciation of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation accrued by the end of the life of fixed assets should be sufficient for their complete restoration (acquisition or construction).

The amount of depreciation deductions is determined on the basis of depreciation rates. The depreciation rate is the established amount of depreciation deductions for full restoration over a certain period of time for a specific type of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of their book value.

The depreciation rate is differentiated by individual types and groups of fixed assets. For metal-cutting equipment weighing over 10 tons. a coefficient of 0.8 is applied, and with a mass of more than 100 tons. - coefficient 0.6. For metal-cutting machines with manual control, the coefficients are applied: for machines of classes accuracy N, P- 1.3; for precision machine tools of accuracy class A, B, C - 2.0; for metal-cutting machines with CNC, including machining centers, automatic and semi-automatic machines without CNC - 1.5. The main indicator that determines the depreciation rate is the life of fixed assets. It depends on the period of physical durability of fixed assets, on the obsolescence of existing fixed assets, on the ability of the national economy to ensure the replacement of obsolete equipment.

The depreciation rate is determined by the formula:

On \u003d (Fp - Fl) / (Tsl * Fp),

where Na is the annual depreciation rate, %;
Фп - initial (book) value of fixed assets, rub.;
Fl - liquidation value of fixed assets, rub.;
Тsl is the standard service life of fixed assets, years.

Not only the means of labor (fixed assets) are depreciated, but also intangible assets. These include: rights to use land plots, natural resources, patents, licenses, know-how, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, trademarks, trademarks, etc. Depreciation on intangible assets is calculated monthly according to the norms established by the enterprise itself.

The property of enterprises subject to depreciation is grouped into four categories:

Buildings, structures and their structural components.
Passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, office equipment and furniture, computer equipment, information systems and data processing systems.
Technological, energy, transport and other equipment and tangible assets not included in the first and second categories.
Intangible assets.

The annual depreciation rates are: for the first category - 5%, for the second category - 25%, for the third category - 15%, and for the fourth category depreciation deductions are made in equal shares during the life of the relevant intangible assets. If it is impossible to determine the period of use of an intangible asset, then the amortization period is set at 10 years.

In order to create economic conditions for the active renewal of fixed assets and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, it was recognized as expedient to use accelerated depreciation of the active part (machines, equipment and vehicles), i.e. full transfer of the balance sheet value of these funds to the created products in a shorter time than is provided for in the depreciation rates. Accelerated depreciation can be carried out in relation to fixed assets used to increase the output of computer equipment, new progressive types of materials, instruments and equipment, and to expand exports of products.

In the event of a write-off of fixed assets before the full transfer of their balance sheet value to the cost of manufactured products, the undercharged depreciation charges are reimbursed from the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. These funds are used in the same manner as depreciation charges.

Use of fixed assets

The main indicators reflecting the final result of the use of fixed assets are: return on assets, capital intensity and the utilization rate of production capacity.

The return on assets is determined by the ratio of the volume of output to the value of fixed production assets:

Cf.o. = N/Fs.p.f.,

where Kf.o. - return on assets; N - the volume of released (sold) products, rub.;
Fs.p.f. - average annual cost of fixed production assets, rub.

Capital intensity is the reciprocal of capital productivity. The capacity utilization factor is defined as the ratio of the volume of output to the maximum possible output for the year.

The main directions for improving the use of fixed assets are:

technical improvement and modernization of equipment;
improving the structure of fixed assets by increasing the share of machinery and equipment;
increasing the intensity of the equipment;
optimization of operational planning;
advanced training of employees of the enterprise.

fixed assets represent a set of material things that retain their natural form and are used by a commercial, non-commercial organization or an individual entrepreneur in economic activities for a long (more than 12 months) period.

The fixed assets of the enterprise include items whose value exceeds the limit established by the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus for classifying as low-value and wearing items (worth more than 30 basic units per unit) and with a service life of more than 1 year. In this case, both conditions must be met.

In accordance with the current legislation of the Republic of Belarus, a number of material assets do not belong to fixed assets and, accordingly, are not objects for depreciation, despite the presence of common features combined in the concept of "fixed assets":

Means of labor worth up to the established limit of 30 basic units (except for carpets and rugs, the limit for which is set within 10 basic units), regardless of their service life, with the exception of agricultural machinery and implements, construction mechanized tools, as well as working livestock, which are classified as fixed assets, regardless of their value;

Items that serve less than one year, regardless of their value;

Fishing gear (trawls, nets, nets, nets and others), regardless of their cost and service life;

Petrol saws, loppers, floating rope, seasonal roads, mustaches and temporary branches of logging roads, temporary buildings in the forest with a service life of up to two years (mobile heating houses, pilot workshops, gas stations, etc.);

Special tools and special fixtures (special-purpose tools and fixtures intended for serial or mass production of certain products or for the manufacture of an individual order), regardless of their value;

Special clothing, including uniforms, special shoes, as well as bedding, including linen, rental items, regardless of their cost and service life;

Separate building structures and parts, parts and assemblies of machines, equipment and rolling stock intended for construction, repair purposes and equipment, listed in working capital;

Equipment and machinery listed as finished products (goods in the warehouses of manufacturers, supply and marketing organizations), as well as equipment requiring installation and listed on the balance of capital construction;

Machinery and equipment completed by installation, but not in operation and listed on the balance sheet of capital construction;

Temporary (non-title) structures, fixtures and devices, the construction costs of which are included in accordance with the current procedure at the cost of construction and installation works as part of overhead costs;

Young and fattening animals, poultry, rabbits, fur-bearing animals, families of bees, as well as experimental animals;

Perennial plantations grown in nurseries as planting material.

In terms of their economic content, fixed assets are homogeneous, but not in terms of their natural material composition, which necessitates their classification. The signs of classification are given in table. 2.1.1.

Table 2.1.1 . Signs of the classification of fixed assets

In economic practice, the following classifications are most common. Depending on the use in entrepreneurial activity, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production.

Basic production assets repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural-material form (metal-cutting equipment, power machines and equipment, heat engineering equipment, computer technology, etc.).

Fixed non-productive assets do not participate in the production process and do not transfer their value to the finished product, they are designed to meet the everyday and cultural needs of people (residential buildings, children's and sports facilities and other cultural and community facilities).

Depending on the material-natural composition, fixed production assets, in accordance with the Provisional Republican Classifier of Fixed Assets and the standard terms of their service, are divided into the following groups:

- building– production and non-production buildings, residential buildings;

- structures- hydraulic structures, dams, bridges, cableways, etc.;

- transmission devices - with their help, various types of energy are transmitted, as well as liquid and gaseous substances (cable lines, gas pipelines, etc.);

- cars and equipment - power and working machines and equipment, heat engineering equipment, turbine equipment, electric motors, tractors, etc.;

- vehicles - railway rolling stock, sea and river fleet, industrial and municipal transport, road transport rolling stock, etc.;

- tool - drilling and jackhammers, spray guns, etc.;

- production and household inventory and accessories- containers, inventory of hotels and business organizations, etc.;

- working cattle- horses, camels and other livestock, except oxen and deer;

- perennial plantations - cherry, plum, vineyards, etc.;

- other fixed assets - animals of circuses, zoos, etc.

According to the degree of impact on the object of labor, new production assets are divided into active and passive.

active part serves the production process, directly affects the level of technical equipment of labor at the enterprise (working machines, vehicles, tools, etc.).

Passive part takes an indirect part in the production process, creates conditions for its implementation (buildings, structures, inventory, etc.).

By ownership, fixed assets are divided into own and leased.

Own fixed assets wholly owned by the company.

Leased fixed assets, being the property of other enterprises, in accordance with a lease or leasing agreement, they are temporarily used at this enterprise.

The above classification of fixed assets shows that not all of their types play the same role in the production process. For example, some (machinery and equipment, vehicles, etc.) are directly involved in the production process, while others (buildings, structures, inventory, etc.) have an indirect impact on it. In this regard, a great economic importance has the ratio of certain types of fixed assets in their total value, or otherwise - the specific (technological or production) structure.

There are the following types of structures of fixed assets: technological, industrial and sectoral (table. 2.1.1).

Table 2.1.1. Types of fixed asset structures

The structure of fixed assets is not the same for enterprises of various industries, which is explained by the specifics of the industries themselves, the technical equipment of the enterprise, the level of specialization, the nature of products and other features. A progressive and optimal structure is considered to be such a structure of fixed assets that provides high quality of manufactured products and the maximum level of use of the active part in the absence of equipment downtime.

To assess fixed assets, natural and cost indicators are used.

natural indicators are used for scheduling preventive maintenance, determining the composition and technical level of fixed assets and other quantitative values, for which the enterprise conducts an inventory and certification of equipment, accounting for its arrival and disposal.

Cost ( monetary)indicators are used to establish depreciation, depreciation, determine the cost, calculate real estate tax, etc. There are the following types of valuation of fixed assets: depreciable (initial, replacement), under-depreciable (residual) and salvage value.

Amortized cost- the cost at which fixed assets are recorded in accounting (accepted for accounting by an individual entrepreneur).

Depreciable cost(OPF p) is the actual cost of property, plant and equipment at purchase prices or the cost of construction, including delivery, assembly and installation costs.

Depreciable replacement cost(OPF in) – this is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions, which is determined during the revaluation, which is carried out in order to bring the value of existing fixed assets in line with the prevailing price level. Fixed assets on the balance sheet of the enterprise are subject to revaluation.

The replacement cost of buildings and structures is determined by multiplying the depreciable (initial) cost of the object by the corresponding conversion factors ( k) depending on the time of putting the facility into operation:

OPF in= OPF p · k

Residual (underdepreciable) cost(OPF about) is defined as the difference between the depreciable (original or replacement) cost and the depreciation amount ( AND) to which fixed assets are exposed:

OPF o \u003d OPF p (OPF in) - And

Example. Depreciable initial cost of the machine 100 thousand den. units Depreciation rate - 10%. The revaluation factor is 1.8838. Calculate the depreciable replacement and underdepreciable cost of the machine before and after the revaluation.

1. Calculate the under-depreciated cost of the machine before revaluation:

100 - 100 x 10 / 100 = 90 thousand den. units

2. Determine the depreciable replacement cost of the machine:

100 x 1.8838 = 188.38 thousand den. units

3. Calculate the under-depreciated cost of the machine after the revaluation:

90 x 1.8838 = 169.542 thousand den. units

Liquidation value(OPF l) – the value of fixed assets that can be obtained from their sale, less the cost of dismantling.

introduction

The transfer of the economy to market relations is dictated by the logic of the development of productive forces at the stage of transition to a free enterprise system using various forms of ownership.

The radical restructuring of industrial production based on the introduction of a new economic mechanism orients the industrial organization towards the economically justified use of all elements of production. Their clear interaction with the rational structure of the means of production makes it possible to ensure the normal economic activity of enterprises. An integral part of the means of production is the fixed capital of production (fixed production assets), which occupies the highest share in the structure of the property complex. Fixed capital is directly involved in the creation of wealth and is closely related to the competitiveness of products.

For the normal operation of the enterprise, such a component as accounting and planning of fixed assets is very important. Accounting for the availability and movement of funds is necessary in order to know the situation of the provision of the enterprise with them, which allows it to produce products in the amount and within the time required by the market.

It is known that fixed assets wear out during operation. To compensate for the cost of fixed capital, a depreciation fund is used, which is formed from depreciation deductions received on the settlement account of an industrial enterprise after the sale of products.

This course work reveals the essence and features of fixed assets, talks about how to evaluate them. Also, a large role is assigned to the depreciation of fixed assets and different ways its accrual in a market economy.

1. Basic production assets

1.1. The concept and essence of the OPF

is the value of the means of labor. The main defining feature of fixed assets is the method of transferring value to the product - gradually: over a number of production cycles; parts: as wear. Depreciation of fixed assets is accounted for in accordance with established depreciation rates, the amount of which is included in the cost of production. After the sale of products, the accrued depreciation is accumulated in a special depreciation fund, which is intended for new capital investments. Thus, the lump-sum advanced value in the authorized capital (fund) in the part of the fixed capital makes a constant circulation, passing from the monetary form into the natural, into the commodity and again into the monetary one. This is the economic essence of fixed assets.

The main production assets of the enterprise - these are the means of labor involved in many production cycles, retaining their natural form and transferring value to the manufactured product in parts, as they wear out. The law of reproduction of fixed capital is expressed in the fact that, under normal economic conditions, its value, introduced into production, is completely restored, providing an opportunity for constant technical renewal of the means of labor. With simple reproduction, at the expense of the depreciation fund, enterprises form a new system of labor tools, equal in value to worn ones. To expand production, new investments are required, which are additionally attracted from profits, contributions from the founders, the issue of securities, credit, etc. With a large scale of fixed capital used, large and largest enterprises have the opportunity to finance, at the expense of the depreciation fund, not only simple, but also to a large extent expanded reproduction of the means of labor.

In terms of their economic content, fixed assets are homogeneous, but differ in their production and technical purpose, their role in production and the timing of reproduction. Therefore, for planning capital construction, calculating the amount of depreciation and depreciation rates, a classification of fixed assets is necessary. Currently, in accordance with the standard classification, the fixed production assets (fixed capital) of an industrial enterprise are divided into the following groups depending on the homogeneity of the production purpose and natural-material characteristics:

1. Building - architectural and construction objects designed to create the necessary working conditions. Buildings include production buildings of workshops, depots, garages, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.;

2. Structures - engineering and construction facilities designed for certain technical functions necessary for the implementation of the production process and not related to changes in the objects of labor. The buildings include pumping stations, tunnels, bridges, etc.;

3. Transfer devices , through which various types of energy are transferred, as well as liquid and gaseous substances (oil pipelines, gas pipelines, etc.);

4. cars and equipment , including:

a) power machines and equipment designed to generate and convert energy - generators, engines, etc.;

b) working machines and equipment used directly to influence the object of labor or its movement in the process of creating products or services, i.e. for direct participation in technological processes (machines, presses, hammers, hoisting and transport mechanisms and other main and auxiliary equipment);

c) measuring and control instruments and devices, laboratory equipment, etc.;

d) computer technology - a set of tools designed to accelerate the automation of processes associated with the solution of mathematical problems, etc.; other machinery and equipment;

5. vehicles, intended for the transportation of goods and people within the enterprise and outside it;

6. Tool of all kinds and attached to machines fixtures for product processing (clamps, vise, etc.);

7. production inventory to facilitate production operations (work tables, workbenches), storage of liquid and loose bodies, labor protection, etc.;

8. Household inventory.

The composition of fixed capital does not include labor instruments that have not been put into operation, low-value (cost less than the value established by law, regardless of the service life) and quick-wearing (with a service life of up to 1 year, regardless of cost) instrument.

In Russia, the process of inflation continues. Therefore, the absolute valuation that characterizes the boundary, which allows one or another element of the means of labor to be classified as fixed assets or working capital, cannot be long-term and over time it will naturally change upwards. In this regard, it is more expedient to introduce periodic adjustments (twice a year), and use the price index, which is officially published by the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation, as a base. It also does not take into account long-term non-production objects that retain their natural form and lose their value in parts in the process of their consumption (buildings and structures of a non-productive nature, household equipment and equipment for residential buildings, schools, clubs, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise).

Structure of fixed production assets is the share of each of the groups in their total value. The structure of fixed capital cannot be the same for industrial enterprises in various industries. This is due to the specifics of the industries themselves, the technical equipment of the enterprise, the level of specialization, concentration and cooperation, geographical location and other features.

Not all groups of fixed capital play the same role in the production process. If buildings and structures, as a rule, provide the conditions for production, then machines and equipment are directly involved in the creation of products. On this basis, fixed capital is divided into active and passive parts.

The active part of the OPF is the leading and serves as a base in assessing the technical level and production capacity. In general, for industrial enterprises (without taking into account industry specifics), the active part includes transmission devices, power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control instruments and devices. In the sectoral context, active groups are distinguished by the nature of the impact on the objects of labor and the impact on the formation of products. For mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises, the active elements are working machines and equipment and control instruments and devices; at power industry enterprises - power equipment and transmission devices, etc.

The passive part of the OPF is auxiliary and ensures the process of operation of active elements.

The ratio of active and passive elements that has developed in industry shows that almost all enterprises material production, with the exception of energy, the share of the active part is lower. In general, in industry, the share of the active part is about 48%, and for industrial enterprises in the context of individual industries, it ranges from 35 to 52%. The share of the active part may differ even for similar industrial enterprises in the same industry, because their geographical location predetermines the cost of capital construction. The growth of the active part of fixed capital, especially in the most capital-intensive industries, is an economically justified phenomenon. However, in each specific case, an increase in the share of the active part should be economically justified, since the growth in the efficiency of fixed capital is ensured only if certain proportions are observed, i.e. at such a ratio, when an increase in the proportion of active elements is not accompanied by a decrease in the level of their use.

But despite all these sub-sectoral features, in the policy of managing to ensure high labor productivity at a minimum of costs, general, industry-independent requirements can be presented to the OPF. The latter should be formulated both at the stage of acquiring funds and during their operation. This is due to a number of objective reasons: firstly, the desire to produce what we want, and in the quantity we want, and secondly, the characteristics of fixed assets that follow from their essential characteristics,
thirdly, the desire to organize the effective operation of the BPF, i.e. to obtain a greater volume of production with a minimum cost of attracting them.

Let's look at these reasons in more detail. So, at the stage of creating an enterprise, by studying demand, it is determined what to produce and in what quantity, and on the basis of this it is determined what equipment should be purchased. When we are dealing with a functioning enterprise, the main attention is drawn to the need to ensure that existing production capabilities meet the requirements of the market in terms of what to produce, in what quality and in what quantity, with what deadlines.

When providing an enterprise with fixed production assets, one should take into account their features arising from the essential characteristics of the fixed assets.

Firstly, fixed assets increase the productive power of labor and are used for a long period. This means that in the policy of managing the enterprise should strive to acquire high-performance equipment, specifications which allows you to maintain it at a high level throughout the entire service life. The significance of the latter is enhanced by the fact that scientific and technical progress accelerates the obsolescence of equipment. Therefore, in order to withstand competition, it must either be updated or modernized, which is achieved through regular overhaul.

Secondly, since OPFs tend to be expensive and require large sums of money to acquire, they must be paid back quickly. The latter depends on a number of factors: the operation of the BPF should ensure low production costs; high reliability of operation of the BPF is required; depreciation rates and methods need to be established through evidence-based policies.

Third, given the high cost of OPF, it is necessary to look for the most acceptable conditions for their acquisition: on leasing, on credit, at a lower price, etc.

However, the most important feature of fixed production assets is that they can be built up in two ways, extensive and intensive. extensive path development involves a quantitative increase in equipment, intensive- its modernization or replacement with a new one, allowing to increase productivity without changing the quantity. In conditions of mass production, OPFs become more and more expensive, which causes an increase in their share in the overall structure of production assets.

In addition, the impossibility of separating OPF, which have a holistic character (their size and structure is determined by the type of products produced, it will not be possible to produce if part of the OPF is removed), and their relative illiquidity (it is usually difficult to sell the installed equipment) lead to the fact that any error in capital investments cannot be corrected and thus the stability of the enterprise is violated.

To avoid such errors, a policy on the formation of fixed assets should be pursued. It should be based, on the one hand, on taking into account the market requirements for products manufactured by the enterprise, and on the other hand, on the sectoral consideration of the features of the BPF.

1. 2. Methods for assessing fixed assets

Planning and accounting for the reproduction of fixed assets are carried out in physical and cost terms. Natural meters are used in calculating the production capacity of enterprises, organizing the production process, determining the technical condition of the means of labor and their qualitative characteristics, as well as in developing intersectoral and planned balances of fixed assets and equipment.

In the economy, the system of cost indicators, which has received special development in a market economy, has a wider use. In monetary terms, consolidated accounting is carried out and

planning at all levels of management of the reproduction process of fixed capital, as well as the accrual and use of the depreciation fund, the inclusion of depreciation of labor instruments in the cost of production, planning the volumes and sources of financing of capital investments, etc. In connection with the privatization of enterprises, the inclusion of labor instruments in commodity circulation, the development of commercial accounting and market economic relations, the role of the valuation of fixed assets has increased significantly, the requirements for its reality and dynamism have increased.

In the management of fixed assets, a differentiated system of valuations is used, which is determined by the target setting for measuring the value of fixed capital: for internal production activities and evaluation of results, for depreciation and tax calculation, for sale and lease, collateral transactions, etc. The basic types of valuations of fixed assets are: initial, replacement and residual value.

Full original cost fixed assets is the sum of actual costs in current prices for the acquisition or creation of labor instruments: the construction of buildings and structures, the purchase, transportation, installation and installation of machinery and equipment, etc. At full initial cost, fixed assets are taken to the balance of the enterprise, and it remains unchanged throughout the entire service life of labor instruments and is reviewed when revaluing the fixed assets of the enterprise or specified during modernization or overhaul. Depreciation of fixed assets is also charged from the full cost. At this price, the means of labor are planned and taken into account in daily economic activities. Current prices and tariffs for fixed assets are constantly changing under the influence of supply and demand factors, inflation, etc. Over time, disproportions and contradictions accumulate in the initial value of fixed assets. The same machine or machine purchased from different years, are listed at different prices. The initial cost of fixed capital ceases to reflect its actual assessment in today's (current) conditions of economic activity. Management of the process of reproduction of fixed assets becomes difficult, there are obstacles to the normal implementation of the commercial activities of enterprises. Indicators calculated using the initial value of funds (capital return, profitability, solvency, liquidity, etc.) cease to reflect their actual level. Major problems arise in the management of depreciation, cost, and, consequently, profit and taxes. There is a need to re-evaluate fixed assets and bring them to a single value measurement.

replacement cost expresses an assessment of the reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions at the time of revaluation. It reflects the costs of acquiring and creating revalued objects in prices, tariffs and other standards in force on a given date. Full replacement cost - this is the sum of the estimated costs of acquiring or maintaining new tools of labor similar to those being revalued.

residual value fixed assets represents the difference between the full original or full replacement cost and the accrued depreciation, i.e. this is the monetary expression of the value of the means of labor, not transferred to the manufactured products on a certain date. The residual value allows you to judge the degree of depreciation of the means of labor, plan their renewal and repair. During the ongoing revaluation of funds, the amount of accrued depreciation for each unit of labor instruments is simultaneously specified. Also defined replacement cost including depreciation. It is calculated as a percentage of the total replacement cost based on accounting data.

Liquidation value – this is the cost of worn-out and discontinued fixed assets, it is determined by the cost of selling these fixed assets.

Book value - the cost at which fixed assets are recorded in the balance sheet of the enterprise according to accounting data on their availability and movement. On the balance sheet of the enterprise, the value of fixed assets is listed in a mixed assessment: the objects for which the revaluation was carried out are accounted for at the replacement cost as of the established date, and the new labor instruments acquired (or built) after the revaluation are at their original cost. In the practice of enterprises and in methodological materials, the book value is often considered as initial, since the replacement cost at the time of the last revaluation coincides with the initial cost on this date.

Revaluation of fixed assets can be produced by two methods: expert and through a system of price indices. With the expert method, special commissions are created at enterprises and industries from among the most experienced and qualified engineers and economists. In the former Soviet Union, revaluations of fixed assets (there were three of them - in 1925, 1960 and 1972) were carried out expert way. Centrally developed methodological documents and guidance materials.

Determining the replacement cost of fixed assets by the expert method, by means of an object-by-object inventory of labor tools, is a labor-intensive and expensive undertaking.

With the index method, revaluation is carried out by multiplying the book value of the object by the price index established for this group of fixed assets. The system of price indices is approved in a special decree of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Such a system of recalculation indices reflects the dynamics and level of inflation in the Russian economy.

2. Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets

2.1. Types of depreciation of fixed assets

The change in the value of fixed capital is directly related to depreciation. Tools of production eventually wear out and become unsuitable for further operation. All tools of production, all types of machines and equipment are subject to physical wear and tear. At the same time, for each specific machine (even a homogeneous and interchangeable one), the dimensions of wear are not the same, as are the forms of its manifestation. This is due to the operating conditions, the quality of care for the equipment, the qualifications of the personnel operating the machine, the actual duration of the operation of tools and other reasons. Physical deterioration and deterioration for this reason of the technical and production characteristics of the equipment lead to a decrease in the productivity of the machine, contribute to the production of substandard products, and an increase in its cost.

There are two forms of physical wear:

Mechanical wear of means of labor and a decrease in technical and production indicators during their operation;

Destruction of idle means of labor as a result of influence natural conditions(corrosion, infection of the tree with a fungus).

Physical wear is a natural phenomenon. Therefore, in order to reduce it, it is necessary to ensure normal operating conditions, timely high-quality repair of fixed assets and care for them, reduce unscheduled downtime of machinery and equipment, shorten start-up periods at new enterprises, prevent long-term storage of equipment in enterprise warehouses, etc.

Physical deterioration can be partial and complete.

Partial physical wear eliminated as a result of repairs, which are carried out in order to return the equipment to its original technical and operational properties. Complete wear compensated by the replacement of physically depreciated fixed capital: for the active part - this is the purchase of new equipment; for buildings and structures - capital construction.

When studying the reproduction of the active part of fixed production assets, and the value of obsolescence of equipment, there is a close connection between this economic category and consumer value, cost and labor productivity.

Moral obsolescence arises as a result of an economic process due to the reduction of socially necessary costs for the production of a machine and the creation of new, more advanced in design, economical and productive machines. Obsolescence manifests itself in two forms.

First form is based on the growth of labor productivity, raising the level of technical equipment of manufacturing plants. As a result, there is a reduction in labor costs, and consequently, a decrease in the cost of products. At the same time, tools of labor lose part of their value in direct proportion to the decrease in socially necessary costs for the production of tools of labor similar in their purpose, but completely retain their consumer properties, since with the same costs of living labor, their use makes it possible to produce the same amount of products as new tools of labor. Reducing the cost of reproduction of tools is a constant process. The introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the production process of similar machines and equipment helps to reduce the cost of their production.

Second form obsolescence is based on scientific and technological progress, thanks to which more modern tools of labor appear both in terms of the main design parameters and in terms of operational indicators. The economy of new instruments of labor is determined by the extent to which their use makes it possible to reduce labor costs for the production of a unit of output, or to what extent, as a result of their use, the productivity of social labor in given production conditions increases. New machines and equipment must always be more efficient than similar predecessors. This is a decisive condition for the obsolescence of the second form.

When assessing obsolescence, the problem of establishing the time of obsolescence becomes of certain importance. From our point of view, the obsolescence of existing machinery and equipment appears only after a certain period of time, i.e. after the appearance of a new more modern modification, similar in mass production, which is ensured by the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

At this stage, the onset of obsolescence of existing equipment is the result of a natural process of obsolescence. This must be taken into account when forming a plan for the scientific and technical development of the enterprise and updating the fleet of technological equipment. Replacing obsolete equipment is a necessary condition for improving the existing technological process.

2. 2. Depreciation and methods of its calculation

For the timely replacement of obsolete means of labor, without prejudice to the entrepreneur, it is necessary that the value of the retiring funds be fully transferred to the finished product. The necessary funds must be accumulated in the depreciation fund. Only under this condition can the process of reproduction of fixed capital be carried out systematically and efficiently.

Depreciation -- this is the gradual transfer of the value of fixed capital to the product or service produced for the purpose of accumulation Money for further full recovery of fixed capital. On January 1, 1991, new depreciation rates were introduced in Russia. Previously, depreciation deductions consisted of two parts, i.e. for a full recovery and overhaul, now major repairs, like other types of repairs, are carried out at the expense of current production costs.

By economic essence depreciation is the monetary expression of a part of the value of fixed assets transferred to a newly created product.

Sinking fund - a special monetary reserve intended for the reproduction of fixed assets. It is a financial resource for capital investments. The depreciation fund is intended for simple reproduction of fixed assets, for the replacement of worn-out funds with new copies of equal value. However, in conditions of high rates of scientific and technological progress, depreciation serves as a source of expanded reproduction of fixed assets. In the process of reproduction of fixed assets, the moments of their simple renewal and expansion are harmoniously combined and their differentiation is conditional.

The objectivity of the rate of depreciation deductions largely depends on the standard service life. If the established standard is too high, physical wear and tear will occur before the value of the fixed capital is transferred to the finished product. In case of underestimation of the standard service life, the cost of fixed capital will be transferred to finished products even before the onset of complete physical wear and tear.

The most common method for determining the standard life is that as the life of the fixed capital increases, the amount of annual depreciation decreases, and the cost of maintaining the fixed capital in working condition increases. In this case, the economically justified service life will be determined by the year in which the annual total costs, i.e. annual depreciation charges plus the cost of maintaining fixed capital in working order will be minimal.

Depreciation allowances must be used strictly for their intended purpose. They can be used to finance technical re-equipment, reconstruction and expansion of existing production, construction of new facilities and other purposes of expanded reproduction of fixed assets.

The use of depreciation deductions for other purposes increases the balance sheet profit by the amount of their inappropriate use, which is economically unprofitable for the enterprise, since in this case a tax is taken from it. Thus, depreciation deductions represent their own source of financing for the renewal of the OPF, the amount of which depends on two factors: the cost of existing OPFs and the rates of depreciation.

The long service life of labor means leads to the establishment of low depreciation rates. In this case, the renewal of fixed assets is delayed, which negatively affects the competitiveness of the enterprise, as well as the level of technical development of production as a whole. Therefore, in order to prevent this, for each industry and sub-sector of industry, the state centrally establishes uniform rates of depreciation deductions for the full recovery of the OPF, the amount of which depends on the type and type of fixed assets, the nature of their participation in the production process. Thus, for buildings and industrial structures, it is much higher than for technological equipment, which is subject to greater wear during operation. Thus, knowing the cost of an object (equipment, building, etc.) and the depreciation rate, we can determine the amount of depreciation for each object.

Depreciation rate is the ratio of the annual depreciation amount to the initial cost of the instrument of labor, expressed as a percentage.

The level of the depreciation rate is determined by the accepted standard service life of various types of fixed assets. The choice of its value is determined by a number of factors: the pace and direction of technical progress, the capabilities of the production apparatus for the production of new types of equipment, the relationship between needs and resources in various types fixed assets, etc. Calculations of depreciation periods for specific types of fixed assets take into account many factors that reflect their specific qualities and purpose. Thus, depreciation periods for many types of structures and equipment in the extractive industry are determined by the period of exhaustion of raw materials, and for facilities operating in an aggressive environment, by the period of their physical wear, etc. In 1991, new depreciation rates were introduced, which are valid in Russian Federation until now. The main feature of these norms is the elimination of the share of depreciation allocated for capital repairs. Since 1991, depreciation has been charged only on the full restoration of fixed assets.

play a significant role in the depreciation system its calculation methods. They actively influence the volume of the depreciation fund, the degree of concentration of resources in different periods of the operation of fixed assets, and the amount of deductions included in the cost of production. In the practice of depreciation, two types of methods are used: proportional And regressive, or accelerated depreciation methods. The first are characterized by the fact that every year during the entire period of operation, depreciation deductions are calculated at the same rate from the initial cost of fixed assets. With accelerated depreciation, the main part of the accruals is concentrated in the first years of operation of fixed assets, the depreciation period is reduced, and financial conditions are created for the accelerated replacement of equipment.

Proportional depreciation methods include: uniformly straight-line; accrual of depreciation depending on the established service life of the means of labor; depreciation based on the work done. The main depreciation method in our country, as well as abroad, is a uniformly straight-line method. With this method, the calculation of the amounts of depreciation deductions is carried out in the following steps:

1) distribution of fixed assets by groups having the same depreciation rate;

2) calculation of the average annual cost of fixed assets for the group;

3) determination of the amount of depreciation by multiplying the norm by the average annual (average balance sheet) value of funds.

The advantages of the uniformly straight-line depreciation method are known: the uniformity of deductions to the depreciation fund, stability and proportionality in attributing depreciation to the cost of products, simplicity and high accuracy of calculations.

The disadvantages include:

Knowingly fixed constant value of the depreciation period;

Insufficient stimulating effect on increase

Efficiency in the use of working capital;

Possibility of underdepreciation due to insufficient consideration of the impact of obsolescence;

Insufficient consideration of the conditions of intra-shift use of fixed capital.

The other two proportional methods are varieties of the uniform method and take into account the specific conditions for the functioning of certain types of labor tools. Depreciation, depending on the work performed, is carried out mainly for the rolling stock of road and urban transport. In the mining industry, depreciation is charged on the basis of norms and actually mined minerals.

The stimulating role of depreciation increases significantly with the use of methods of accelerated depreciation of fixed assets. In world practice, numerous methods of accelerated depreciation are used, both regressive and progressive. The main ones are three: the method of firmly fixed service life of the means of labor; the declining balance method at double the rate, or the constant percentage method; and the cumulative method, or the "sum of numbers" method.

In the first method, the period is fixed during which the cost of fixed capital must be written off to the sinking fund. If the term is set at 5 years, then 20% of the cost of capital is transferred to the cost of production annually. This method was first applied in the USA in 1940-1945. with the aim of stimulating private investment in the military industry. Currently, this method in its pure form is used extremely rarely.

The essence of the declining balance method, or constant interest, is that the amount of depreciation is calculated at a double rate (compared to the uniform method) from the residual value of fixed assets.

The cost of existing means of labor is written off, mainly in the first years of their operation, which makes it possible to immediately use the decisive part of the depreciation for new capital investments, for the renewal of equipment. This method contributes not only to the acceleration of depreciation, but also to the concentration of resources in the first years of operation of the funds put into operation. However, this method does not guarantee a complete write-off of the cost of capital. The annual amount of depreciation charged is reduced, and depreciation is stretched over many years.

cumulative method, or the "sum of numbers" method, combines both of the first methods. The service life of labor instruments is normalized and the wear rate increases in the first years of their operation.

The cumulative method provides full reimbursement of the cost of depreciable means of labor by the end of their standard service life. At the same time, the decisive share of depreciation is charged in the first two or three years.

conclusion

In this term paper the basic concepts associated with the main production assets of the enterprise, as well as the essence of such a process as depreciation and methods of its calculation are considered.

As a result of depreciation, an amortization fund is formed, and at the moment there is a problem of its correct use, because. enterprises have the right to independently decide on the use of its funds.

Due to the crisis situation in the Russian economy, a sharp shortage of financial resources and the presence of non-payments, the funds of the depreciation fund are depersonalized and are directed mainly to the current needs of enterprises.

At the same time, the problem of investment resources is acute in the economy. Structural adjustment National economy is impossible without technical re-equipment of the production apparatus of enterprises. If the depreciation fund accrued by Russian enterprises were used for their intended purpose, then the entire volume of planned capital investments would be financed without attracting profits and borrowed funds.

Misappropriation of the resources of the depreciation fund is contrary to the patterns of reproduction of fixed capital in a market economy.

The solution to this problem is connected with the exit of the Russian economy from the crisis, the stabilization of production, and the growth of financial resources.

List of used literature

1. "Economics of the organization", N. L. Zaitsev, Moscow, "Exam" 2000.

1. "Enterprise Economics", ed. V. P. Gruzinova, Moscow, UNITI 2001

2. "Enterprise Economics", ed. N. P. Safronova, Moscow, "Jurist", 2000

2.2.1. Characteristics of production assets

The means of labor (machines, equipment, buildings, vehicles) together with the objects of labor (raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, fuel) form the means of production. Expressed in value terms, the means of production are the production assets of enterprises. Distinguish between fixed and working capital.

The main production assets are the means of labor involved in the production process. long time while maintaining their natural shape. Their cost is transferred to the finished product in parts, as the consumer value is lost.

Circulating assets are those means of production that are entirely consumed in each new production cycle, fully transfer their value to the finished product and do not retain their natural form during the production process.

Along with production, there are non-productive fixed assets - social property. These are residential buildings, children's and sports institutions, canteens, recreation centers and other objects of cultural and community services for workers that are on the balance sheet of enterprises and do not have a direct impact on the production process.

2.2.2. Classification, structure and evaluation of fixed production assets

Depending on the production purpose, fixed assets are divided into groups:
- buildings - industrial buildings, warehouses, offices, garages, etc.;
- structures - roads, overpasses, fences and other engineering and construction structures that create the necessary conditions for the implementation of the production process;
- transmission means - power lines, communications, pipelines;
- machines and devices - power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and control devices and laboratory equipment, computer technology;
- vehicles - all types of vehicles, incl. interfactory, intershop and intrashop;
- tools;
- production equipment and accessories;
- household inventory;
- other fixed assets.

These groups form the active and passive parts of fixed production assets. The active part includes transmission devices, machinery and equipment, the passive part includes buildings, structures, vehicles that are not directly involved in the production process, but are a necessary condition for it.

The ratio between individual groups and parts of fixed production assets characterizes their structure, which has importance in the organization of production. The structure with the highest specific gravity of the active part is the most efficient.

The structure of fixed production assets is influenced by factors such as specialization and concentration of production, features of the production process, the level of mechanization and automation, the geographical location of the enterprise, etc.

There are several types of valuation of fixed assets.

The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs for the manufacture or acquisition of funds, their delivery and installation.

The replacement value is the value of funds at the time of their last revaluation.

The residual value is the difference between the original or replacement cost of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Residual value is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (for example, the price of scrap).

2.2.3. Reproduction of fixed production assets

Fixed assets located at the enterprises gradually wear out. Distinguish between physical and moral depreciation.

Physical wear and tear means the material wear and tear of fixed production assets under the influence of the labor process, the forces of nature (erasing of working bodies, corrosion of metal parts and structures, rotting of wooden parts, weathering, etc.).

The physical deterioration of fixed production assets is directly dependent on the load, quality of care, level of organization of production, qualifications of workers and other factors. It is determined by the ratio of the actual and standard service life of fixed assets. For a more accurate determination of depreciation, a survey of the technical condition of fixed assets is carried out.

The obsolescence of fixed production assets is understood as their inconsistency with the modern level of technology, a decrease in the technical and economic feasibility of their operation.

In order to compensate for the depreciation of fixed assets and to accumulate the necessary funds for the reproduction and restoration of fixed assets, a system of depreciation is used.

Depreciation is a monetary compensation for the depreciation of fixed assets. Depreciation charges are one of the elements of production costs and are included in the cost of production.

The amount of depreciation deductions, expressed as a percentage of the initial (book) value of each type of fixed assets, is called the depreciation rate and is calculated by the formula:

Where F p(b)- initial (book) cost of fixed assets;
F l- liquidation value of fixed assets;
T sl- the service life of fixed assets.

The annual amount of depreciation deductions for the renovation of fixed assets is calculated by multiplying the average annual cost of fixed production assets by the corresponding depreciation rates and correction factors for them, taking into account the specific operating conditions of certain types of labor tools.

The amount of depreciation deductions is determined three methods: uniform, uniformly accelerated and accelerated (when 2/3 of the initial value of fixed assets is transferred in the first three years, and then the remainder is evenly transferred).

There are various forms of simple and extended reproduction of fixed assets.

Forms of simple reproduction - repair (current, medium, capital and restoration), modernization of equipment (improvement of it in order to prevent technical and economic aging and increase technical and operational parameters to the level of modern production requirements) and replacement of physically worn out and technically obsolete means of labor.

Forms of expanded reproduction of fixed assets:
- technical re-equipment (at a qualitatively new level) of an existing enterprise;
- reconstruction and expansion;
- New construction.

2.2.4. Production capacity of the enterprise

The production capacity of the enterprise is the maximum possible annual (daily, shift) output of products (or the volume of processing of raw materials) in the nomenclature and assortment, subject to the fullest use of equipment and production facilities, the use of advanced technology and the organization of production. To measure production capacity, natural and conditionally natural meters (tons, pieces, meters, thousands of conditional cans, etc.) are used.

There are three types of power:
- design (provided for by the construction or reconstruction project);
- current (actually achieved);
- backup (to cover peak loads).

When determining the current capacity, the input (at the beginning of the year), output (at the end of the year) and average annual capacity of the enterprise are calculated.

The average annual capacity of the enterprise is calculated by the formula:

Where M n.h.- capacity at the beginning of the year;
M input.- power input during the year;
M sb.- retired power;
n 1, n 2- the number of months from the moment of commissioning or disposal of capacity, remaining until the end of the year.

The amount of power depends on many factors: the number of installed equipment, the technical standard for the productivity of the leading equipment, the possible fund of equipment operation time and the use of production areas throughout the year, the range, assortment and quality of manufactured products, the standards for the duration of the production cycle and the labor intensity of manufactured products (services performed), etc.

The production capacity of the enterprise is determined by the capacity of the leading production shops, sections or units, i.e. by the capacity of the leading industries.

In general, the production capacity of the leading workshop can be determined by the formula:

or ,

Where a- equipment productivity per hour;
T- annual fund of working time of the equipment, hour;
m- average annual number of equipment;
t- the complexity of manufacturing a unit of production, hour.

2.2.5. Efficiency of reproduction and use of fixed assets and production capacities

To characterize the reproduction of fixed assets, the following indicators are used:

The main indicators of the use of fixed production assets are:
1) the coefficient of extensive use of equipment - is determined by the ratio of the actual number of hours of operation of the equipment to the number of hours of its operation according to the plan;
2) shift ratio of equipment operation - the ratio of the total number of machine days worked per day to the number of installed equipment;
3) the coefficient of intensive use of equipment is determined by the ratio of the actual performance of the equipment to its technical (passport) performance;
4) the coefficient of integral use of equipment is equal to the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment and comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and productivity;
5) return on assets - an indicator of output per one hryvnia of the average annual cost of fixed production assets;
6) capital intensity - the value, the return of capital productivity. It shows the share of the cost of fixed production assets attributable to each hryvnia of output. Return on assets should tend to increase, and capital intensity - to decrease;
7) capital-labor ratio is determined by the ratio of the average annual cost of fixed production assets to the average number of industrial and production personnel of the enterprise for the year.

The enterprise also calculates the coefficient of development of the design capacity and the utilization factor of the current capacity.

The main directions for improving the use of fixed assets and production capacities are: reducing equipment downtime and increasing the coefficient of its shift; replacement and modernization of worn out and obsolete equipment; introduction of the latest technology and intensification production processes; rapid development of newly commissioned capacities; motivation for the effective use of fixed assets and production capacities; development of the joint-stock form of management and privatization of enterprises, etc.

2.2.6. Working capital of the enterprise

Along with the main production assets, circulating production assets participate in the production process.

Working capital includes:
- production stocks - raw materials, auxiliary materials, purchased semi-finished products, fuel, containers, spare parts for equipment repair, wearing low-value tools, as well as household equipment;
- work in progress - objects of labor that are in production at different stages of processing in the divisions of the enterprise;
- semi-finished products of own production - objects of labor, the processing of which is fully completed in one of the divisions of the enterprise, but subject to further processing in other divisions of the enterprise;
- deferred expenses, which include the costs of preparing and developing new products, rationalization and invention, as well as other costs incurred in this period, but which will be included in the cost of production in the next period.

The ratio between individual groups, elements of revolving funds and their total volume, expressed in shares or percentages, is called the structure of revolving funds. It is formed under the influence of a number of factors: the nature and form of organization of production, the type of production, the duration of the technological cycle, the conditions for the supply of fuel and raw materials, etc.

On average, at industrial enterprises of Ukraine in the total volume of working capital, the share of inventories is about 70%, and work in progress and semi-finished products of own production - 25%.

The main condition for the formation and use of working capital is their regulation.

Consumption rates are considered to be the maximum allowable absolute values of the consumption of raw materials and materials, fuel and electrical energy for the production of a unit of output.

Rationing the consumption of certain types of material resources provides for the observance of certain scientific principles. The main ones should be: progressiveness, technological and economic feasibility, dynamism and ensuring the reduction of standards.

When establishing norms and standards for the planned year, it is recommended to use the experimental-statistical and calculation-analytical method.

When analyzing the work of an industrial enterprise, various indicators are used beneficial use material resources:
- indicator (coefficient) of the output of finished products from a unit of raw materials;
- indicator of consumption of raw materials per unit of finished product;
- coefficient of use of materials (the ratio of the net weight or mass of the product to the standard or actual consumption of structural material);
- coefficient of use of the area or volume of materials;
- the level of waste (losses), etc.

Common sources of saving material resources are: reducing the specific consumption of materials; weight reduction of products; reduction of losses and waste of material resources; use of waste and by-products; recycling; replacement of natural raw materials and materials with artificial ones, etc.