Vegetable storage
Modern technology of corn processing. Corn processing equipment

Modern technology of corn processing. Corn processing equipment

Competent processing of corn allows you to get innovative products with low cost in mass production. New products of deep processing of corn include molasses, starch, polyols, dry animal feed, vegetable oil.

Stages of deep processing

Maize processing is the prerogative of enterprises with modern technologies, based on a highly automated complex, innovative developments. Stages of corn processing:

Delivery of raw materials. Corn enters the enterprises for processing in the form of cobs or grains. Pest infestation is carefully controlled. Damaged cobs are disposed of. When large batches are received or if it is impossible to process wet grain, the raw material is dried and stored.
Cleaning. On the territory of the processing plant, corn is stored in silos. For cleaning, it is transported to the wet grinding building. Straw, clay, stones and damaged grains are removed by screening, air classification.
Grain soaking. Soaking allows separating water-soluble substances and softening the grains. The product becomes pliable for further mechanical separation. Cereals are kept in process warm water, swell within 48 hours.
Crushing and washing. The soaked corn is separated from the water that transports it, and is transferred by flow to the grate sieves. Further, the mass is poured into the tanks of a grinding gear mill with one disk, which finely crushes the grain, extracts the corn germs without damage. The suspension freed from it is directed to the extraction of starch.
The refiner separates the starch from the gluten. The extract flows out of the evaporators and mixes with the dehydrated pulp, turning into livestock feed.

The leaders in the creation of new products for deep processing of corn in Russia are the Rostov Region and the Krasnodar Territory.

Release of by-products

New products of deep processing of corn form a cycle close to waste-free production. They are widely used in animal husbandry, food industry, pharmaceuticals.

Syrup

Molasses is a colorless or yellowish syrupy viscous liquid. The content of dry matter in maltose and caramel syrup does not exceed 80%. The goods are stored and transported in special railway treacle tanks, flasks, barrels.

GFS (glucose and fructose syrup) is a type of molasses. It is recognized as a complete sugar substitute. Starch syrup is well absorbed by the human body, can significantly reduce the calorie content of dishes. GFS improves the consumer qualities of food: enhances the taste, aroma, prolongs the shelf life. Used in confectionery, beverages. Depending on the production method, HPS may have a different carbohydrate composition.

Corn oil

Oil tops corn by-products. It is often used in medicine as an anti-sclerotic agent.

Fatty vegetable matter is used in cooking, is part of baking, sauces. A large supply of amino acids makes the product an indispensable component baby food. You can fry it on it, add it to salads.

Dry food

The residual mass of starch milk and processed corn cake forms a dried concentrated biomass - a nutritional supplement for poultry and livestock feed. Contains a rich vitamin complex, protein. The total cost of feed products depends on the amount of pure protein in the composition. The higher the percentage, the higher the price of the product.

Gluten

More than 60% protein in the product plant origin. Corn protein contains many essential amino acids, beta-carotene, methionine, calcium. The product is rich in water- and fat-soluble B vitamins (6,4,1,2). The xanthophyll in its composition gives a rich color to the chicken yolk.

Due to its easy digestibility and high nutritional value, gluten is used in the production of combined pet food.

Transported in bulk or in bags. The product is obtained by a wet method of processing grain at the stage of separation of fiber, fat, protein.

Starch

White powder from corn is used in the production of paper, packaging materials, food and textile industry, pharmaceuticals. It is an excellent thickener and stabilizer.

The use of starchy substances requires products that have undergone prolonged freezing. Starch is indispensable in the production of economy-class sausages. It binds free moisture released after heating the raw material.

germ

Corn germs are dried sprouts, cleaned of impurities and husks. Contains 50% vegetable fat. Products are transported in bulk, packed in big bags or bags. Embryos are used in the production of animal feed.

Crystal glucose

Further processing of the syrup obtained from corn leads to the formation of a dry product - glucose. During production, starch is carefully separated from soluble and insoluble proteins using vacuum filters.

Glucose from processed corn is used in the confectionery and food industries.

Polyols

Polyols are registered as food additives. Maltitol, xylitol, sorbitol are produced in dry and liquid form. Technically complex production ensures the mass production of innovative food products. Approved for use in the food industry in the following areas:

release of non-cariogenic products to protect dental health;
food for diabetics with a reduced glycemic index;
reducing the calorie content of dishes for those who want to lose weight;
healthy food products.

Maize processing reduces the level of dependence of the Russian Federation on imports, stimulates the emergence of new industries where complex starch products are used as ingredients, creates a powerful base for the development of animal husbandry, providing agriculture with high-quality feed for animals and birds all year round.

Processing of grain crops

The company "VITAL PRODUCT" uses the most modern European technologies in the field of processing corn grain using the equipment of the companies "SOVOKRIM" and "MILLERAL".

Products are manufactured in accordance with international requirements in the field of food safety - FSSC 22000.

Productive capacity
- 300 tons per day
- Modern European technologies in the field of processing
- Equipment of SOVOKRIM and MILLERAL companies
Logistics
- Own logistics network for auto and rail shipments
- Railway tracks at the Ryzdvyanny station, Stavropol Territory
- Fleet of trucks for the transportation of bulk and packed cargo in the amount of 25 units
Quality
- Manufacture of products in accordance with international requirements in the field of food safety - FSSC 22000
- Certification was carried out by the Swiss company SGS in 2016
- Own laboratory for testing the physical and chemical parameters of corn grain and products of its processing
- Processing quality control at every stage
- Projection of the operation of each production unit on the control panel
- Multilinear production of different fractions

Corn is one of the activities of our country. As an agricultural crop, it occupies one of the highest places in Russia in terms of production.

The full cycle of an enterprise begins with research. The main indicators on which the future corn harvest will depend are being studied. After that, cultivation takes place directly - the most responsible process. Although without human influence this type of crop can grow without much problem, supervisory control is necessary. Proper Care requires certain skills and abilities. Constant watering is one of the main parameters due to which corn will grow in quality and healthy. During the active stage of growth, the removal of lateral processes is necessary.

Active control of diseases and pests is also carried out. It is advisable to stop them initial stages, because the quantity and quality of the crop directly depends on this.

Our country has about 3,000 thousand hectares devoted to corn. This fact confirms that corn is one of the main directions in agricultural activity.

Harvesting is no less responsible process. Due to the fact that many companies have modern and high-quality equipment, harvesting and transportation of corn takes place very quickly and, which is no less important, with high quality. The main goal is to minimize losses, as well as reduce damage to the corn grain. There are certain requirements for the technological process, following which leads to maximum results.

Grain storage conditions must provide the necessary temperature control, as well as a moisture system that provides the most favorable conditions for long-term storage.

Corn processing should be carried out according to modern European technologies, subject to certain standards. The figure of 300 tons per day gives any enterprise an advantage over competitors. Also, any company should have two or three lines that will not depend on each other. Thanks to this, it is possible to produce products of different granulometry, which will be a great advantage.

Thanks to the company's own logistics network, corn products such as flour, oil, feed are usually delivered quickly and safely. At the moment, the enterprises of our country have a great potential for productivity, which is proof of the constant growth and quality of products.

Corn is one of the highest yielding crops in our country. The sown area in Russia is 21.9 million hectares. This figure once again confirms the importance of this type of culture. Corn by-products increase in variety over time. If earlier it was possible to isolate only corn flakes, today it is also used for food. corn porridge, and corn sticks and other derivatives of corn.

Corn products have been gaining more and more popularity in recent years. greater value In human life. Their usefulness has been proven by many scientists and researchers. Therefore, many people refuse wheat products in favor of corn. The presence of beneficial nutrients, along with the fact that products from corn products are dietary, gives even more superiority over other types of this kind. Athletes are increasingly beginning to pay attention to this type of cereal. After all, the minerals that are contained in corn grits give them the strength to recover, as well as the proteins that are so necessary for the growth of muscle mass.

Maize processing is carried out at specialized enterprises. The equipment must comply with all norms and rules, since obtaining corn processed products is a difficult and responsible process. Previously, when technological schemes were far from today's ideal, corn processing technology was integrated. This created difficulties with the availability of free space. One small workshop could not cope with the entire flow. During the production of corn groats in the corn flakes production workshop, requirements were voiced to increase the output of large groats. Thus, the production of flakes increased, since corn grits often used as feed and waste. However, these requirements led to the fact that flint corn became scarce, and the need for large volumes became more urgent. The thing is that flint corn is too low-yielding, so it was impossible to provide such volumes that would give the required yield of processed products. Now the trend is such that most of them go to flour, cereals, butter and livestock feed. It reaches about 80%. The remaining 20% comes from the production of corn flakes. However, this has its own plus. Due to this, it turns out to achieve better quality cereals for flakes.

At the moment, it is customary to divide corn processing technology into stages, thereby ensuring high-quality work, as well as convenience.

Since corn products are produced at fairly large flour and cereal enterprises, this creates excellent conditions for additional jobs. Thanks to the fact that corn processing is gaining more and more momentum, favorable conditions are being created for improving automation processes and improving working conditions.

Corn processing technology is an interesting and rather complicated process. Like all such procedures, it has its own individual characteristics and nuances. Currently, centralized processing and processing of corn is often used. This is done in order to more rationally use all the products of corn processing. Different types of cereals can be used for various purposes and directions. Some for cereal, some for corn oil, and some for corn sticks.

The technological scheme of processing has one important feature. It must ensure the separation of the germ, which, in turn, is fundamental to corn oil. At large plants, several technological schemes are used at once, in which corn processing takes on different directions. According to one of the schemes, polished cereals are obtained, according to the other - cereals for sticks and cereals.

Thus, several types of corn processing products are obtained. Each of them has already occupied a certain niche in the world of products. And every year the volumes only increase. Maize processing technologies are also reaching a new level of development, which provides a more powerful way to bring the necessary products to the market.

At present, the production of corn products is beginning to occupy an increasingly significant place in our country. The number of corn processing plants has been gradually increasing over the past 20 years. But compared to the US, Russia is still lower. However, the rapid growth of this type of production allows in the coming years to catch up with the country of North America. In our country, in addition to the construction of new ones, the reconstruction of old, idle corn processing enterprises is also taking place, since this requires somewhat smaller investments.

At the moment in Russia, more than ten projects are at the design stage. All these projects relate specifically to the creation of new corn processing plants. This growth occurs for several reasons. One of them is the economy. With increased productivity, this area can become not only a vehicle for investment, but also a source of income. This also improves the transport infrastructure.

The climate in Russia is very favorable for the growth of corn. If we turn to the analytics of past years, we can see that, despite the drought that was in our country in 2010, the yield was still higher than in the nineties. This confirms the fact that investing in a corn processing plant is bearing fruit.

If we analyze the three directions in which the market develops and increases, namely export, processing and feed, then significant growth is possible only in processing. That is why there is such a rapid, in contrast to previous years, construction of large corn processing plants. If we consider and analyze possible development in the other two directions, we can come to certain conclusions. In order to actively develop exports, it is necessary to develop many factors. First of all, it is transport infrastructure and logistics. It will be much more profitable to build a corn processing plant. And a large number of competitors in the world market will not allow to fight for large volumes of exports.

As far as feed is concerned, the livestock industry will likewise not be able to increase domestic use of processed crops. And the thing is that the so-called "feed conversion" is significantly reduced every year. Therefore, the construction of corn processing plants is the only correct and developing solution.

Large corn processing plants in Russia are of several types. Each differs from each other in the resulting products. One is engaged in the production of cereals, flakes and flour. Another corn processing plant is responsible for the production of molasses and starch products. Each of them has its own processes, thanks to which the necessary product is obtained.

The construction of corn processing plants is carried out through investments and financial support from various companies, very often state-owned. These investments not only pay for themselves, but also give a powerful boost to the economy of the Russian Federation. Due to the geographical location, as well as the diverse climatic conditions, our country has excellent opportunities to become the best producer of corn products. Large corn processing plants have been built not only in the south of the country, but also in central Russia. Thus, the number of jobs in the regions increases, workers undergo special training and, thereby, improve their professional skills.

The corn processing plant also has several negative impacts. First of all, this treatment facilities. They can be in a very bad state, so after the corn processing plant is built, it is necessary to invest heavily in the aforementioned infrastructure as well. Otherwise, rivers and agricultural lands will become infected, thereby causing total harm to the ecology of the environment.

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Primorsky State Agricultural Academy

Institute of Economics and Business

Department of Organization

and technological

processes in the agricultural

production

COURSE WORK

Topic: Technology of production, storage and processing of corn

(hybrid Moldavian 215 SV)

Completed: student 414 gr.

Nesterova A.S.

Checked: Mitropolova L.V.

Ussuriysk

2002

Initial data for term paper

horticulture culture corn

hybrid Moldavian 215 SV

1. Area, ha
2. Date of sowing
3. Cleaning date
4. PAR utilization factor crops, %	0,6
5. Number of plants before before cleaning, pcs/m
6. Weight of 1000 seeds, g
7. Number of cobs per plant
8. Average weight of the cob, g
9. Mass of the rod in % of the mass
10. Weight of cob with grain, g

12. Corn
13. Potato

15. Type of soil	brown-podzolic
16. Depth of the arable layer, cm
N PO	4 3
18. The coefficient of use of nutrients from the soil,% N PO	25 6
19. The coefficient of use of nutrients from mineral fertilizers, % N PO	69 25
20. Dose of manure per 1 ha, t
21. Nutrient utilization rate from manure, % N PO	25 45
22. Fertilizers are used nitrogen phosphoric potash	sodium nitrate superphosphate granulated potassium chloride
23. Volumetric mass of soil, g/cm
24. Predecessor
25. Predominant weeds
	Moldavian 215 SV
27. Seeding rate, million germinating seeds, %
28. Purity of seeds, %
29. Laboratory seed germination, %
30. Field germination of seeds, %
31. Dead plants, %
32. It is necessary to have plants before harvesting, thousand pieces/ha
33. Waste during seed treatment,%
34. Insurance fund, %
35. Mass of delivered grain, t
36. Weed impurity,%
37. Grain admixture, %
38. Grain moisture content, %

Initial data for writing a term paper

INTRODUCTION

1. Soil and climatic conditions of the zone

2. Biological features corn

2.1. heat requirements

2.2. Moisture Requirements

2.3. light requirements

2.4. Soil Requirements

2.5. growing season

3. Characteristics of the hybrid Odessa 158 MV

4. Calculation of potential yield

4.1. Calculation of potential yield based on the arrival of PAR

4.2. Determination of biological yield by elements of the yield structure

5. Agricultural technology of corn cultivation

5.1. Place in crop rotation

5.2. Calculation of fertilizer rates for the planned harvest and the system of their application

5.3. Tillage system

5.4. Preparing seeds for sowing

5.5. Calculation of the weight rate of sowing

5.6. sowing corn

5.7. Crop care

5.8. Field preparation and harvesting

5.9. Calculation of the seed filling fund and the area of seed plots

6. Calculation of payment for delivered grain

7. Agrotechnical part of the technological map of corn cultivation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

Corn is one of the main crops of modern world agriculture. In terms of planted area, it ranks second in the world (after wheat). This plant is characterized by versatile use and high yield. About 20% of corn grain is used for food, about 15% for technical purposes, and about 2/3 for feed.

The grain contains carbohydrates (65-70%), protein (9-12%), fat (4-8%), mineral salts and vitamins. Flour, cereals, cereals, canned food, starch, ethyl alcohol, dextrin, beer, glucose, sugar, molasses, syrup, oil, vitamin E, ascorbic and glutamic acids are obtained from grain. Pistil columns are used in medicine. From the stems, leaves and cobs, paper, linoleum, viscose are produced, Activated carbon, artificial cork, plastic, anesthetics and much more.

Corn grain is an excellent fodder. 1 kg of grain contains 1.34 fodder. units and 78 g of digestible protein. It is a valuable component of animal feed. However, corn grain protein is poor in essential amino acids (lysine and tryptophan) and rich in zein, a protein of low nutritional value.

Corn ranks first among silage crops. Silage has good digestibility and has dietary properties. 100 kg of silage prepared from corn in the phase of milky-wax ripeness contains about 21 feeds. units and up to 1800 g of crude protein. Corn is used for green fodder, which is rich in carotene. Dry leaves, stalks and cobs remaining after harvesting for grain are used for fodder. 100 kg of corn straw contains 37, and 100 kg of ground rods contains 35 feed. units

Corn is a high yielding crop. In terms of grain yield, it surpasses other grain crops, second only to irrigated rice. In the Sinilovsky state farm of the Primorsky Territory, in 1962, the mechanized link of S. P. Epifantsev received 63 centners of grain from each of the 70 hectares. Many leading workers get a crop of 30-40 c/ha. In the Far East, corn gives high yields of silage. In the Amur Region, V.F. Derkach, a team leader from the Krasnaya Zvezda collective farm in the Soviet District, received 700 centners per hectare of green mass of corn in 1961; hectares of green mass on an area of 280 hectares, and in some areas the yield reached 1200 kg / ha. In 1962, Im Fu Siri's team from the Udarny state farm in the Sakhalin Region collected 720 centners per hectare of green mass. The average yield of green mass of corn in the Amur region. Primorye and Sakhalin - 150-200 kg / ha. .

As a tilled crop, corn is a good predecessor in crop rotation, helps to free fields from weeds, and has almost no pests and diseases in common with other crops. When cultivated for grain, it is a good predecessor of grain crops, and when cultivated for green fodder, it is an excellent fallow crop. Corn has become widespread in haymaking, stubble and re-sowing.

In conditions Far East corn cultivation is possible only for green fodder and silage.

The area under corn for grain and fodder in our country is 21.9 million hectares. The task is to increase the production of grain on the available area and to obtain an average of 4-5 tons of grain per 1 ha. This will be facilitated by the transition to intensive technology of cultivation of this crop.

Soil and climatic conditions of the zone.

Primorye is included in the climatic region of the Far East monsoons. In summer, south and southeast winds of the Pacific monsoon dominate, carrying a large amount of moisture, in winter - continental, northern rhumbs, which are a powerful stream of cold and dry air.

The coldest month in the region is January. The average January temperature on the coast is 12-13°C, and in the Khanka and central mountain-forest regions 19-22°C. The lowest temperatures are observed in the central mountain-forest regions (-49°).

The warmest month is August. Its average monthly temperature is 18 - 20°C along the edge.

The average rainfall is 600 mm per year. More precipitation falls in the south of the region and in the coastal strip (700 - 800 mm) and less - on the Khanka Plain (500 - 550 mm).

Precipitation falls unevenly throughout the year. The bulk (up to 70%) falls on the summer period. Due to the large amount of precipitation, at this time there is often a strong waterlogging of soils, especially on flat and poorly dissected relief elements (plains). In spring and in the first half of summer, there is often a lack of moisture in the soil and plants suffer from drought.

And now I want to characterize the type of soil proposed in term paper.

The brown-podzolic soils of Primorye are formed under oak and oak-broad-leaved forests with abundant grass cover. In the summer and summer-autumn period, they experience severe waterlogging, and in the spring they experience an acute lack of moisture. In this type of soil, phosphorus is at a minimum of nutrients.

Brown-podzolic soils are confined to leveled relief elements - ancient river and lake terraces or very gentle slopes. They are formed on rocks of heavy mechanical composition - ancient lacustrine clays and heavy loams, as well as on clayey eluvium and eluvium-deluvium of dense rocks. Brown-podzolic soils are the most strongly podzolized soils.

At present, these soils are mostly plowed up and are cultivated to one degree or another.

Virgin brown-podzolic soils have a humus horizon 7–10 cm thick, of an unstable cloddy structure, penetrated by small roots; the transition to the underlying horizon is sharp. The podzolic horizon has a thickness of 20-30 cm, is usually compacted, thinly layered, contains a large number of small ferruginous-manganese nodules. Sometimes this layer is broken by horizontal cracks to the full depth.

The podzolic horizon is replaced by a variegated whitish-brown (8 - 10 cm), below which is the illuvial horizon.

Chemical analysis of brown-podzolic soils shows that the humus layer has a weakly acid reaction of the medium, and sometimes acidic and even strongly acidic. The content of humus in the most superficial layer of virgin soils reaches 14%, in the lower part of the humus horizon it decreases to 3-4%. In the next podzolic horizon, humus reserves are small and amount to tenths of a percent. Sometimes there is a slight increase in humus in the illuvial layer.

In brown-podzolic soils, in the presence of a weakly acid reaction of the medium and saturation of the soil absorbing complex with bases in the humus horizon, a sharp increase in acidity and a significant degree of saturation with bases in the podzolic and illuvial horizons is revealed. The saturation of the soil absorbing complex with bases in the podzolic horizon is about 50 - 55%.

A feature of brown-podzolic soils is that even in the case of a weakly acid reaction of the medium in the humus horizon and saturation with bases, high hydrolytic acidity is still observed.

Mechanical analysis shows the duality of the soil profile: medium and heavy loamy surface horizons - humus and podzolic, and clayey illuvial horizon and parent rock.

Cultivated varieties of brown-podzolic soils have an arable horizon 16-18 cm thick, usually gray in color, with inclusions of light-yellow lumps from the arable podzolic horizon. The content of humus in the developed areas is low and does not exceed 3-4%.

The main agrotechnical measures in the development and use of brown-podzolic soils should be aimed at increasing the humus content, provide for liming, anti-erosion measures, and the use of fertilizers, mainly phosphorus and organic. Carrying out appropriate agrotechnical measures makes it possible to obtain high yields of corn on brown-podzolic soils. .

Biological features of corn.

2.1 Heat requirements.

Corn is a thermophilic plant. Its seeds begin to germinate at 8-9°C. Seedlings appear on the 17th - 20th day, when the average daily temperature is 12 - 14°C; if it rises to 18 - 19 ° C, shoots are obtained on the 8th - 9th day.

Corn sprouts endure small frosts (down to -2 -3°C). Frost-damaged leaves turn yellow and partially die off, but growth points remain viable, and with the onset of heat, plants quickly resume growth. This is due to the large supply of nutrients in the seed, which the plant uses over a long period. At the end of the growing season, when the temperature drops to -2°C, the plants die.

An increase in temperature within the optimal range (25 - 30 ° C) accelerates development, especially at the beginning of the growing season, and contributes to an increase in yield. Hot weather during the flowering period adversely affects fertilization and ovary development. However, with sufficient soil moisture, high temperatures do not cause significant damage to corn crops.

In the phases of seedlings - throwing out panicles for plants, the most favorable average daily temperature is 20 -23 ° C. The intensity of growth decreases sharply at 14 - 15°C, and at 10°C growth stops. Before the appearance of generative organs, an increase in temperature to 25 ° C does not harm the growth and development of corn. With the time of flowering and the appearance of filaments on the cobs, the temperature of 25 ° C and more is unfavorable, and above 30 ° C disrupts flowering and fertilization: the period of viability of pollen is reduced, the filaments of the cobs dry out. Optimum temperature for the growth and development of culture from flowering to maturation 22 - 23 ° C.

The sum of active temperatures required for the ripening of early ripening varieties is 2100 - 2400 ° C, mid-ripening and late-ripening varieties - 2600 - 3000 ° C.

2.2. moisture requirements.

Corn is a drought-resistant plant, but in areas of insufficient moisture, when plants are provided with water, it can yield a crop 2–3 times higher than on rainfed land.

The coefficient of water consumption of corn is low - 300 - 400. Mid-early and mid-season corn hybrids consume 3500 - 4500 m 3 / ha of water during the growing season (including that which evaporates from the soil), therefore, all elements of the cultivation technology should be aimed at maximizing the replenishment of moisture in the soil and its rational use.

For swelling of corn grain, about 44% of water by grain weight is needed.

When corn is cultivated for grain, the maximum water consumption falls on a 30-day period - 10-12 days before panicle emergence and until the middle of the flowering phase. It's called critical. However, corn is very sensitive to moisture even during grain filling.

The optimum soil moisture during the growing season is somewhat lower than that of other crops - 60 - 70% of soil moisture. Corn does not tolerate waterlogging of the soil. Due to the lack of oxygen in the soil, the flow of phosphorus slows down, the processes of phosphorylation and nitrogen metabolism in plants are disrupted. .

2.3. Light requirements.

Corn is a photophilous short-day plant. With a day length of 12 - 14 hours, its growing season increases. Corn does not tolerate shading well - in thickened crops, plant development is delayed and cobs are not formed. Excessive thickening of crops leads to a decrease in the weight of cobs and grain yield, but when grown for silage, the yield of green mass increases.

2.4. soil requirements.

Unlike many crops, corn is not very demanding on soil fertility, however, it is very responsive to its increase, to the application of fertilizers. The best soils for corn are nitrogen-rich black earth, dark chestnut, dark gray soils. According to the mechanical composition - medium and light loamy, sandy loam is also suitable. Corn grows and develops best on loose, breathable, weed-free soils with a deep humus horizon, well-supplied with nutrients in available forms, slightly acidic or neutral (pH 6 - 7). Soils with high acidity, as well as those prone to waterlogging and salinization, are unsuitable for it. The most important method of improving such soils is the introduction of increased rates organic fertilizers that improve water, nutritional regimes and mechanical properties. At the same time, air exchange improves, an increased content of carbon dioxide is constantly provided in the zone of the assimilation apparatus of plants, oxygen in the soil. This is important, since during the germination period, the seeds, and later the root system, consume at least 18–20% of oxygen from the total plant demand from the air. When the oxygen content in the soil air is less than 5%, root growth stops.

Corn is demanding on batteries. Potassium provides the water-retaining capacity of cell colloids, improves metabolism, and increases the viability of plants. With a lack of it, growth slows down, the plants acquire a dark green color, then their top and edges turn yellow and dry. With potassium starvation, the root system develops poorly, and resistance to lodging decreases in plants.

At the beginning of the growing season, corn intensively absorbs potassium, its content in seedlings increases in comparison with the content in grain by 8-10 times. Vigorous absorption of potassium reaches a maximum 10 - 12 days before panicle emergence, and then decreases very quickly. After flowering, the supply of potassium to the plant stops.

An insufficient amount of nitrogen in the soil negatively affects the development of the root system, as a result, the supply of other nutrients to the plant decreases, and the work of the assimilation apparatus deteriorates. Violation of life processes due to nitrogen starvation causes yellowing of leaves, their premature death, which negatively affects plant productivity and grain quality.

At the beginning of the growing season, corn consumes nitrogen quite intensively, almost the same as potassium. Plants contain 2-3 times more nitrogen per unit of dry matter in the phase of 5-7 leaves than in the phases of milky and milky-wax ripeness.

Phosphorus is needed throughout the growing season and enters the plant until the grain is fully ripe. Under its influence, the period of leaf growth is reduced, the penetration of roots into the lower layers of the soil is accelerated, which is especially important when cultivating corn in the conditions of the Primorsky Territory (since the climate here is unstable moisture). The lack of phosphorus in the soil retards the growth and development of flowers and grains in corn cobs. With a lack of phosphorus, the leaves become dark green with a purple-red or purple tint and gradually die off.

2.5. Vegetation period.

In corn, the following phases of growth and development are distinguished: the beginning and full emergence of seedlings, the beginning and full appearance of panicles, the beginning and full flowering of cobs (the appearance of threads), the milky, milky-wax state of the grain, wax ripeness, and full ripeness. The duration of interphase periods is determined by varietal characteristics, weather conditions and agricultural technology. In the initial period, before the formation of the above-ground stem node, corn grows very slowly. At this time, the root system is intensively developing. Then the growth rate gradually increases, reaching a maximum before heading. During this period, plant growth under favorable conditions is 10 - 12 cm per day. After flowering, height growth stops. Critical periods in the formation of the crop are the 2-3 leaf phase, when differentiation of the rudimentary stem occurs, and the 6-7 leaf phase, when the size of the cob is determined. In the development of corn, two phases are most important: panicle formation, which occurs in early-ripening, mid-ripening and late-ripening varieties, respectively, in phase 4 - 7, 5 - 8 and 7 - 11th leaf; the formation of the cob, which occurs respectively in phase 7 - 11, 8 - 12 and 11 - 16 of the leaf. In a short period (10 days before heading and 20 days after the end of panicle flowering), plants accumulate up to 75% of organic mass. Drought, waterlogging of the soil, lack of mineral nutrition during flowering and fertilization reduce the amount of grains in cobs. The maximum amount of wet weight in plants is observed in the phase of the milk state; dry matter - at the end of wax ripeness. To form a high grain yield, corn crops should form a leaf area of about 40 - 50 thousand m 2 / ha, and for a green mass yield - 60 - 70 thousand m 2 / ha or more.

The duration of the growing season for corn is 75 - 180 days or more. According to the length of the growing season, 6 groups are distinguished:

early ripening - 80 - 90 days, the sum of active temperatures is 2100 ° С

mid-early - 90 - 100 days, 2200°С

mid-season - 100 - 115 days, 2400°C

mid-late ripening - 115 - 130 days, 2600°С

late-ripening - 130 - 150 days, 2800°C

very late ripening - > 150 days, > 3000°C.

3. Characteristics of the hybrid Odessa 158 MV.

The hybrid was bred by the Research Institute of Maize and Sorghum of the Republic of Moldova and the Gorokhov State Farm College of the Volyn Region. 7 authors headed by G.P. Karaivanov and T.S. Chalyk.

Since 1987, the hybrid has been zoned in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region for silage. Later it became widespread in the Primorsky Territory.

Moldavian 215 SV is a double interline hybrid. Seed production is carried out on a sterile basis according to the recovery scheme. It belongs to the group of cultivars with yellow dentate grain and red cob stalk.

The height of plants is on average 210 cm, leaves - 15 cm. The cob is cylindrical, 15 cm long and weighing 110 g. Weight of 1000 grains 260g.

The hybrid is early ripe, the vegetation period is 83 - 100 days. Bubble smut affects moderately, helminthosporiasis - medium and above average. During the years of testing on the variety plots of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region, the yield of green mass was 380 - 630 centners / ha, normalized dry matter - 120 - 150 centners / ha, cobs - 100 - 150 centners / ha. The hybrid has exceptional plasticity.

In addition to the Far East region, it is approved for use in nine more regions of the Russian Federation. .

4. Calculation of potential yield.

4.1. Calculation of potential yield based on the arrival of PAR

When calculating, we use the formula A.A. Nichiporovich.

where PU is the potential yield of dry biomass, c/ha

Q PAR - the amount of PAR for the growing season of the crop, kcal / ha

C - calories organic matter yield units, kcal/kg

K - use of PAR by crops, %

Monthly amounts of PAR for the growing season (kcal / cm 2).

Q headlights \u003d 1/3 * 6.9 + 7.1 + 7.9 + 6.3 + 2/3 * 5.2 \u003d 2.61 * 10 9 kcal / ha

Let's find the value of the grain yield at standard moisture content using the formula

where W - standard moisture according to GOST,% (for cereals - 14%)

A - the sum of the parts in the ratio of the main and by-products in general

biomass volume (for corn A = 3)

The yield of the stem mass will be equal to:

41 q/ha - 15.8 q/ha = 25.2 q/ha

culture	Q headlights, kcal/ha	С, kcal/kg	Potential yield, c/ha	The ratio of parts of marketable and not marketable products	Harvest of non-commercial products, centner/ha
			P in dry biomass	U t basic Product.
Corn

4.2. Determination of biological productivity by elements of the structure of the crop.

Number of plants before harvesting = 90,000 pcs

Number of cobs per plant = 1.2

Average cob weight = 145 g

The mass of the rod from the mass of the cob \u003d 20%

Determine the number of cobs per ha

90,000 1.2 = 108,000 pieces

Determine the mass of ears per ha

90,000 145 = 130.5 q

130.5 20 / 100 = 26.1c/ha

Determine the mass of grain per hectare

Y \u003d 130.5 - 26.1 \u003d 104.4 c

5. Agricultural technology of corn cultivation.

5.1. Place in crop rotation.

It has been established that the larger areas in the crop rotation are occupied by corn, the higher its productivity. In the Far East, it can be placed after soybeans, sugar beets, potatoes, cereals and other crops, but it gives the highest yields when grown on well-fertilized permanent plots or in crop rotations with a short rotation, as well as on newly developed lands after buckwheat, oats, millet, winter rye, melons and other crops. In field crop rotations, it is better to grow it on green manure-occupied clover and fertilized pairs of the first and second crops. Seed plots are recommended to be placed on the southern slopes with light soils. On Sakhalin, areas protected from cold winds, with well-drained fertile soils, are allotted for corn.

Corn leaves a weed-free field and is a good forerunner for soybeans, wheat, potatoes and other crops.

The best precursors to corn are crops that leave the field clean of weeds, with a large supply of nutrients. These include winter crops, for which fertilizers were applied, leguminous crops, potatoes, and buckwheat. In the conditions of Primorsky Krai, sugar beet can also be attributed to the best predecessors.

In the assignment of the course as a predecessor, I am invited to consider soy. Cultivated soybean - annual herbaceous plant from the legume family. Soya is a monsoon climate crop. It gives the highest yields with optimal soil moisture throughout the growing season; with excessive moisture, soybean grows slowly and sharply reduces yields. Soy is a heat-loving crop. In the Far East, soybeans require a sum of average temperatures from 2000 to 3000°C. The length of the growing season of Far Eastern soybean varieties ranges from 92 to 135 days. Soya is a photophilous short-day plant. In field crop rotations for soybeans, it is better to allocate fields after corn for silage. Soybean, as a legume and row crop, is a good predecessor for other crops. Sometimes, due to late harvesting and waterlogging of the soil, plowing of fallow after soybeans is carried out late or the field remains unplowed at all, as a result of which its effectiveness as a predecessor is significantly reduced. If soybean fields are plowed in late autumn, the nitrogen content of the soil drops. This negatively affects the growth of early crops, so late crops are placed after soybeans. .

In fertile, well-cultivated fields and with fertilization, corn can be re-cultivated for several years. The higher the fertility of the site, the culture of agriculture, the longer it is possible to grow corn in one field. With the permanent cultivation of corn for a long time (over 10 years), its yield was significantly lower than after wheat, sunflower, sugar beets. One of the reasons for the decline in corn yields is significant infestation with weeds.

The difference in corn yields after different predecessors is usually caused by a different degree of fertilization of the previous crop, the effectiveness of weed control in its crops, and the timing of harvesting.

Corn serves as a good precursor for spring wheat and barley.

Crop area structure:

Cereals--25%

Corn -25%

Annual herbs--12.5%

Winter rye -12.5%

Let's draw up a scheme of an eight-field crop rotation:

winter rye + annual grasses

corn

cereals

corn

cereals

5.2. Calculation of fertilizer rates for the planned harvest and the system of their application.

On average, 1 quintal of corn takes out 3 kg of nitrogen from the soil, 1.2 kg of phosphorus, and 3 kg of potassium. With a yield of 15.8 c/ha, the following will be taken out of the soil:

3 15.8 = 47.4 kg/ha N

1.2 15.8 = 18.96 kg/ha P 2 O 5

3 15.8 = 47.4 kg/ha K 2 O

2. Determine the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil kg/ha. To calculate, we use the formula

K m \u003d h * V * P, where

N - 21 * 1.08 * 4 = 90.72 kg/ha

P 2 O 5 - 21 * 1.08 * 3 \u003d 68.04 kg / ha

K 2 O - 21 * 1.08 * 10 \u003d 226.8 kg / ha

3. The coefficient of use by plants from the soil of N is 25%, P 2 O 5 - 6%, K 2 O - 12%.

We find that corn plants can absorb from the soil from 1 ha:

N \u003d (90.72 * 25) / 100 \u003d 22.68 kg

P 2 O 5 \u003d (68.04 * 6) / 100 \u003d 4.1 kg

K 2 O \u003d (226.8 * 12) / 100 \u003d 27.2 kg

On average, 1 ton of manure contains N - 4 kg, P - 1.5 kg, K - 4.5 kg. When applying 60 tons of manure, the soil will receive: N - 240 kg, P - 90 kg, K - 270 kg.

From 60 tons of manure will be used:

N = (240 * 25)/100 = 60 kg/ha

P \u003d (90 * 45) / 100 \u003d 40.5 kg / ha

K \u003d (270 * 70) / 100 \u003d 189 kg / ha

Corn will consume from the soil and organic fertilizers:

N = 22.68 + 60 = 82.68 kg/ha

Р = 4.1 + 40.5 = 44.6 kg/ha

K = 27.2 + 189 = 216.2 kg/ha.

Additionally, you need to enter:

N = 47.4 - 82.68 = -35.28 kg/ha

Р = 18.96 - 44.6 = -25.64 kg/ha

K = 47.4 - 216.2 = -168.8 kg/ha

D y - dose of fertilizers, t/ha

Y t - programmable yield, t/ha

B - removal of nutrients per 1 ton of products

K m - the coefficient of transfer of nutrients to the arable layer of 1 ha

K y - coefficient of use of nutrients from fertilizers,%

K n - coefficient of use of nutrients from the soil,%

H n - the rate of application of organic fertilizers, t / ha

K p - coefficient of use of N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O from organic fertilizer,%

h - the size of the arable layer, cm

V - volumetric mass of soil, g / cm 3

K m \u003d 1.08 21 \u003d 22.68 g / cm 3

Calculation of fertilizer application rates for a programmed crop

INDICATORS	Batteries


1. Planned yield, centner/ha
2. Nutrients taken out per 1c of products, kg
3. Nutrients removed with the harvest, kg
4.Contained Nutrients: mg/100 g soil in the topsoil, kg/ha
The coefficient of use of nutrients from the soil, %
Soil nutrients will be used, kg/ha
Nutrients applied to the soil with manure, kg/ha
Nutrient utilization rate from manure, %
Possible removal of nutrients from manure, kg/ha
Total will be removed from soil and manure, kg/ha
Type of mines used fertilizer	sodium nitrate	Superphosphate simple granular	Potassium chloride
Utilization factor Nutrients from mineral fertilizers, %
13. It is necessary to apply mineral fertilizers in kg/ha

Fertilizer system for corn.

Corn is very demanding on soil fertility. It does not tolerate acidic soils, and without their liming, even with the introduction of high doses of organic and mineral fertilizers, one cannot count on getting a good harvest. Corn consumes nutrients during the entire growing season - up to the waxy ripeness of the grain. However, their most intensive absorption is observed during the period of rapid growth in a relatively short period of time - from the emergence of panicles to flowering. To obtain a high yield of corn, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers is of decisive importance. Corn is very responsive to the application of manure and other organic fertilizers. According to long-term experimental data, the use of manure (40-60 t/ha) increases the grain yield by 0.3-0.8 t/ha. The combined use of manure and mineral fertilizers provides good harvests corn at lower doses of organic fertilizer.

Manure, phosphate and potash fertilizers should be applied under autumn plowing. Nitrogen fertilizers are best used in the spring for pre-sowing tillage.

Corn grows very slowly in the first month after germination and absorbs a limited amount of nutrients. However, the lack of available nutrients during this period, especially phosphorus, adversely affects the further development of plants, reduces the use of nutrients from the main fertilizer and soil. To provide corn seedlings with readily available nutrients, small doses of fertilizers must be applied at sowing. At the same time, local application of a small dose of phosphorus (5-7 kg P 2 O 5 per 1 ha) in the form of granular superphosphate to the nests is especially effective. Fertilizers should be applied separately from the seeds 4 - 5 cm to the sides and 2 - 3 cm below the seeds in order to avoid the harmful effect of a high concentration of soil solution on corn seedlings.

To provide corn with nutrients during the period of the most intensive growth in conditions of sufficient moisture, nitrogen can be added to the main fertilizer. During the growing season, 1 - 2 top dressings of 20 - 30 kg AI are carried out. per ha. Fertilizers are applied to top dressing by cultivators - plant feeders with incorporation to a depth of 8 - 10 cm into the moist soil layer. .

Fertilizer system for corn.

5.3 Soil tillage system.

Long-term experience shows that it is better to sow corn in deep early fall. The bulk of its roots (90%) on heavy brown-podzolic soils are located in the soil layer of 0-10 cm, in the layer of 10-20 cm they are only 6%, in the layer of 20-30 cm - 3%. With the deepening of the arable layer, the roots move to the underlying horizons and use a larger volume of soil. In the spring, in order to retain moisture and level the soil, the plowing is harrowed in one or two tracks, and in early May it is cultivated to a depth of 10-12 cm. In fields with numerous root weeds and with strong soil compaction, it is recommended to plow the plough with plows without mouldboards and harrowing. Fields that have not been plowed since autumn must be plowed as soon as possible. To destroy weeds and provide good conditions for seed germination, the field is cultivated on the eve or on the day of sowing to the sowing depth and rolled. .

After soybeans, the soil is cultivated with wide-cut disc cultivators or disc harrows to a depth of 6-8 cm.

The best quality of plowing, good incorporation of crop residues is provided by two-tier plows ПЯ-3-35 and ПН-4-35.

The effectiveness of autumn plowing largely depends on the timing of its implementation. Early plowing after harvesting the predecessor does not help to clear the fields of weeds, which negatively affects the corn yield. When plowing at the end of September - the first half of October, after 2 - 3 peelings, favorable conditions are created for the accumulation of soil moisture and better soil cleaning.

For the retention of melt water and the accumulation of moisture in the soil, late autumn slotting of the field is effective. The use of this technique allows you to retain up to 250 - 300 m 3 / ha of water and get an increase in yield of 0.20 - 0.25 t / ha. Also, slotting reduces water erosion of the soil, i.e. is of environmental importance. .

Spring tillage is reduced to leveling and pre-sowing cultivation. Spring leveling of the soil is an obligatory element of intensive technology. It provides better heating of the soil, rapid germination of weeds; allows you to better carry out pre-sowing tillage and sow seeds at the same depth. It is carried out only at full physical ripeness of the soil with levelers, drags, cultivators equipped with leveling boards and rotary rollers. Direction of movement at an angle of 45 - 50? to the main processing. If the field surface remains cloddy, this agricultural practice is repeated perpendicular to the first leveling.

Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out to retain moisture in the soil, keeping the soil loose and free from weeds. It is carried out to the depth of sowing seeds immediately after the incorporation of volatile herbicides (eradican 6.7E, sutan plus 6.7E) or after the application of herbicides that do not require immediate incorporation (agelon, ramrod), with combined tillage implements that combine loosening, leveling in one pass and rolling. The way of movement is shuttle, at an angle of 40 - 45? to the direction of the main cultivation, with an overlap width between passages of 15 - 20 cm. A field prepared for sowing should have a well-leveled surface, a dense bed for seeds and contain in the treated layer at least 80% by weight of soil lumps ranging in size from 1 to 5 cm. Availability lumps more than 10 cm are not allowed. The deviation of the processing depth from the specified one should not exceed ± 1 cm.

Alignment, application and incorporation of basic herbicides, pre-sowing treatment is carried out in-line without interruption of time. This contributes to a uniform depth of sowing seeds, saving moisture in the soil and obtaining friendly corn shoots.

The system of basic tillage for corn.

Predecessor	weediness		Deadline	Agrotechnical quality requirements.
	Spring late	1. Stubble		Ch. peeling 6 - 8 cm. The angle of attack of the discs is 20-25 °. Crop residues on the soil surface after processing 35-40% The diameter of the lumps is up to 10 cm. Weed cutting is complete. The speed of movement of the unit is up to 10 km/h. In 2 tracks.
		2. Treatment with herbicides		Spraying with herbicides of group 2.4D at a dose of 2 kg dv / ha at an air temperature of 14 - 18 °
		3. Autumn plowing		Plowing with plows with skimmers on Ch. 16 - 22 cm across the previous main tillage.
		4. Slitting		On ch. not less than 50 cm, up to 60 cm, distance between slots 1.2-1.4 m

The system of pre-sowing tillage for corn.

Events	Deadlines	Agrotechnical requirements for implementation
1. Early spring harrowing	Physical ripeness of the soil	Good leveling and crumbling of the soil. The movement of the unit at an angle of 45 ° to the main processing. If necessary in 2-a trace
2. Soil leveling	Full physical ripeness of the soil	The movement of the unit at an angle of 45 ° to the main processing.
3. Applying herbicides and incorporating them into the soil	Immediate herbicide incorporation	Seal on ch. 8-12 cm. Eradikan 6.7 E, 80% a.e. - 6-7 l/ha, alirox, 80% a.e. - 6-7 cm.
4. 1st cultivation		On ch. 8-12 cm.
5. 2nd cultivation
6. Pre-sowing cultivation		At 8-10 cm. The field is well leveled before sowing, 80% of lumps are 1-5 cm in size. The presence of lumps more than 10 cm is not allowed.

5.4. Preparing seeds for sowing.

One of the main conditions for obtaining high yields of grain and green mass of corn is sowing seeds of zoned hybrids of the first generation. In the process of pre-sowing preparation, the seeds must be brought to the highest sowing conditions, homogeneous fractions should be isolated by calibration, pathogens and pests should be destroyed. Seeds prepared for sowing must meet the requirements established by the state standard for the first class. Field germination of seeds of the first class is usually lower than the laboratory one by 10-15%.

At special plants, corn seeds are dried, brought to a moisture content of 12-13%, calibrated, treated and packed in paper bags for shipment to collective farms. Cobs are threshed 10-15 days before sowing on threshers (MKP-3.0). To ensure friendly and full-fledged seedlings, corn seeds are calibrated on grain cleaning machines and samples are taken to seed control laboratories to check sowing qualities. If the seeds are conditioned, they are prepared for sowing.

To increase the germination energy, seeds with a layer of no more than 12 cm are heated in the sun on a dry site for 4-6 days. During the heating during the day, they are gently stirred several times, and at night they are covered with a tarpaulin or cleaned in a dry room. Active ventilation of seeds also gives positive results; machines for drying seeds on currents are used for it. To protect corn seeds from fungal diseases and pests in the soil, a presowing treatment of seeds with 80% d.p. gives a good effect. TMTD (1.5 - 2 kg/t) or combined treaters (fentiuram, hexathiuram, tigam, vitatiuram). When caterpillars spread on crops of wireworms, caterpillars, scoops, seeds are treated with HCCH at the rate of 2 kg/t of seeds.

Inlay. This treatment method consists in the fact that an aqueous solution of a polymeric film-forming agent - polyvinyl alcohol - is applied to the seed coat, into which, in addition to dressing agents, substances necessary to activate seed germination are introduced.

For seed treatment, the composition is used (per 1 ton of seeds): polyvinyl alcohol - 0.5-1 kg, biologically active substances, pesticide according to the norm in accordance with the instructions for use. The introduction of microelements into the hydrophilic film of fentiuram helps to increase the field germination of severely injured seeds. The method of encrusting seeds is simple, safe, acceptable for the system of modern grain dressing machines.

Under field conditions, film-forming protectants are highly effective at different sowing dates. .

Measures to prepare seeds for sowing.

Events		Technique, drug norms (kg)	Tools, machines	quality requirements

1. Pre-cleaning	Immediately after cleaning	Cleaning from organic and mineral impurities, sand, pebbles, straw, etc.		Purification of coarse impurities
2. Drying seeds	After pre-cleaning	Removal of moisture for 1 reception in grain 6% and bringing to the basic condition	Drying unit	Compliance will limit. Conditions
3. Primary cleaning	After drying	Cleaning of weed impurity, weed seed		Compliance with the basic condition for weed impurities

Continuation of the table. 7

4. Secondary cleaning	After autumn drying	Cleaning from grain impurities: immature grains, feeble, broken, darkened, deformed		Compliance with the basic condition for grain impurities
5. Air heat treatment	Before sowing (2-3 weeks before)	Pace. Thermal agent - 35? 5 - 7 days in the sun	Drying unit	Compliance with GOST in terms of purity, moisture content of seeds. Increasing the energy of the vitality of the symbols.
6. Pickling	10 - 15 days before sowing	fentiuram, hexathiuram, tigam, vitatiuram		Disinfection of seeds from rust, smut, root rot.

5.5. Calculation of the weight rate of sowing.

For corn, the weight seeding rate will be calculated using the formula:

where H in - weight seeding rate, kg/ha;

P is the required number of plants before harvesting, ml/ha;

A - weight of 1000 seeds, g

P - field germination of seeds, %;

G - the number of dead plants during the growing season,%.

P \u003d 9 * 10000 \u003d 90000 pieces / ha

5.6. Sowing corn.

The most favorable conditions for germination and obtaining friendly seedlings of corn are created with a steady warming up of the soil at a depth of sowing seeds up to 10 - 12 ° C. On sandy soil, which warms up faster, especially on the southern slopes, you can start sowing earlier. clay soil, as well as the soil of the northern slopes and peat bogs warms up more slowly. In these areas, it is recommended to sow corn later. It has been established that cold-resistant varieties of corn germinate at a temperature of 5-6°C and even lower, but it gives more friendly seedlings at a soil temperature at a seeding depth of at least 10°C. In the Far East in May, the soil temperature at a depth of 5–10 cm can fluctuate sharply during the day and throughout the month, and therefore the sowing time may be different in different years, but in the main agricultural regions the best yields of green mass and cobs are obtained when sown in mid-May.

In the conditions of Primorsky Krai, it is better to sow from May 20 to May 30. Choosing the right sowing time great importance in the fight against wetting of plants. When planted early, corn usually makes better use of autumn and winter moisture, suffers less from drought, develops faster and dries less.

In order to obtain early cobs of milk and wax ripeness for food purposes, corn is preliminarily grown indoors in peat-muck or dung-earth pots, and then planted in open ground.

The depth of seed placement significantly affects the uniformity of emergence of seedlings, their completeness, as well as the growth, development and productivity of corn. It depends on the mechanical composition of the soil and temperature. On light soils, corn is planted to a depth of 8 - 9 cm, on heavy soils - 5 - 6 cm. In spring, the surface layers of the soil warm up better than the lower ones. Therefore, at an early date, it is better to sow corn at a shallower depth, but always in moist soil; at more later dates sowing depth should be increased to 8-10 cm.

Seeds normally swell and germinate when soil moisture is not lower than 18-20%, which should be taken into account when setting the sowing depth. Corn seeds can tolerate deep sowing. The maximum economic depth is 15 cm, and the biological one is 37.

Seeding rate: when sowing with calibrated seeds, 3-4 grains are placed in each nest. The weight rate for seeds of large fractions is 18 - 22 kg/ha, medium - 15 - 18 kg / ha and small - 12 - 15 kg / ha. With dotted sowing, 7-8 conditioned grains are sown per linear meter of a row. The seeding rate is increased due to cool weather at the time of sowing, as well as a possible decrease in temperature by the beginning of the growing season and damage by diseases and pests.

It is very important that the seeds are evenly distributed both in depth and in the row. This creates favorable conditions for the emergence of friendly shoots of corn, positively affects the individual productivity of plants.

There are different ways to sow corn. For example, according to intensive cultivation technology, it can be sown in a dotted way. But in the Far East, the main method is the square-nest method of sowing corn with a feeding area of 7070. It is carried out with SKGN-6V and SKGN-6A seeders. It is also sown in nesting way.

Under local conditions, due to waterlogging of the soil, it is often impossible to apply cross-cultivation of crops, which negatively affects the yield. With a high culture of agriculture, dotted sowing of corn is promising, when the seeds are arranged in rows at a distance of 35 cm. It is carried out with the SKNK-6 seeder. With dotted sowing, the row spacings are cultivated in one direction, in the rows weeds are destroyed with the help of herbicides. To protect crops from soaking in many farms, corn is grown on ridges and ridges. It is especially important to grow grain corn on the ridges.

The DalNIISH has developed a technology for growing corn and created a set of machines for sowing and caring for plants on ridges and ridges. For sowing on ridges, the factory coulter runners of the corn seeder are replaced with new ones with ridge-forming discs. The coulter makes a compacted groove 1-1.5 cm deep with a runner, into which corn seeds are placed. The spherical discs running behind the opener close them up and form a ridge. Then, the drive spikes of the seeder roll along the ridge, which compact the loosened soil, thereby improving the flow of moisture to the seeds from the lower soil layers.

For sowing corn on the ridges, you can also use a seeder-cultivator designed by DalNIISKh. It was created on the basis of units and mechanisms of the KRN-4.2 cultivator and the SZN-24 or SZN-16 seeder. This seeder in a three-ridge version can work in combination with MTZ-50 and MTZ-52 tractors, in a five-ridge version - with DT-54A and DT-75 tractors. The seeder forms ridges, applies mineral fertilizers and sows corn in one pass. It is also used to care for corn.

On hailstones, corn is sown with grain seeders SU-24 or SZN-24. Two coulters with a row spacing of 50 cm are installed on each ridge. For this purpose, converted corn seeders SKGN-6A and SKNK-6 can also be used.

Seeders must be adjusted so that each coulter sows the same number of seeds at a strictly specified depth (permissible deviations of 1 cm) - this is the key to obtaining uniform, friendly seedlings.

Agrotechnical requirements for sowing corn: allowable duration of sowing on the farm - 3-4 days, on one field - 1-2 days, deviations in the uniformity of seed placement are not more than 30%, seed crushing is not more than 0.2%, deviation from the seeding rate is not more than 5%, the deviation of the butt row spacing is 5 cm, the main row spacing is 1 cm.

Planting area, ha	Sowing dates	Sowing methods, scheme	Seeding rate, million or thousand and kg/ha	Embedding depth, cm	Machines and tools	Seeding quality requirements

		1. Square socket	0.135 million/ha		SKGN-6V and SKGN-6A (seeders) MTZ-80 and YuMZ-6 (tractors)	See paragraph 5.6.
		2. On the ridges			SU-24 or SZN-24
		Dotted
		On the ridges			In the three-ridge version - MTZ-50 and MTZ-52, in the five-ridge version - DT-54A and DT-75.

5.7. Crop care.

Experiences of advanced corn growers of the Far East show that care of corn crops can be fully mechanized. To control weeds and soil crust before germination, crops are harrowed with toothed or mesh harrows and processed with rotating hoes. In years with a dry spring, when the soil surface remains loose, it is better to use light harrows. On heavily compacted soils, medium and heavy harrows are used. After germination, when plants form 2-3 leaves, harrowing can be repeated. The last time crops can be harrowed in the phase of 4 - 5 leaves. When shoots appear, the first inter-row cultivation is carried out with cultivators with flat-cutting paws (two razor paws and a lancet paw between them) with simultaneous harrowing with keyboard or mesh harrows. When the plants reach a height of 18 - 20 cm (12 - 15 days after the first treatment), a second inter-row treatment is carried out in two directions, and then after 12 - 13 days - the third. In the future, depending on the compaction of the soil and the infestation of crops, the treatments are repeated.

During cultivation, in order not to damage the plants, protective zones are left: at the first - 10 cm, at subsequent ones - 12 - 15 cm. In this case, the corn is less damaged and the soil near the plants is better loosened. In nests, weeds are destroyed by cultivators with light wire harrows. On heavy waterlogged soils, during the third inter-row cultivation, instead of the central lancet paws, hillers are installed, tooth harrows are replaced by high spring harrows. With the help of such an aggregate, corn is hilled and furrows are made to discharge storm water. Hilling contributes to the formation of additional roots on the lower nodes of the stems, intensive growth of green mass, keeps the soil loose for a long time, improves air access to the roots and leads to an increase in yield.

If there are not enough nutrients in the soil, corn responds positively to top dressing.

"PLANT OF DEEP PROCESSING OF CORN FOR GLUTEN, HFS, STARCH, AND FODDER ADDITIVE WITH THE CAPACITY OF CORN PROCESSING: 500 T PER DAY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGIA..."

Corn oil

GFS Starch Feed additive

Corn

CORN PROCESSING PLANT

FOR GLUTEN, HFS, STARCH AND FEED ADDITIVE

CORN PROCESSING CAPACITY: 500 T PER DAY

STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY

PROJECT SUMMARY

FUNDING CONDITIONS FEASIBILITY AND IMPLIED

ESSENCE OF THE PROJECT

CONDITIONS OF THE BANK'S PARTICIPATION IN THE PROJECT

The GESS GROUP company proposes an investment project in the construction of a biotechnological complex for processing corn grain with an annual production volume. The project initiator plans to invest its own funds: 26,900,000 euros of production

Ro germ. to finance capital investments.

7,800 tons Gluten - 9,166 tons Starch cash which tons of Paradise Syrup cannot be funded by cash flows generated by the Project will be 100% debt financed.

25,375 tons Corn oil - 7,200 tons Lending will be carried out by a credit line in the amount of.

54,452,496 euros.

Maize processing capacity - 500 tons per day The construction will take place in one stage, due to the fact that directly The estimated rate on loans is 12% per year, the loan currency is euro.

At this site, the construction of an elevator with a one-time storage capacity of 60,000 tons is already underway.

Full repayment of the credit line occurs within 3.5 years

– – –

2 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL

PROJECT SUMMARY

MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

GLUTEN (TN VED 35040090) is a vegetable protein containing approximately 60% crude protein.

The raw material for the planned production is corn.

Corn gluten protein contains a large amount of essential amino acids and is the best source of methionine, beta-carotene (provitamin "A"), xanthophil, threonine, tryptophan, calcium, phosphorus and sodium, and also contains a rich complex of fat- and water-soluble vitamins E, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6.

MAIN USES OF CORN GLUTEN:

Gluten is made up of the protein in corn, which is separated from the other parts of the grain (starch, fiber, and fat) during processing. Corn gluten, due to its high nutritional value and good physical characteristics, is widely used in the production of animal feed.

– – –

STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 3

PROJECT SUMMARY

MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP (HS 170250) belongs to the group of starch syrups. GFS is not only a full-fledged sugar substitute, but also has a number of advantages over it (allows you to reduce calories, improve consumer characteristics of the product, is better absorbed by the body, etc.).

Raw starch.

The main use is to replace sugar. In addition to preserving the sweetness profile of the drink, HFS almost always improves the consumer qualities of the product - improving the aroma, taste, prolonging the shelf life of the product. Glucose-fructose syrup is a 100% sugar substitute.

GFS COST IN THE WORLD MARKET

The cost of HFS is calculated as the cost of sugar -10% Glucose-fructose syrup (HFS - 55) average price - 850 $ / t For calculations in the business plan, the cost was taken - 607 euros / t

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PROJECT SUMMARY

MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

FODDER is a dry concentrated biomass made from cornmeal and starch milk residues. Serves as an additive in the feed of farm animals, birds and fish, due to the rich content of proteins and vitamins.

COST OF FEED

The cost of a forage product is highly dependent on its quality. Quality is determined primarily by the percentage of the purest protein, the higher the protein content, the more expensive the fodder product.

On the world market, the average price is 100-300 $ / t (depending on quality) For calculations in the business plan, the cost of 98 euros / t

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PROJECT SUMMARY

MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

CORN STARCH (HS 110812) - white powder.

Application - food industry, packaging materials, paper, textiles, pharmaceutical industry.

The use of starches in the meat industry is due to the fact that very often enterprises of the industry have to process meat that has unsatisfactory functional characteristics - it has been frozen for a long time and has a low water-binding capacity (WCC), as well as meat containing a large amount of connective tissue. In addition, the market for meat products has a very large share of economy class products, for the production of which starch is one of the most indispensable ingredients, since the cost of starch is 3-3.5 times lower than beef of the 2nd grade and 2 times lower than soybean isolate. The use of starch is most effective in the technology of low-grade sausages, to bind free moisture released after heating, but it is limited to 10% by weight of raw materials. Starches in their technological functions play the role of a stabilizer, thickener and filler. They do not have an emulsifying ability, but have a pronounced BCC, which manifests itself as a result of heat treatment during the development of the gelatinization process.

PRICE

On the world market, the average price is 500-650 $/t

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PROJECT SUMMARY

MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS

CORN OIL () is a fatty vegetable oil obtained from corn seeds. It is used to prepare various doughs, bakery products, sauces, and is used in the manufacture of food for children. The relatively high smoke point temperature makes corn oil suitable for frying. In medicine, it is used as an anti-sclerotic agent.

PRICE

In the world market, the average price is 1600-1700 $/t. For calculations in the business plan, the cost was assumed to be 700 euros/t. WORLD MARKET of vegetable oils by 2011 amounted to 140 million tons. The market for corn oil in 2007 was 2.2 million tons, with an average annual growth rate of 3%.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

BACKGROUND TO THE CREATION OF THE PROJECT

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The growth in corn production will ensure relatively cheap raw materials and the competitiveness of final processing products with similar products from China, Europe and the USA. These countries will not be able to provide price competition or dumping without damaging the nutrition of the population due to the lack of fertile land.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION

COMPLIANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BANK

The project is of great financial, social, scientific and state importance.

The biotechnological complex will produce following products: feed additive, gluten, starch and HFS.

The proposed production will eliminate the dependence of Ukrainian consumers on imports, as well as start exporting these products.

The project is a unique biotech enterprise that has no analogues in Ukraine.

The planned biotechnology complex will be the beginning of the restoration of Ukraine's biotechnology industry, which in the recent past was one of the best in the world.

The implementation of the Project corresponds to the main directions of the bank's investment activities.

Support and development of the agro-industrial complex.

Import substitution The entire range of products is currently imported.

Creating a positive effect for the economy and society The introduction of Ukrainian-made glucose-fructose syrup into the production technology of sweeteners instead of currently used sugar will reduce the cost of products due to lower prices and ease of use.

The project will give a new impetus to the development of biotechnology in Ukraine.

The emergence of new jobs, as well as the level of wages above the average, contribute to the alignment of economic development.

Increasing tax revenues.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE POSITIVE EFFECT FOR SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE:

Elimination of shortages for individual manufactured products.

Import substitution of most of the manufactured products.

Creation of 206 new jobs. The personnel of the plant is supposed to be recruited from nearby settlements.

In addition to direct employees, service organizations are involved in the work of the plant: suppliers of raw materials, energy companies, transport companies, etc.;

Increase in domestic consumption of corn due to its deep processing.

Ability to export individual products.

Increasing revenues to the regional and federal budgets Stimulating the market for corn production.

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PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

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ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

MAIN STAGES OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

The project is being implemented in one phase of construction.

The construction of power supply systems, the main production building, and auxiliary facilities will be carried out in parallel.

Development of project documentation Design and estimate documentation is prepared immediately in full for passing the examination and signing the loan agreement.

Construction of the plant To start construction work, it is necessary to provide the site with electricity with a total connected power of 2 MW, for which it is necessary to install a transformer substation according to a temporary power supply scheme, which will be included in a permanent single-line scheme when the plant is launched.

All subsequent engineering infrastructure facilities should be put into operation simultaneously with the commissioning of the plant, and their construction is envisaged in parallel with the construction of factory workshops.

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PRODUCTION PLAN

GENERAL SCHEME OF DESIGNED PRODUCTION

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PRODUCTION PLAN

PRODUCTION SCHEME

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PRODUCTION PLAN

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

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PRODUCTION PLAN

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

Grinding and Germ Extraction The soaked corn conveying hydraulic system is equipped with a stone catcher (hydrocyclone) to separate stones that may have passed after cleaning. The soaked corn is then fed by gravity to a grate that separates the soaked corn from the transport water. The transport water is returned back to the hydraulic transport system. The soaked corn flows by gravity into the tank that feeds the first grinder.

The first grinding mill is a single disc (gear) mill. It is designed to crush the corn kernel, release the starch and extract the corn germ without damaging it.

The starch increases the density of the liquid to about 7 B. In fact, the corn produces its own heavy medium to allow the germ to separate.

The separation of the embryo from other components is carried out in a two-stage hydrocyclone system, where each stage has two passes. The first run produces a "quality reduction", selectively separating the product to achieve optimal purity, and the second run performs a quantitative reduction, collecting all particles for re-inspection in run #1.

A second grinding mill of the same type as the first grinding mill is placed between these two stages in order to crush the grains passed through the first mill. To reduce the load on this mill, a fed gravity grate is installed in front of it to provide a bypass for the starch milk.

The two stages of hydrocyclones are identical. Each stage includes nucleation cyclones in the first pass allowing a 4/1 bottom/upper run separation and nucleation cyclones in the second run separating the bottom and top runs in a 7/3 ratio.

The separated germ/starch slurry exits the system at the top exit of the first pass. Germ washing and starch extraction is carried out in a germ washing system consisting of three gravity-fed grate sieves. Wash water (process water) is added in front of the third sieve and pumped countercurrent to the seed flow.

The washed embryo is then dehydrated in a screw press to a DM content of 50% and dried in a rotary dryer to a moisture content of 3%. The embryo will contain about 50% fat, which is extracted by extrusion by a press (in small industries) or by solvent extraction.

B - Density Gauge The germ-free slurry leaves the system at the bottom exit of the fourth pass with a density of about 14 B and is pumped to starch recovery.

For the complete extraction of the embryo, it is very important that the density of the suspension in the tanks feeding the stages of the hydrocyclones is maintained with accuracy.

Extraction of starch / washing of the pulp Before the pulp can be removed, it must be further milled to release the starch contained in the unground parts of the grains. This is produced in the third mill. To reduce the load on this mill, a pressure-fed grate, the main starch screen, is installed in front of it. The filtrate from the sieve contains free starch, 40-50% of the total starch content in corn. He bypasses the third mill and sieves for washing the pulp.

The main sieve for starch extraction is equipped with 50 micron sieves.

The refiner mill can be of several types: (gear) single disc mill, (gear) double disc rotary mill or clamshell mill. The work of the refiner mill is quite intense, since part of the material being ground is keratinized endosperm, the hardest part of the grain.

The function of this mill is to reduce the particle size to liberate the starch without reducing the pulp size and to grind the starch to separate it from the gluten.

STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 15

PRODUCTION PLAN

TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

The milled material is pumped to a six- or seven-stage starch washing system. The purpose of this system is to wash free starch from the pulp. This is done in a six- or seven-stage countercurrent washing system using pressurized grate screens. The first sieve uses sieves with a mesh size of 50 microns, and the remaining stages use sieves with a mesh size of 75 microns.

The extracted starch - the filtrate of the first stage - flows by gravity into the starch milk tank, where starch is collected from the main starch extraction sieve, from the pulp washing system and from the sand removal system.

Prior to being transported to the starch/gluten separation operation, the starch milk is de-sanded in a two-stage de-sanding station. The sand removal operation is necessary because materials such as sand, dust, pipe deposits, etc. become very abrasive under the high gravitational accelerations they are subjected to in rapidly rotating equipment such as centrifuges and separators. The first stage consists of a series of sand collector cyclones and the second stage consists of one sand cyclone with a burr collector.

The pulp discharged from the last stage is pre-dehydrated in an additional pressurized grate or screening centrifuge and then dewatered in a screw press to approximately 43% DM.

After dehydration, the pulp is mixed with a concentrated extract from the evaporator. This mixture - feed gluten - is dried in a rotary tube dryer to a moisture content of 12%. Feed gluten is a livestock feed with a protein content of approximately 21%.

Starch/Gluten Separation / Starch Wash The process steps described above can be found in virtually all wet milling maize processes, from very small to large scale plants. The only thing that distinguishes them from each other is the size of the equipment.

However, the flowsheet of the starch/gluten separation process can vary dramatically depending on the throughput of the plant.

Separation of starch and gluten (Four-stage system) The maximum concentration of ground starch coming from the extraction / pulp washing section is achieved when both the intermediate separator and the grinding flow thickener are used in the same process. The system is called the "Four Stage System". The four-stage system is used exclusively for high-capacity production.

The maximum capacity of a four-stage system based on 4 separators, Merko type, is:

Merco CH 30 MST + CH 30 PS + CH 30 GT + CH 30 CL max. 550 tons per day Plants with a capacity of over 1200 tons per day will be equipped with several systems installed in parallel in different centrifugation stations.

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SCHEME OF PLACEMENT OF OBJECTS ON THE SITE

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PROJECT FINANCING PLAN

PROJECT FINANCING

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MAIN INDICATORS OF THE PROJECT

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Total investment cost effectiveness Net present value (NPV) EUR 20,223,447 Discounted payback period (PBP) 8.12 years Internal rate of return (IRR) 19.2% (nominal - adjusted for inflation) Discounted cost return (PI) 132% % Efficiency for equity Net present value (NPV) EUR 20,684,807 Discounted payback period (PBP) 8.07 years Internal rate of return (IRR) 22.7% (nominal - adjusted for inflation) Rate of return on discounted costs (PI) 186 % times Efficiency for the bank Discounted payback period (PBP) 6.04 years Internal rate of return (IRR) 36.8% (nominal - adjusted for inflation) 20 NPK ENVIRONMENT STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL

Primorsky State Agricultural Academy

Institute of Economics and Business

Department of Organization

and technological

processes in the agricultural

production

COURSE WORK

Topic: Technology of production, storage and processing of corn

(hybrid Moldavian 215 SV)

Completed: student 414 gr.

Nesterova A.S.

Checked: Mitropolova L.V.

Ussuriysk

Initial data for term paper

horticulture culture corn

hybrid Moldavian 215 SV

1. Area, ha	660
2. Date of sowing	10.05
3. Cleaning date	25.09
4. Coefficient of use of PAR by crops, %
5. Number of plants before harvesting, pcs/m	9
6. Weight of 1000 seeds, g	250
7. Number of cobs per plant	1,2
8. Average weight of the cob, g	145
9. The mass of the rod in% of the mass of the cob	20
10. Weight of cob with grain, g	145
11. Soy	33,2%
12. Corn	33,2%
13. Potato	16,6%
14. Winter rye	16,6%
15. Type of soil	brown-podzolic
16. Depth of the arable layer, cm	21
17. Content in soil, mg/100NPOK O
18. Soil nutrient utilization factor, % N P O K O
19. Nutrient utilization rate from mineral fertilizers, %N P O K O
20. Dose of manure per 1 ha, t	60
21. Nutrient utilization rate from manure, %N P O K O
22. Nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizers are used	sodium nitrate superphosphate granulated potassium chloride
23. Volumetric mass of soil, g/cm	1,08
24. Predecessor	Soya
25. Predominant weeds	JP
26. Variety	Moldavian 215 SV
27. Seeding rate, million germinating seeds, %	0,135
28. Purity of seeds, %	98,5
29. Laboratory seed germination, %	91
30. Field germination of seeds, %	71
31. Dead plants, %	15
32. It is necessary to have plants before harvesting, thousand pieces/ha	900
33. Waste during seed treatment,%	25
34. Insurance fund, %	25
35. Mass of delivered grain, t	450
36. Weed impurity,%	6
37. Grain admixture, %	9
38. Grain moisture content, %	16

Initial data for writing a term paper

INTRODUCTION

1. Soil and climatic conditions of the zone

2. Biological features of corn

2.1. heat requirements

2.2. Moisture Requirements

2.3. light requirements

2.4. Soil Requirements

2.5. growing season

3. Characteristics of the hybrid Odessa 158 MV

4. Calculation of potential yield

4.1. Calculation of potential yield based on the arrival of PAR

4.2. Determination of biological yield by elements of the yield structure

5. Agricultural technology of corn cultivation

5.1. Place in crop rotation

5.2. Calculation of fertilizer rates for the planned harvest and the system of their application

5.3. Tillage system

5.4. Preparing seeds for sowing

5.5. Calculation of the weight rate of sowing

5.6. sowing corn

5.7. Crop care

5.8. Field preparation and harvesting

5.9. Calculation of the seed filling fund and the area of seed plots

6. Calculation of payment for delivered grain

7. Agrotechnical part of the technological map of corn cultivation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

The grain contains carbohydrates (65-70%), protein (9-12%), fat (4-8%), mineral salts and vitamins. Flour, cereals, cereals, canned food, starch, ethyl alcohol, dextrin, beer, glucose, sugar, molasses, syrup, oil, vitamin E, ascorbic and glutamic acids are obtained from grain. Pistil columns are used in medicine. Paper, linoleum, viscose, activated carbon, artificial cork, plastic, anesthetics and much more are produced from the stems, leaves and cobs.

In the conditions of the Far East, the cultivation of corn is possible only for green fodder and silage.

1. Soil and climatic conditions of the zone.

The warmest month is August. Its average monthly temperature is 18 - 20°C along the edge.

The average rainfall is 600 mm per year. More precipitation falls in the south of the region and in the coastal strip (700 - 800 mm) and less - on the Khanka Plain (500 - 550 mm).

And now I want to characterize the type of soil proposed in the term paper.

The brown-podzolic soils of Primorye are formed under oak and oak-broad-leaved forests with abundant grass cover. In the summer and summer-autumn period, they experience severe waterlogging, and in the spring - an acute lack of moisture. In this type of soil, phosphorus is at a minimum of nutrients.

At present, these soils are mostly plowed up and are cultivated to one degree or another.

Virgin brown-podzolic soils have a humus horizon 7–10 cm thick, of an unstable cloddy structure, penetrated by small roots; the transition to the underlying horizon is sharp. The podzolic horizon has a thickness of 20–30 cm, is usually compacted, thinly layered, contains a large number of small ferruginous-manganese nodules. Sometimes this layer is broken by horizontal cracks to the full depth.

The podzolic horizon is replaced by a variegated whitish-brown (8-10 cm), below which the illuvial horizon is located.

Modern technology of corn processing. Corn processing equipment

Stages of deep processing

Release of by-products

Syrup

Corn oil

Dry food

Gluten

Starch

germ

Crystal glucose

Polyols

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

COURSE WORK

Topic: Technology of production, storage and processing of corn

(hybrid Moldavian 215 SV)

Completed: student 414 gr.

Nesterova A.S.

Checked: Mitropolova L.V.

Ussuriysk

2002

Initial data for term paper

horticulture culture corn

hybrid Moldavian 215 SV

4. PAR utilization factor

0,6

5. Number of plants before

9. Mass of the rod in % of the mass

N

PO

4

3

18. The coefficient of use of nutrients from the soil,%

N

PO

25

6

19. The coefficient of use of nutrients from mineral fertilizers, %

N

PO

69

25

21. Nutrient utilization rate from manure, %

N

PO

25

45

22. Fertilizers are used

nitrogen

phosphoric

sodium nitrate

superphosphate granulated

Initial data for writing a term paper

INTRODUCTION

1. Soil and climatic conditions of the zone

2. Biological features corn

2.1. heat requirements

2.2. Moisture Requirements

2.3. light requirements

2.4. Soil Requirements

2.5. growing season

3. Characteristics of the hybrid Odessa 158 MV

4. Calculation of potential yield

4.1. Calculation of potential yield based on the arrival of PAR

4.2. Determination of biological yield by elements of the yield structure

5. Agricultural technology of corn cultivation

5.1. Place in crop rotation

5.2. Calculation of fertilizer rates for the planned harvest and the system of their application

5.3. Tillage system

5.4. Preparing seeds for sowing

5.5. Calculation of the weight rate of sowing

5.6. sowing corn

5.7. Crop care

5.8. Field preparation and harvesting

5.9. Calculation of the seed filling fund and the area of ​​seed plots

6. Calculation of payment for delivered grain

7. Agrotechnical part of the technological map of corn cultivation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

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5.9. Calculation of the seed filling fund and the area of seed plots