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Why organic fertilizers are considered the most valuable. Organic fertilizers - application, types and their classification

Why organic fertilizers are considered the most valuable. Organic fertilizers - application, types and their classification

Manure is one of the most non-nutritious species, therefore, it must be embedded in infertile soil either in large quantities or paired with other natural fertilizers.

Horse dung. Compared to cow dung, horse dung is more nutritious and valuable, as it contains more useful elements that are used by plants in the process of their growth and development.

Compound: nitrogen (4.7 g), calcium (3.5 g), phosphorus (3.8 g), potassium (2 g).

Looking at the composition, you can see that the content of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus is an order of magnitude higher than in cow manure, so it needs to be applied less than mullein. Horse manure is used to fertilize the following crops: pumpkins, zucchini, potatoes, cucumbers, cabbage.

By fertilizing these particular crops, you can significantly increase their productivity without adding any chemicals. Also, due to the high heat transfer, this type of manure is embedded in greenhouses to heat the beds.

Pig manure. Using pig manure to fertilize a plot is a big risk as it is the most "corrosive" type of fresh manure. To understand the essence, let's look at the composition, which includes: nitrogen (8.13 g), calcium (7.74 g), phosphorus (7.9), potassium (4.5 g). The content of nitrogen in pig manure is almost 2 times higher than the content of this element in horse waste.

Therefore, improper use of pig feces can destroy any vegetation in the fertilized area. Fresh pig manure can be used as a source of nitrogen, but even then it must be diluted with plenty of water or you will burn the plant roots.

Humus

Speaking about what organic fertilizers are, humus immediately comes to mind, which is the most popular type of natural fertilizer.

Humus- this is an organic fertilizer, which turns into fresh manure or plant residues after two years of decay. Such a fertilizer has a minimum amount of moisture and a maximum amount of nutrients per unit mass.

That is, all of the above types of manure or any plant residues after 2 years of maturation or composting turn into humus, in which there are no pathogens or bacteria, weed seeds or other threats to vegetation and humans.

Humus not only increases soil fertility, but also changes its structure for the better. It helps retain moisture in sandy soils and loosens heavy clay soils.

The positive side of humus:

suitable for any crops;
non-toxic;
improves soil consistency;
can be used at any time of the year;
increases not only the productivity of fed crops, but also soil fertility;
not dangerous to people and plants;
can be used as biofuel.

Negative sides of humus:

the need to make a large volume per unit area;
impressive price of natural fertilizer;
the value and composition depends on the diet of the animals from which the humus is obtained (refers to the manure variant);
when buying fresh manure, you must wait a very long time to get humus;
the need to allocate a large area for the storage of fertilizers.

Thus, it turns out the following: it is economically profitable to use humus only if you raise livestock and use the waste to fertilize your site. If humus is purchased, then it is more profitable to use it to feed the most valuable crops that have a high cost or nutritional value.

Describing organic fertilizers, their types and characteristics, one cannot fail to mention bird droppings, which even experienced gardeners or gardeners do not dare to use. We will find out if this waste can be used for a good cause, or if it is better to dispose of it as far from the plantings as possible.

To understand the scope and possibility of using bird droppings, let's evaluate its composition: nitrogen (16 g), phosphorus (15 g), potassium (9 g), calcium (24 g).

As you can see, bird droppings are 2 times higher than "acidic" pig manure in terms of nitrogen content. You will say that if pig manure cannot be used, then bird droppings are all the more dangerous for plants. However, everything is radically different.

Important! The use of fresh, clean chicken manure is strictly prohibited.

In order not to scorch the roots of plants and properly dispose of bird waste, fresh manure can be placed on compost or planted for top dressing. You can also use chicken coop bedding for fertilizer. However, this is only possible if the bedding contains a small amount of faeces.

Positive sides:

accelerates the ripening of fruits;
increases productivity;
improves plant immunity;
non-toxic;
universal (can be used for most agricultural crops);
valid for three years after being introduced into the ground.

Negative sides:

improper use leads to the complete destruction of vegetation on the site;
requires aging or dilution in water;
an overdose renders the soil unsuitable for planting for one year.

Following the foregoing, we can conclude that it is best to use bird manure after composting. The nitrogen concentration decreases after a few months of maturation, which means that the fertilizer becomes safe to use. It is economically advantageous to use chicken manure from a personal farm, since the purchased one may not justify the costs.

Composition of manure: nitrogen (6 g), potassium (6 g), calcium (4 g), magnesium (7 g).

Rabbit manure, unlike other types of fresh waste, can be powdered, since the amount of moisture is extremely small. The resulting bulk fertilizer is mixed with the ground (1/3 tablespoon per 1 kg of soil) and used as a substrate for indoor plants. Also, rabbit manure is suitable for fertilizing crops that need a lot of magnesium, since previous types of manure do not contain this element.

It is worth saying that the introduction of fresh rabbit droppings into the soil will have the same effect on the plants as any other manure - it will scorch the roots.

Important!If the litter is subjected to negative temperatures, then all nitrogen will evaporate from it and such fertilizer will lose the lion's share of its value. The same applies to steaming with boiling water.

Since rabbit manure is not used in its pure form, it can be composted or made into a water infusion. Such biological fertilizer is very valuable for agriculture.

We list the positive aspects of rabbit droppings:

convenient to transport;
high biological value and rich composition;
versatility of feeding;
absence of pathogenic organisms and weed seeds.

Negative sides:

excess fertilizer destroys vegetation on the site;
the need for pre-treatment (composting, infusion);
low yield of fertilizer and, accordingly, high cost;
when drying out, half of the nutrients are lost;
fresh use is almost impossible.

It turns out that using rabbit droppings is effective only if you yourself are breeding animals or you can buy fertilizer at competitive prices. As with other fresh manure, rabbit manure is not suitable for incorporation into the ground without additional aging (composting or infusion).

It is the second most popular fertilizer after humus, and the first in terms of cost and ease of preparation.

Compost is an organic fertilizer, but not everyone can answer the question of what it is.

Organic residues that have decomposed for a certain time under the influence of the external environment or any adaptations. For the preparation of compost, you can use any vegetation residues (including roots), manure, peat, foliage from trees, plant and animal human waste, unsuitable feed, eggshells, and even human feces.

Well-rotted compost is not inferior in quality and the presence of nutrients to humus. Therefore, compost is applied in the same dosages as humus. You can use compost to fertilize absolutely any plants on, in the garden or in the house.

Benefits of compost:

low cost of time and resources;
versatility in application;
absence of harmful organisms and weed seeds;
low cost of fertilizer;
any animal or plant residues are suitable as raw materials;

Cons of compost:

the value of fertilizer depends on the raw material;
unpleasant odor during the decomposition of residues;
compost storage requires a lot of space;
per unit area it is necessary to use a large amount of fertilizer;
purchased compost may have extremely low utility for plants.

Thus, compost can and should be used to fertilize the site, especially if you accumulate a large amount of various biological waste daily.

Ash

We will talk about wood ash and the one that is formed after the burning of plant residues from the site and manure. What can ash give us and how valuable is it?

The composition of the ash, depending on the raw materials burned, includes the following elements: phosphorus, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, manganese and others. It turns out that the ash, like the previous types of organic fertilizers, contains all the necessary compounds that help increase productivity and improve soils.

Ash is used for fertilizer absolutely any vegetation on the site, since it does not contain in large quantities any substances that can poison or “burn out” plants. However, you should be careful when applying ash to areas with high alkalinity, as it can aggravate the situation.

Important! It is best to use ash in tandem with "acidic" fertilizers, which have nitrogen in their composition.

Positive sides:

simple "cooking" of fertilizer;
the absence of any threats to a plant or a person;
low consumption per unit area;
convenience in transportation and storage;
absence of unpleasant odors;
fertilizer versatility;
the product does not require additional processing or aging.

Negative sides:

the usefulness of ash depends on the raw materials burned;
ash, in the form of fertilizer, is not suitable for crops that prefer acidic soils.

Ash is somewhat similar to compost, as its value depends on the raw materials that are used to obtain the final product.

If you yourself get ash by burning unnecessary residues, then such a fertilizer has zero cost and is excellent for increasing yields and reducing soil acidity.

Did you know? In industry building materials ash is used to produce some types of concrete.

Peat

Peat- a popular fertilizer that is used to increase the yield of agricultural crops and top dressing. In fact, these are decomposed, compressed remains of plants or animals, and in the wild, a huge amount of peat is formed in swamps, under conditions of high humidity and lack of oxygen.

The composition of peat includes such elements: nitrogen, calcium, iron, fluorine, silicon, aluminum, manganese and others.

Peat, although it consists of more than a third of humus, use it in its pure form and in large quantities to increase productivity is not possible. This is because such a fertilizer is poor in nutrients. That is, for example, the presence of nutrients in fertilizer can be compared with the calorie content of food.

Food can contain a huge amount of useful elements, but its nutritional value, at the same time, can be extremely low. The same can be said about peat. Therefore, if you "plant" your crops exclusively on peat, then do not expect a tangible increase in yield.

Advantages of peat:

contains a huge amount of micro and macro elements;
easily transported and stored;
does not pose a threat to humans or plants;
you can get peat at home;
can be used not only as a fertilizer, but also as a fuel;
loosens the soil, making it more loose;
suitable for most crops and houseplants.

Cons of peat:

high price;
strongly oxidizes the soil (when used in its pure form);
useless as a fertilizer for fertile soils;
dried fertilizer is difficult to soak to release the necessary elements;
peat is used to fertilize plants on the site exclusively in tandem with other top dressings.

It turns out that peat is a situational fertilizer that should be embedded in the soil in tandem with other nutritious top dressings. Pure peat is only used to acidify the soil, which means it requires less acidic additives (like ash) to balance the pH.

Did you know? Processed peat is used to absorb oil from the surface of the ocean or its coast, as well as for cleaning Wastewater.

This video describes how you can make peat with your own hands.

Biohumus

Biohumus- this is manure that has been processed by worms. That is, it is a waste of the activity of earthworms.

Biohumus is not very popular among “experienced” gardeners and gardeners, as it is more common to use compost and humus, but such fertilizer is just a storehouse of all kinds of useful elements and minerals.

In addition, biohumus (liquid biohumus) contains a large number of beneficial bacteria that strengthen the plant's immunity and contribute to its development.

Fertilizer composition: nitrogen (20 g), phosphorus (20 g), potassium (15 g), calcium (up to 60 g), iron (up to 25 g), magnesium (up to 23 g), organic matter more than ½ of the total mass.

Unlike the fertilizers described above, biohumus is not only suitable for any soil and plant crops, but is also a “concentrated black soil”, which significantly increases soil fertility.

To understand the value of such a fertilizer, let's give visual figures. The introduction of 1 ton of manure increases the yield of cereals by 11-12 kg per hectare, the introduction of the same mass of biohumus increases the yield by 130-180 kg. It's hard to believe, but that's the way it is. In essence, you are applying fertilizers that have a higher productivity than the best black soil.

Positive sides:

absence of pests or weed seeds;
source of beneficial microorganisms;
non-toxic;
satisfies all the needs of plants;
does not wash out with water;
an overdose does not poison the soil (it is impossible to plant in pure biohumus).

Negative sides:

very high price of purchased vermicompost (about $350 per ton);
It is impossible to “prepare” fertilizers at home without buying special worms;
the process of biohumus formation takes a long time.

It turns out that biohumus is the best fertilizer for any crops, if you do not take into account its price. If you have a lot of time and initial capital, it is worth starting a small production of excellent fertilizer.

If you are going to buy vermicompost, then it is more profitable to feed only the most valuable crops that you are going to sell. In any other case, the costs will not pay off, so you should carefully consider everything before buying such a fertilizer.

Green manures (green fertilizers)

siderates- These are plants that are grown for further incorporation into the ground. Green manures enrich the soil with easily digestible nitrogen and other trace elements.

Green manure plants include: all legumes, mustard, rapeseed, "standard", phacelia, buckwheat. In total, about four hundred different cultures can act as green manure.

We plant, for example, peas. As soon as it gains the necessary green mass, we embed it in the ground and after a certain period of time we plant the main crops in this place. Peas decompose and supply our vegetation with useful substances.

Advantages of using green manure:

no threat to plants or humans;
no need to allocate space for storing fertilizer;
versatility of use;
the presence of the main elements that plants need;
overdose is impossible, since green manure does not rot "at the moment";
disposal of tops and other residues that are discarded;
fertilizer does not poison the soil.

Cons of using green manure:

rotting lasts about two years, so there will be no instant soil improvement;
spending time and money on sowing and growing green manure;
it is impossible to transport this type of fertilizer over long distances;
green manure deplete the soil, accumulating useful substances;
green manure must be used in tandem with other types of fertilizers to get the expected effect.

It turns out that the sowing of green manure plants, although it gives an increase in yield, requires additional costs from you, which may not justify themselves.

Depending on the choice of crop that will serve as fertilizer, the usefulness of such fertilizer varies, so it makes sense to plant in the soil the vegetation from which the crop was harvested (or at least part of it) in order to justify the money spent on seeds and watering.

Bone meal (bone meal)

Bone flour- these are the bones of cattle or fish ground to a powdery state.

Let's talk about animal bone meal. This fertilizer is rich in phosphorus and calcium, therefore it perfectly fills the needs of plants in these elements. Also, the composition of bone meal includes many microelements and biologically active substances that have a positive effect on the growth and development of crops.

Fish meal. The same bulk product that is obtained by grinding and grinding the bones of various fish. This flour is characterized by a high content of nitrogen, which is practically absent in the bone meal of livestock. In addition, the amount of phosphorus is an order of magnitude higher than in cattle bone meal.

It is worth remembering that bone meal reduces the acidity of the soil, therefore, on alkaline soils, it should be used with another oxidizing additive, which will equalize the pH level.

Benefits of bone meal:

does not contain harmful impurities, harmful organisms and weed seeds;
has a very low cost;
with proper storage, the "shelf life" is not limited;
has a prolonged action, so plants receive all the elements in small doses;
suitable for any crops, the development of which depends on phosphorus and calcium;
can be used to reduce the acidity of soils;
easy to transport and store;
does not have an unpleasant odor.

Downsides of bone meal:

difficult to cook at home;
is not a complex fertilizer;
if used incorrectly, you can significantly increase the percentage of phosphorus in the soil and make it unsuitable for planting most crops.

It turns out that it is almost impossible to cook bone meal at home, so this is an additional waste for the purchase. It makes sense to use such a fertilizer only in tandem with other organic fertilizers that contain a small amount of phosphorus and calcium. The use in its pure form will not give anything, and an overdose will completely leave you without a crop.

sawdust

sawdust, most often used for soil mulching, relieving plants from severe temperature changes and weeds. Direct embedding of small sawdust into the ground will not only not give a positive result, but will also lead to a deterioration in the quality of the soil, which is worth remembering.

So how do you use it as a fertilizer? There are 3 ways to use them: soil mulching, composting, mixing with manure / humus.

Important! It is necessary to mix fresh sawdust with fresh manure, since this way wood chips absorb a large amount of nitrogen.

If you have mulched the soil with sawdust, then at first they will only perform a protective function. Only after 3 years, when the processes of decay have passed, the sawdust will nourish the soil and give useful elements to the planted plants.

Composting. Sawdust, like other plant residues, can be put on compost and in the future you can get good fertilizer. Mixing with humus or manure. This option is recommended to be used in greenhouses and greenhouses to quickly warm the soil and make it looser.

Benefits of sawdust:

perfectly loosen the soil;
can be obtained at home;
low cost of production;
can be used as protection, which eventually turns into fertilizer;
you can reduce the acidity of the soil or increase it using fresh or rotten sawdust;
ease of transportation and storage;
no smell.

Cons of sawdust:

a colossal period of complete decay (up to 10 years);
fresh sawdust can draw all the nitrogen out of the soil, and rotted sawdust can oxidize the soil to such a state that only wormwood will grow on it;
does not have a high nutritional value for plants;
purchased sawdust may contain impurities of varnishes and paints that are toxic to plants.

Thus, sawdust is better used as a “protector” that will nourish crops over time, rather than as a full-fledged fertilizer.

If there is a large tonnage of fresh produce available, then it is better to put it on compost, in which case you will quickly get a full-fledged fertilizer.

Did you know? Drinkable alcohol can be synthesized from sawdust.

Il

Silt (sapropel)- plant and animal remains that accumulate at the bottom of rivers and lakes, like peat.

Dry sludge has the following composition: nitrogen (20 g), phosphorus (5 g), potassium (4 g).

As you can see, in terms of the content of the main elements, sludge is not inferior to animal waste. Such a fertilizer is valuable because it quickly decomposes in the soil, like plant residues.

It is worth remembering that silt is used on sandy soils, keeping moisture in the soil. When using silt on loamy soils, you need to be careful, as it impairs air permeability and retains water. The ideal option there will be the introduction of silt paired with other fertilizers that improve the flowability of the soil.

Positive sides:

sludge, in terms of the presence of basic elements, is not inferior to animal waste;
can be used immediately after drying;
quickly rots in the ground;
improves the structure of sandy soils;
does not contain weed seeds;
rich in biologically active substances.

Negative sides:

you can get silt only from reservoirs in which there is a weak current;
"Fresh" sludge can seriously harm plants, so it needs to be dried;
high nitrogen content increases the acidity of soils, so its use is limited to neutral and alkaline soils;
silt from a polluted pond can destroy vegetation on your site;
the composition and value of the fertilizer depend on the reservoir from which the sludge was extracted.

It turns out that it makes sense to use sludge only if there is a lake or a river with a weak current nearby, since purchased sludge can contain a large amount of harmful substances (sewage is discharged into most reservoirs). If you decide to buy sludge, then compare the recommendations with the real indicators of your soils so as not to aggravate the situation.

Feces

The most unpopular ones complete the niche fertilizer - human feces. Many gardeners and gardeners specifically build outdoor toilets away from plantings so as not to poison the soil, but even such a fertilizer can benefit your plantings.

Let's start with the composition: nitrogen (up to 8 g), phosphorus (up to 4 g), potassium (3 g).

In fact, human feces contain about the same concentration of the main elements as horse manure, with the exception of nitrogen. To use such fertilizers without harm to plants and humans, they must be composted in tandem with slightly decomposing organic residues (peat, sawdust). The minimum composting period is 3 months. Using feces in its pure form is strictly prohibited, as they are the source of a huge number of pathogenic organisms that will harm you and planted crops.

After a minimum exposure, the faecal mixture should be kept for about 18 months in stacks for complete decontamination.

Ready fertilizer is used in the same way as bedding manure. Decayed faeces are of greater value to plants than animal waste.

Positive sides:

emptying cesspools at no additional cost;
relatively high value of the finished fertilizer;
there are no costs;
there is no need to worry about the lack of raw materials;
no weed seeds.

Negative sides:

bad smell;
long term "cooking" of a full-fledged fertilizer;
it is necessary to allocate a lot of space for rotting feces;
it is necessary to use additional additives (peat, straw, sawdust), without which complete decay of feces is impossible;
raw materials are a breeding ground for harmful bacteria and microorganisms;
purchasing raw materials is extremely problematic.

Following the foregoing, we can conclude that although human feces can be used as fertilizer, however, the unpleasant smell and the long process of decay will scare away most gardeners and gardeners from such an activity.

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Organic fertilizers have been known since the earliest periods in the history of agriculture.

Three thousand years ago, Chinese and Japanese farmers used organic fertilizers. In the countries of Western and Eastern Europe in the XIV-XV centuries AD, they began to use manure.

AT modern world 3 billion tons of various organic fertilizers are used annually.

Types of organic fertilizers

Organic fertilizers - fertilizer organic matter animal, plant, plant-animal and industrial-domestic origin of varying degrees of decomposition. Organic fertilizers contain a large amount of moisture and a wide range of different nutrients, some in small amounts, so they are classified as complete fertilizers. Organic fertilizers, as a rule, are not very transportable, they are applied locally or close to production and are called local fertilizers.

Organic fertilizers include manure (litter, non-litter, slurry), peat, bird droppings, sapropel, composts, household waste, industrial waste (lignin), sewage residues, green fertilizers, etc.

Manure has a complex multilateral effect on the soil and is a source of ash and. Manure in any form replenishes the stock of mobile nutrients in the soil, improves the circulation of various nutrients in the "soil - plant" system.

Bird droppings - fast-acting organic. Distinguish:

bedding litter formed when poultry is kept on a deep non-replaceable litter;
bedless litter, formed during the cage keeping of poultry;
dry litter- free-flowing fertilizer substance, is formed in the process of thermal drying of bedless liquid manure.

The chemical composition of the litter depends on the type of bird, the type of feeding and the keeping of the bird.

Bird droppings are used as seeding (see). Efficient and different crops. It is recommended to use bird droppings when growing plants indoors.

In the year of application from the litter, on average, up to 50%, 20% and 70% are assimilated. The degree of use of nutrients depends on the doses, granulometric composition of the soil and biological features plants.

In crop production, peat is used in the preparation of peat pots and cubes, as a substrate for greenhouses and as a mulching material.

Sapropel - organic fertilizer, bottom sediments of freshwater reservoirs. Natural color - from pink to dark brown. In the air, the natural color disappears. The chemical composition of a substance varies even within the same reservoir. Sapropel is used on various types of soil as the main and fertilizer.

Hydrolysis (technical) lignin

Hydrolysis lignin is the main waste of the hydrolysis industry. It contains few nutrients, has an acidic reaction and is very poor in microflora, has a high moisture capacity and absorption capacity. When it is composted with other organic fertilizers (bedless manure, liquid bird droppings, slurry), fertilizers enriched with basic nutrients with good physical and mechanical properties and high biological activity are obtained. Nitrogen losses are minimal in this case.

Wood bark and sawdust

Tree bark and sawdust as organic fertilizer can be used after composting with manure, slurry and other nitrogen-containing substances (a photo). Such composts must meet the following requirements: the content of organic matter on dry weight is not less than 80% at a moisture content of not more than 60%, the proportion of humic substances in 10-15% of the total amount of organic matter, pH is not less than 5.5, the ratio C: N - no more than 30, the percentage of content on dry weight - 3.0, - 0.1, - 0.1.

The ratio of compostable materials and manure is 1: 1, 2: 1 or 3: 2. Phosphate rock, potassium chloride can be added to the composition of the compost.

Household waste (urban waste)

Household waste - human waste. On average, one inhabitant of Russia accounts for 0.15-0.25 tons of solid domestic waste per year.

The main share of urban solid waste is paper and organic components. The composition of the garbage varies with the seasons. Biological waste is different a high degree biological contamination can be epidemiologically dangerous and require decontamination.

Municipal solid waste (urban waste) is comparable to bedding manure in terms of nutrient content and fertilizing qualities. The rate of mineralization of household waste depends on the presence of food waste in it. With a large amount of them, the garbage decomposes quickly and it can be used as fertilizer, bypassing composting. With the predominance of non-food waste (paper, rags, etc.), it decomposes slowly and is used after composting.

City waste contains on average, based on dry weight, 0.6-0.7%, - 0.5-0.6%, - 0.6-0.8%.

City waste is used as pre-sowing fertilizer, under the main tillage, in protected greenhouses.

Sewage sludge (SWS)

Sewerage sludge accumulates in large cities on treatment facilities in the amount of 1.5 to 1% of the volume of all treated water (a photo) . Humidity of WWS is high - 92-95%. Before being used as a fertilizer, WWS is subjected to various processing methods, namely:

Average composition of WWS,% on dry weight

From primary clarifiers
activated sludge
Digested sludge
After thermal drying

Along with nutrients, WWS may contain heavy metals, petroleum products, detergents. It is necessary to constantly monitor the composition of WWS, since their use sharply increases the risk of contamination of agricultural products and environment dangerous substances. Ceteris paribus, it is safer to use WWS on heavy soils with more humus than on light and low humus soils.

OSV is recommended for fertilizing parks, forest nurseries, lawns, bast crops. For other cultures, WWS is used only with the permission of the sanitary and epidemiological stations under the control of the agrochemical service. WWS is not used for vegetable crops.

Composts

Compost (from the Latin comppositus - “composite”) is an organic fertilizer. It is a decomposed mixture of manure with peat, earth, plant residues, phosphate rock, formed under the influence of the activity of microorganisms.

High-quality compost is a homogeneous, dark, crumbly mass with a moisture content of not more than 75%, with a reaction close to neutral, and nutrients in a form easily accessible to plants. (a photo)

For the preparation of composts, various combinations of organic substances are used (manure, bird droppings, sewage sludge, industrial and domestic waste containing organic matter). Mineral components can be added to the compost mixture: phosphate rock, potash fertilizers, etc.

Composts have good physical and mechanical properties. They are free-flowing, well transportable, do not stick to the working bodies of agricultural machines and implements.

Composting requires a positive ambient temperature. Optimum humidity conditions and high degree of aeration at the beginning of the process. To accelerate the decomposition of organic matter and reduce the loss of ammonia nitrogen and increase the concentration of nutrients, phosphate rock is added to the compost, and in case of increased acidity, lime.

Properly prepared composts in terms of fertilizer properties are not inferior to manure.

Depending on the components, composts are divided into:

peat-dung;
peat litters;
peat-liquid;
peat-fecal;
manure lignin;
composts from household waste and prefabricated.

Vermicompost (biohumus)

Vermicompost (biohumus) is a product of processing manure and various organic wastes by the red Californian worm Eusenia foetieda (a photo) .

Vermicompost contains macro- and microelements, is biologically active, contains hormones that regulate plant growth (auxin, gibberellin), important enzymes: catalase, phosphatase, etc. During processing, the number of viruses and salmonella decreases. The red California worm can withstand temperatures from 4 to 28 ºC. The preferred acidity of the habitat is 6.5-7.5. The lifespan of a worm is 800-900 days. They reproduce by cocoons, on average, 3.5 individuals hatch from each cocoon.

A normal individual gives up to 200 offspring per year. Worms feed on all organic matter, 20% consisting of cellulose. Some organic substances need preliminary preparation. So, cattle manure must first go through a fermentation process for 6-7 months to achieve the desired pH level, for pigs it takes 10-12 months. At least 25% of sawdust (by weight) is added to bedless manure. Annually, the number of worms can increase by 4-10 times.

The product produced by worms is a balanced granular organic fertilizer containing (by absolutely dry matter) 30% humus, 0.8-3.0% nitrogen, 0.8-5% phosphorus, 1.2% potassium, 2-5% calcium.

Werlicompost is used as the main and fertilizer. It is recommended as highly effective for closed ground.

Green fertilizers (green manure)

Green fertilizers are fresh plant mass plowed into the soil to enrich it with organic matter and improve the nutrition of subsequent crops. Plants grown for green fertilizers are green manure, the method of soil enrichment with them is green manure.

Leguminous plants (lupine, seradella, sweet clover, vetch, chin, asiragao, etc.) are usually used as green manure crops.

The ability of legumes to symbiotic nitrogen fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, which contributes to the additional enrichment of soils with nitrogen, makes them valuable siderates.

Green fertilizers have the same many-sided positive effect on soil fertility as well-prepared bedding manure.

1 ton of raw mass contains different amounts of nutrients. Data on the content of nutrients in different types of green manure and mixed manure are presented in the table "Average data on the content of nutrients in 1 ton of green manure fresh weight and 1 ton of densely stored mixed manure".

Average Nutrient Data in 1 ton of green manure raw mass and 1 ton of densely stored mixed manure, according to:

Type of fertilizer

dry matter, kg

Straw of cereal crops

Grain straw used as a fertilizer improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, enhances the activity of microorganisms, their nitrogen-fixing ability, reduces nitrogen losses, increases the availability of phosphates, and increases the humus content in the soil at the level of manure application.

Straw at a moisture content of 16% contains an average of 0.5% nitrogen, 0.25% phosphorus, 1.0% potassium and 35-40% carbon, as well as small amounts of calcium, magnesium, sulfur and trace elements. The C:N ratio is from 60 to 100, so the microorganisms that decompose the organic matter of the straw need additional nitrogen nutrition. To do this, when plowing straw, an additional 0.5-1.5% nitrogen of its mass is added, i.e. 5-15 kg of nitrogen per 1 ton in the form of mineral or organic fertilizers.

The plowing of straw with the addition of nitrogen brings the greatest effect in the fall, since the harmful phenolic compounds formed during its decomposition during the autumn-winter-spring period have time to decompose or wash out of the root-inhabited soil layer.

Especially effective is the introduction of straw with the addition of nitrogen under tilled crops with a long growing season. The systematic use of straw as a fertilizer in crop rotations significantly increases its efficiency. (a photo)

Bacterial (microbiological) fertilizers

Bacterial fertilizers are preparations of highly active microorganisms that improve the nutritional conditions of crops. The most common preparations containing nitrogen-fixing microorganisms.

Humic preparations (fertilizers based on humic acids)

Humic preparations are a group of physiologically active substances that activate the vital activity of soil microorganisms and plants. Their introduction into the soil accelerates the processes of humification, improves the water-physical properties and thermal regime of the soil, stimulates the growth and development of plants.

Humic preparations are obtained by alkaline, acid or electro-impulse processing of natural raw materials (peat, coals, caustobiolites, etc.).

The preparative forms of humic preparations are diverse - from liquid ballastless to granular organomineral complex fertilizers.

Humic preparations are widely used in the cultivation of flowers, seedlings, potted crops, in the creation and operation of sports lawns, in greenhouse vegetable farms and in the cultivation of field crops. They do not contain toxic components (with the exception of humates from brown coal and sapropels). During certification and registration, humates are checked for safety.

Importance of organic fertilizers in intensive farming

In conditions of intensive farming, the most important task is to reproduce soil fertility and create a positive, deficit-free balance of nutrients and humus in the soil. The successful solution of this problem depends on the systematic scientifically substantiated use of organic and mineral fertilizers in crop rotation. That is why the importance of organic fertilizers in agriculture will not decrease even if agriculture is completely satisfied with mineral fertilizers. The experience of world agriculture shows that the higher the culture of agriculture, the more attention is paid to the use of various organic fertilizers.

With the roots of vegetable crops and help them get the available nutrients. Organic fertilizers include manure, peat, compost, bird droppings, humus and other materials .... The stimulating effect of organic fertilizers is significantly increased if a fine powder is made from them. [ ]

Types of organic fertilizers

Manure

This is the most valuable organic fertilizer. The manure of different animals contains on average (%): water 75, organic matter 21, total nitrogen 0.5, digestible phosphorus 0.25, potassium oxide 0.6. The quality of manure depends on the type of animal, its feed, bedding and storage method. So, when feeding pigs, a lot of concentrates are used, so manure has a high nitrogen content, and roughage is present in the diet of ruminants - there is more potassium in their manure.

The best bedding material for manure is slightly decomposed peat, but straw or sawdust is more often used. Horse manure on a straw bedding is indispensable on cold clay soils. It is best used as a greenhouse biofuel. Cattle manure warms up worse than horse manure, as it contains more water. But this manure is indispensable on light soils. Pig manure is acidic; when using it, lime must be added. Rabbit manure contains all the substances necessary for plants. Its value increases when mixed with other animal manure and bird droppings. Nutria manure chemical composition and physical properties differs sharply from the manure of other animals, so it can only be used in a fermented form, and even better added to composts. The compost heap can be periodically watered with a saturated solution of nutria manure, but to prevent nitrogen loss, superphosphate must be added (1.5-2 kg per 100 kg of compost). In the spring of next year, such compost can be applied to the soil.

There are four stages of manure decomposition. In slightly decomposed (fresh), the color and strength of the straw change slightly. Washing water acquires a reddish or green tint. In semi-mature manure, the straw becomes dark brown, loses strength and breaks easily. Aqueous solution of dark color. Manure at this stage loses 30% of its original mass. The rotted manure is a black smearing mass. Straw decomposes completely, manure loses 50% of its mass. Humus is a loose earthy mass. At this stage of decomposition, the loss of the initial mass reaches 75%.

Manure in the stage of lesser decomposition is introduced in the fall, more - in the spring. Fresh manure is undesirable. If there is not enough manure, then it is advisable to apply it in smaller doses, but over a larger area, for example, in holes. On cold soils, manure is covered to a depth of 10-15 cm so that it is covered with earth from above, on warm, quickly drying soils - to the full depth of the cultivated layer. Slurry (liquid part of cattle manure) is a nitrogen-potassium fertilizer. Due to the low content of phosphorus in slurry, it is useful to add superphosphate (15 g per 1 liter). This fertilizer is used for liquid top dressing, for which it is diluted with water, as well as for the preparation of peat-manure compost. Mullein (water infusion of cow feces) is often used for liquid top dressing, diluted with water (1:6 or 1:10). The solution is usually prepared in a wooden bowl. If the solution is left for fermentation, then nitrogen quickly evaporates from it, so ammonium sulfate (10-20 g per 10 l) is added before use.

bird droppings

According to the chemical composition, bird droppings are among the best types of organic fertilizers. Chicken and pigeon droppings are considered the most valuable, duck and goose droppings are considered less valuable. With frequent application of manure, nitrogen in the nitrate form accumulates in the soil, so this fertilizer is best applied in the fall, evenly distributing it over the entire area. But bird droppings are most effective when used in liquid top dressings. To prepare the solution, the containers are half filled with litter, then filled with water, closed with a lid and infused for 3-5 days. Next, the solution is diluted again with water (1:10).

Peat

Peat contains few nutrients available to plants, but it increases the humus content and improves soil structure. The dark color of peat contributes to the absorption of heat and rapid heating of the soil. According to the degree of decomposition, several types of peat are distinguished. Horse is distinguished by a low degree of decomposition of plant residues and high acidity. Lowland is characterized by a high degree of decomposition and less acidity. Transitional peat occupies an intermediate position between them. Peat is collected in swamps, then laid out for ventilation or laid in a compost heap. Peat is brought in at any time of the year, even in winter in the snow. But we must not forget that lime must be added to it. In the garden, peat is best added to composts, as well as to soil mixtures for growing seedlings and protected ground.

Il

Silt accumulates at the bottom of ponds, lakes, rivers. It contains a lot of humus, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. After a short ventilation, silt can be successfully used on sandy soils (3-9 kg per 1 m²).

Feces

Faeces are sewage from latrines. They are rich in minerals that are easily absorbed by plants. However, the faeces in the pits quickly decompose, nitrogen quickly volatilizes from them. For better nitrogen retention at the bottom cesspool peat is poured with a layer of 20-25 cm. Then the feces are layered weekly with a small amount of peat. As a result, not only nitrogen is retained, but the fetid odor disappears. Before being used as a fertilizer, feces are composted to disinfect from worms, whose eggs die at a temperature of 45 ... 50 ° C.

Sawdust and tree bark

Sawdust is a cheap organic fertilizer that can significantly increase soil fertility, improve its air permeability and moisture capacity. Only they should be applied not fresh, but rotted or mixed with other materials. To speed up the decomposition process, sawdust is piled up, moistened with water, slurry. You can mix them with fallen leaves and plant debris. It is useful to layer sawdust with earth. During the summer, the pile is shoveled twice, adding accumulated plant debris and nitrophoska.

Wood bark (waste from the woodworking industry) is composted before use. The bark with a moisture content of 75% is crushed into pieces 10-40 cm long, piled up and mineral fertilizers are applied (kg per 100 kg): ammonium nitrate 0.9, urea 0.7, sodium nitrate 2, superphosphate 0.2, ammonium sulfate 1 ,5. The pile is periodically stirred and moistened. After 6 months, the compost is ready for use.

siderates

This organic fertilizer is a high-stemmed plant mass plowed into the soil of one- or perennial leguminous plants (spring peas, spring vetch, broad beans, lupine, seradella), as well as phacelia, buckwheat, sunflower and others. In their action, green manure is almost equivalent to fresh manure. The nutrients contained in the plant mass of green manure, getting into the soil and gradually decomposing, become available for subsequent crops, and the organic green manure helps to restore the soil structure. Some green manure crops (lupine, buckwheat, mustard) increase the solubility and availability of low-mobility soil phosphates for plants, and lupine can use hard-to-reach forms of potassium.

Depending on the degree of soil depletion, green manure is placed on the site all summer or as an intermediate crop. For example, they are sown after harvesting early vegetables. Sometimes winter peas or winter vetch are sown, in the spring after flowering, the mass is rolled or mowed and plowed, and the plot is leveled and sowing is carried out. In the garden, green manure is sown in continuous rows (row width 60-90 cm, row spacing 15 cm). Planting depth of annual legumes is 5-6 cm, perennial - 3-4 cm. Post-sowing packing is obligatory, especially perennial grasses. Siderats do not require care, but they grow better when watered.

Composts

Composts are made from various organic materials. Plant residues not affected by pests and diseases, feces, bird droppings, manure and other materials are piled in a loose pile (stack) on a flat surface, layered with soddy soil or peat. The basis of the heap is a bedding of leaves, sawdust or peat with a layer of 10-12 cm. Periodically, the heap is moistened with water or a solution of fertilizers, after 40-50 days the compost is mixed, and when its temperature reaches 60 ° C, it is compacted.

In summer, the compost heap is protected from the sun, in winter it is covered with earth or sawdust with a layer of 30-40 cm. After 8-11 months, the compost can be used. Weeds that have given seeds are composted separately, as they remain viable for about five years.

In the process of aerobic biological fermentation of organic components that simultaneously serve as baking powder, a microbial-bacterial conglomerate is involved: mesophilic, methanotrophic, acid-forming, thermophilic and other bacteria. During self-heating of the substrate, the microflora changes from mesophilic to thermophilic formations. In the biochemical process of biofermentation, under the influence of the microbiological community, there is a transition of hard-to-digest forms of plant nutrients from litter or manure into easily digestible forms of the final organic complex fertilizer.

Notes

Literature

Agrochemistry, edited by B. A. Yagodin - M .: Kolos, 1989-655s.
Efimov V. N., Donskikh I. N., Tsarenko V. P. Fertilizer system - M .: Kolos 2003-320s.
Guidelines for improving soil fertility in the Belgorod region. Belgorod, 1982-740s.
Guidelines for the development of a system and technology for the use of fertilizers in specialized farms. CIF VIUA - Belgorod, 1978-39s.
Mineev V. G. Agrochemistry - M .: MGU, 1990-486s.
Artyushin A. M., Derzhavin L. M., Brief reference book on fertilizers. 2nd ed., M., 1984
Baryshnikova T. N., Arkanova M. A., Koryukin B. I. Peat - a natural ion exchanger - a means for purifying the waters of the Urals / / Moscow 1995 "UNITI".
Belkevich P.I., Chistova L.R. Peat and the problem of environmental protection. Moscow: Science and Technology, 1997. 60 p.
Grevtsev N. V., Gorbunov A. I. The use of peat and products of its processing in environmental technologies / / 1998, 220 s, M "INFRA-M"
Alexandrov B. M. Peat processing// Moscow "Science and Technology" 1998
Mamontov N.K. Beloborodov O.D., “Fundamentals of safety at industrial enterprises of the processing industry” 80 s, Novosibirsk 1999 “Izvestiya VUZov”
S. V. Kovshov Geoecological aspects of the use of vermitechnology as a promising direction for increasing natural agro-potential (unavailable link)(PDF)

How much agriculture develops on Earth, the same number of people to receive good harvests apply organic fertilizers. Types and their characteristics must be taken into account when using, since each of them has its own characteristics. Some need to be applied to the soil in the fall, others at the time of planting, and others throughout the growing season. The value of organic matter lies in its beneficial effect on the condition of plants, in improving the soil, in increasing yields and in cheapness, because every farmer can prepare it in his personal subsidiary plot.

Organic fertilizer: what is it

Many will immediately say manure and compost. The answer is correct, but incomplete, because organic fertilizers are human and animal waste, as well as household and even industrial waste, which contain substances necessary for the development of plants in the form of organic compounds. This may include:

bird droppings;

Feces;

Waste wood processing factories (sawdust, tree bark, etc.);

green manure plants;

Compost;

bone meal;

Humus;

complex organics.

Chemical composition

As you can see from the above list, there are a variety of organic fertilizers. Types and their characteristics mainly depend on the source of production, and in addition, on the technological process of fertilizer production. Each of them contains:

Calcium;

Special (a very valuable element that improves soil structure).

In small quantities, organic fertilizers include:

sulfuric acid;

Silicic acid;

Oxides of some metals and other chemical elements.

Let us analyze in more detail what and how much is contained in each type of organic fertilizer.

Manure

This very valuable fertilizer is nothing but the faeces of domestic animals, with the exception of cats and dogs. Depending on the type of animal, organic fertilizers of different composition are obtained. Types and their characteristics also depend on the stage of the cooking process, which are as follows:

Fresh manure (applied only in the fall, the soil is immediately plowed after that);

Semi-rotted (the straw in it becomes dark, easily divided into pieces);

Overripe (homogeneous dark mass);

Humus.

The higher the stage of manure preparation, the more it loses its mass, and the better the organic matter decomposes in it and the quality increases.

It is equally important on which bedding this fertilizer is prepared.

As can be seen from the table, there is very little calcium in pig manure, so lime is added to it.

Rabbit manure is also a good fertilizer. But from nutria, you can use only rotted manure or add it to compost.

Storage methods

Manure from different animals is, among other things, diverse organic fertilizers. Types and their characteristics directly depend on how they are stored. The methods can be the following:

1. Loose styling. Stacks up to 3 m wide and up to 2 m high are made from fresh manure, they are not covered with anything. With this method in stacks (t = +70 °C), the preparation process takes about 4-5 months, during which up to a third of the original mass is lost.

2. Tight styling. From fresh manure, the same piles are made as in loose laying, but the manure is compacted tightly and covered with an airtight film. In such stacks, the temperature does not rise above +35 °C even in summer. Decomposition with this method lasts about 7 months, and the original mass is lost up to 1/10 of the part. Dense laying - the most acceptable way storage.

3. Loose laying with compaction. A low, loose pile up to 3 m wide is made from fresh manure. On the fifth day, it is rammed, and a new loose layer is laid on top. This is repeated until the stack reaches a height of two meters, after which it is covered with a film. Completely rotted manure is formed in 5 months.

How to apply

The use of organic fertilizers, in particular manure, has its own little tricks. So, horse manure is ideal for warm beds, because there is little water in it. It is buried in special trenches, pulled out along the perimeter of the beds, and after the need for it disappears, they are scattered across the field. On light soils, it is better to use manure from cows, and on heavy soils, from sheep, goats and horses. Under spring crops, fresh or semi-rotted soil is plowed into the soil in autumn, and humus is introduced in spring. If there is little fertilizer, it is advisable to apply it not to the entire plot, but only to the wells. When planting trees, it is very useful to add up to 10 kg of humus to each hole.

Important! Under no crops can fresh manure be introduced. It releases ammonia, which is detrimental to plants. There are no general norms for fertilizing, since they are different for each crop and directly depend on the quality of the soil.

In stores you can find manure extract. It is also an excellent fertilizer, but only for plants. It is useless for improving the condition of the soil.

Liquid organic fertilizers, their types and characteristics

There are a variety of fertilizers that you can make yourself without spending Money. Those who have the opportunity, they use manure. It can be used in solid form, or it can be used to make liquid organic fertilizers - slurry and mullein. The latter is prepared by pouring water on cow feces. Use it for dressing absolutely any plants, even flowers. At the same time, they take 1 liter of mullein in a bucket of water. The slurry does not need to be prepared. It is the liquid part of manure. Liquid fertilizers include herbal infusions and even human urine, but more on that below.

As can be seen from the table, there is almost no phosphorus in this fertilizer, so superphosphate is added to the slurry (about 15 g per liter).

Litter

It is believed that the best organic fertilizers are obtained from the droppings of pigeons and chickens. The waste products of geese and ducks are somewhat worse in quality.

Bird droppings should be stored in closed containers or composted with peat, straw, sawdust, as it loses its nitrogen component very quickly. Bird is used for feeding vegetables, fruit and ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers. In its pure form, it is not brought in, but poured with water (1 part of organic per bucket of water) and insisted for up to 3 days. After that, it is again diluted with water, taking 1 measured part of the infusion and 10 - of water.

Human feces

Some gardeners do not even suspect what exotic types of organic fertilizers are. One of them is our feces. Previously, absolutely everything was fertilized with these waste products, they were even sold. Now this type of fertilizer is not popular, although it is almost the best. It should be noted that not only feces are called feces, but also urine, which is also suitable as a fertilizer. The only caveat is that nitrogen evaporates almost instantly from it, so the biomaterial must be covered with soil immediately after application.

As can be seen from the table, feces are ideal for improving soil quality.

Of course, many farmers even disdain to think about using human feces as fertilizer. For those who are more loyal to this, it is important to know what methods of preparing such organics exist. To remove the unpleasant smell, the "raw materials" must be shifted with peat or, in extreme cases, with leafy soil. You can also arrange compost heaps from foliage and plant debris, laying feces in layers in them. They must be aged for at least 3 years.

Urine as a fertilizer is used immediately. For trees, it can not be diluted. For other cultures, it is desirable to dilute with water in a ratio of at least 1:4. It is also useful to water compost heaps with urine.

Peat

To the question: “What fertilizers are organic?” many will answer: "Peat". It is widely advertised, it is actively sold by all flower shops, many gardeners and gardeners strive to use it. However, there are not so many substances useful for plants in peat to fertilize them all indiscriminately. Moreover, it must be taken into account that there are different types peat, which differ significantly in quality.

As can be seen from the table, peat, especially lowland peat, is advisable to use on acidic soils. It is necessary to use all types of peat only to improve the quality of soils, regulate their moisture content, as well as to create high-quality compost and for mulching any crops, but not for fertilizer.

Sapropel

Some types of organic fertilizers are familiar to us from balneological procedures in sanatoriums. Such is the silt of lakes, ponds, any reservoirs with stagnant water, called sapropel. Especially a lot of it is used in the Rostov region due to the huge reserves in Lake Nero. Sapropel, which is plant and animal remains, accumulates in reservoirs for decades. During this period, it gradually decomposes, turning into the most valuable organic fertilizer, in which there is a lot of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and nitrogen 4 times more than in manure. Sapropel can be used unchanged or added to compost. Before being introduced into the soil, it must be ventilated, shoveled and frozen so that all substances unnecessary for plants are removed from it.

Sawdust, tree bark, bone meal

There are cheap and very useful organic fertilizers for improving soil quality. Their types and characteristics are as follows:

1. sawdust. They perfectly loosen the soil, improve its moisture capacity and breathability, but absorb nitrogen from it. The acidity of sawdust is quite high (pH about 3-4), therefore, before making it, they should be mixed with slaked lime and complex mineral or only nitrogen fertilizers. You can also wet them with animal urine or liquid mineral fertilizers. It is better to use rotted sawdust or add it to compost heaps.

2. Tree bark. These wastes are used to create compost. To do this, fresh bark is crushed, put in a pit, complex moisturizing is added. The fertilizer will be ready in about six months, during which the bark pit needs to be periodically moistened and its contents shoveled.

3. Bone meal. It well reduces the acidity of soils and is ideal for wetlands. Bone meal contains all the elements necessary for the growth and fruiting of plants. The only caveat is that you need to use it only fat-free (evaporated and dry).

siderates

The use of organic fertilizers can differ significantly from the methods indicated above. We are talking about green manure - plants sown on the field before planting the main crops or after harvesting. These include: sunflower, mustard, lupine, clover, legumes, oats, vetch, raspberry radish and other early crops that give a lot of green mass. The use of green manure is most effective on sandy and humus-poor soils, but can be practiced on any soil. According to the content of useful elements, green fertilizers are almost identical to manure. For example, lupine per 1 m 2 gives a green mass of about 4 kg. They contain an average of 18 g of nitrogen, 4.8 g of phosphorus, 6.8 g of potassium, 19 g of calcium, 4.8 g of magnesium. The technology for fertilizing the site with green manure is as follows: after harvesting the main crop, the seeds of the selected plant are sown on the field (some can simply be scattered across the field, others need to be planted in grooves), watered if necessary, and after waiting for the buds to appear, mow. The green mass can be plowed into the ground, put into compost pits, and fed to livestock. Some green manures (mustard, in addition to fertilizing the soil, help to destroy bacteria in it, such as root rot, nematodes, late blight and others.

Nettle

If you need to fertilize a small garden, you can make excellent fertilizer from nettles. It is cut, put in a container and filled with water. Nettle fertilizer is being prepared for 3-5 days, during which the contents of the container must be mixed. To make the unpleasant smell disappear, you can add valerian rhizome, and to speed up the process, add bread, yeast, sourdough. The finished fertilizer must be filtered and used by adding 1 measured part of it to 10 measured parts of water.

Complex organic fertilizers

This is one of the best, most balanced types of fertilizers, suitable both for plant nutrition and for improving soil quality. For their production in industry, the biofermentation method is used, which consists in the oxidation of organic elements with atomic oxygen. In this case, a type of chemical energy is released, which is unusually useful for microorganisms that plants need. They produce complex organic fertilizers from manure, sawdust, manure, peat and similar natural products. The preparations "ZhTSKKU", "Piska", "KOUD", "GUMI-OMI", "Biogumus" are very popular. Basically, they are all concentrated and very easy to use.

If you want to harvest a rich harvest, you should not rely only on nature. Chernozem-rich soil, warm sun and rain in the optimal ratio are just a few prerequisites. Great importance has the application of organic fertilizers to the soil. It does not matter whether we are talking about large sown fields or vegetables are grown in the garden. In both cases, the owners of chemistry are not held in high esteem.

Why is organic fertilizer considered the most valuable?

The decision to apply organic fertilizers is one of the most correct, since there is nothing better than natural top dressing. After all, in nature, the soil extracts nutrients for itself. Most often they are animal waste products and decomposed remains of plants. This does not mean at all that they will have to be added to the greenhouse soil (although some do). But the recreated tool has the most approximate structure.

Organic fertilizers have the following advantages:

thanks to them, the soil is saturated with the necessary substances. Top dressing contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. Those, in turn, affect the processes that occur in the soil. As a result, it is easier for the earth to process and absorb the required elements;
Another merit of natural feeding is that it provides valuable carbon dioxide. It affects the whole condition of the soil;
organic top dressing is the most budget option. So, manure is the cheapest fertilizer. But he is able to saturate the earth with all the necessary substances. If you fertilize the soil with it, then the processes occurring in it will change for the better.

Types of organic fertilizers

Beginning gardeners often ask themselves the question: what fertilizers are organic? The most common types include:

, which is fresh (it is brought in in the fall) and rotted (it is brought in in the spring);
humus- it is obtained by combining manure with withered leaves, plant roots. It's believed that the best remedy not available for seedlings. This is due to the fact that it contains all the useful particles of individual ingredients. This is the best organic fertilizer;
bird droppings- This tool is used very carefully. It already contains a high nitrogen content. Therefore, in order not to burn the soil and plants, it must first be mixed with water. It is poured under plants in an amount of no more than 2 liters under a bush;
all layers of peat are organic fertilizers for the garden. The best way to use it is in compost. It is impossible to do this in its pure form, because it has a high acidity;
if the crop is supposed to be obtained in a greenhouse, then a suitable fertilizer will be l natural and sod land. The first type is obtained from rotted leaves, which are mixed with superphosphate. Soddy land is created from the top removed layer of soil. It is folded and watered with a solution of bird droppings;
prefabricated composts. They are also classified as organic, as they consist of their different types. They may include peat, manure, fallen leaves - all ingredients are mixed and filled with water. Compost is sent to the beds as soon as it reaches the desired condition. It is evenly distributed, and covered with sawdust from above;
excellent top dressing comes out of themselves plants. For example, it may be silt, its deposits. They gently tone the soil and help improve the future crop.

Thus, the choice of organic fertilizers for gardeners is quite wide. Everyone will be able to choose the most suitable species for themselves in order to influence the production of a rich harvest in the future.