The owner receives an exclusive cruiser Diana. And no one but us (45 pages)
DESIGN OF CRUISERS OF THE TYPE "DIANA"
The cruisers "Diana", "Pallada" and "Aurora" did not differ significantly from other 6000-ton armored cruisers of that time in terms of architecture, equipment placement, layout of premises, and hull design. The ships had a traditional tank superstructure and three decks - upper, battery and armored carapace. Along the perimeter of the armored deck, above its bevels, there was a platform framing its horizontal sections along the sides and at the ends. Two more platforms (one at the end) were in the hold. The interior space of the hold was divided into compartments by 13 transverse bulkheads. The volume in space from the armor to the battery decks was divided into four main compartments: the bow, with a length from the stem up to 35 sp., the boiler room compartment - up to 75 sp., the engine room compartment - up to 98 sp., then to the sternpost - aft.
The outer skin of the hull consisted of steel sheets up to 6.4 m long. The horizontal keel had two layers: an inner one 13 mm thick in the middle part and 10 mm thick at the extremities; outer - respectively 16 and 14mm. The remaining skin sheets had a thickness of 10 to 13 mm.
In the underwater part, the hull was sheathed with 102 mm teak boards and on top of them - 1 mm copper sheets. The stems were cast in bronze. The outer keels stretched along the chines for 39.2 m. The vertical keel consisted of sheets 1.0 m high and 11 mm thick. The thickness of the bottom stringers (three per side) was 10 mm.
The transverse set was spaced with 914.4 mm (3 ft) spacing. Its sheet parts (knits, brackets, strips) had a thickness of 6 to 10 mm. The second bottom extended in length from 22 to 98 sp., and in width - between the second bottom stringers.
The deck and platform decks had a thickness (including the thickness of the deck stringers) from 5 to 19 mm; in the interior, linoleum lay on top of the steel deck. The upper deck teak boards were 76 mm thick, the forecastle decks were 64 mm thick. The thickness of the teak flooring in the area of the spiers was 144 mm, and 89 mm oak planks were laid around the upper deck guns, bollards and bitten.
The armor plates laid on top of the steel flooring of the armor deck had a thickness of 38 mm in the horizontal part, on the bevels 50.8 mm and 63.5 mm on the bevels directly at the side, the glacises of the machine hatches were 25.4 mm. Chimney casings, elevator shafts, drives of control systems above the armored deck were covered with 38-mm armor protection. The pipe from the conning tower to the central post had 89 mm walls. The armor of the conning tower barbette and the traverse sheet that covered the entrance to the cabin were 152 mm thick. Behind the aft cabin, across the upper deck, a protective traverse of 16 mm steel sheets was installed.
The artillery armament of each ship consisted of eight 152-mm guns of the Kane system with a barrel length of 45 calibers, 20 75-mm guns, also of the Kane system, with a barrel length of 50 calibers, eight (installed on the Mars and bridges) single-barreled 37-mm guns of Hotchkiss and two landing 63.5-mm guns Baranovsky. The technical rate of fire (without spending time on aiming the gun) of 152-mm guns was equal to 5 rds / min with a mechanized supply of ammunition and 2 - with a manual drive of the elevators; for 75-mm guns, these values were 10 and 4 rds / min, respectively.
The total ammunition of 152-mm guns was calculated for the execution of 1414 shots and was placed in four cellars. The loading was separate: armor-piercing, high-explosive and shrapnel shells weighing 41.4 kg and a powder charge in cartridge cases. Unitary cartridges for 75-mm guns (only armor-piercing shells weighing 4.9 kg), a total of 6240 pieces, were stored in eight cellars. The ammunition capacity of 37-mm cannons and Baranovsky cannons was 3600 and 1440 rounds, respectively. Arbors with shells and shells for 152-mm guns and arbors with cartridges for 75-mm guns were fed through elevators to the upper and battery decks with the help of winches with electric drives and transported to the guns through a system of monorail guides.
Artillery fire control systems, which regulated both the firing of individual guns or plutongs, and the ship as a whole, were manufactured at the St. Petersburg Electromechanical Plant N.K. Geisler & Co."
Armed with cruisers and torpedo tubes; one surface in the stem and two installed side-by-side, underwater, the ammunition was eight 381-mm Whitehead self-propelled mines (torpedoes) of the 1898 model. The mine armament also included spherical barrage mines: thirty-five mines stored in the hold were intended for installation from rafts or boats and boats of the ship.
Each cruiser had three three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines with a total power of 11,610 hp. With a steam pressure behind the inlet expander (reduction gear) of 12.9 atm and a shaft speed of 135 rpm, they had to provide a speed of 20 knots. Condensation of the exhaust steam after leaving the machines was carried out by three condensers (refrigerators), one for each machine, with a total cooling surface of 1887.5 m2. For pumping outboard water through the cavity of the condensers, in each of the engine rooms there was one circulation pump driven by two-cylinder steam engines. The power plant included a steam condenser for auxiliary machines and mechanisms with a cooling surface of 377.6 m2 and its own circulation pump. The propellers were three three-bladed bronze propellers with a diameter of 4.09 m. left - right.
Steam boilers of the Belleville system were located in three boiler rooms: eight boilers each - in the bow and stern; six on average. The total area of the grates was 108 m2, the total heating surface of the boilers was 3355 m2, the operating pressure was 17.2 atm. Above each of the boiler compartments there was a chimney with a diameter of 2.7 m and a height of 27.4 m from the level of the grates.
The ship's tanks held 332 tons of fresh water for boilers and 135 tons for domestic needs. The water supply was replenished by two desalination plants of the Krug system with a total capacity of 60 tons of water per day. Water was supplied to the boilers by 1 2 side-mounted bottoms (submersible pumps) of the Belleville system with a capacity of 17 m3/h. Air was blown into the boilers by six (two for each boiler room) Tiron steam blower pumps with a total capacity of 3000 m3/h. Forced forced ventilation of the boiler rooms was provided by 1 2 steam-driven fans with a total capacity of 360,000 m3/h.
Coal was placed in 24 pits located in the inter-board space near the boiler rooms (12 lower and 12 upper ones above them) and in eight coal pits of spare fuel located in the space between the armor and battery decks along the engine rooms. The normal supply of coal was 800 tons, the full - 972 tons, which, in accordance with the project, should have been enough for 4,000 miles of navigation at a speed of 10 knots. However, the actual capacity of the coal pits was different and somewhat different on each cruiser. In particular, up to 1070 tons of fuel were loaded onto the Diana; of these, 810 tons were in the main pits and 260 tons were in spare pits. To consume fuel from spare pits, coal from them was loaded into bags or baskets and through narrow shafts passing through the inter-deck space, they lifted it from under the battery deck to the upper one, then poured it down through the hatch holes of the deck into the supply pits of the stoker compartments; the stokers allocated for this work overloaded no more than 30 tons of coal per day.
Ships of the "Diana" type were equipped with steam dynamos with a total power of 336 kW, which produced a direct current of 105 V. The main consumers of electricity were: capstan and steering machines, fans of ventilation systems, winches of elevators, cargo booms and unloading slag from boiler rooms, searchlights, incandescent lamps, washing machine and dough mixer.
The electric steering gear for the Diana was manufactured by the Union company, for the Pallada - the Baltic Zavoya for the Aurora - the Simmens and Halske company. The reason for this heterogeneity was the idea of conducting comparative tests of steering gears in real operation to select the best for the ships of the fleet. The rotation of the baller could also be carried out by a steam engine or manually. The steering control posts were located in the wheelhouse and conning tower, the central combat post, on the aft bridge, in the tiller compartment. The rudder blade was made from a bronze frame filled with teak wood, protected over copper.
The selection of anchor chains and mooring ends was carried out by two anchor and two mooring capstans, which were driven by an electric capstan machine. Initially, it was planned to equip the ships with Admiralty anchors weighing 4.6 tons, but in 1898 a decision was made to use more modern Hall anchors. However, by the time the construction of the Diana and Pallada was completed, the production of new anchors was just being established at the Izhora factories, and two cruisers, unlike the Aurora, were equipped with Martin system anchors.
The boat armament consisted of two steam boats, one 18- and 16-oar barge each, one 14- and 12-oar boat, two 6-oared whaleboats and a yawl.
In the drainage system, autonomously used: one turbine with a capacity of 250 t / h at the ends, in engine rooms - circulation pumps of the main refrigerators, in boiler rooms - six turbines (two in each) with a capacity of 400 t / h. On each of the ships, the main pipe of the drainage system (made of red copper) stretched from the collision bulkhead to the stern compartment over the decking of the second bottom. Its length was 116 m with a diameter of 102 mm. The pipe had 31 receiving branches and 21 uncoupling valves. Drying was carried out by three twin-cylinder Worthington steam pumps located in the engine rooms with a total capacity of 90 t/h. The fire main pipe (also made of red copper and having a length of 97.5 m and a diameter of 127 mm) passed under the armored deck on the starboard side from the bow to the aft compartments of the dynamos. Two Worthington steam pumps were used to supply water to the system. Branches from the main pipe went to the upper deck, where they ended with copper swivel horns for connecting fire hoses. The flooding system kingstons were located in one e-end compartments, two in the middle watertight compartments and were controlled from the battery deck.
The premises were calculated for 570 crew members, as well as for the placement of the flagship of the formation and officers of its headquarters.
In terms of the level of mechanization and electrification of equipment, Diana-class cruisers surpassed cruisers previously built in Russia, and their construction was the first experience of domestic shipbuilding in the serial creation of ships of this class. And yet, they entered the history of the Russo-Japanese War as the most unreliable and unsuitable for combat use cruisers of the "first line". Indeed, the insufficiently high quality of work, the engineering ill-conceivedness of many devices, systems, mechanisms, structures for the worse distinguished them from foreign-built ships introduced into the Russian fleet in the same period. But it cannot be said that shortcomings of this kind were characteristic only of Diana-class cruisers. As Admiral A.P. Kashereninov, who led the tests of Pallada and Diana, noted in his report: “... all the noticed ... shortcomings ... have already been repeated on our other ships, especially those built at state-owned shipyards "eight.
More serious were the mistakes made at the project development stage: inconsistency in contours, displacement and power of the machines, which did not allow reaching the 20-knot design speed; redundancy of steam generation relative to the needs of machines and mechanisms, and consequently, an excess number of boilers, large dimensions and weight of the boiler plant; incorrect longitudinal centering with an allowed trim on the bow, which worsened the already low seaworthiness; placement of equipment for power plants to the detriment of the placement of artillery and its ammunition (the latter, in particular, led to the installation of a clearly small number of 152-mm guns); ridiculous in terms of mass savings, but disastrous for artillery servants, the refusal to mount the armor protection of guns; refusal to place ammunition for two 75-mm guns in artillery cellars with the excessive crampedness of the cellars remaining, despite the measure taken, and it is unacceptable high temperature in them during the operation of the ship's power plant.
But the main factor turned out to be significant obsolescence relative to cruisers of the same purpose, which entered service in the same time interval, but were built in the course of the implementation of the shipbuilding program of 1898.
All of the above gave reason to the officers of the Pacific squadrons, who were aware of the best combat capabilities of foreign-built cruisers, to look down on ships of the Diana type and ironically call them “goddesses of domestic invention”9.
Tactical and technical elements of Russian armored cruisers
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WEAPONS |
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mass of 152- and 75-mm projectiles fired in 1 min when firing at a traverse, kg ***: |
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RESERVATION, mm. |
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Displacement, t: |
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Main dimensions, m: |
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Main power plant: |
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total power, l. With.: |
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* The time elapsed from the approval of the project by the plant with the MTK until the end of the ship's tests; for cruisers of the "Diana" type - until the end of the tests of the "Aurora". |
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** Calculated by the formula: nd 3 /D, where n is the number of guns, d is the caliber of guns from 75 mm and above in inches, D is the displacement. |
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*** Based on the practical rate of fire 2 rds/min with 152 mm guns (firing range up to 53 kb) and 4 rds/min with 75 mm guns (firing range up to 42 kb) |
It was designed as a "trade fighter", being a halved (in terms of displacement and armament) version of the armored cruisers of the "Rurik" series.
It was designed as a "trade fighter", being a halved (in terms of displacement and armament) version of the armored cruisers of the "Rurik" series. Weak armament with such a large displacement, complete absence artillery protection, insufficient speed due to suboptimal hull contours and long construction made obsolete even before commissioning. The underwater part is sheathed in wood and copper for long-term activities in the ocean. After the battle on July 28 (10 killed, 17 wounded) she was interned in Saigon. After the war she served in the Baltic. In 1912-13 underwent repairs (10 152- and 20 75-mm guns), and in 1915-16. rearmament (10 130-mm guns). Participated in the first world war, revolution, ice campaign. From May 1918 it was stored in the port of Kronstadt, and in 1922 it was dismantled for metal.
Levin A.A.
Gangut No. 36
OCR - Keu
The publication brought to the attention of our readers is compiled from separate excerpts from the book “Report of the commander of the cruiser 1st rank Diana” published in 1907 in St. Petersburg about the battle on July 28 and about the campaign to Saigon, prepared for publication by A. A. Lieven, who commanded the said ship during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Alexandrovich Lieven was born on July 7, 1860. In 1878, after graduating from the Berlin Cadet Corps, he was enrolled with the rank of ensign in the Life Guards Semyonovsky Regiment. Four years later, he was seconded to the naval department and, after passing exams in the Naval Corps in 1884, he was promoted to midshipman. In the course of further service, he was assigned the ranks of lieutenant (1888), captain of the 2nd rank (1898), captain of the 1st rank (1905), rear (1909) and vice admiral (1912).
In 1887, A. A. Liven graduated from the Mine Officer Class, and in 1898, from the Nikolaev Naval Academy.
The first ship, on which he was appointed commander in 1897, was the steamer Ilmen. Then he was a senior officer of the mine cruiser "Voevoda" (1897 and 1898) and the squadron battleship "Poltava" (1898-1901), commander of the destroyer "Kasatka" (1901 and 1902), gunboat"Beaver" (1902), cruiser II rank "Robber" (1902-1904), cruisers I rank "Diana" (1904-1905) and "Memory of Azov" (1906). In 1908-1911, A. A. Liven was the head of the 1st mine division of the Baltic Sea, and from 1911 until his death, he was the head of the Naval General Staff; author of original works on the education of sailors.
A. A. Lieven died suddenly at midnight on February 22, 1914, on a train near the Udine station, returning from vacation from Venice to St. Petersburg. He was buried on March 4 at the Venten family estate (not far from the Ceren station, Courland).
Among the awards of A. A. Liven are the Order of St. Anna of the 3rd and 2nd class. and swords to the last, St. Stanislav 2nd and 1st class, St. Vladimir 4th class. with a bow and 3rd st.; medal in memory of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905; the golden weapon is a saber with the inscription "For Bravery".
On July 27, 1904, the cruiser Diana* was at the entrance to the harbor of Port Arthur to guard the passage when I received a secret order to prepare to go to sea the next morning. [* Captain 2nd rank A.A. Liven took over the cruiser "Diana" under his command on May 13, 1904. Note. ed.] The purpose of the campaign was not mentioned. The cruiser was already completely ready, having reserves for one month, full combat reserves, a full supply of coal, with the exception of the 70 tons spent in recent days, which they immediately started loading, sending a barge with people for this purpose, to the Angara transport. There were not enough guns on the cruiser: 2 - 6-inch ** and 4 - 75-mm, given to the battleship Retvizan. [**The ship was missing a second pair of 6-inch (152 mm) forward side guns. Note. ed.] After dinner, the head of the cruiser detachment, Rear Admiral [N. K.] Reizenstein gathered the commanders of his detachment on the [cruiser] Askold and announced that the squadron should go to Vladivostok, acquainted us with the minefield near Vladivostok, gave us identification signals in case of a meeting with the Vladivostok squadron and announced that the squadron commander [ Rear Admiral V, K. Witgeft] decided on a campaign and in the event of a battle to limit himself to the least number of signals, using the simplest formation, so that, in his words, there would be no signals, and in case of complications, the admiral relies on the quick wit of the commanders.
The loading of coal from the Angara was extremely slow, as it was very inconvenient to get it out of the ship's hold. Only late in the evening they brought the barge to the cruiser, and the loading on the cruiser was completed only at about 6 in the morning, when other ships were already leaving. This, however, did not delay, since "Diana" was appointed to leave the last.
Upon the exit of the battleship Poltava, the squadron and the [sweeping] caravan weighed anchor and moved forward. The cruisers "Pallada" and "Diana" no longer anchored, but entered directly into their places in the general formation of the wake at the tail of the line.
At 08:50, not reaching Liaotishan, they prepared for battle on a signal. The Japanese cruisers Nisshin, Kasuga, Matsushima, Itsukushima, the battleship Tin-En and several destroyers are visible on Ost. Soon he found a light fog and the enemy disappeared.
At 9 o'clock the admiral raised a signal: "The fleet is informed that the emperor ordered to go to Vladivostok."
10 h 50 min. The minesweeper caravan turned back to Port Arthur with boats and destroyers of the 2nd detachment. Fog from Port Arthur, clearer on SO. Four enemy destroyers are visible. Our first detachment of destroyers is on the right beam of the fleet, built in one wake column.
At 11:10 at SO 25°, the armored cruiser Yakumo and the three non-armored cruisers Kasagi, Takasago, and Chitose appeared to starboard bow. Their course is approximately on O, at the intersection of ours. Distance 110 kb.
At 11:25 an enemy armored squadron appeared on O, heading to link up with its cruisers. "Tsesarevich" lay down at SO 50 ° in the gap between them.
At 12 o'clock the admiral made a signal: "Go 12 knots to the course 30 ° 30", N. L 121 ° 22", O". The destroyers moved to the left traverse. The enemy armored squadron got so close that ships can be distinguished. It consists of the battleships Mikasa, Asahi, Fujii, Shikishima, and the cruisers Nisshin and Kasuga. On NO, Matsushima, Itsukushima, Tin-En and many destroyers are far visible.
The cruisers, seeing that they were unable to connect with their armadillos, turned back and bypassed our squadron astern. On the way, they stopped and inspected the [hospital] ship "Mongolia" following our fleet. Around them are 12 destroyers. Our system is greatly stretched.
12 h 10 min. The enemy opened fire from a large caliber at a great distance. Our main ships are responding.
12 h 30 min. The enemy armadillos turned "all of a sudden" on the opposite course. "Tsesarevich" bowed 5 R to the right.
12 h 50 min. The enemy turned back, again "all of a sudden", "Tsesarevich" leaned 7 R to the left. They pass by countertacks at a distance of 50-60 kb. There are more than one large guns.
1 h 5 min. The lead enemy battleship caught up with us, made two sighting salvos from 6 guns at 55 and 52 kb. The second volley landed well. Opened rapid fire. Distance 48 kb. The enemy armadillos began to lean to the right to cover the tail of our column, and the entire armored squadron concentrated all their fire on our cruisers. Shells begin to fall around the cruiser very often. To get out of this position, he began to lean to the left and added speed. Behind us, Pallada did the same, and then Askold and Novik. Thus, we switched to the bearing formation on the left traverse of our battleships, where we again went in the wake formation.
During this maneuver, they noticed the fall of shells in the "Pallada" and in the "Askold". The cruiser "Diana" was not hit, only fragments torn near the side of the shells broke through the nets and wounded two people, who, after bandaging, have now returned to duty.
1 h 20 min. The distance to the enemy increased so much that the fire stopped. His armadillos turned sequentially through N and lay down on a course parallel to us, so that they ended up on our right shell at a distance of about 80 kb to the Poltava end ship. The enemy cruisers first approached their armadillos, and then moved on to our left shell. Our system - battleships in the wake column: "Tsesarevich", "Retvizan", "Pobeda", "Peresvet", "Sevastopol", "Poltava". On their left abeam at a distance of 8 kb of the cruiser in the wake column: "Askold", "Novik", "Pallada", "Diana". Even more to the left in the wake column is the 1st detachment of destroyers.
1 h 50 min. Signal from the "Tsesarevich": "More move." They held 100 revolutions, about 15 knots. The squadron continued in this manner until evening.<...>
2 hours The enemy's lead armadillos approached our end ones by 60-70 kb and exchanged rare shots. The enemy cruisers began to catch up on the left side, apparently wanting to take us in two fires, but the Poltava opened fire on them from 12 "(305-mm. - Ed.) guns. They turned to the right, joined their battleships and in 2 h 50 min entered their wake.
Zch. The distance between armadillos is 65kb. The fire has stopped. Heading SO 45°.<...>4 h 45 min. The battleships approached again by 50 kb, and the battle began on parallel courses. The cruisers, following the movement of their flagship, increased the distance to their battleships to 26 kb. The enemy battleships and cruisers in a common wake column walked a little behind our battleships and by 05:15 they approached 25-30 kb. They shoot from all guns, the fire is quite frequent. You can’t hear individual shots, there is a rumble like a drumbeat.
Watching the fire, it seemed that the accuracy, judging by the overshoots and undershoots on both sides, is approximately the same, but the Japanese shoot much more often. Firstly, the number of medium-caliber guns on our ships is less, and secondly, their rate of fire is more found among the Japanese than among us. The enemy concentrated all his fire on the admiral ships Tsesarevich and Peresvet. Our ships fire more at the enemy who is on their beam. "Poltava" is far behind and is fighting alone with "Nissin", "Kasuga" and "Yakumo". The light cruisers of the Japanese do not take part, neither do ours.
Hits are noticed more and more in "Peresvet" and in "Tsesarevich". They both hit the pipes several times, on the "Peresvet" both topmasts were shot down and, apparently, the front turret did not turn ... However, watching the firing of the Asahi battleship, which was opposite us, for a long time, I noticed that only guns were firing back of the casemate, from the front it never flashed. It's probably all destroyed. In general, damage from the side is hardly noticeable on armadillos.
5 h 45 min. We clearly saw a shell hit on the front bridge of the Tsesarevich. There was fire and smoke. Shortly thereafter, the "Tsesarevich" suddenly put the right on board and went out of order. At the same time, he lurched so much that for a minute they thought that something was wrong with him, but he soon straightened up and went back on his course ... Meanwhile, the "Tsesarevich" entered the gap between the "Sevastopol" and "Poltava", where continued to follow the old course.
After 10 minutes, at bh, the "Tsesarevich" again went out of order and raised the signal: "The Admiral sends the authorities", then returned to duty, but immediately put it on board and went straight to the enemy, then again turned to our battleships. There was confusion... But "Retvizan" continued to follow the old course. It turned out something like a formation of the front with the course NW. The enemy at this time began to lean to the left and went to N, bypassing our squadron, retreating to NW. One "Retvizan" found himself against him. Our battleship made an extremely dashing impression. He continued to march on the Japanese who stretched out across his course, and spewed incredible strong fire from both sides. Then he turned and quickly caught up with his ships. He probably contributed a lot to the fact that the enemy could not approach and take advantage of the temporary confusion that occurred in our fleet.
Meanwhile, when the battleships turned, the cruisers followed suit. The head of the detachment on the "Askold" put the right on board, followed by the "Novik" and "Pallada" in the wake, but I, walking at the end, could not continue to walk in the wake. Our armadillos were coming towards us. Therefore, he turned with "Askold" "suddenly" on the opposite course. Overtaking me, "Askold" raised the signal "To enter the wake", but immediately put the right on board and described a full circulation towards our battleships, and then lay down a course parallel to them. "Pallada" and "Diana", following him and having a much greater circulation, with difficulty turned around and lay down [to him] in the wake ...
Our battleships went in the wrong order to the NW, having cruisers with right side. The squadron was completely surrounded by the enemy, maintaining fire all the time, and the cruisers were between two armored squadrons. To get out of this situation, the Askold, followed by us, increased the speed and stepped forward, but with this we found ourselves between our battleships and the Asama, Tin-En and three Itsukushima-class cruisers. A very heated exchange of fire ensued with these ships. The battleships went straight at them and opened fire on them from bow guns, while we, with the Askold at the head, passed ahead of the battleships on their left flank and fired with all sides. The nearest distance to "Asama" was 38 kb, and to "Itsukushima" - 25 kb. Our fire was very real. On one of the Itukushima-class cruisers, a fire immediately broke out, and several shells hit the other at once. They turned and went to N.
At this time, namely at 6 hours 45 minutes, the cruiser was hit by a projectile, as it later turned out to be 18 cm *, from the Nissin or Kasuga, hit Temperley's arrow lying on the supply rail on the upper deck, exploded and blew up with fragments 11 rounds of two 75-mm arbors near the 15th gun. [*Misprint or author's reservation. There were no 180-mm caliber guns in the Japanese fleet.] Midshipman [B. G.] Kondratiev and 4 lower ranks, wounded seriously 8 and lightly 12. Immediately after this, a large-caliber projectile hit and exploded in the side below the waterline between 102 and 100 sp. on the right side**. [**According to the report of the inspection of the ship in Saigon, it was a 203-mm shell, which, fortunately, did not explode.]
Three sections of rubber dam between 98 and 101 sp. filled with water, and through the damaged (probably by explosion) deck above these compartments, water appeared in the infirmary, pharmacy and office. The bilge men who were in this place immediately took measures, put up the first props to strengthen the deck, and the bilge mechanic who arrived at the place [junior mechanical engineer V. A. Sannikov] and senior officer [captain 2nd rank V. I. Semenov] with a working compartment, the deck of all three rooms was securely supported large quantity backwater The wounded from the infirmary were transferred to officers' quarters.
As already mentioned, the "Askold", and after him we, during this last battle, went ahead of the battleships from their right side to the left, or rather, cut through their entire system in order to get out of the awkward situation and not be between the battleships and enemy. At the same time, I had to pass very close to the "Peresvet". On it, as already mentioned, both topmasts were destroyed, the front hung, the upper deckhouse and the bridge were destroyed, and the bow tower, apparently, did not rotate, although he fired from it at the nose when the enemy came to the sight. When passing, the senior navigator of the Peresvet shouted to us that they were asking to give way, since their steering wheel was temporarily out of action.
Having crossed to the left side of our battleships, the Askold raised the signal at 06:50 “To be in the wake formation”, and then, at 07:00, gave full speed and raised the signal “Follow me”, went to S, apparently for a breakthrough. It was followed by "Novik" and "Diana"; "Pallada" remained on the right side of the battleships. But "Askold" and "Novik" had such a move that I immediately fell behind, and after 15 minutes they, accompanied by several more destroyers, disappeared, and I was left alone. It was already beginning to get dark, but it was still too light for one to break through, and I turned back to the squadron.
The picture was like this. Our ships were moving approximately NW. Ahead was Retvizan, followed by Pobeda, Peresvet and Sevastopol, behind a separate group, about 8 kb from the first, were almost next to Pallas, Tsesarevich and Poltava. In the interval between the two groups, "Diana" and with her the destroyer "Grozovy", which joined the cruiser in the evening, and then remained with him all the time. Three more destroyers went with the front group of battleships,
Towards S, in the direction where Askold and Novik fled, frequent shooting is heard. Probably they have already been attacked by destroyers. Now the question is: what to do next?
Our fleet obviously went back to Port Arthur. Our squad leader raised the “follow me” signal and, apparently, tried to break through the enemy surrounding us to the south. According to the general meaning of all the orders of the higher authorities received back in Port Arthur, the fleet left Port Arthur, mainly so as not to fall into the hands of the enemy, in case the fortress did not hold out. All this taken together led to the conclusion that the cruiser should try, even if alone, but break free. This was very risky and could only succeed if the departure of the cruiser was not noticed by the enemy squadron, since when it was moving at 17.5, and at best 18 knots, it would not have left the enemy cruisers if they thought to follow him. In the battle with them, "Diana" had little chance, since some of her already weak artillery remained in Port Arthur. So, the main thing was to avoid publicity and leave unnoticed.
Exactly at 8 o'clock in the evening, the Retvizan, leading the way, suddenly turned and went at full speed to the north, opening frequent fire. Obviously, destroyers rushed at him.
It was still quite dark, but it was impossible to delay any further. Once the mine attack began, it was necessary to leave, otherwise you would not leave unnoticed later. He put port on board, crossed our squadron and went at full speed to Ost. I chose this direction because the enemy armadillos had just passed there and there was little chance that they would turn back. The cruisers remained on SO, probably blocking the way to Shantung. They had to go around. I expected to go to Ost and then turn south.
We did not even go 10 minutes, when 4 destroyers appeared on the left bow. They rushed to the attack and launched mines, approximately behind the port beam. I put left on board and then right on board. One of the destroyers fired a gun. He was answered from the stern plutonga, but I immediately stopped firing, and so no more shots were fired until the morning (according to A. A. Liven, the Diana cruiser fired 115 shots from 152-mm guns and 74 - from 75 mm - Ed.). Having fired mines, the destroyers set off after us, then went abeam and, probably, launched mines again ... Based on a thorough discussion of everything seen and heard by different ranks of the cruiser, it must be assumed that they met a total of 19 destroyers, of which only one passed, not attacking us. He apparently took us for his own. Only 8 mines were seen going to the cruiser. They either passed under the stern, or caught up with the cruiser and did not catch up. Not a single one passed under the nose ... When the destroyers appeared on the right or left, I put the rudder on board from them, but if they were on the bow, then I went straight at them and frightened them with a ram. The last one worked best. They were completely lost and fired mines to no avail.
Some destroyers followed us for some time. Until almost 10 o'clock they reported from the poop that destroyers were visible behind the stern - now to the right, then to the left. After 10:00 no one was seen. They must have fallen behind.
The destroyer "Grozovoi" followed us all the time. He mainly reported on the presence and movements of enemy destroyers astern. The enemy paid no attention to him. He freely kept with us, and the fact that the weather did not prevent him from walking makes us think that they were not chasing us. destroyers, but numbered.
11 o'clock. We saw the Shantung lighthouse ahead of the right traverse ... I continued to go at full speed.
The machines worked great all the time. They gave the same number of revolutions as on trial tests, and did not refuse for a minute. Travel about 17.5 knots. More cannot be expected. The ship is overloaded and its displacement is about 7000 tons, the power of the machines is 11,000 hp. With such a ratio, no vessel gave more than 17.5 knots.
At 02:45 she changed course to SW 18°.
At dawn, there was no one on the horizon. We have one destroyer "Grozovoi" with us.
At 6 a.m. she changed course to SW 1°.
8 am. 35° 19", N, L 122°29" Ost. Reduced stroke to 11 knots.
Returning to the battle just experienced the day before, I cannot but notice that the impression left by him is extremely heavy. We didn't fight. We endured the fight. During our stay in Port Arthur, there were many meetings of flagships and commanders, at which the question of actions was discussed in the event of a squadron leaving, but nothing definite was decided ... Meanwhile, it was clear to everyone that the enemy was stronger than us. The advantage was on his side, firstly, in the number of ships, much more - in the number and caliber of guns, and finally, mainly, in the ability to maneuver and shoot. Our fleet stood in reserve even before the war, and with the beginning of it, it stood in the harbor for six months. The Japanese, on the other hand, were constantly at sea and practiced all the time. Already at our first exit on June 10, it became clear that it was difficult to maneuver with our squadron, unaccustomed to the sea ... So we went out on July 28 and immediately gave brilliant proof of our inability to manage. The squadron did not pass behind the trawls, but through the middle of their own minefield, simply because they could not get past, although everyone could see perfectly well that they were going through the barriers. Then the signal of the "Tsesarevich": "The fleet is informed that the sovereign emperor ordered to go to Vladivostok." It is difficult to imagine a more unfortunate signal in this case. It was tantamount to a complete abandonment of one's own initiative. It was literally impossible to carry out this signal. In order to go to Vladivostok, it was necessary first to defeat the enemy blocking our path; in order to fulfill the order at least in part, as far as it could seem possible, that is, to break through completely or at least with part of the ships, no measures were taken. On the contrary, the formation of the squadron already showed that things were not heading towards a breakthrough. This requires a move. Meanwhile, the slowest ships were at the tail of the column. Everyone knows that if the squadron wants to go 14 knots, then the tail ships must be able to give 16, otherwise they will fall behind.
One should have seen what a change of mood occurred when, after a tedious, depressing expectation of the end of an apparently hopeless situation, the ship separated from the squadron and rushed through the enemy surrounding us to the free sea. The enemy is all around, but there is a ray of hope ahead, and everyone redoubled their efforts. The engine crew, which had already stood all day invariably in their places in extreme heat and stuffiness, kept up the full speed all night, not weakening for a minute, and for 1.5 hours even had three turns more than the trial test. The rest of the team, which also stood all day in their places on combat alert, lasted all night, without showing the slightest sign of fatigue. The helmsmen, signalmen, gunners and all the rest, who had loaded the coal all the previous night, worked for 36 hours without needing a single word of encouragement, on the contrary, everyone himself provided all possible assistance in vigilance and in steering the ship. If there hadn't been such a general effort both in the car and upstairs, we would not have been able to get rid of the advancing destroyers and not to dodge the fired mines. But a certain goal appeared ahead, and everything turned out to be possible.
The departure of our squadron, as it happened, is an exact copy of the departure of Admiral [P.] Cervera from Santiago*. [* This refers to the battle at Santiago off the coast of Cuba on July 3, 1898. (new style) between American and Spanish ships during the Spanish-American War of 1898] And the reasons that prompted him, and the circumstances that accompanied him, and the spirit, or rather the discouragement during execution, are exactly the same. If the result was not so decisive, then this must be attributed to more even forces, and most importantly, to the remarkable stamina and courage of our personnel.
In this regard, it is impossible for us to wish positively better. The conduct of the officers and crew from first to last is beyond praise. Throughout the fight, I never saw any confusion, no fuss, no nervousness. Not a single person had to be reminded of the duties assigned to him. The only difference from peacetime was a much more thorough and attentive attitude to their work of each individual. The youngest and in ordinary times little agile sailors showed an example of conscientiousness. On the day of the battle, in the morning, all the patients were discharged from the infirmary and entered service. Without exception, all the wounded, able to stand on their feet, returned to their places after dressing.
So, at 8 am on July 29, I found myself in the Yellow Sea at latitude 39 ° 19 "N and longitude 122 ° 29" Ost, a little south of the Qingdao parallel, completely alone, accompanied only by our faithful companion, the destroyer Grozovoi. I slowed down and continued to go south at 11 knots, hoping to pass in this deserted corner until evening without uncomfortable meetings.
It was necessary to look around a bit and decide what to do next. At 9:10 a.m., a Novik appeared on ONO heading for O. I called him with a combat lamp, but without any consequences. Then he stopped and sent "Grozovy" to him to find out what his intentions were and where he was going.
At 10:30 they buried their dead. The stop was used to inspect the hole. I wanted to try to close it with a Swedish plaster, that is, a wooden shield with pillows, of which we had prepared several pieces. But it turned out to be too big, about 6 feet long and 4 feet wide (respectively about 1.83 and 1.22 m. - Ed.) With very turned up edges. There was no such large shield, and the Makarov patch was all the more unsuitable, especially in view of the fact that it was necessary to be able to go full speed. I had to leave the outer part as it was, only the number of supports in the decks was increased to 53 and tied them together as securely as possible, so that in the event of a shock from an interruption or a wave, individual supports could not fall. However, firing from the stern guns was still very risky. At large numbers shots, the whole system could collapse.
At 12:10, Grozovoi returned and approached the cruiser. He reported that the Novik had gone to Tsingtao for coal, and that from there it would go through Japan to Vladivostok. The commander of the Novik advised me to do the same, but it was a very unsuitable thing for me. One could probably expect to be blocked in Tsingtao by the Japanese fleet a few hours after arrival. It meant nothing to Novik in its course, but I would have been hopelessly locked up, which I, in any case, wished to avoid.
Now the task was to get to Vladivostok. Going steep Japan is nothing to think about with our stock of coal. I planned to go down along the Chinese coast to the south, continuing to walk as they went. Then cross the Yellow Sea south of Quelpart and by the evening of July 30, approach the parallel of this island in front of the Korea Strait, then go through this strait at full speed so that by dawn it will already pass Tsushima, and from [the island] Evenlet already go economically to Vladivostok. Thus, one could hope to pass unnoticed. But here, surprisingly, the issue of coal also appeared. Coal in Port Arthur lay for a long time and is rather small. Its consumption is relatively large. Over the previous day, we spent 350 tons at full speed until 8 in the morning. 700 remained. Until July 30 in the evening we had to go 12 knots, having steam in all boilers. It is impossible to stop steam in a known number of boilers if it is possible to meet the enemy.
So, on the morning of July 29, out of 700 tons of coal, I had only 400 at my disposal. The rest had to be obtained. Of these, 240 tons were required to reach Quelpart. 200 tons remained to break through the Korea Strait. This is not enough for a day of full speed. It was necessary to replenish the supply from the rear pits in advance *. [* As A. A. Liven noted, coal could be reloaded from spare coal pits only through the upper deck. Therefore, working only during the daytime, for three days - July 30 and 31 and August 1 - only 260 tons were reloaded.] If coal was loaded all the time, then it turned out like this. On July 30, in the evening, 240 tons were consumed from the front pits, 160 were overloaded. A total of 360 tons remained in the front pits. On July 31, 300 tons were used up by the evening, let’s say, all 100 were overloaded, and 160 tons remained in the front pits. But for this it is necessary to load coal non-stop up to Evenlet. Should there be the slightest encounter with the enemy, stop loading even for half a day - and we can’t give more than 10 knots.
So, in order to break through to Vladivostok, it was necessary to reload coal all the time, and, moreover, when meeting with the strongest enemy and chasing, I risked being left on the high seas without coal, while meeting with any, albeit the most insignificant enemy, who prevented the reloading of coal, entailed a loss of cruiser speed. The last circumstance especially forced me to abandon the breakthrough to Vladivostok.
So, there was only one thing left to do: go south and try to get to the first French port, get coal and go to Saigon, where you can repair a hole in the dock and where the cruiser remained free, since the enemy could not be expected to arrive there. It was also necessary to go economically under two cars, but there were already very few chances of meeting the Japanese.
Since the destroyer "Grozovoi" could not take with him to Saigon, he ordered him to go to Qingdao to connect with the "Novik", but he warned him to be more careful and better approach the port at night, since the Japanese cruisers could very easily be in front of the entrance.
At 2 p.m. "Grozovoi" left for NW. On O, 3 steamships are visible going to N. He set off and went south in 15 knots in order to pass the most visited place in front of Shanghai at night. On the morning of July 30 at 8:50 we were abeam the Barrep Islands. At 10 o'clock he stopped steam in all boilers except ten, separated the middle car and went 10 knots south to Kwan-chau-van. Keeping 25 miles from the lighthouses of the Chinese coast, he safely reached the appointed port, not meeting anyone along the way.
On August 3rd at 5:40 p.m. I anchored in the outer roadstead of Kwan-chau-wan north of Nan-chau. On the next day at 12 o'clock in the afternoon we dropped anchor and went with full water through the bar up the river ... and at 3 o'clock 20 minutes of the day we anchored in the roadstead of Kwan-chau-van. They caught the cruiser Pascal. Saluted the nation.
The meeting was rendered most friendly. "Pascal" received us with thunderous cries of "Hurrah", and everyone, both authorities and private individuals, tried vying to do everything possible for them to arrange everything we needed. The first thing Governor Albi did when we arrived was to stop all telegraph communications so that no one would know about our arrival.
There was no coal in Kwan-chau-van, there were only 250 tons left at the disposal of the administration for the needs of the river flotilla. Of these, the governor of the city of Albi gave up 80 tons so that we could reach the Hongai mines, since we only had 60 tons left. In addition, Albi ordered the immediate dispatch of the Pascal to Hongai to warn of our arrival and prepare coal for us.
On August 5, at dawn, the Pascal left, and I sent midshipman Count [A. G.] Keyserling send telegrams and prepare coal. By noon, the loading on the cruiser was over, and at 03:20, she weighed anchor and went to the outer roadstead so that in the evening she would be able to go to sea with the expectation that by dawn she would be at the entrance to the Hainan Strait, which cannot be entered at night ... We passed the Hainan Strait and the Gulf of Tonkin with calm and on August 7 at 9 o'clock in the morning we anchored in d'Along Bay. Pascal and scows with coal were already in the roadstead.
Everything was ready, we immediately started loading coal, and on the evening of August 8, 1000 tons were loaded, and we were ready to go.
On August 8, at 11 o'clock, he left and went on a 15-knot course to Saigon. The weather was calm. On the 11th of August at 9:10 a.m., she anchored at Cape Saint-Jacques. The pilot has arrived. In Saigon, they were warned of our arrival and the place was prepared, but we had to wait at anchor for convenient water until 12 noon... "Chatoreno". On the roadstead I found the cruiser Chateaureno under the flag of Rear Admiral de Jonquiere, the cruiser Dassas, the boat Styx and port ships. On the same day he visited the admiral.
© Preparation for publication by L. A. Kuznetsova
From the editor. On this, the participation of the cruiser "Diana" in the Russo-Japanese War ended. On August 22, 1904, A. A. Lieven received the following telegram from the head of the Naval Ministry, Vice Admiral F. K. Avelan: “His Imperial Highness the Admiral General ordered the cruiser Diana to disarm now in accordance with the instructions of the French authorities and lower the flag.” This meant the ship was interned until the end of the war. True, he was allowed to enter the dock on September 14 to inspect and repair the damage received in battle, from which the cruiser left on October 11.
Diana cruiser.
One day in 1918 in the Kremlin, on the dome of the Senate building, which housed Soviet government, several people showed up.
Raise the national flag! - said the commandant of the Kremlin Pavel Malkov, a former sailor of the cruiser Diana, excitedly.
Hundreds of staunch fighters for the revolution received political hardening on the Baltic cruiser Diana. “We will never recognize bourgeois and capitalists, and therefore all the power of the Soviets must pass into the hands of the people,” such a resolution was passed by the crew of the ship in May 1917. Sailor Alexei Dolgushin was a delegate to the VI Congress of the Party. Bolshevik Pavel Malkov was elected a delegate to the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
In the October days, the sailors of the "Diana" took an active part in the occupation of the most important points of Reval. A group of sailors left for Petrograd, participated in the storming of the Winter Palace. Pavel Malkov was appointed commandant of the Smolny.
AT civil war the entire crew of "Diana" went to the land fronts. The cruiser's guns were transferred to the ships and batteries of the Volga-Caspian military flotilla.
Entered service in 1902. Displacement - 6731 tons, length - 123.7 m, width - 16.8 m, deepening - 6.4 m. Machine power - 11,610 liters. With. Speed - 20 knots. Cruising range - 4000 miles. Armament: 8 - 152 mm, 24 - 75 mm, 8 - 37 mm guns, 2 landing guns, 3 torpedo tubes. Crew - 570 people.
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From the book Viktor Konetsky: An Unwritten Autobiography author Konetsky VictorThe cruiser "Aurora" was taken to the cannon (Reply to the articles by Natalia T. and Lev L.) Well, you published an article, brothers! Even I, who lost my teeth, wanted to bite you. Babu - the first. Here T. writes: "... a wooden floor torn to a light yellow sheen ..." There are no floors on ships -
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From the book On the Rumba - Polar Star author Volkov Mikhail DmitrievichTHE CRUISER MOORS TO THE BOAT And there was a day that Strelkov especially remembered. At the morning formation of the division, an order was read out on the admission of young lieutenants to independent control of the boat in all sailing conditions. “Congratulations, Sergey Ivanovich,” shook him
From the book Ocean. Issue thirteen author Baranov Yury AlexandrovichAurora cruiser. The sailors of the Aurora, together with the St. Petersburg workers in February 1917, took part in the overthrow of the autocracy. In April, they met V. I. Lenin at the Finland Station. On the night of October 25, 1917, the Aurora took up a combat position near the Nikolaevsky Bridge (now
From the book Three trips around the world author Lazarev Mikhail Petrovich"Diamond", cruiser. The only cruiser that broke through in May 1905 after the Battle of Tsushima to Vladivostok. Later he sailed in the Baltic and the Black Sea. A revolutionary underground organization was active on the ship. In 1917, the sailors of the Almaz, which was in
From the book Diana. Life, love, destiny author Bradford Sarah"Askold", cruiser. In 1904 he staunchly defended Port Arthur. In October 1907, the crew of the cruiser supported the armed uprising of Vladivostok workers and soldiers. The tsarist government dealt savagely with the "Askold" revolutionaries. Not a year passed without the ship
From the author's book"Oleg", cruiser. “Lenin wants to speak to you on behalf of the revolutionary government,” the words appeared on the telegraph tape. Sailor diver Nikolai Izmailov, acting chairman of the Tsentrobalt, who was in Helsingfors, dictated to the telegraph operator:
From the author's book"Russia", cruiser. The name of the famous revolutionary sailor Timofey Ulyantsev is associated with this ship. In 1913-1914, he led the underground organization of the RSDLP (b) here. The most politically conscious sailors joined its ranks. In April 1917, there were 50 Bolsheviks on it.
From the author's book"Rurik", cruiser. The crew actively participated in the revolutionary events of 1917. “We send you a curse, Kerensky,” the sailors wrote on October 2, 1917. - We demand from the Central Executive Committee the immediate convening of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, which
Shortly after commissioning, Diana was transferred to the Pacific Squadron. Baltic Fleet. The detachment, which also included Pallada, Retvizan and 7 destroyers, left Kronstadt on October 17, 1902, heading for Far East through the Suez Canal. The journey lasted several months, and on April 24, 1903, the Diana arrived in Port Arthur.
On the night of January 27 (February 9, New Style), 1904, Diana and Pallada were duty cruisers on the Port Arthur roadstead. They were the first Russian ships to enter the war, opening fire on Japanese destroyers that suddenly attacked the squadron. Pallas received heavy damage from a torpedo fired by Japanese destroyers.
"Diana" also participated in the famous battle in the Yellow Sea, where she received heavy damage. Then the Diana made an attempt to break through to Vladivostok alone, but after it became clear that the damage could not be repaired along the way and there were problems with the supply of coal, the cruiser commander, Prince Alexander Alexandrovich Liven, decided to go to Saigon. This decision was driven by two factors:
1) according to the French declaration of neutrality, the ship could stay there indefinitely and carry out full repairs;
2) "Diana", leaving the battle to the south, could go all the time with an economical move, without fear of a collision with the enemy.
On August 12, the Diana arrived in Saigon, but it was not possible to dock the ship right away, the French authorities were delaying the decision. Japan was able to put pressure on the French authorities, and on August 21 the ship was decided to be interned. At the same time, the ship's commander received an order to disarm from St. Petersburg. On August 29, the Andreevsky flag was lowered on the Diana, and on September 16 she stood in the dock for repairs. The cruiser could no longer participate in the war. Only a year later, on October 11, 1905, "Diana" again raised the St. Andrew's flag, and on January 8, 1906, she arrived at the port of Libava.
Avrora, sister of Diana, returns to St. Petersburg
In the interwar period, "Diana" was modernized - small-caliber artillery was removed from the ship, which showed its inefficiency during the Russian-Japanese war, and the main caliber was strengthened. According to its results, the armament was 10 152-mm and 20 75-mm guns. Also carried out overhaul machines, and the boilers were replaced with new, Belleville-Dogolenko systems.
Already after the outbreak of the First World War, in May-June 1915, the Diana underwent the last major modernization - instead of the old 152-mm guns, it received new 130-mm guns of the 1913 model. A fire control system was installed.
June 17, 1916 "Diana" together with armored cruiser"Gromoboy" and five destroyers took part in the night battle off the coast of Sweden. Their opponents were eight German destroyers, and then - Submarine. In total, the cruiser fired more than two hundred shells.
From July to October 1916 "Diana" participated in the defense of the Gulf of Riga. October 23, 1916 "Diana" returned to Helsingfors (now Helsinki) for the winter.
The last campaign of "Diana" was the famous Ice Campaign of the Baltic Fleet - saving ships from being captured by German troops.
After returning to Kronstadt, the guns were removed from the ship and mothballed. In 1922 - cut into metal. But the history of the Diana-class ships did not end there. "Aurora" participated in the defense of Leningrad, and its guns and sailors were engaged in artillery support of the Soviet troops in 1941.
"Aurora" can still be seen in St. Petersburg: now it is a museum. And you can see "Diana" and even feel yourself in the role of her commander in the World Of Warships project. In the world of warships, she is presented in her state during the Russo-Japanese War, in olive combat camouflage. In addition to Diana, other ships of the Russian Imperial and Soviet fleets can be seen in the game, in particular, the famous cruisers of projects 26 (Kirov) and 68-K (Chapaev), destroyers of project 7 - Wrathful, and at the highest, 10th level are the Soviet cruisers of projects 66 - "Moscow" and 82 "Stalingrad".