Deep industrial processing of corn grain (maize) ranks first in the world production of grain products with a share of 32%, which is approximately 2.2 billion tons.

Corn grain is one of those species that has a decisive share in world grain production. Application modern technologies cultivation, development of new varieties of corn and the use of fertilizers lead to higher yields, but also allow corn to be grown in regions that previously seemed unsuitable for corn.

For generations, corn has been used as pet food. Later, when corn became a staple food for many people, there were many various ways its processing and preparation, which have been adapted for today's popular uses. A few examples are tortillas in Mexico and Central America, Arepa in Colombia and Venezuela, polenta in Europe, or coarse grains in southern Africa.

Changes in human consumption habits and lifestyle have prompted research into the industrial production of these traditional staple foods in order to facilitate use and preparation in the processing industry as well as in the household. At the same time, these researches were expanded to create new products based on the deep processing of corn. Special attention has been paid to reducing the cooking time for corn dishes.

Several thousand varieties of corn are divided into groups based on characteristics such as seed structure and shape. Hardness and grain size, hard and finer grains are more common in a variety of siliceous cultivars, and in contrast, the endosperm of various dent corn cultivars (e.g. Yellow corn and White corn) tend to be soft and partially crumbly. Germ size is generally larger in dent maize. Glassy corn varieties generally produce higher grit yield and lower germ yield than softer, crumbly dent corn, so the choice of corn variety and type is pre-determined by the finished product.

The grain structure of corn is not very different from other grains.

The following illustration shows a cross section of a corn kernel and its main components:

Composition of corn grain:

	% in whole grain	% Fat	% squirrel	% ash
whole grain
soft endosperm
hard endosperm
Germ	11,5		18,3
Pericarp and shell
Lids

The structure of the corn grain provides information regarding the criteria that must be observed during processing. The dominant position of the large embryo can be seen in the figure. The embryo is deeply embedded in the endosperm. In addition, the high-fat germ, as well as the pericarp, also partly high-fat, must be completely removed in processes in which the finished product must have a low fat content.

One of the factors affecting the production of lean finished products is the fat content in the grain endosperm. It depends on the variety of corn, on the country of origin, and also on the year.

	1st example of fat content	2nd example of fat content
whole grain	4,1 – 4,5 %	5,4 – 5,8 %
Endosperm	0,3 – 0,6 %	0,8 – 1,06%
corn germ	28 – 30 %	31 – 32,5 %
Bran	2,8 – 3,0 %	3,8 – 4,8 %

In the flour milling industry, mainly flint corn and soft corn are processed.

In addition to grain characteristics, grain color can vary from one variety to another, ranging from white, yellow, red and purple to almost black.

Process, respectively. grinding systems, has a significant impact on the quality and yield of the finished product. As a result, when designing an industrial plant, the main product for processing corn must be the extraction of the germ (ie, degermination) and milling.

In addition, some of the processes depicted below, such as the production of Arepa and tortillas, have specific equipment requirements for a corn processing plant.

Mill processed corn products are mainly classified into 4 categories, namely hulled grits (coarse), beer grits (medium), snack grits (fine) and cornmeal.

Main products after degermination process and corn milling process

Processing systems

grain cleaning

The suction channel separator and destoner are the main machines in corn cleaning systems. With the installation of a corn combinator, instead of a destoner, most of the "cobs" and other light impurities will be further classified and separated. If there are special requirements for the final product, such as a minimum number of grain fragments, or if there is a problem regarding aflatoxins, then a cleaning machine with an attached suction channel can be installed.

If it is necessary to avoid grain moisture fluctuations, and accordingly to obtain a uniform moisture content of the final product, the AQUATRON automatic moisture control is the ideal solution.

Humidification takes place with the help of a special moisturizing screw.

Corn germ removal / Degermination

The latest corn germ removal technology with the new patented MHXM degerminator is recognized as the best technology in corn processing. The dual function of separating the germ and at the same time removing the pericarp allows achieving unique results in terms of low fat content and high purity of the finished product.

The corn enters from the inlet screw into the processing area, which consists of a drum rotor and a specially structured screen sieve. A high degree of germ recovery and a high degree of peeling is achieved by intensive processing between the rotor drum and the screen sieve, as well as the appropriate adjustment of the delay device at the exit of the machine.

The new degerminator includes the following features:

High performance, easy operation

High yield of finished products with low fat content

Simplified process, low production costs

Quick and easy change of wear parts

Grinding

Basic diagram for extraction of corn germ and further grinding of corn kernels

In recent years, Buhler has developed process-specific know-how and technology for the flour milling industry. It covers solutions for the entire range of products from degermination and hulling, beer grits and snack grits, cornmeal, as well as starch, ethanol and germ plants for the oil industry.

The new corn germ extraction technology with the MHXM degerminator makes it possible to simplify the crushing process, saving up to 50% of the equipment, which leads to low investment and operating costs.

After degermination, the endosperm is cleaned and calibrated to achieve the desired specifications in the finished product. This is done on NEWTRONIC roller mills and SIRIUS screeners. The goal in cereal production is to calibrate the endosperm precisely with the least amount of wastage. This is achieved by the accuracy of the installation of the rollers and the adequate configuration of the roller corrugation (roller cutting).

Particular attention is paid to the screening process. Because cornmeal is sticky, effective sifting is of paramount importance. This can be ensured by the SIRIUS sifter, which is equipped with the new generation NOVA sieves. The interaction of dynamic force and NOVA cleaner sieves assure better spillage with long sieve availability. In addition, all surfaces in contact with the product are made of stainless steel or a special synthetic material.

As mentioned earlier, the degermination process and grinding technology must be matched to the specific end product.

Brewing corn grits, snack grits and cornmeal can be produced in a dry degerminator and grinder to achieve a high recovery rate for products with a fat content of less than 1%

To maximize the yield of husked grits for flakers (corn chips), firm corn grits should be used. In the latest degerminator from Buhler, a special preparation is included, when screw cleaning the cereals, an extremely low fat and fiber content will be achieved.

If there is a specific request for germ removal, Bühler can extract 8 - 14% of germ with a fat content of more than 20% with the same basic machine - the degerminator.

Conclusion

Corn is a staple food for many people around the globe, and corn products are in increasing demand as fashionable and convenient for cooking.

The introduction of a new technology of dry degermination and peeling is a comprehensive step in improving the processing of corn. high output corn grits and low-fat, lowest-cost flours in corn processing have greatly improved the total cost of ownership for the milling industry.

Primorsky State Agricultural Academy

Institute of Economics and Business

Department of Organization

and technological

processes in the agricultural

production

COURSE WORK

Topic: Technology of production, storage and processing of corn

(hybrid Moldavian 215 SV)

Completed: student 414 gr.

Nesterova A.S.

Checked: Mitropolova L.V.

Ussuriysk

Initial data for term paper

horticulture culture corn

hybrid Moldavian 215 SV

1. Area, ha
2. Date of sowing
3. Cleaning date
4. PAR utilization factor crops, %
5. Number of plants before before cleaning, pcs/m
6. Weight of 1000 seeds, g
7. Number of cobs per plant
8. Average weight of the cob, g
9. Mass of the rod in % of the mass
10. Weight of cob with grain, g
12. Corn
13. Potato
15. Type of soil	brown-podzolic
16. Depth of the arable layer, cm
18. The coefficient of use of nutrients from the soil,%
19. The coefficient of use of nutrients from mineral fertilizers, %
20. Dose of manure per 1 ha, t
21. Nutrient utilization rate from manure, %
22. Fertilizers are used phosphoric potash	sodium nitrate superphosphate granulated potassium chloride
23. Volumetric mass of soil, g/cm
24. Predecessor
25. Predominant weeds	JP
	Moldavian 215 SV
27. Seeding rate, million germinating seeds, %	0,135
28. Purity of seeds, %
29. Laboratory seed germination, %
30. Field germination of seeds, %
31. Dead plants, %
32. It is necessary to have plants before harvesting, thousand pieces/ha
33. Waste during seed treatment,%
34. Insurance fund, %
35. Mass of delivered grain, t
36. Weed impurity,%
37. Grain admixture, %
38. Grain moisture content, %

Initial data for writing a term paper

INTRODUCTION

1. Soil and climatic conditions of the zone

2. Biological features of corn

2.1. heat requirements

2.2. Moisture Requirements

2.3. light requirements

2.4. Soil Requirements

2.5. growing season

3. Characteristics of the hybrid Odessa 158 MV

4. Calculation of potential yield

4.1. Calculation of potential yield based on the arrival of PAR

4.2. Determination of biological yield by elements of the yield structure

5. Agricultural technology of corn cultivation

5.1. Place in crop rotation

5.2. Calculation of fertilizer rates for the planned harvest and the system of their application

5.3. Tillage system

5.4. Preparing seeds for sowing

5.5. Calculation of the weight rate of sowing

5.6. sowing corn

5.7. Crop care

5.8. Field preparation and harvesting

5.9. Calculation of the seed filling fund and the area of ​​seed plots

6. Calculation of payment for delivered grain

7. Agrotechnical part of the technological map of corn cultivation

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

Corn is one of the main crops of modern world agriculture. In terms of planted area, it ranks second in the world (after wheat). This plant is characterized by versatile use and high yield. About 20% of corn grain is used for food, about 15% for technical purposes, and about 2/3 for feed.

The grain contains carbohydrates (65-70%), protein (9-12%), fat (4-8%), mineral salts and vitamins. Flour, cereals, cereals, canned food, starch, ethyl alcohol, dextrin, beer, glucose, sugar, molasses, syrup, oil, vitamin E, ascorbic and glutamic acids are obtained from grain. Pistil columns are used in medicine. From the stems, leaves and cobs, paper, linoleum, viscose are produced, Activated carbon, artificial cork, plastic, anesthetics and much more.

Corn grain is an excellent fodder. 1 kg of grain contains 1.34 fodder. units and 78 g of digestible protein. It is a valuable component of animal feed. However, corn grain protein is poor in essential amino acids (lysine and tryptophan) and rich in low-value protein in terms of feed - zein.

Corn ranks first among silage crops. Silage has good digestibility and has dietary properties. 100 kg of silage prepared from corn in the phase of milky-wax ripeness contains about 21 feeds. units and up to 1800 g of crude protein. Corn is used for green fodder, which is rich in carotene. Dry leaves, stalks and cobs remaining after harvesting for grain are used for fodder. 100 kg of corn straw contains 37, and 100 kg of ground rods contains 35 feed. units

Corn is a high yielding crop. In terms of grain yield, it surpasses other grain crops, second only to irrigated rice. In the Sinilovsky state farm of the Primorsky Territory, in 1962, the mechanized link of S. P. Epifantsev received 63 centners of grain from each of the 70 hectares. Many leading workers get a crop of 30-40 c/ha. On the Far East corn gives high yields of silage. In the Amur Region, V.F. Derkach, a team leader from the Krasnaya Zvezda collective farm in the Soviet District, received 700 centners per hectare of green mass of corn in 1961; hectares of green mass on an area of ​​280 hectares, and in some areas the yield reached 1200 kg / ha. In 1962, Im Fu Siri's team from the Udarny state farm in the Sakhalin Region collected 720 centners per hectare of green mass. The average yield of green mass of corn in the Amur region. Primorye and Sakhalin - 150-200 kg / ha. .

As a tilled crop, corn is a good predecessor in crop rotation, helps to free fields from weeds, and has almost no pests and diseases in common with other crops. When cultivated for grain, it is a good predecessor of grain crops, and when cultivated for green fodder, it is an excellent fallow crop. Corn has become widespread in haymaking, stubble and re-sowing.

In the conditions of the Far East, the cultivation of corn is possible only for green fodder and silage.

The area under corn for grain and fodder in our country is 21.9 million hectares. The task is to increase the production of grain on the available area and to obtain an average of 4-5 tons of grain per 1 ha. This will be facilitated by the transition to intensive technology of cultivation of this crop.

1. Soil and climatic conditions of the zone.

Primorye is included in the climatic region of the Far East monsoons. In summer, south and southeast winds of the Pacific monsoon dominate, carrying a large amount of moisture, in winter - continental, northern rhumbs, which are a powerful stream of cold and dry air.

The coldest month in the region is January. The average January temperature on the coast is 12-13°C, and in the Khanka and central mountain-forest regions 19-22°C. The lowest temperatures are observed in the central mountain-forest regions (-49°).

The warmest month is August. Its average monthly temperature is 18 - 20°C along the edge.

The average rainfall is 600 mm per year. More precipitation falls in the south of the region and in the coastal strip (700 - 800 mm) and less - on the Khanka Plain (500 - 550 mm).

Precipitation falls unevenly throughout the year. The bulk (up to 70%) falls on the summer period. Due to the large amount of precipitation, at this time there is often a strong waterlogging of soils, especially on flat and poorly dissected relief elements (plains). In spring and in the first half of summer, there is often a lack of moisture in the soil and plants suffer from drought.

And now I want to characterize the type of soil proposed in the term paper.

The brown-podzolic soils of Primorye are formed under oak and oak-broad-leaved forests with abundant grass cover. In the summer and summer-autumn period, they experience severe waterlogging, and in the spring - an acute lack of moisture. In this type of soil, phosphorus is at a minimum of nutrients.

Brown-podzolic soils are confined to leveled relief elements - ancient river and lake terraces or very gentle slopes. They are formed on rocks of heavy mechanical composition - ancient lacustrine clays and heavy loams, as well as on clayey eluvium and eluvium-deluvium of dense rocks. Brown-podzolic soils are the most strongly podzolized soils.

At present, these soils are mostly plowed up and are cultivated to one degree or another.

Virgin brown-podzolic soils have a humus horizon 7–10 cm thick, of an unstable cloddy structure, penetrated by small roots; the transition to the underlying horizon is sharp. The podzolic horizon has a thickness of 20–30 cm, is usually compacted, thinly layered, contains a large number of small ferruginous-manganese nodules. Sometimes this layer is broken by horizontal cracks to the full depth.

The podzolic horizon is replaced by a variegated whitish-brown (8-10 cm), below which the illuvial horizon is located.

Chemical analysis of brown-podzolic soils shows that the humus layer has a weakly acid reaction of the medium, and sometimes acidic and even strongly acidic. The content of humus in the most superficial layer of virgin soils reaches 14%, in the lower part of the humus horizon it decreases to 3–4%. In the next podzolic horizon, humus reserves are small and amount to tenths of a percent. Sometimes there is a slight increase in humus in the illuvial layer.

In brown-podzolic soils, in the presence of a weakly acid reaction of the medium and saturation of the soil absorbing complex with bases in the humus horizon, a sharp increase in acidity and a significant degree of saturation with bases in the podzolic and illuvial horizons is revealed. The saturation of the soil absorbing complex with bases in the podzolic horizon is about 50–55%.

A feature of brown-podzolic soils is that even in the case of a weakly acid reaction of the medium in the humus horizon and saturation with bases, high hydrolytic acidity is still observed.

Mechanical analysis shows the duality of the soil profile: medium and heavy loamy surface horizons - humus and podzolic, and clayey illuvial horizon and parent rock.

Cultivated varieties of brown-podzolic soils have an arable horizon 16–18 cm thick, usually gray in color, with inclusions of light-yellow lumps from the arable podzolic horizon. The content of humus in the developed areas is low and does not exceed 3-4%.

The main agrotechnical measures in the development and use of brown-podzolic soils should be aimed at increasing the humus content, provide for liming, anti-erosion measures, and the use of fertilizers, mainly phosphorus and organic. Carrying out appropriate agrotechnical measures makes it possible to obtain high yields of corn on brown-podzolic soils. .

2. Biological features of corn.

2.1 Heat requirements.

Corn is a thermophilic plant. Its seeds begin to germinate at 8-9°C. Seedlings appear on the 17th - 20th day, when the average daily temperature is 12 - 14°C; if it rises to 18 - 19 ° C, shoots are obtained on the 8th - 9th day.

Corn sprouts endure small frosts (down to -2 -3°C). Frost-damaged leaves turn yellow and partially die off, but growth points remain viable, and with the onset of heat, plants quickly resume growth. This is due to the large supply of nutrients in the seed, which the plant uses over a long period. At the end of the growing season, when the temperature drops to -2°C, the plants die.

An increase in temperature within the optimal range (25 - 30 ° C) accelerates development, especially at the beginning of the growing season, and contributes to an increase in yield. Hot weather during the flowering period adversely affects fertilization and ovary development. However, with sufficient soil moisture high temperatures do not cause significant damage to corn crops.

In the phases of seedlings - ejection of the panicle for plants, the most favorable average daily temperature is 20 -23 ° C. The intensity of growth decreases sharply at 14 - 15°C, and at 10°C growth stops. Before the appearance of generative organs, an increase in temperature to 25 ° C does not harm the growth and development of corn. With the time of flowering and the appearance of filaments on the cobs, the temperature of 25 ° C and more is unfavorable, and above 30 ° C disrupts flowering and fertilization: the period of viability of pollen is reduced, the filaments of the cobs dry out. The optimum temperature for the growth and development of culture from flowering to ripening is 22 - 23°C.

The sum of active temperatures required for the ripening of early ripening varieties is 2100 - 2400°C, mid- and late-ripening varieties - 2600 - 3000°C.

2.2. moisture requirements.

Corn is a drought-resistant plant, but in areas of insufficient moisture, when plants are provided with water, it can yield a crop 2–3 times higher than on rainfed land.

The coefficient of water consumption of corn is low - 300 - 400. Mid-early and mid-season corn hybrids consume 3500 - 4500 m 3 / ha of water during the growing season (including that which evaporates from the soil), therefore, all elements of the cultivation technology should be aimed at maximizing the replenishment of moisture in the soil and its rational use.

For swelling of corn grain, about 44% of water by grain weight is needed.

When cultivating corn for grain, the maximum water consumption falls on a 30-day period - 10-12 days before panicle emergence and before the middle of the flowering phase. It's called critical. However, corn is very sensitive to moisture even during grain filling.

The optimum soil moisture during the growing season is somewhat lower than that of other crops - 60 - 70% of soil moisture. Corn does not tolerate waterlogging of the soil. Due to the lack of oxygen in the soil, the flow of phosphorus slows down, the processes of phosphorylation and nitrogen metabolism in plants are disrupted. .

2.3. Light requirements.

Corn is a photophilous short-day plant. With a day length of 12 - 14 hours, its growing season increases. Corn does not tolerate shading well - in thickened crops, plant development is delayed and cobs are not formed. Excessive thickening of crops leads to a decrease in the weight of cobs and grain yield, but when grown for silage, the yield of green mass increases.

2.4. soil requirements.

Unlike many crops, corn is not very demanding on soil fertility, however, it is very responsive to its increase, to the application of fertilizers. The best soils for corn are nitrogen-rich black earth, dark chestnut, dark gray. According to the mechanical composition - medium and light loamy, sandy loam is also suitable. Corn grows and develops best on loose, breathable, weed-free soils with a deep humus horizon, well-supplied with nutrients in available forms, slightly acidic or neutral (pH 6-7). Soils with high acidity, as well as those prone to waterlogging and salinization, are unsuitable for it. The most important method of improving such soils is the introduction of organic fertilizers that improve water, nutritional regimes and mechanical properties. At the same time, air exchange improves, an increased content of carbon dioxide is constantly provided in the zone of the assimilation apparatus of plants, oxygen in the soil. This is important, since during the germination period, the seeds, and later the root system, consume at least 18–20% of oxygen from the total plant demand from the air. When the oxygen content in the soil air is less than 5%, root growth stops.

Corn is demanding on batteries. Potassium provides the water-retaining capacity of cell colloids, improves metabolism, and increases the viability of plants. With a lack of it, growth slows down, the plants acquire a dark green color, then their top and edges turn yellow and dry. With potassium starvation, the root system develops poorly, and resistance to lodging decreases in plants.

At the beginning of the growing season, corn intensively absorbs potassium, its content in seedlings increases in comparison with the content in grain by 8-10 times. Vigorous absorption of potassium reaches a maximum 10 - 12 days before panicle emergence, and then decreases very quickly. After flowering, the supply of potassium to the plant stops.

An insufficient amount of nitrogen in the soil negatively affects the development of the root system, as a result, the supply of other nutrients to the plant decreases, and the work of the assimilation apparatus deteriorates. Violation of life processes due to nitrogen starvation causes yellowing of leaves, their premature death, which negatively affects plant productivity and grain quality.

At the beginning of the growing season, corn consumes nitrogen quite intensively, almost the same as potassium. Plants contain 2-3 times more nitrogen per unit of dry matter in the phase of 5-7 leaves than in the phases of milky and milky-wax ripeness.

Phosphorus is needed throughout the growing season and enters the plant until the grain is fully ripe. Under its influence, the period of leaf growth is reduced, the penetration of roots into the lower layers of the soil is accelerated, which is especially important when cultivating corn in the conditions of the Primorsky Territory (since the climate here is unstable moisture). The lack of phosphorus in the soil retards the growth and development of flowers and grains in corn cobs. With a lack of phosphorus, the leaves become dark green with a purple-red or purple tint and gradually die off.

2.5. Vegetation period.

In corn, the following phases of growth and development are distinguished: the beginning and full emergence of seedlings, the beginning and full appearance of panicles, the beginning and full flowering of cobs (the appearance of threads), the milky, milky-wax state of the grain, wax ripeness, and full ripeness. The duration of interphase periods is determined by varietal characteristics, weather conditions and agricultural technology. In the initial period, before the formation of the above-ground stem node, corn grows very slowly. At this time, the root system is intensively developing. Then the growth rate gradually increases, reaching a maximum before heading. During this period, plant growth under favorable conditions is 10 - 12 cm per day. After flowering, height growth stops. Critical periods in the formation of the crop are the 2-3 leaf phase, when differentiation of the rudimentary stem occurs, and the 6-7 leaf phase, when the size of the cob is determined. In the development of corn, two phases are most important: panicle formation, which occurs in early-ripening, mid-ripening and late-ripening varieties, respectively, in phases 4-7, 5-8 and 7-11 of the leaf; the formation of the cob, which occurs, respectively, in phases 7 - 11, 8 - 12 and 11 - 16 of the leaf. In a short period (10 days before heading and 20 days after the end of panicle flowering), plants accumulate up to 75% of organic mass. Drought, waterlogging of the soil, lack of mineral nutrition during flowering and fertilization reduce the amount of grains in cobs. The maximum amount of wet weight in plants is observed in the phase of the milk state; dry matter - at the end of wax ripeness. To form a high grain yield, corn crops should form a leaf area of ​​about 40-50 thousand m 2 / ha, and for a green mass yield - 60-70 thousand m 2 / ha or more.

The duration of the growing season for corn is 75 - 180 days or more. According to the length of the growing season, 6 groups are distinguished:

1. early ripening - 80 - 90 days, the sum of active temperatures is 2100 ° С

2. mid-early ripening - 90 - 100 days, 2200 ° С

3. mid-season - 100 - 115 days, 2400 ° С

4. mid-late ripening - 115 - 130 days, 2600 ° С

5. late ripening - 130 - 150 days, 2800 ° С

6. very late maturing - > 150 days, > 3000°C.

3. Characteristics of the hybrid Odessa 158 MV.

The hybrid was bred by the Research Institute of Maize and Sorghum of the Republic of Moldova and the Gorokhov State Farm College of the Volyn Region. 7 authors headed by G.P. Karaivanov and T.S. Chalyk.

Since 1987, the hybrid has been zoned in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region for silage. Later it became widespread in the Primorsky Territory.

Moldavian 215 SV is a double interline hybrid. Seed production is carried out on a sterile basis according to the recovery scheme. It belongs to the group of cultivars with yellow dentate grain and red cob stalk.

The height of plants is on average 210 cm, leaves - 15 cm. The cob is cylindrical, 15 cm long and weighing 110 g. Weight of 1000 grains 260g.

The hybrid is early ripe, the growing season is 83 - 100 days. Bubble smut affects medium, helminthosporiasis - medium and above average. During the years of testing on the variety plots of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region, the yield of green mass was 380 - 630 centners / ha, normalized dry matter - 120 - 150 centners / ha, cobs - 100 - 150 centners / ha. The hybrid has exceptional plasticity.

In addition to the Far East region, it is approved for use in nine more regions Russian Federation. .

4. Calculation of potential yield.

4.1. Calculation of potential yield based on the arrival of PAR

When calculating, we use the formula A.A. Nichiporovich.

where PU is the potential yield of dry biomass, c/ha

Q PAR - the amount of PAR for the growing season of the crop, kcal / ha

C - calories organic matter yield units, kcal/kg

K - use of PAR by crops, %

Monthly amounts of PAR for the growing season (kcal / cm 2).

Let's find the value of the grain yield at standard moisture content using the formula

where W is the standard moisture content according to GOST, % (for cereals - 14%)

A - the sum of the parts in the ratio of the main and by-products in general

biomass volume (for corn A = 3)

The yield of the stem mass will be equal to:

41 q/ha - 15.8 q/ha = 25.2 q/ha

culture	Q headlights, kcal/ha		С, kcal/kg	Potential yield, c/ha		The ratio of parts of marketable and not marketable products	Harvest of non-commercial products, centner/ha
				P in dry biomass	U t basic Product.
Corn

4.2. Determination of biological productivity by elements of the structure of the crop.

Number of plants before harvesting = 90,000 pcs

Number of cobs per plant = 1.2

Average cob weight = 145 g

The mass of the rod from the mass of the cob \u003d 20%

1. Determine the number of cobs per ha

90,000 1.2 = 108,000 pieces

2. Determine the mass of cobs per ha

90,000 145 = 130.5 q

130.5 20 / 100 = 26.1c/ha

3. Determine the mass of grain per hectare

Y \u003d 130.5 - 26.1 \u003d 104.4 c

5. Agricultural technology of corn cultivation.

5.1. Place in crop rotation.

It has been established that the larger areas in the crop rotation are occupied by corn, the higher its productivity. In the Far East, it can be placed after soybeans, sugar beets, potatoes, cereals and other crops, but it gives the highest yields when grown on well-fertilized permanent plots or in crop rotations with a short rotation, as well as on newly developed lands after buckwheat, oats, millet, winter rye, melons and other crops. In field crop rotations, it is better to grow it on green manure-occupied clover and fertilized pairs of the first and second crops. Seed plots are recommended to be placed on the southern slopes with light soils. On Sakhalin, areas protected from cold winds, with well-drained fertile soils, are allotted for corn.

Corn leaves a weed-free field and is a good forerunner for soybeans, wheat, potatoes and other crops.

The best precursors to corn are crops that leave the field clean of weeds, with a large supply of nutrients. These include winter crops, for which fertilizers were applied, leguminous crops, potatoes, and buckwheat. In the conditions of Primorsky Krai, sugar beet can also be attributed to the best predecessors.

In the assignment of the course as a predecessor, I am invited to consider soy. Cultivated soybean - annual herbaceous plant from the legume family. Soya is a monsoon climate crop. It gives the highest yields with optimal soil moisture throughout the growing season; with excessive moisture, soybean grows slowly and sharply reduces yields. Soy is a thermophilic crop. In the Far East, soybeans require a sum of average temperatures from 2000 to 3000˚С. The length of the growing season of Far Eastern soybean varieties ranges from 92 to 135 days. Soya is a photophilous short-day plant. In field crop rotations for soybeans, it is better to allocate fields after corn for silage. Soybean, as a legume and row crop, is a good predecessor for other crops. Sometimes, due to late harvesting and waterlogging of the soil, plowing of fallow after soybeans is carried out late or the field remains unplowed at all, as a result of which its effectiveness as a predecessor is significantly reduced. If soybean fields are plowed in late autumn, the nitrogen content of the soil drops. This negatively affects the growth of early crops, so late crops are placed after soybeans. .

In fertile, well-cultivated fields and with fertilization, corn can be re-cultivated for several years. The higher the fertility of the site, the culture of agriculture, the longer it is possible to grow corn in one field. With the permanent cultivation of corn for a long time (over 10 years), its yield was significantly lower than after wheat, sunflower, sugar beets. One of the reasons for the decline in corn yields is significant infestation with weeds.

The difference in corn yields after different predecessors is usually caused by a different degree of fertilization of the previous crop, the effectiveness of weed control in its crops, and the timing of harvesting.

Corn serves as a good precursor for spring wheat and barley.

Crop area structure:

Cereals-25%

Corn –25%

Annual herbs-12.5%

Winter rye –12.5%

Let's draw up a scheme of an eight-field crop rotation:

3. corn

5. cereals

6. corn

8. cereals

5.2. Calculation of fertilizer rates for the planned harvest and the system of their application.

1. On average, 1 centner of corn grains removes 3 kg of nitrogen from the soil, 1.2 kg of phosphorus, and 3 kg of potassium. With a yield of 15.8 c/ha, the following will be taken out of the soil:

3 15.8 = 47.4 kg/ha N

1.2 15.8 = 18.96 kg/ha P 2 O 5

3 15.8 = 47.4 kg/ha K 2 O

2. Determine the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil kg/ha. To calculate, we use the formula

K m \u003d h * V * P, where

h - the size of the arable layer, cm

V - volumetric mass of soil, g / cm 3

N - 21 * 1.08 * 4 = 90.72 kg / ha

P 2 O 5 - 21 * 1.08 * 3 \u003d 68.04 kg / ha

K 2 O - 21 * 1.08 * 10 \u003d 226.8 kg / ha

3. The coefficient of use by plants from the soil of N is 25%, P 2 O 5 - 6%, K 2 O - 12%.

We find that corn plants can absorb from the soil from 1 ha:

N \u003d (90.72 * 25) / 100 \u003d 22.68 kg

P 2 O 5 \u003d (68.04 * 6) / 100 \u003d 4.1 kg

K 2 O \u003d (226.8 * 12) / 100 \u003d 27.2 kg

4. On average, 1 ton of manure contains N - 4 kg, P - 1.5 kg, K - 4.5 kg. When applying 60 tons of manure, the soil will receive: N - 240 kg, P - 90 kg, K - 270 kg.

From 60 tons of manure will be used:

N = (240 * 25)/100 = 60 kg/ha

P \u003d (90 * 45) / 100 \u003d 40.5 kg / ha

K \u003d (270 * 70) / 100 \u003d 189 kg / ha

5. Corn will consume from the soil and organic fertilizers:

N = 22.68 + 60 = 82.68 kg/ha

Р = 4.1 + 40.5 = 44.6 kg/ha

K = 27.2 + 189 = 216.2 kg/ha.

6. Additionally, you need to make:

N = 47.4 – 82.68 = -35.28 kg/ha

Р = 18.96 – 44.6 = -25.64 kg/ha

K = 47.4 - 216.2 = -168.8 kg/ha

D y - dose of fertilizers, t/ha

Y t - programmable yield, t/ha

B - removal of nutrients per 1 ton of products

K m - the coefficient of transfer of nutrients to the arable layer of 1 ha

K y - coefficient of use of nutrients from fertilizers,%

K n - coefficient of use of nutrients from the soil,%

N n - the rate of application of organic fertilizers, t / ha

K p - coefficient of use of N, P 2 O 5 , K 2 O from organic fertilizer,%

h - the size of the arable layer, cm

V - volumetric mass of soil, g / cm 3

K m \u003d 1.08 21 \u003d 22.68 g / cm 3

Calculation of fertilizer application rates for a programmed crop

INDICATORS	Batteries
1. 1. Planned yield, c/ha
2. Nutrients taken out per 1c of products, kg
3. Nutrients removed with the harvest, kg
4.Contained Nutrients: mg/100 g soil in the topsoil, kg/ha
5. Coefficient of use of nutrients from the soil, %
6. Will be used nutrients from the soil, kg/ha
7. Nutrients applied to the soil with manure, kg/ha
8. Nutrient utilization rate from manure, %
9. Possible removal of nutrients from manure, kg/ha
10. Total will be removed from soil and manure, kg/ha
11. Type of mines used. fertilizer	sodium nitrate	Superphosphate simple granular	Potassium chloride
12. Utilization rate Nutrients from mineral fertilizers, %
13. It is necessary to apply mineral fertilizers in kg/ha

Fertilizer system for corn.

Corn is very demanding on soil fertility. It does not tolerate acidic soils, and without their liming, even with the introduction of high doses of organic and mineral fertilizers, one cannot count on getting a good harvest. Corn consumes nutrients throughout the growing season - up to the onset of wax ripeness of the grain. However, their most intensive absorption is observed during the period of rapid growth in a relatively short period of time - from the emergence of panicles to flowering. To obtain a high yield of corn, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers is of decisive importance. Corn is very responsive to the application of manure and other organic fertilizers. According to long-term experimental data, the use of manure (40-60 t/ha) increases the grain yield by 0.3-0.8 t/ha. The combined use of manure and mineral fertilizers provides good harvests corn at lower doses of organic fertilizer.

Manure, phosphate and potash fertilizers should be applied under autumn plowing. Nitrogen fertilizers are best used in the spring for pre-sowing tillage.

Corn grows very slowly in the first month after germination and absorbs a limited amount of nutrients. However, the lack of available nutrients during this period, especially phosphorus, adversely affects the further development of plants, reduces the use of nutrients from the main fertilizer and soil. To provide corn seedlings with readily available nutrients, small doses of fertilizers must be applied at sowing. At the same time, local application of a small dose of phosphorus (5–7 kg P 2 O 5 per 1 ha) in the form of granulated superphosphate into the nests is especially effective. Fertilizers should be applied separately from the seeds 4-5 cm to the sides and 2-3 cm below the seeds to avoid the harmful effect of a high concentration of soil solution on corn seedlings.

To provide corn with nutrients during the period of the most intensive growth in conditions of sufficient moisture, nitrogen can be added to the main fertilizer. During the growing season, 1 - 2 top dressings of 20 - 30 kg of a.i. are carried out. per ha. Fertilizers are applied to top dressing by cultivators - plant feeders with incorporation to a depth of 8 - 10 cm into the moist soil layer. .

Fertilizer system for corn.

5.3 Soil tillage system.

Long-term experience shows that it is better to sow corn in deep early fall. The bulk of its roots (90%) on heavy brown-podzolic soils are located in the soil layer of 0-10 cm, in the layer of 10-20 cm they are only 6%, in the layer of 20-30 cm - 3%. With the deepening of the arable layer, the roots move to the underlying horizons and use a larger volume of soil. In the spring, in order to retain moisture and level the soil, the plowing is harrowed in one or two tracks, and in early May it is cultivated to a depth of 10-12 cm. In fields with numerous root weeds and with strong soil compaction, it is recommended to plow the plough with plows without mouldboards and harrowing. Fields that have not been plowed since autumn must be plowed as soon as possible. To destroy weeds and provide good conditions for seed germination, the field is cultivated on the eve or on the day of sowing to the sowing depth and rolled. .

After soybeans, the soil is cultivated with wide-cut disc cultivators or disc harrows to a depth of 6-8 cm.

The best quality of plowing, good incorporation of crop residues is provided by two-tier plows ПЯ-3-35 and ПН-4-35.

The effectiveness of autumn plowing largely depends on the timing of its implementation. Early plowing after harvesting the predecessor does not help to clear the fields of weeds, which negatively affects the corn yield. When plowing at the end of September - the first half of October, after 2 - 3 peelings, favorable conditions are created for the accumulation of soil moisture and better soil cleaning.

For the retention of melt water and the accumulation of moisture in the soil, late autumn slotting of the field is effective. The use of this technique allows you to retain up to 250 - 300 m 3 / ha of water and get an increase in yield of 0.20 - 0.25 t / ha. Also, slotting reduces water erosion of the soil, i.e. is of environmental importance. .

Spring tillage is reduced to leveling and pre-sowing cultivation. Spring leveling of the soil is an obligatory element of intensive technology. It provides better heating of the soil, rapid germination of weeds; allows you to better carry out pre-sowing tillage and sow seeds at the same depth. It is carried out only at full physical ripeness of the soil with levelers, drags, cultivators equipped with leveling boards and rotary rollers. Direction of movement at an angle of 45 - 50˚ to the main processing. If the field surface remains cloddy, this agricultural practice is repeated perpendicular to the first leveling.

Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out to retain moisture in the soil, keeping the soil loose and free from weeds. It is carried out to the depth of sowing seeds immediately after the incorporation of volatile herbicides (eradican 6.7E, sutan plus 6.7E) or after the application of herbicides that do not require immediate incorporation (agelon, ramrod), with combined tillage implements that combine loosening, leveling in one pass and rolling. The method of movement is shuttle, at an angle of 40 - 45˚ to the direction of the main cultivation, with an overlap width between strokes of 15 - 20 cm. soil lumps ranging in size from 1 to 5 cm. The presence of lumps of more than 10 cm is not allowed. The deviation of the processing depth from the specified one should not exceed ± 1 cm.

Alignment, application and incorporation of basic herbicides, pre-sowing treatment is carried out in-line without interruption of time. This contributes to a uniform depth of sowing seeds, saving moisture in the soil and obtaining friendly corn shoots.

The system of basic tillage for corn.

Predecessor	weediness		Deadline	Agrotechnical quality requirements.
	Spring late	1. Stubble
		2. Treatment with herbicides		Spraying with herbicides of group 2.4D at a dose of 2 kg dv / ha at an air temperature of 14 - 18 °
		3. Autumn plowing
		4. Slitting

The system of pre-sowing tillage for corn.

Events	Deadlines	Agrotechnical requirements for implementation
1. Early spring harrowing	Physical ripeness of the soil
2. Soil leveling
3. Applying herbicides and incorporating them into the soil	Immediate herbicide incorporation
4. 1st cultivation		On ch. 8-12 cm.
5. 2nd cultivation
6. Pre-sowing cultivation

5.4. Preparing seeds for sowing.

One of the main conditions for obtaining high yields of grain and green mass of corn is sowing seeds of zoned hybrids of the first generation. In the process of pre-sowing preparation, the seeds must be brought to the highest sowing conditions, homogeneous fractions should be isolated by calibration, pathogens and pests should be destroyed. Seeds prepared for sowing must meet the requirements established by the state standard for the first class. Field germination of seeds of the first class is usually lower than the laboratory one by 10-15%.

At special plants, corn seeds are dried, brought to a moisture content of 12-13%, calibrated, treated and packed in paper bags for shipment to collective farms. Cobs are threshed 10-15 days before sowing on threshers (MKP-3.0). To ensure friendly and full-fledged seedlings, corn seeds are calibrated on grain cleaning machines and samples are taken to seed control laboratories to check sowing qualities. If the seeds are conditioned, they are prepared for sowing.

To increase the germination energy, seeds with a layer of no more than 12 cm are heated in the sun on a dry site for 4-6 days. During the heating during the day, they are gently stirred several times, and at night they are covered with a tarpaulin or cleaned in a dry room. Active ventilation of seeds also gives positive results; machines for drying seeds on currents are used for it. To protect corn seeds from fungal diseases and pests in the soil, a presowing treatment of seeds with 80% d.p. gives a good effect. TMTD (1.5 - 2 kg/t) or combined treaters (fentiuram, hexathiuram, tigam, vitatiuram). When caterpillars spread on crops of wireworms, caterpillars, scoops, seeds are treated with HCCH at the rate of 2 kg/t of seeds.

Inlay. This treatment method consists in the fact that an aqueous solution of a polymeric film-forming agent, polyvinyl alcohol, is applied to the seed coat, into which, in addition to dressing agents, substances necessary to activate seed germination are introduced.

For seed treatment, the composition is used (per 1 ton of seeds): polyvinyl alcohol - 0.5-1 kg, biologically active substances, pesticide according to the norm in accordance with the instructions for use. The introduction of microelements into the hydrophilic film of fentiuram helps to increase the field germination of severely injured seeds. The method of encrusting seeds is simple, safe, acceptable for the system of modern grain dressing machines.

Under field conditions, film-forming protectants are highly effective at different sowing dates. .

Measures to prepare seeds for sowing.

Events		Technique, drug norms (kg)	Tools, machines	quality requirements
1. Pre-cleaning	Immediately after cleaning	Cleaning from organic and mineral impurities, sand, pebbles, straw, etc.		Purification of coarse impurities
2. Drying seeds	After pre-cleaning	Removal of moisture for 1 reception in grain 6% and bringing to the basic condition	Drying unit	Compliance will limit. Conditions
3. Primary cleaning	After drying	Cleaning of weed impurity, weed seed		Compliance with the basic condition for weed impurities

Continuation of the table. 7
4. Secondary cleaning	After autumn drying	Cleaning from grain impurities: immature grains, feeble, broken, darkened, deformed		Compliance with the basic condition for grain impurities
5. Air heat treatment	Before sowing (2-3 weeks before)	Pace. Thermal agent - 35º 5 – 7 days in the sun	Drying unit	Compliance with GOST in terms of purity, moisture content of seeds. Increasing the energy of the vitality of the symbols.
6. Pickling	10 - 15 days before sowing	fentiuram, hexathiuram, tigam, vitatiuram		Disinfection of seeds from rust, smut, root rot.

5.5. Calculation of the weight rate of sowing.

For corn, the weight seeding rate will be calculated using the formula:

where H in is the weight seeding rate, kg/ha;

P is the required number of plants before harvesting, ml/ha;

A - weight of 1000 seeds, g

P – field germination of seeds, %;

D is the number of dead plants during the growing season, %.

P \u003d 9 * 10000 \u003d 90000 pieces / ha

5.6. Sowing corn.

The most favorable conditions for germination and obtaining friendly seedlings of corn are created with a steady warming up of the soil at a depth of sowing seeds up to 10 - 12 ° C. On sandy soil, which warms up faster, especially on the southern slopes, you can start sowing earlier. clay soil, as well as the soil of the northern slopes and peat bogs warms up more slowly. In these areas, it is recommended to sow corn later. It has been established that cold-resistant varieties of corn germinate at a temperature of 5-6°C and even lower, but it gives more friendly seedlings at a soil temperature at a seeding depth of at least 10°C. In the Far East in May, the soil temperature at a depth of 5-10 cm can fluctuate sharply during the day and throughout the month, and therefore the sowing time may be different in different years, but in the main agricultural regions the best yields of green mass and cobs are obtained when sown in mid-May.

In the conditions of Primorsky Krai, it is better to sow from May 20 to May 30. Choosing the right sowing time great importance in the fight against wetting of plants. When planted early, corn usually makes better use of autumn and winter moisture, suffers less from drought, develops faster and dries less.

In order to obtain early cobs of milk and wax ripeness for food purposes, corn is preliminarily grown indoors in peat-muck or dung-earth pots, and then planted in open ground.

The depth of seed placement significantly affects the uniformity of emergence of seedlings, their completeness, as well as the growth, development and productivity of corn. It depends on the mechanical composition of the soil and temperature. On light soils, corn is planted to a depth of 8 - 9 cm, on heavy soils - 5 - 6 cm. In spring, the surface layers of the soil warm up better than the lower ones. Therefore, at an early date, it is better to sow corn at a shallower depth, but always in moist soil; at later dates, the sowing depth should be increased to 8-10 cm.

Seeds normally swell and germinate when the soil moisture is not lower than 18 - 20%, which should be taken into account when setting the sowing depth. Corn seeds can tolerate deep sowing. The maximum economic depth is 15 cm, and the biological depth is 37.

Seeding rate: when sowing with calibrated seeds, 3-4 grains are placed in each nest. The weight rate for seeds of large fractions is 18-22 kg/ha, medium - 15-18 kg/ha and small - 12-15 kg/ha. With dotted sowing, 7-8 conditioned grains are sown per linear meter of a row. The seeding rate is increased due to cool weather at the time of sowing, as well as a possible decrease in temperature by the beginning of the growing season and damage by diseases and pests.

It is very important that the seeds are evenly distributed both in depth and in the row. This creates favorable conditions for the emergence of friendly shoots of corn, positively affects the individual productivity of plants.

Exist different ways sowing corn. For example, according to intensive cultivation technology, it can be sown in a dotted way. But in the Far East, the main method is the square-nested method of sowing corn with a feeding area of ​​70570. It is carried out with SKGN-6V and SKGN-6A seeders. It is also sown in nesting way.

Under local conditions, due to waterlogging of the soil, it is often impossible to apply cross-cultivation of crops, which negatively affects the yield. With a high culture of agriculture, dotted sowing of corn is promising, when the seeds are arranged in rows at a distance of 35 cm. It is carried out with the SKNK-6 seeder. With dotted sowing, the row spacings are cultivated in one direction, in the rows weeds are destroyed with the help of herbicides. To protect crops from soaking in many farms, corn is grown on ridges and ridges. It is especially important to grow grain corn on the ridges.

The DalNIISH has developed a technology for growing corn and created a set of machines for sowing and caring for plants on ridges and ridges. For sowing on ridges, the factory coulter runners of the corn seeder are replaced with new ones with ridge-forming discs. The coulter makes a compacted groove 1–1.5 cm deep with a runner, into which corn seeds are placed. The spherical discs running behind the opener close them up and form a ridge. Then, the drive spikes of the seeder roll along the ridge, which compact the loosened soil, thereby improving the flow of moisture to the seeds from the lower soil layers.

For sowing corn on the ridges, you can also use a seeder-cultivator designed by DalNIISKh. It was created on the basis of units and mechanisms of the KRN-4.2 cultivator and the SZN-24 or SZN-16 seeder. This seeder in a three-ridge version can work in combination with MTZ-50 and MTZ-52 tractors, in a five-ridge version - with DT-54A and DT-75 tractors. The seeder forms ridges, applies mineral fertilizers and sows corn in one pass. It is also used to care for corn.

On hailstones, corn is sown with grain seeders SU-24 or SZN-24. Two coulters with a row spacing of 50 cm are installed on each ridge. For this purpose, converted corn seeders SKGN-6A and SKNK-6 can also be used.

Seeders must be adjusted so that each coulter sows the same number of seeds at a strictly specified depth (permissible deviations of ± 1 cm) - this is the key to obtaining uniform, friendly seedlings.

Agrotechnical requirements for sowing corn: allowable duration of sowing on the farm - 3-4 days, on one field - 1-2 days, deviations in the uniformity of seed placement are not more than 30%, seed crushing is not more than 0.2%, deviation from the seeding rate is not more than 5%, the deviation of the butt row spacing is ±5 cm, the main row spacing is ±1 cm.

Planting area, ha	Sowing dates	Sowing methods, scheme	Seeding rate, million or thousand and kg/ha	Embedding depth, cm	Machines and tools	Seeding quality requirements
		1. Square socket	0.135 million/ha		SKGN-6V and SKGN-6A (seeders) MTZ-80 and YuMZ-6 (tractors)	See paragraph 5.6.
		2. On the ridges			SU-24 or SZN-24
		2. Dotted
		3. On the ridges			In the three-ridge version - MTZ-50 and MTZ-52, in the five-ridge version - DT-54A and DT-75.

5.7. Crop care.

Experiences of advanced corn growers of the Far East show that care of corn crops can be fully mechanized. To control weeds and soil crust before germination, crops are harrowed with toothed or mesh harrows and processed with rotating hoes. In years with a dry spring, when the soil surface remains loose, it is better to use light harrows. On heavily compacted soils, medium and heavy harrows are used. After germination, when plants form 2-3 leaves, harrowing can be repeated. The last time crops can be harrowed in the phase of 4 - 5 leaves. When shoots appear, the first inter-row cultivation is carried out with cultivators with flat-cutting paws (two razor paws and a lancet paw between them) with simultaneous harrowing with keyboard or mesh harrows. When the plants reach a height of 18 - 20 cm (12 - 15 days after the first treatment), a second inter-row treatment is carried out in two directions, and then after 12 - 13 days - the third. In the future, depending on the compaction of the soil and the infestation of crops, the treatments are repeated.

During cultivation, in order not to damage the plants, protective zones are left: at the first - 10 cm, at the subsequent ones - 12 - 15 cm. In this case, the corn is less damaged and the soil near the plants is better loosened. In nests, weeds are destroyed by cultivators with light wire harrows. On heavy waterlogged soils, during the third inter-row cultivation, instead of the central lancet paws, hillers are installed, tooth harrows are replaced by high spring harrows. With the help of such an aggregate, corn is hilled and furrows are made to discharge storm water. Hilling contributes to the formation of additional roots on the lower nodes of the stems, intensive growth of green mass, keeps the soil loose for a long time, improves air access to the roots and leads to an increase in yield.

If there are not enough nutrients in the soil, corn responds positively to top dressing.

When growing corn for grain, it is necessary to provide plants with favorable conditions for their growth and development in the first period of life. This accelerates the growth of corn and the formation of cobs. Mineral dressings should be used if the main fertilizer is not applied enough; it is better to apply them during the second inter-row treatment at the rate of 1 - 1.5 centners of superphosphate and 0.5 - 0.7 centners of ammonium nitrate per ha.

An important means of weed control is spraying crops before germination and after germination (after the formation of 3-4 leaves) with herbicide 2.4D. It destroys up to 96% of dicotyledonous weeds and increases the yield by 42.8 q/ha. Before germination, the herbicide rate is 3 kg/ha, in the phase of 3-4 leaves - 1-1.2 kg/ha; hectare rate of the drug is dissolved in 25 - 50 liters of water. Simazine gives good results. In the experiments of the DalNIISKh, when applying 3 kg of a.i. simazina, 60% of weeds died, the yield increased by 87 kg / ha. It is applied before harrowing, before sowing or 2-3 days after sowing at the rate of 2-2.5 kg/ha; hectare rate of the drug is dissolved in 25 - 50 liters of water. The greatest mortality was noted when using mixtures of herbicides: simazine + 2.4D amine salt and simazine + sodium trichloroacetate + 2.4D.

In local conditions importance has additional artificial pollination of corn. It eliminates the empty grain and through the grain of the cobs, increases the grain size, and increases the yield by 5-6 centners per hectare. Additional pollination is carried out by shaking the sultans with a rope or hands stretched over the top of the plants. You can shake the pollen into buckets, and then apply it with a cotton swab to the stigmas of the flowers. It is necessary to pollinate corn 2-3 times during the flowering of plants in the morning, after the dew has subsided. .

Protection of corn from pests and diseases. To combat the swedish fly during the emergence period and again after 5-7 days, the crops are treated with a 16% mineral oil emulsion of the gamma isomer HCCH (1.5 l/ha) or 80% chlorophos (1.5 kg/ha). ha). When caterpillars of the meadow moth appear, the crops are treated with 7% granular chlorophos (20 kg/ha) or sprayed with 80% chlorophos (1.5 kg/ha) during the mass appearance of caterpillars and again after 7-10 days. Treat crops with chlorophos should be no more than two times. In the fight against caterpillars of younger ages, winter and other nibbling cutworms, crops are sprayed with a 16% emulsion of the gamma isomer of HCH (1.5 l / ha). Against caterpillars of older ages, 10% granulated bazudine (50 kg/ha) is superficially applied. The consumption rate of the working fluid during processing with ground equipment is 300 - 500 l / ha, during aviation processing - 25 - 50 l / ha. .

Plant care activities

Events	Terms of work	Plant development phase	Unit composition	quality requirements
Pre and post-emergence harrowing			S-18 + BZSS-1.0
Post-emergence application of insurance herbicides		Only in phase 3 - 5 leaves	MTZ-50; T-70 + 6PSh-15
1st inter-row processing
2nd and 3rd inter-row processing		Treatment up to phase 7 - 8 leaves (plant height 50 - 60cm)	MTZ-50; T-70 + KRN-4.2 or KRN-5.6	The use of plow blades or disc harrows for sprinkling weeds in protective strips. Protective zone - 12 - 15 cm. + For hilling

Growing hybrid seeds.

It is known that hybrid plants are 20–25% more productive than pure varieties. You can grow hybrid corn seeds in every farm in Primorye. Zoned varieties can serve as a mother plant here, and Primorskaya yellow flint as a father plant. When sowing, two rows of the maternal form alternate with one row of the paternal form. Zoned varieties of corn often bush and form side shoots with well-formed panicles. In this case, the pollen of the mother plant can pollinate its own cobs, deteriorating the quality of the hybrid seeds. Therefore, in the areas of hybridization on mother plants, before flowering, stepchildren are cut off two to three times and panicles are cut off daily for 10 to 15 days, and varietal weeding of plants self-pollinated by the line of maternal and paternal forms, atypical and low-yielding.

It is also possible to grow corn hybrids on a sterile basis. For this purpose forms of maize with cytoplasmic male sterility are used. In this case, it is not required to break the panicles on female plants and a more complete hybridization is ensured. .

5.8. Field preparation and harvesting.

It is recommended to start harvesting corn to obtain grain and seeds at the end of the wax period - the beginning of full ripeness and finish in a short time. Early harvesting of corn has great advantages compared to late harvesting: it allows better use of favorable weather conditions, eliminates the negative impact on seeds of early autumn frosts, allows you to start and finish drying corn earlier, which increases the productivity of dryers. With earlier harvesting for grain, the fodder qualities of the stalk mass of corn for ensiling are preserved.

Some farms use too early harvesting of grain corn, which leads to crop shortages and reduced seed quality. Taking into account that cobs harvested early have high humidity, a well-organized drying economy makes it possible to avoid long-term preliminary storage, which may reduce the quality of seeds.

The question of the possibility of growing plants from immature seeds has long attracted the attention of researchers. The data of many scientific institutions indicate that seeds harvested at waxy ripeness produce normal seeds, which in their sowing qualities differ only slightly from seeds harvested at full ripeness.

For harvesting corn, special corn harvesters KKH-3 ​​and Khersonets-7, as well as converted self-propelled grain harvesters, are used. Machine harvesting for grain can be carried out in one of three ways: without cleaning, with cleaning or threshing of cobs.

Harvesting with simultaneous cleaning of cobs is the main one, as it excludes the use of two machines, excessive transshipment of cobs and the inevitable loss and injury of grain associated with this. This work is carried out by the universal corn harvester "Khersonets-7" at row spacings of 70 and 90 cm with and without separation of cobs and leafy mass.

When harvesting corn for grain with threshing the cobs, the number of operations, the need for special machines are significantly reduced and the organization of work is greatly simplified, which makes it possible to reduce labor costs by 2.5 times and money by 1.5 - 2 times.

Harvesting grain corn without cleaning the cobs is carried out by combines KKH-3.

An important point in corn harvesting is the timely cleaning of the cobs from wrapping leaves with simultaneous sorting in order to remove defective cobs, which occasionally occur. Post-cleaning should be carried out immediately, immediately after the arrival of the cobs on the current.

The cleaning line should consist of a receiving hopper with a vibrating feeder, TPK-20 and LT-10 conveyors, OPP-5 and OP-15 harvesters equipped with an electric drive, a T-11 conveyor-sorting table and a bin for clean ears. .

5.9. Calculation of the seed filling fund and the area of ​​seed plots

Calculation of the backfill fund for corn seeds

Name	Indicators
culture	Corn
	Moldavian 215 SV
Reproduction for 2002
Area, ha
Seeding rate, c/ha
Productivity, c/ha
Waste during seed processing, c
Productivity of conditioned seeds, c
It is necessary to cover the seeds of the main fund, c insurance fund, c
Seed plot area, ha
Term of variety renewal	Annually	Annually

6. Calculation of payment for delivered grain

Calculation of the test weight of delivered grain

Quality indicators	Factual data, %	Basic conditions, %	Deviation of the fact from the basis, %	Coef. recalculation	Discount (-) or surcharge (+)
Humidity
Weed impurity, %
Amount of discount (-) or surcharge (+), %
Discount (-) or surcharge (+), t

The surcharge from the actually handed over grain will be:

x - 3% X= 13.5 t

The net weight is equal to:

450 + 13.5 = 463.5 t

Calculation of payment for grain cleaning

Cleaning fee per 1 ton in RUB:

1t = 3500 rub

3500 rub - 100%

х – 1.5% х = 22.5 rub/t

Fee for cleaning actually delivered grain:

450 * 22.5 = 10125 rubles

Preliminary cost of the credited mass in rubles:

3500 * 463.5 = 1622250 rubles

Calculation of the final cost of the credited mass

Quality indicators	Factual data, %	Basic conditions, %	Deviation of the fact from the basis, %	Coef. recalculation	Discount (-) or surcharge (+)
Grain admixture, %
Infection, degree
Discount, surcharge, %
Discount, surcharge, rub

The final cost of the credited mass is equal to:

1622250 - 10125 - 19467 \u003d 16192658 rubles.

7. Agrotechnical part of the technological map of corn cultivation.

Tab. fourteen

Agrotechnical plan for the cultivation of corn

Name of works		calendar dates		quality requirements	Composition of aggregates
						agricultural machine
1. Stubble				Ch. peeling 6 - 8 cm. The angle of attack of the discs is 20-25 °. Crop residues on the soil surface after processing 35-40% The diameter of the lumps is up to 10 cm. Weed cutting is complete. The speed of movement of the unit is up to 10 km/h. In 2 tracks.	K-700, K-700A
2. Herbicide treatment				Spraying with herbicides of group 2.4D at a dose of 2 kg AI / ha at an air temperature of 14 - 18 °
3. Autumn plowing				Plowing with plows with skimmers on Ch. 16 - 22 cm across the previous main tillage.
4. Slitting				On ch. not less than 50 cm, up to 60 cm, distance between slots 1.2-1.4 m
5. Early spring harrowing	Physical ripeness of the soil			Good leveling and crumbling of the soil. The movement of the unit at an angle of 45 ° to the main processing. If necessary in 2-a trace		S-18+BZSS-1.0
6. Soil leveling	Full physical ripeness of the soil			The movement of the unit at an angle of 45 ° to the main processing.		Leveler ZZhV-18, harrow ShB-2
Continuation of the table. fourteen
7. Applying herbicides and incorporating them into the soil	Immediate herbicide incorporation		Seal on ch. 8-12 cm. Eradikan 6.7 E, 80% a.e. – 6-7 l/ha, alirox, 80% a.e. - 6-7 cm.
8. 1st cultivation	As weeds emerge		On ch. 8-12 cm.				KPS-4+BZSS-1.0
9. 2nd cultivation
10. Pre-sowing cultivation			By 8-10 cm. The field is well leveled before sowing, 80% of lumps are 1-5 cm in size. The presence of lumps more than 10 cm is not allowed.				KPS-4+BZSS-1.0
11. Air heat treatment			Pace. Thermal agent - 35º 5 – 7 days in the sun Compliance with GOST in terms of purity, moisture content of seeds. Increasing energy, viability of seeds.				Drying unit
12. Pickling			fentiuram, hexathiuram, tigam, vitatiuram. Disinfection of seeds from smut, rust, root rot.
			Seeding at exactly the right depth. Seeds calibrated and treated with fungicides. When sowing with encrusted seeds, the embedding depth is reduced by 2-3 cm. Seeds are placed evenly, deviations from the specified interval are not more than 30%. Deviations in the width of the main row spacings are not more than 1 cm, butt spacings are ±5 cm. The speed of movement of the unit with SCH-6M is up to 6, SUPN-8 is up to 8, SKPP-12 is up to 12 km/h

Continuation of the table. fourteen
12. Pre and post-emergence harrowing		Sowing diagonally to a depth of 3 - 4 cm. In early sowing with encrusted seeds, pre-emergence harrowing is carried out with light harrows		S-18 + BZSS-1.0
13. Post-emergence application of insurance herbicides	Only in phase 3 - 5 leaves	2,4D amine salt, 40% w.c. – 1.5 – 2.5 l/ha, 50% w.c. – 1.2 – 2 l/ha, bazagran, 48% w.m. – 2–4 l/ha (in the presence of annual weeds resistant to herbicides of group 2.4D)
14. 1st inter-row processing	When corn sprouts	Depth of processing 4 - 6 cm, full cutting of weeds in row-spacings. The use of guards, needle discs or wire harrows to kill weeds in protective strips. Protective zone - 10 cm
15. 2nd and 3rd inter-row cultivation	When weeds emerge	The use of plow blades or disc harrows for sprinkling weeds in protective strips. Protective zone - 12 - 15 cm + for hilling Processing up to the phase of 7-8 leaves (plant height 50 - 60 cm)
16. Harvest		Harvesting on the cob with threshing of the cobs for grain		"Khersonets-200" "Khersonets-9" Grain combines with attachments PPK-4
17. Pre-cleaning	Immediately after cleaning	Cleaning from organic and mineral impurities, sand, pebbles, straw, etc. Cleaning from coarse impurities.
18. Seed drying	After pre-cleaning	Removal of moisture for 1 reception in the grain of 6% and bringing to the basic condition.		Drying unit
19. Primary cleaning	After drying	Cleaning from weed impurity, weed seed. Compliance with the basic condition for weed impurities
20. Secondary cleaning	After autumn drying	Cleaning from grain impurities: immature grains, feeble, broken, darkened, deformed. Compliance with the basic condition for grain impurities

Bibliography:

1. Soils of Primorsky Krai / G.I. Ivanov - Vladivostok, 1964, - 108 p.

2. Crop production with the basics of breeding and seed production / G.V. Korenev, P.I. Podgorny, S.N. Shcherbak; Ed. G.V. Koreneva. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. – 575 p.

3. Agrochemistry. - 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Agropromizdat, 1991. – 288 p.

4. Intensive technologies of cultivation of agricultural crops / G.G. Gataulina, A.I. Zinchenko; ed. G.V. Koreneva. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1988. – 301 p.

5. Crop production / S.M. Bugai, A.I. Zinchenko, V.I. Moiseenko, I.A. Gorak. - K .: Head Publishing House, 1987. - 328 p.

6. Crop production Far East, Khabarovsk, book. Ed., 1970. - 400 p.

7. Variety resources of field crops Far East / I.M. Shindin, V.V. Bochkarev - Birobidzhan: I KARP FEB RAN, Ussuriysk: PGSHA, 1998. - 110 p.

8. Crop production / G.S. Posypanov - M .: Kolos, 1997. - 254 p.

9. Agricultural technology of highly productive varieties of grain crops. – M.: “Kolos”, 1977. – 351 p.

10. Agricultural technology of mechanized cultivation of corn / A.A. Vasilchenko - M.: "Spike", 1972. - 104 p.

11. Diseases and pests of corn in Primorsky Krai and measures to combat them / Z.M. Azbukina, Z.G. Osimov. - Vladivostok., 1956. - 124 p.

Processing of grain crops

The company "VITAL PRODUCT" uses the most modern European technologies in the field of processing corn grain using the equipment of the companies "SOVOKRIM" and "MILLERAL".

Products are manufactured in accordance with international requirements in the field of food safety - FSSC 22000.

• Productive capacity

  • 300 tons per day
  • Modern European technologies in the field of processing
  • Equipment of SOVOKRIM and MILLERAL companies

• Logistics

  • Own logistics network for auto and rail shipments
  • Railway tracks at the Ryzdvyanny station, Stavropol Territory
  • Fleet of trucks for the transportation of bulk and packed cargo in the amount of 25 units

• Quality

  • Manufacture of products in accordance with international requirements in the field of food safety - FSSC 22000
  • Certification was carried out by the Swiss company SGS in 2016
  • Own laboratory for testing the physical and chemical parameters of corn grain and products of its processing
  • Processing quality control at every stage
  • Projection of the operation of each production unit on the control panel
  • Multilinear production of different fractions

Corn is one of the activities of our country. As an agricultural crop, it occupies one of the highest places in Russia in terms of production.

The full cycle of an enterprise begins with research. The main indicators on which the future corn harvest will depend are being studied. After that, cultivation takes place directly - the most responsible process. Although without human influence this type of crop can grow without much problem, supervisory control is necessary. Proper care requires certain skills and abilities. Constant watering is one of the main parameters due to which corn will grow in quality and healthy. During the active stage of growth, the removal of lateral processes is necessary.

Active control of diseases and pests is also carried out. It is advisable to stop them initial stages, because the quantity and quality of the crop directly depends on this.

Our country has about 3,000 thousand hectares devoted to corn. This fact confirms that corn is one of the main directions in agricultural activity.

Harvesting is no less responsible process. Due to the fact that many companies have modern and high-quality equipment, harvesting and transportation of corn takes place very quickly and, which is no less important, with high quality. The main goal is to minimize losses, as well as reduce damage to the corn grain. There are certain requirements for the technological process, following which leads to maximum results.

Grain storage conditions must provide the necessary temperature control, as well as a moisture system that provides the most favorable conditions for long-term storage.

Corn processing should be carried out according to modern European technologies, subject to certain standards. The figure of 300 tons per day gives any enterprise an advantage over competitors. Also, any company should have two or three lines that will not depend on each other. Thanks to this, it is possible to produce products of different granulometry, which will be a great advantage.

Thanks to the company's own logistics network, corn products such as flour, oil, feed are usually delivered quickly and safely. At the moment, the enterprises of our country have a great potential for productivity, which is proof of the constant growth and quality of products.

Corn is one of the highest yielding crops in our country. The sown area in Russia is 21.9 million hectares. This figure once again confirms the importance of this type of culture. Corn by-products increase in variety over time. If earlier it was possible to isolate only corn flakes, today it is also used for food. corn porridge, and corn sticks and other derivatives of corn.

Corn products in last years are getting more and more greater value In human life. Their usefulness has been proven by many scientists and researchers. Therefore, many people refuse wheat products in favor of corn. The presence of beneficial nutrients, along with the fact that products from corn products are dietary, gives even more superiority over other types of this kind. Athletes are increasingly beginning to pay attention to this type of cereal. After all, the minerals that are contained in corn grits give them the strength to recover, as well as the proteins that are so necessary for the growth of muscle mass.

Maize processing is carried out at specialized enterprises. The equipment must comply with all norms and rules, since obtaining corn processed products is a difficult and responsible process. Previously, when technological schemes were far from today's ideal, corn processing technology was integrated. This created difficulties with the availability of free space. One small workshop could not cope with the entire flow. During the production of corn groats in the corn flakes production workshop, requirements were voiced to increase the output of large groats. Thus, the production of flakes increased, since corn grits were often used as feed and waste. However, these requirements led to the fact that flint corn became scarce, and the need for large volumes became more urgent. The thing is that flint corn is too low-yielding, so it was impossible to provide such volumes that would give the required yield of processed products. Now the trend is such that most of them go to flour, cereals, butter and livestock feed. It reaches about 80%. The remaining 20% ​​comes from the production of corn flakes. However, this has its own plus. Due to this, it turns out to achieve better quality cereals for flakes.

At the moment, it is customary to divide corn processing technology into stages, thereby ensuring high-quality work, as well as convenience.

Since corn products are produced at fairly large flour and cereal enterprises, this creates excellent conditions for additional jobs. Thanks to the fact that corn processing is gaining more and more momentum, favorable conditions are being created for improving automation processes and improving working conditions.

Corn processing technology is an interesting and rather complicated process. Like all such procedures, it has its own individual characteristics and nuances. Currently, centralized processing and processing of corn is often used. This is done in order to more rationally use all the products of corn processing. Different types of cereals can be used for various purposes and directions. Some for cereal, some for corn oil, and some for corn sticks.

The technological scheme of processing has one important feature. It must ensure the separation of the germ, which, in turn, is fundamental to corn oil. At large plants, several technological schemes are used at once, in which corn processing takes on different directions. According to one of the schemes, polished cereals are obtained, according to the other - cereals for sticks and cereals.

Thus, several types of corn processing products are obtained. Each of them has already occupied a certain niche in the world of products. And every year the volumes only increase. Maize processing technologies are also reaching a new level of development, which provides a more powerful way to bring the necessary products to the market.

At present, the production of corn products is beginning to occupy an increasingly significant place in our country. The number of corn processing plants has been gradually increasing over the past 20 years. But compared to the US, Russia is still lower. However, the rapid growth of this type of production allows in the coming years to catch up with the country of North America. In our country, in addition to the construction of new ones, the reconstruction of old, idle corn processing enterprises is also taking place, since this requires somewhat smaller investments.

At the moment in Russia, more than ten projects are at the design stage. All these projects relate specifically to the creation of new corn processing plants. This growth occurs for several reasons. One of them is the economy. With increased productivity, this area can become not only a vehicle for investment, but also a source of income. This also improves the transport infrastructure.

The climate in Russia is very favorable for the growth of corn. If we turn to the analytics of past years, we can see that, despite the drought that was in our country in 2010, the yield was still higher than in the nineties. This confirms the fact that investing in a corn processing plant is bearing fruit.

If we analyze the three directions in which the market develops and increases, namely export, processing and feed, then significant growth is possible only in processing. That is why there is such a rapid, in contrast to previous years, construction of large corn processing plants. If we consider and analyze possible development in the other two directions, we can come to certain conclusions. In order to actively develop exports, it is necessary to develop many factors. First of all, it is transport infrastructure and logistics. It will be much more profitable to build a corn processing plant. And a large number of competitors in the world market will not allow to fight for large volumes of exports.

As far as feed is concerned, the livestock industry will likewise not be able to increase domestic use of processed crops. And the thing is that the so-called "feed conversion" is significantly reduced every year. Therefore, the construction of corn processing plants is the only correct and developing solution.

Large corn processing plants in Russia are of several types. Each differs from each other in the resulting products. One is engaged in the production of cereals, flakes and flour. Another corn processing plant is responsible for the production of molasses and starch products. Each of them has its own processes, thanks to which the necessary product is obtained.

The construction of corn processing plants is carried out through investments and financial support from various companies, very often state-owned. These investments not only pay for themselves, but also give a powerful boost to the economy of the Russian Federation. Due to its geographical location, as well as diverse climatic conditions, our country has excellent opportunities to become the best manufacturer corn products. Large corn processing plants have been built not only in the south of the country, but also in central Russia. Thus, the number of jobs in the regions increases, workers undergo special training and, thereby, improve their professional skills.

The corn processing plant also has several negative impacts. First of all, these are sewage treatment plants. They can be in a very bad state, so after the corn processing plant is built, it is necessary to invest heavily in the aforementioned infrastructure as well. Otherwise, rivers and agricultural lands will become infected, thereby causing total harm to the ecology of the environment.

As you know, high consumer properties and market value are corn grits produced with the separation of the grain germ, i.e. low-fat cereal. Such cereals are used for the production of corn sticks, snacks, beer, etc. For the production of corn grits today, two fundamentally different technologies are offered - traditional and relatively new. The traditional technology involves the primary grinding of corn grain in percussion degerminators, the separation of the germ and its further use as a food product. The new technology is implemented by abrasive action degerminators, where, as a result of force effects, the embryo is crushed and removed from the processing process, i.e. can be used in crushed form only for fodder purposes as part of flour.

Having researched, experimented and studied the economics of processing a lot, our company has doubted the prospects for the development and introduction of new technology into the industry. The reason for this is the following insurmountable shortcomings.

1. Instead of using 8-10% of the germ for food purposes, it is sent to flour and sold as flour. At the same time, in the markets of Ukraine and Russia, the cost of a corn germ is equal to the cost of cereals, which is more than twice as expensive as flour.

2. The increased content of moisture and fat in flour, due to processing technology, creates a constant threat of spoilage, especially in warm periods of the year. The rapid development of mold fungi causes the presence of mycotoxins in flour, which causes poisoning and death of animals.

3. Grain of mainly flint corn is suitable for processing according to the new technology, which increases the cost of raw materials and significantly narrows the raw material base of production.

4. Degerminators of the abrasive type are energy-intensive, expensive machines with intensively worn out, requiring regular replacement of working bodies.

Obviously, companies offering such technology as “next generation technology” have not fully tested it and not for all markets with an assessment of the consequences of implementation.

However, in the countries of the former Soviet Union most corn processing plants use traditional technology. Despite its obvious advantages, the problem is that at the time of implementation this technology was not sufficiently substantiated and a number of methods for its implementation existed at the level of assumptions. The results of the operation of this technology have formed a well-deserved opinion about the need to improve it. To date, our company has developed and tested effective methods improvements in traditional technology, the basis of which is:

Preliminary peeling of grain, which allows to reduce shock loads during primary grinding, which increases the efficiency of groat formation and preserves the germ in its entirety;

Exclusion of product inversions in systems for selecting the embryo on pneumatic tables due to control systems;

The use of flatteners and grinding systems for enrichment of small products.

Thus, we are ready to create new production facilities and reconstruct existing ones, which will provide you with maximum profitability due to the efficient processing of corn grain with the highest possible yield and quality, as well as guaranteeing the required level of fat content in cereals.

We also produce:

Various products are made from corn. The main ones are polished numbered grits, grits for the production of corn flakes and sticks. Polished grits are divided into five numbers. The dimensions of each groats number are similar to those of barley groats, only corn grits No. 1 are obtained not by passing a sieve with holes of 0 3.5 mm, but by passing a sieve with holes of 0 4.0 mm.

Corn groats for the production of flakes are much larger, it is obtained by a passage with holes of 0 7 mm and a descent of 0 5 mm. Corn groats for sticks are small groats, it is obtained by a sieve No. receive cornmeal, which roughly corresponds in size to wholemeal flour.

A feature of the technological scheme of corn processing is the need to isolate the germ, which is a valuable raw material for the production of corn oil.

At cereal factories, one of three technological schemes is used. According to the first scheme, polished numbered groats are obtained, according to the second - groats for cereals and sticks, according to. the third is cereal for sticks.

Production of polished cereals

The process of grain preparation and processing includes the following operations: separation of impurities, GTO, grain crushing in order to separate the germ, drying and sorting of grinding products. Impurities are isolated in two water separators and a stone separator.

TRP contributes to a better separation of the membranes and the embryo. Corn is moistened with water at a temperature of 40 ° C or steamed at a steam pressure of 0.07-0.1 MPa for 3-5 minutes, which allows you to bring the moisture content of the grain to 16--16%. Grain tempering is carried out for 2--3 hours (Appendix 1).

The separation of the embryo and shells, as well as grain crushing, is carried out in degerminators. The grinding products are sorted in sieving, a large fraction is isolated by descending from a sieve with holes 0 5.5--6.0 mm, which is sent for re-crushing. The passage of a sieve with holes 0 1.4 mm is sent to roller mills for grinding, into flour. Intermediate in size products are used for the production of cereals. In order to isolate germ particles and shells, the product is sieved in an aspirator and then sorted on pneumoetols.

The selected germ is dried in a dryer to a moisture content of no more than 10% for its better preservation. The isolated endosperm particles are sent to the A1-ZSHN machines. To obtain polished and rounded cereals, it is necessary to process it four times.

After each grinding system, the products are screened in aspirators and sieved in screeners. Light particles are ground on a specially dedicated roller machine into flour. From the last grinding system, a mixture of cereals of different sizes is obtained, which is sorted by numbers in screening machines.

Production of cereals for cereals and sticks

The scheme for preparing grain for processing is approximately the same as in the production of polished corn grits. Some difference lies in the modes of operations for isolating the germ. 20--30 minutes (APPENDIX 2).

High moisture content of corn increases its plasticity, allows the germ to be isolated in the degermator during larger grain crushing, which is necessary to obtain large grains. After processing in a degerminator, the crushed products are dried in a dryer to a moisture content of not more than 15% and sorted.

For the production of cereals for flakes, a fraction is used that is charged by the passage of sieves with openings of 0 8 mm and a descent of 0 5 mm. From this product, after a single treatment in the AI-ZSHN machine and in the aspirator, the embryo is isolated, then it is sieved a second time on sieves with holes of 0 7 and 5 mm. The descent of a sieve with holes of 0 5 mm is grits for flakes. Smaller products after the separation of the embryo from them on pneumatic tables are successively ground in four roller machines into fine grains and flour. Groats are obtained by passing sieves No. 1,2 and gathering No. 09 (sifting of the 1st and 2nd systems. After enrichment in sieve machines, the groats are sent to the bins. The germ isolated on pneumatic tables is dried to a moisture content of not more than 10%. Production of cereals for sticks At individual cereal factories, only small cereals for sticks are produced. The scheme of such a process differs little from that discussed above. The difference lies in the fact that finer grain crushing is carried out in the degermmator (particle size no more than 4 mm).

For grinding intermediate products enriched on pneumatic tables, five systems of roller mills and sifters are used. A somewhat more advanced grinding process compared to the previous scheme is explained large quantity shredded products.

The range and yield of corn grits are shown in table 1.

Table 1. Assortment and yield of corn grits