Who led the peasant war 1773 1775. Peasant wars in Russia

864, Novgorod uprising - an uprising of Novgorodians against Prince Rurik.

Since 860, Rurik, having come from Germany, rules in Ladoga. In 864, taking advantage of the internecine wars of his neighbors, Rurik comes to Novgorod and declares it the capital of the Russian land. Against this rebellion Novgorod under the leadership of Vadim the Brave. The uprising is suppressed by the Vikings, Vadim is killed, his supporters flee to Kyiv.
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1024, Suzdal uprising - performances of smerds in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.

The reason for the uprising is hunger. The rebels seize bread and kill the local nobility. The uprising is led by the Magi. The uprising is suppressed by Yaroslav the Wise.
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1237 - 1480, the Tatar-Mongol yoke or the Mongol-Tatar yoke, or the Mongol yoke - in Rus', the system of power of the Mongol-Tatar nomadic tribes over the people, acquired by capturing Russian territories and supported by devastating raids and receiving tribute.
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1547, Moscow uprising - anti-feudal urban uprising June 21 - 29, 1547.

The uprising takes place during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible. The reason is the strengthening of feudal oppression and violence during the reign of Glinsky. Participants - townspeople, heavy people. Unrest begins immediately after a huge fire on June 21, 1547. The rebels kill Prince Yu. V. Glinsky, commit pogroms. The uprising is crushed. Consequences - the fall of Glinsky, a series of unrest and uprisings in other cities and regions of Russia.
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1603, Cotton Rebellion - performance of serfs and peasants at the beginning of the 17th century.

Leader - Khlopko (or Khlopka, or Khlopok, or Khlopa, year of birth unknown, died in 1603, during the uprising). Geography - counties of the West, Center and South of Russia. The reasons for the uprising were the famine of 1601-1603, the mass escapes of serfs and peasants after serfdom took shape on a national scale, and the union of those who fled into bandits. In the summer of 1603, part of the detachments concentrated near Moscow. The uprising was suppressed by the tsarist troops in September 1603.
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1606 - 1607, the Peasant War led by Ivan Bolotnikov, or the Rebellion of Ivan Bolotnikov, or the First Peasant War - a massive uprising of serfs, peasants, townspeople, archers, Cossacks.

The reasons are the growth of feudal landownership, the oprichnina, the ruin of the peasantry associated with it, the establishment of “reserved years”, when peasants are forbidden to leave the feudal lords even on St. George’s Day, a decree on a five-year period for detecting the fugitives of November 24, 1597, the abolition of the right of bonded serfs to repay the debt until the death of their masters, etc. Geography - southwest and south of Russia, the Lower and Middle Volga region . Leader - Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov (son of a serf, executed). The uprising is suppressed by the troops.
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1648, the Salt Riot, or the Moscow Uprising - a mass uprising of the lower and middle strata of the townspeople, archers, serfs on June 1 - 11, 1648 in Moscow.

The salt riot was caused by the collection of arrears on the salt tax. In order to replenish the state treasury, the government replaces various direct taxes with a single tax on salt, which causes its price to rise several times. The indignation of the peasants and townspeople forced the government to cancel the new procedure for levying taxes, but the former arrears were collected immediately for the last three years.

The result of the uprising is that the initiators of the salt tax are killed by the rebels (P.T. Trakhaniotov) or, at the request of the people, executed (L.S. Pleshcheev) or expelled from the capital (head of government B.I. Morozov) by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. A deferment is introduced for the collection of salt tax. With a double salary, the archers are attracted by the tsar to their side, repressions are carried out against the participants in the uprising - many leaders and activists were executed on July 3, 1648. Morozov returns to Moscow and heads the government again.
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1650, the Novgorod uprising - a mass uprising in Novgorod of the lower and middle strata of the townspeople, archers, artisans, and the urban poor.

The reasons for the uprising are the rise in prices for bread, the rise in taxes, the abuses of the administration, the grain speculation of large merchants. The uprising is crushed. Consequences - five people were executed, over a hundred people were exiled to the north, to Astrakhan and the Terek.
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1662, Copper Riot - uprising on July 25, 1662 in Moscow.

Participants - representatives of the lower and middle strata of the townspeople, archers, soldiers. The reasons are the growth of taxes during the years of the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667, the issue of depreciated copper money. The uprising is suppressed by the archers - over a thousand people were killed and executed, several thousand people were exiled.
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1670 - 1671, the Peasant War led by Stepan Razin, or the Uprising of Stepan Razin, or the Second Peasant War - a mass anti-government movement of Cossacks, serfs, townspeople.

Geography - Don, Volga region, Trans-Volga region. The reason is the strengthening of serfdom, the dissatisfaction of the townspeople, suppressed by taxes and requisitions, the venality of the court and administration. The leader is the Don Cossack Stepan Timofeevich Razin (c. 1630 - 1671, quartered in Moscow). The rebels captured Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan, Saratov, Samara, Saransk, besieged, but did not take Simbirsk. The uprising is suppressed by the troops. Consequences - in 1671, for the first time, the Don Cossacks were sworn allegiance to the Russian Tsar.
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1682, Khovanshchina - uprising of archers and soldiers in late April - mid-September 1682.

The reasons are the abuses of the boyar-noble administration and the archery elite, the increase in taxes. Named after the head of the Streltsy order, I. A. Khovansky (? - 1682, executed).

A schismatic rebellion becomes an integral part of the uprising. At the end of June 1682, adherents of the old faith, led by Nikita Pustosvyat, demanded a public debate about faith with Patriarch Joachim. The debate is held July 5, 1682 in the Faceted Chamber. The dispute ends inconclusively, but the supporters of Nikita Pustosvyat claim the victory for themselves. On July 11, 1682, Nikita Pustosvyat was captured and executed.
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1698, the Streltsy uprising - the uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments.

The reasons are the hardships of service in the border towns and harassment by the colonels. The goal is an attempt to enthrone Princess Sophia or V.V. Golitsyn. The number of participants - 4000 people. The uprising is crushed. Consequences - 1182 archers were executed, 601 archers (mostly juveniles) were beaten with a whip, branded and exiled. The investigation and executions continued until 1707. The Moscow Streltsy regiments, which did not participate in the uprising, are disbanded, the archers, together with their families, are expelled from Moscow.
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1707 - 1709, Bulavinsky uprising, or the Third Peasant War - an uprising of Cossacks and peasants under the leadership of Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin (c. 1660, Trekhizbyanskaya village, son of the village ataman - 1708, killed in Cherkassk by foremen).

The geography of the uprising - the region of the Don Cossacks, the Volga region, the Dnieper region. The rebels capture Cherkassk, Tsaritsyn and other cities. The army of V. V. Dolgorukov is sent against the rebels. The uprising is suppressed at the beginning of 1709.
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1769 - 1771, the Kizhi uprising - an uprising of state peasants (at first peaceful, then armed), assigned to the Olonets mining plants.

The center of the uprising is the Kizhi churchyard. The reason for the uprising is the introduction of compulsory work in factories (chopping wood, burning coal, ore harvesting, etc.) and abuses of the local administration. Up to 40 thousand people participate in the movement. The leader of the uprising is the peasant K. A. Sobolev. The uprising is suppressed by the troops in June 1771. The results of the uprising - 52 people were exiled to Siberia, 160 people were given as soldiers, work on breaking marble and building new factories was canceled.
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1771, Plague Riot - a spontaneous uprising in Moscow in September 1771 during a plague epidemic, due to forced quarantines imposed by the authorities, the destruction of property and other measures.

The immediate impetus for the uprising is the attempt by the Moscow Archbishop Ambrose, as a quarantine measure, to prevent residents from gathering in crowds near the miraculous icon at the Barbarian Gates of Kitai-Gorod. The rebels kill Archbishop Ambrose, try to break into the Kremlin, smash the quarantine outposts.

The plague riot is suppressed by troops under the command of G. G. Orlov. More than 300 participants are put on trial, as a result of which four people are hanged, 173 beaten with a whip and sent to hard labor. At the same time, the government takes more effective measures to combat the plague and provides the townspeople with work and food.
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1773 - 1775, the Peasant War led by Emelyan Pugachev, or the Uprising of Emelyan Pugachev, or the Fourth Peasant War - a protest movement of serfs, Yaik Cossacks, urban poor and workers of the first Russian manufactories of the late 18th century.

The reasons are the aggravation of relations between the authorities and the Cossacks after the liquidation of the privileges of the Cossacks in 1771, the deterioration of the life of the Cossacks in comparison with the elders, the increased personal dependence of the peasants on the landowners, the growth of state taxes in the conditions of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774. Geography - Cis-Urals, Trans-Urals, Middle and Lower Volga. The leader - Don Cossack Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (1740 - 1744, Zimoveyskaya village of the Don region - 1775, quartered in Moscow on Bolotnaya Square), proclaimed himself Tsar Peter Fedorovich (Peter III), announced to the people eternal will and granted land. Iletsk, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Penza, Saratov are besieged and captured. The uprising is suppressed by the troops. Consequences - in 1775 a new provincial reform was carried out (the number of provinces increased), the autonomy of the Cossack troops was liquidated, the Yaik River was renamed the Ural River, the solution of the "peasant question" began (subsequently softened, and in 1861 serfdom was abolished).
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1773 - 1774, the Uprising led by Salavat Yulaev - part of the Peasants' War led by Emelyan Pugachev.

The period of the uprising is from October 1773 to November 1774. The leader is the Bashkir poet Salavat Yulaev (1752 - 1800, died in hard labor). At first, about three thousand Bashkirs participate, and over time, ten thousand people. The siege of Orenburg is under way, fighting in the area of ​​Krasnoufimsk and Kungur.
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The Decembrist uprising took place in St. Petersburg on December 14 (26), 1825. The reason is disappointment in the hopes associated with the limitation of monarchical power and the abolition of serfdom. The Decembrists were going to prevent the troops and the Senate from taking the oath to the new Tsar Nikolai Pavlovich.
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1830 - 1831, Cholera riots - mass spontaneous protests of citizens, peasants, soldiers during the cholera epidemic in Russia in 1830 - 1831, when the tsarist government introduced quarantines, armed cordons and a ban on movement.

Locations of the largest cholera riots:
- Sevastopol - uprising in 1830;
- Petersburg - a riot on Sennaya Square on June 21, 1831;
- Novgorod district of military settlements - an uprising in 1831 (the rebels create their own court, elected committees of soldiers and non-commissioned officers, campaign among serfs);
- Old Russian district of military settlements - uprising in 1831;
- Tambov uprising in 1831 (attack on the governor).

All cholera riots are suppressed by troops. Participants in riots are punishable by corporal punishment and hard labor.
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1831, Novgorod uprising - performance of military settlers.

The uprising begins in July 1831 with a cholera riot in Staraya Russa. The rebels deal with the authorities, smash the landowners' estates. The uprising is suppressed by the troops. Over 4,500 people are being tried by military court.
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1834, 1840 - 1844, Potato riots - mass demonstrations of specific peasants in 1834 and state peasants in 1840 - 1844 due to the forced introduction of potato planting by the provincial administrations: the best land of the peasants is confiscated for potatoes, punishments are introduced for failure to comply with the orders of the authorities.

Geography of potato riots:
- specific peasants of the Vyatka province (1834);
- specific peasants of the Vladimir province (1834);
- state peasants of the provinces of the North, the Urals, the Middle Volga region, the Lower Volga region (1840 - 1844), in total over 500 thousand peasants.

Peasants destroy potato crops, beat officials, arbitrarily re-elect elders and foremen, attack punitive detachments with weapons in their hands. Together with the Russians, the Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts, Tatars, Komi participate in the movement. The government sends troops to pacify the rebels. In a number of places, executions of peasants are carried out. Thousands of peasants are put on trial, then exiled to Siberia or surrendered to the soldiers.
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1873 - 1876, the Kokand uprising - an anti-feudal and anti-Russian uprising of nomadic Kyrgyz (other layers of society join a little later), caused by an increase in taxes and taxes by the Kokand Khan Khudoyar and against Russian military expansion.

The uprising is suppressed by Russian troops, the power of the khan is liquidated, the territory of the khanate joins Russian Empire.
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1885, January 7 - 17, the Morozov strike - a mass protest of the workers of the textile factory "The Association of the Nikolsky Manufactory of Savva Morozov, Son and Co" (the former village of Nikolskoye, Vladimir Province, now the city of Orekhovo-Zuevo, Moscow Region).

The reasons are lower wages, large fines (25-50% of earnings). The rebels commit pogroms. The strike is put down by the troops. Consequences - 600 workers were arrested, 33 were put on trial (the jury acquitted the defendants), on June 3, 1886, a law on fines was issued, reflecting the individual requirements of the Morozov weavers.
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1889, March 22, the Yakut tragedy - an armed demonstration of 33 political exiles in Yakutsk.

The reason is a protest against the deterioration of the conditions for sending to Vilyuysk and Srednekolymsk. The uprising is suppressed by the troops - 6 exiles were killed, 7 were wounded, 3 were executed by the verdict of a court-martial, 20 were sent to hard labor, 4 of them to eternal hard labor.
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1889, November 7 and 12, the Carian tragedy - a collective suicide attempt by eighteen political prisoners in the Carian penal servitude.

The center of the rebellion is one of the hard labor developments of gold placers on the Kara River in Transbaikalia. The cause of the tragedy is a protest against the administration's attempts to equate political prisoners with criminal ones; accompanied by bullying, the transfer of prisoner E. N. Kovalskaya from development to the Chita prison as a result of her refusal to stand before the Amur Governor-General A. N. Korf. After the transfer, Kovalskaya's comrades - M.P. Kovalevskaya, M.V. Kalyuzhnaya and N.S. Smirnitskaya - demand the dismissal of the prison commandant Masyukov (the perpetrator of bullying). The demand is not satisfied, and for trying to slap Masyukov, prisoner N.K. Sigida was flogged on November 7, 1889. In protest, on November 7, Sigida, Kovalevskaya, Kalyuzhnaya and Smirnitskaya were poisoned (they are dying), and on November 12 they are supported by 14 male prisoners by taking poison, two of them - I. V. Kalyuzhny and S. N. Bobokhov - die. The number of participants - known 18 people. The results of the tragedy - six political prisoners die, the rest are transferred to other prisons, Kari hard labor is liquidated in 1890.

For reference: The Karian penal servitude was formed in 1838 in Transbaikalia on the river Kara as part of the Nerchinsk penal servitude. Gold deposits are being developed in the Carian penal servitude. Since 1873, not only criminals, but also political convicts have been sent here. In 1881 a political prison was built. Unrest in Kariya penal servitude among political prisoners occurs constantly - in 1882, eight people try to escape, they respond to reprisals by the authorities with long hunger strikes; in 1888, uprisings begin as a response to the abuse of the administration over the prisoner Kovalska; in 1889 the Carian tragedy takes place.
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1901, May 7, Obukhov defense - striking workers of the Obukhov plant in St. Petersburg clash with the police.

Of the 800 arrested workers, most are expelled from St. Petersburg, 29 people are sentenced to hard labor.
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1905, January 3 - 1907, June 3, Revolution - the first Russian revolution, in which the broad masses of the population take part, including workers, peasants, soldiers, sailors, liberal sections of the population, students.

The revolution begins on January 3, 1905, with protests by the workers of the Putilov factory (strike, 10 thousand participants), it takes on a wide scope after Bloody Sunday on January 9, 1905. Center - St. Petersburg. Uprisings took place in 1905 in Warsaw, Yekaterinoslav, Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Kiev, Krasnoyarsk, Lodz, Moscow (including the December armed uprising with the participation of 6 thousand people, of whom 500 died and 1000 were injured), Novorossiysk, St. Petersburg, Riga, Rostov-on-Don, Sormovo, Tiflis, Kharkov, Chita.

The number of participants - from 400 thousand (January 1905) to 810 thousand (April 1905) and 2 million (October 1905). The revolutionary actions are led by the socialist parties (democrats, liberals, socialist-revolutionaries). Results - there are trade unions, elected people's bodies of power, the Soviets of Workers' Deputies (for the first time - in Ivanovo-Voznesensk in May 1905), numerous parties. On October 17, 1905, Tsar Nicholas II issues a Manifesto, in which he promises political freedom, the convocation of the State Duma (opened on April 27, 1906, the majority are Cadets).

In 1906 - peasant uprisings, military uprisings in Sveaborg (3 thousand sailors), Kronstadt (1.5 thousand soldiers), Libau, Crimea, partisan movements in Latvia, Georgia. The reason is the socio-political crisis, aggravated by the defeat in the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905.

In 1907, as a result of the coup on June 3, revolutionary speeches were completed with the dissolution of the Second State Duma - a parliamentary representation was created with the participation of the national outskirts of the Russian Empire, part of the people received voting rights, the Stolypin agrarian reform began, it was possible to reduce the working day to 9 - 10 hours, wages increased by 12 - 14%.
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January 9, 1905 Bloody Sunday- Procession to the Winter Palace to present Nicholas II with a petition from the workers.

The reason is that the petition speaks of the more impossible beggarly and servile position of the common people, the establishment of a universal right to elect to the Constituent Assembly, the democratic representation of the estates in the Constituent Assembly, and secondary demands are proposed.

The number of participants is 140 thousand. The leader is the clergyman G. Gapon. The procession is shot, up to 5800 people die (officially 429 people). The events of January 9 are the beginning of the revolution of 1905-1907.

Read more:
Petition of workers and residents of St. Petersburg to submit to Tsar Nicholas II on the day of January 9, 1905
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1905, June 14 (27), Uprising on the battleship "Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky".

The reason is the aggravated situation inside the Russian Empire, associated with the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), as well as the dispersal of the workers' procession near the Winter Palace (January 9, 1905). The reason for the spontaneous performance of the sailors was stale meat, from which they were supposed to cook borscht.
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1905, October 7 - 25, October All-Russian political strike - a general strike in Russia as a stage of the revolution of 1905 - 1907.

The strike begins with a general strike of railroad workers on the roads of the Moscow railway junction on the night of October 7th. The goals are the overthrow of the autocracy and the conquest of democratic freedoms. During the strike, Soviets of Workers' Deputies and trade unions are created. The number of strikers reaches two million people. Mass rallies and demonstrations in the Baltic States, Ukraine, the Volga region, Transcaucasia, Poland and Finland develop into armed clashes with the police and troops. The army wavers, and the government does not have enough reliable troops at its disposal to crush the revolution. In Moscow, the strike continues until October 22 and is terminated by the workers on the decision of the Moscow citywide party conference of the RSDLP, which calls for preparations for a new offensive of revolutionary forces against the autocracy. The consequences of the strike - the Tsar's Manifesto on October 17, 1905, in which Nicholas II declares the granting of civil liberties to the people and promises to recognize legislative rights for the State Duma; As a result of Black Hundred pogroms in 110 settlements, up to 4,000 people were killed, more than 10,000 people were injured.
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1905, November 11 - 15, Sevastopol uprising - an uprising of sailors of the Black Sea Fleet, soldiers of the Sevastopol garrison, workers of the port and the Marine Plant.

The Sevastopol uprising is a stage of the revolution of 1905-1907. The number of participants - 2000 people. The headquarters of the uprising is the cruiser Ochakov. The leader of the uprising is Captain 2nd Rank P.P. Schmidt. The battleship "Saint Panteleimon" (formerly "Potemkin") participates in the uprising. Requirements - the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, the establishment of the republic, an 8-hour working day, the reduction of terms and the improvement of military service, and others. The uprising is suppressed by the troops, the leaders are shot.
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1917, February 18 - March 3, the February bourgeois-democratic revolution - a protest movement of the population due to the deterioration of the socio-economic situation of the people and the political situation of the country during the First World War.

The revolution begins with a strike of workers at the Putilov factory in Petrograd on February 18, 1917. Center - Petrograd. The number of participants - 270 thousand (January 1917). Leadership - RSDLP. Results - On February 27, the Provisional Committee of the State Duma was created and the first meeting of the Petrograd Soviet was held, the majority of which were Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. Tsar Nicholas II and his son Alexei abdicate the throne on March 2, 1917, the successor (brother) of Nicholas II, Prince Mikhail, abdicates the throne on March 3, 1917 in favor of the Constituent Assembly, until the convocation of which power is transferred to the Provisional Government headed by Prince G. E. Lvov.
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1917, April, April crisis - a political crisis in Russia after the February Revolution.

The reason for the crisis was the publication on April 20 of a note by P. N. Milyukov on the continuation of the war to a victorious end. During the crisis, mass demonstrations took place in Petrograd on April 20 and 21, in which more than 100,000 people took part, demanding an immediate peace and transfer of power to the Soviets. The consequences of the crisis are changes in the composition of the government.
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1917, June - September, The uprising of the soldiers of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France - the uprising of the soldiers of the 1st and 3rd Russian special infantry brigades, who were sent to France in 1916 and participated in the battles on the Western and Thessaloniki fronts of the First World War.

The uprising takes place in the military camp of the Russian expeditionary force La Courtine, located near the French city of Limoges. The reason for the uprising is the refusal to fight after the February Revolution of 1917, the demand of the soldiers to return to Russia. The number of participants is 16 thousand people. The demands of the rebels are to stop sending them to the front, to return to their homeland. The uprising was suppressed by the French authorities - the camp was shot from artillery on September 3-8, during the shelling of the camp and the armed resistance of the rebels, several hundred people died on both sides. After the suppression of the uprising, some of the soldiers are arrested and put on trial, more than a thousand are sent to hard labor in Africa. The main part of the Russian Expeditionary Corps returned to Russia in 1919-1921 at the request of the Soviet government.
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1917, October 25, The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, or the Great October Socialist Revolution, or the October Revolution - the overthrow of the Provisional Government of A.F. Kerensky and the armed seizure of power by the Bolsheviks under the leadership of V.I. Lenin during the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Center - Petrograd. The reason is the inability of the Provisional Government to bring the country out of the crisis, failures Russian army on the fronts of the First World War. The uprising is supported by the workers and part of the soldiers. Leadership - RSDLP (b). Results - the Provisional Workers 'and Peasants' Government is formed - the Council of People's Commissars headed by V.I. Lenin, members of the Provisional Government are arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, Kerensky is hiding, the Constitutional Democratic Party is declared illegal.

Read more:
John Reed. 10 days that shook the world
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1917 - 1921, War Communism - in Russia public policy characterized by strict state control over the distribution of any resources.
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1917 - 1922, the White movement - an active armed activity of Russian national "patriots" in order to prevent and then eliminate the power of the Bolsheviks, established as a result of the victory of the Great October Revolution of 1917.

Since April 1920, P. N. Wrangel has been putting forward the idea of ​​Russia as a federation. The basis of the White movement is the officers of the tsarist army. Leaders (in alphabetical order) - M. V. Alekseev, A. S. Bakich, P. N. Wrangel, A. I. Denikin, M. K. Diterikhs, M. G. Drozdovsky, A. M. Kaledin, V. O. Kappel, A. F. Keller, A. V. Kolchak, L. G. Kornilov, P. N. Krasnov, E. K. Miller, I. P. Romanovsky, G. M. Sem Yonov, A. G. Shkuro, N. N. Yudenich. The white movement is failing because of the inability to coordinate their actions, and also because of the lack of a clear program of social transformation, which repels the people.
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1918 - 1922, the Green Movement, or the Green Partisans - an insurgent broad popular movement of non-party citizens of the lower, poorly educated classes throughout Russia during the period civil war.

The peculiarity of the greens is the absence of specific permanent goals of their struggle, therefore their essence is often anarchist, even more often socialist-revolutionary. The greens either conduct independent armed operations, then join the whites, then the reds. The reason for the movement is disagreement with the goals, policies and program of neither the Bolsheviks nor the White movement, but at the same time the absence of their own program of action.

The majority of the Greens adhere to the Socialist-Revolutionary slogans as the closest to them in terms of the peasant essence of the "green" mass. However, the leaders of the Social Revolutionaries do not organize the Greens in any way. Greens in general are more likely to defect to whites, but anarchist greens are less committed to transitions or support the side that suits them momentarily. The methods of struggle are exceptionally cruel, both on the part of the Reds and Whites, and on the part of the Greens.
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1918, January 2, Feodosia uprising - an armed uprising of workers and soldiers of the city of Feodosia in order to establish Soviet power.

Leaders - I. F. Fedko, A. V. Mokrousov. The Bolshevik Revolutionary Committee is created. On January 28, 1918, power passes to the Bolshevik-dominated city council.
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1918, January 12 - February 20, Dovbor-Musnitsky rebellion - an armed performance of the 1st Polish Corps of Legionnaires in Belarus (Rogachev, Zhlobin, Bobruisk) during the Civil War in Russia.

The reason is the refusal to carry out the decisions of the Soviet government on socialist transformations in the army. The number of participants is up to 25 thousand people. The leader is the corps commander, Lieutenant General I. R. Dovbor-Musnitsky. The rebellion is suppressed by the Red Guards, the corps is disbanded.
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1918, May 25 - August 7, Mutiny Czechoslovak Corps- organized by the right SRs and supported by the White movement, the armed uprising of soldiers and officers of the Czechoslovak corps, including former prisoners of war subjects of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia, in the Volga region, the Urals and along the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Performances are held at:

Mariinsk (May 25);
- Novonikolaevsk, Penza, Petropavlovsk, Syzran, Tomsk and Chelyabinsk (May 26-31);
- Kurgan, Omsk and Samara (June);
- Vladivostok (June 29);
- Ufa (July 5);
- Simbirsk (July 22);
- Yekaterinburg (July 25);
- Kazan (August 7).

The reason is an attempt by the Bolsheviks to disarm the corps. The number of participants is about 50 thousand people. The rebellion ends with the creation of anti-Bolshevik governments in Kazan (Komuch), Yekaterinburg (Ural government) and Omsk (Provisional Siberian government). The Soviet government is creating the Eastern Front to eliminate the rebellion. The Czechoslovak corps was defeated, some of the soldiers (about 4 thousand) go over to the side of the Reds, the rest do not take part in the hostilities and, on the basis of an agreement with the corps command of February 7, 1920, they are sent by sea to their homeland through Vladivostok.
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1918, June - 1920, March, Mutiny of the Terek Cossacks, or Bicherakhovshchina - an armed uprising of the Cossacks of the Terek Cossack army in the areas of the settlements of Grozny, Kizlyar, Prokhladnaya, Mozdok, Baku, Derbent, Petrovsk.

The reason is the struggle against the Bolshevik government. The leaders were the chairman of the Terek Cossack and Peasant Council Menshevik G. F. Bicherakhov, Colonel L. F. Bicherakhov, with the participation of Denikin and the British mission in Vladikavkaz. Temporary people's government Terek region. The Red Army under the leadership of G.K. Ordzhonikidze takes Prokhladnaya and Grozny (November 1918), Mozdok (November 23, 1918). The liquidation of the remnants of the rebels is completed in March 1920.
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1918, July 6 - 21, the Yaroslavl rebellion - an armed uprising of the White Guards organized by the Social Revolutionaries in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk and Murom.

The reason is the desire to overthrow the power of the Bolsheviks. The number of participants is about 6 thousand. The leaders are the head of the Socialist-Revolutionary "Union of Motherland and Freedom" B.V. Savinkov, Colonel A.P. Perkhurov. The uprising is suppressed on July 8, 1918 in Rybinsk, July 9, 1918 in Murom, July 21, 1918 in Yaroslavl.
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1918, August - November, Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising - an uprising of workers in arms factories as part of the Green movement.

The reason - first for the transfer of power to the Socialist-Revolutionaries, then for the liquidation of the power of the Socialist-Revolutionaries due to failure to fulfill expectations. The organizer is the Union of Front-line Soldiers, which supports the Socialist-Revolutionary slogans. The Izhevsk and Votkinsk rebel armies become divisions in Kolchak's army and fight under red flags until the admiral thinks of rewarding them with the banners of St. George for their valor. Izhevsk and Votkinsk people make up the famous Kappel corps - the only corps that retreats from Siberia in an organized manner, and then, already under the command of Voitsekhovsky, fights in the Chita region until the autumn of 1920, from where it retreats through Harbin to Vladivostok and there, already under the name Zemskaya rati, continues the fight against the Bolsheviks until October 1922.
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1918, November 18, Kolchak's coup - the election by the Council of Ministers of the Directory of Admiral A.V. Kolchak as the Supreme Ruler of Russia until the victory over the Bolsheviks and the convening of a new Constituent Assembly.

The reason is dissatisfaction with the power of the Directory. Kolchak takes over the leadership of the country, proclaims his goal to overthrow the Bolshevik regime without using reaction and without organizing any of his own parties.
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1918, December 21 - 23, The uprising in Omsk is one of the first workers' and peasants' uprisings in Siberia during the Kolchak period.

The uprising was to begin in the working-class districts of Omsk, then to be transferred to some parts of the garrison and to camps where a lot of Red Army prisoners of war were kept. At the same time, the workers of the Kulomzino (Novo-Omsk) stations on the other side of the Irtysh were to act.

Kolchak's counterintelligence knew about the preparation of the uprising. Therefore, on December 21, mass searches and arrests begin - 42 Bolshevik workers are arrested. The performance is canceled, but it is not possible to notify everyone in a timely manner. The uprising begins partly and piecemeal. At first, a small military unit comes forward - it captures the provincial prison, where political prisoners are kept, including members of the Constituent Assembly arrested by Kolchak. All those released scatter around the city (then, in three days, many return on the orders of the head of the prison and under pain of capture and immediate death by a military court). Then the Kulomzin workers come forward, who find themselves cut off from Omsk. On the night of December 22-23, a reprisal against the rebels takes place in Kulomzin, and mass arrests and executions among the population by a military field court take place in Omsk. Kolchak orders to "investigate" the causes of the massacres and executions on December 22 - as a result, several leaders of the executions remain in their positions, and most of them are ordered to hide and provided assistance with false passports.
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1919, January 19 - February 2, Khotyn uprising - an armed uprising of the population in Northern Bessarabia (Khotin, Ataki, Oknitsa regions) with significant support from partisan formations.

The reason is the desire for liberation from the Romanian occupation. The number of participants is about 30 thousand partisans, as well as several thousand (tens of thousands) of the civilian population. The organizers are the Khotyn Directory, the National Union of Bessarabians and the Committee "In Defense of Bessarabia". The uprising is suppressed by the Romanian troops, over 11 thousand rebels were killed.
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1919, February - March, Fork Uprising, or the Uprising of the Black Eagle and the Farmer, or the Black Eagle Mutiny - an armed struggle of peasants as part of the Green Movement in the Ufa province.

The reason is dissatisfaction with the policy of military communism, food policy, the demand to remove the communists from power. The number of participants - up to 40 thousand (mostly "with a pitchfork"), including the settlers of national colonies - Germans, Latvians. The leadership is the Socialist-Revolutionaries, including the Black Eagle and the Farmer organization. The uprising is suppressed by the Red Army.
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1919, March, Chapan war - armed struggle of peasants within the framework of the Green movement in the Simbirsk (Sengileevsky, Melekessky, Syzransky counties) and Samara (Stavropol county) provinces.

The reason is dissatisfaction with the policy of military communism, food policy, the demand to remove the communists from power. The number of participants is 100-150 thousand. The center of the chapan war is Stavropol (modern Togliatti). The uprising is suppressed by the Red Army under the leadership of M.V. Frunze, including in Stavropol - by a Hungarian detachment of 475 people.
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1919, May 27, the Bendery uprising - an armed Bolshevik uprising of the townspeople with the support of a detachment of the Red Army.

The reason is for the establishment (restoration) of Soviet power. The uprising is suppressed by the command of the occupying troops of France and Romania.
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1919, June 28, the Tripoli tragedy - the attack of the detachment of D. Terpillo (ataman of the Green) on the detachment of the Red Army.

The reason is the participation of the Red Army in the liquidation of one of the large kulak-nationalist formations in the area of ​​​​the villages of Trypillya and Obukhov, just south of Kyiv. The number of participants - from the side of the chieftain is about 2 thousand, from the side of the Red Army about 1.5 thousand. The detachment of the Red Army is almost completely destroyed.
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1919, November - 1921, November, Peasant war in the Tambov province, or Antonovshchina - armed mass partisan struggle of peasants as part of the Green Movement on the territory of the Tambov province (counties Borisoglebsky, Kirsanovsky, Kozlovsky, Morshansky, Tambovsky, the center is the village of Kamenka), and since 1921 also in Novokhopyorsky near driving the Voronezh province and the Balashov district of the Saratov (with a retreat - Penza) province.

The reason is the refusal of the peasants to hand over bread and the disarmament of the food detachments. The number of participants is up to 50 thousand (the entire adult male population). The leader is the ideological Social Revolutionary A. S. Antonov, military lieutenant P. Tokmakov. In November 1919, in the Kirsanov district, the Reds begin to form forces to fight Antonov. The uprising was brutally suppressed by units of the Red Army numbering up to 100 thousand people in June 1921 under the command of M. N. Tukhachevsky. The rebel army was defeated on July 20, 1921 in the Uryupinsk region, Antonov was tracked down and killed on one of the farms in June 1922.
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1919, November 17, Gaida Putsch - an attempt to seize power in Vladivostok by right-wing Socialist-Revolutionaries opposed to Kolchak.

The leader is one of the initiators of the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps, the Czechoslovak lieutenant general and former associate of A. V. Kolchak R. Gaida. The coup is suppressed by the chief commander of the Amur region, General S. N. Rozanov, with the support of Japanese and American invaders.
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1920, July - 1922, April, the Peasant War in the Trans-Volga and the Urals, or Sapozhkovshchina - the armed struggle of peasants as part of the Green Movement on the territory of the Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Ural, Orenburg provinces.

The reason is the dissatisfaction of the peasants with their plight and lawlessness of power. The number of participants is about 3 thousand people. The leader - the Left Social Revolutionary A. S. Sapozhkov, a former commander of the Red Army, holder of the Order of the Red Banner, died in September 1920. In September 1920, the uprising was mainly suppressed by units of the Red Army with a total number of about 14 thousand fighters. The actions of the peasants continue under the command of the Left Social Revolutionary V. Serov and are finally suppressed in April 1922.
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Russian emigration of the first wave - citizens of Russia, with a total number of up to 3 million people. Approximately a third of those who emigrated are white emigrants, the rest are civil refugees.

Evacuation of Odessa. In 1919, the first evacuation of Odessa took place - part of the population emigrated to Serbia, Bulgaria, Poland and Malta, some individuals to France. In the period from January 25 to 27, 1920, part of the Volunteer Army of A. I. Denikin and members of officer families were sent by sea to Varna (Bulgaria). Another part of the refugees was evacuated through Novorossiysk to Serbia, Bulgaria, Constantinople, Greece and Malta. Part of Denikin's army was evacuated by ships to the ports of Crimea, part did not have time to board ships and was forced to fight, breaking through towards Poland, since Romania forbade the use of its territory for the passage of Russian troops.

Evacuation of Novorossiysk. March 20 - April 6, 1920 there was a panic evacuation of the remnants of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia A. I. Denikin from the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. From March 20 to March 26, 35,000 to 45,000 people were sent from Novorossiysk. From April 1 to 6, about 15 thousand people were evacuated from Tuapse. Evacuation was carried out to the Crimean ports of Feodosia, Kerch, Sevastopol.

Evacuation of Crimea. On November 11 - 16, 1920, everyone who wanted to leave the country was evacuated from the ports of Crimea (Feodosia, Kerch, Sevastopol). The evacuation of the Russian army and the civilian population was carried out with the assistance of the Entente fleet and was organized by P. N. Wrangel. The evacuation was carried out to Constantinople (the camps of Gallipoli, Chataldzhi, the island of Lemnos, the fleet - to North African Bizerte). A total of 146,000 people were evacuated, including about 100,000 military personnel, and the rest were civilians. Wrangel suggested that France would accept the emigrants, but France refused. From Turkey in 1922 - 1923, Russian emigrants went mainly to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria, which agreed to accept them, and then to France, Germany, Belgium, the USA and other countries of the world.

Evacuation of Primorye. In mid-October 1922, General Diterichs evacuated the army and the population from Nikolsk-Ussuriysk (the evacuation was completed on October 15) and Vladivostok (the evacuation was completed on October 25). The evacuation took place by land to China and by sea to China. Only at least 7,000 people went to China on foot (Girin, then Harbin, Seoul). About 400 wealthy refugees were taken by sea to Shanghai. The Russian white flotilla left for the Korean port of Genzan, evacuating about 9,000 people (many from Genzan went to Harbin), mostly military, and then part of the squadron with about 3,000 civilians and cadets went to Shanghai - landed the evacuees and left Shanghai (the government forbade the Russian squadron to stay here). The second part of the squadron came to Shanghai later and, despite the protest of the government, founded a refugee camp here, which lasted three years. In 1924, 530 Russian cadets left for Yugoslavia, and 170 people settled in Shanghai. In 1929, the Russian diaspora in Shanghai increased by about 10 thousand people, and by the mid-1930s by about 30 thousand more, and amounted to 40-50 thousand people. In 1945, part of the Shanghainese returned to the USSR, and part through the Philippines dispersed around the world.

Remaining abroad as a result of the revision of interstate borders. Russian citizens who remained in the right-of-way in Finland, Poland, the Baltic States, Manchuria.
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Russian and Soviet emigration of the second wave - citizens of the USSR and emigrants of the first wave who left their homeland and their new homeland in the second half of the 1940s (after the end of World War II) due to their unwillingness to return to the USSR due to military or criminal offenses committed.

In Europe, Soviet citizens (these are not only Russians, but also people of other nationalities Soviet state) transmitted Soviet authorities Italy, Great Britain, Germany and the USA, having previously accumulated them in camps for "displaced persons" (DP) in their territories. Those who managed to escape went to Latin America, the USA and other countries.

On Far East emigrants of the first wave were partially returned to the USSR from Manchuria. During this period, about 5,000 people left Shanghai, fleeing the Chinese Red Army - through the Philippine camp of Tubabao, they then dispersed around the world - to Australia, the USA, and Europe.
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Soviet emigration of the third wave - citizens of the USSR, mostly creative intelligentsia, who left the country in the period from 1966 to the 1980s, due to failure to fulfill expectations from the promises of the "Khrushchev thaw", a ban on publication for artists, writers and other creative professions. In 1971, 15 thousand people left, in 1972 - 35 thousand people. Among those who emigrated were writers V. Tarsis, V. Aksenov, A. Solzhenitsyn, V. Maksimov, V. Voinovich, A. Sinyavsky, I. Brodsky, Yu. Aleshkovsky, G. Vladimov, F. Gorenstein, I. Guberman, S. Dovlatov, A. Galich, L. Kopelev, N. Korzhavin, Yu. Nekrasov, S. Sokolov, D. Rubina, M. Rozanova, poet and journalist N. Gorbanevskaya. Most went to the USA, some to France, Germany, Israel.
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Russian emigration of the fourth wave - Russian citizens who left the country in the 1990s due to the socio-economic and political crisis, as well as the opening of borders. The descendants of emigrants and emigrants of previous waves began to return back to Russia (mainly not to live here, but to have a business).
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1921, January - April, the Peasant War in Western Siberia - the armed struggle of the peasants as part of the Green Movement in the territory of the Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, Omsk and Altai provinces.

The reason is dissatisfaction with the policy of military communism, food policy, the demand to remove the communists from power. The number of participants is about 100 thousand people. Leadership - Socialist-Revolutionaries. The center of the uprising is the Ishim district. The uprising was largely put down by the Red Army by April 1921.
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1921, March 1 - 18, Kronstadt uprising- armed performance of the Kronstadt garrison and the crews of a number of ships Baltic Fleet against the policy of war communism.

Suppressed by units of the Red Army. The consequences are the Bolsheviks' rejection of the policy of war communism and the transition to a new economic policy.
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1921, March 21 - 1929, June, New economic policy, or NEP - economic state policy aimed at restoring the national economy after the implementation of the policy of "war communism" during the Civil War.

The main events of the NEP:

Replacing the food apportionment with a tax in kind in the countryside;
- market economy;
- permission of various forms of ownership;
- attraction of foreign capital in the form of concessions;
- Monetary reform of 1922-1924, the ruble became a convertible currency.

In June 1929, mass collectivization of peasant farms began, which, in fact, put an end to the NEP.
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1942, January 24 - February 2, Ust-Usinsk uprising, or Retyunin's Revolt - the first uprising in the history of the Gulag.

The center is the camp point "Lesoreid" of Vorkutlag (the village of Ust-Usa, the regional center of the Komi ASSR). The reason is rumors circulating among the prisoners since the autumn of 1941 about the upcoming executions of prisoners convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes. The number of participants - 94 people. The leader is the civilian Mark Retyunin, head of the Lesoreyd camp. Results - 10 days of fighting with the VOKhR, the distance from Ust-Usa to the upper reaches of the Maly Terekhovey River was covered, the leaders of the uprising mostly die in battles, Retyunin shoots himself in the last battle. The uprising was suppressed, 50 participants were shot, the rest were sentenced to terms of imprisonment from 5 to 10 years.
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1946 - 1956, Bitch War - long-term unrest of two categories of Gulag prisoners: on the one hand, those who fought during the Great Patriotic War, and on the other hand, criminals who were imprisoned during the war and considered the first category to be traitors (according to the laws of thieves).

The reason for the war is that the second category of prisoners considers the prisoners of the first category to be traitors to thieves' ideas ("bitches"), because, according to the moral code of pre-war criminals - zhigans (recidivist thieves), lesson and urkagans (experienced thieves) - they are prohibited from serving the Bolsheviks, including military service. In turn, those who fought consider those who did not fight as traitors to the Motherland and demand a change in thieves' rules.

Over time, the uprising develops into a struggle between thieves in law, adhering to the classic thieves' rules, with criminal leaders who voluntarily refused to comply with the thieves' rules. The results of the war - up to 97% of thieves in law die in correctional institutions, a change is made to the thieves' law that, in case of critical need, a thief in the camp has the right to become a group leader and a hairdresser.
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The center is near Dzhezkazgan. The number of participants is about eight thousand prisoners, mostly political (such as OUN members, forest brothers, etc.). The leader is Hirsch Keller (UPA), or Mikhailo Soroka (OUN), or Kapiton Kuznetsov (SA officer). Results - the uprising is suppressed using tanks on the 40th day.
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December 8, 1991, the Belovezhskaya Accords - a declaration signed by the leaders of the RSFSR, Belarus and Ukraine that the USSR as a subject international law ceased to exist, and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was formed.

The Belovezhskaya Pushcha agreements were signed in the town of Viskuli, a hunting estate in the Belarusian part of Belovezhskaya Pushcha, which was the residence of the leaders former USSR since the 1950s.
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Notes

1. Riot. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V. I. Dahl.
2. Chapan - long-skirted peasant quilted outerwear, a type of dressing gown.

The uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev is a popular uprising during the reign of Catherine II. The largest in the history of Russia. Known under the names Peasant War, Pugachevshina, Pugachev rebellion. It took place in 1773 - 1775. It happened in the steppes of the Trans-Volga region, the Urals, the Kama region, Bashkiria. Accompanied by great sacrifices among the population of those places, atrocities on the part of the mob, devastation. Suppressed by government troops with great difficulty. Causes of the Pugachev uprising

• The most difficult situation of the people, serfs, workers of the Ural factories
• Abuse of power by government officials
• The remoteness of the territory of the uprising from the capitals, which gave rise to permissiveness of local authorities
• Deeply rooted distrust between the state and the population in Russian society
• Faith of the people in the "good intercessor king"

Beginning of the Pugachev region

The revolt of the Yaik Cossacks laid the foundation for the uprising. Yaitsike Cossacks - settlers on the western banks of the Ural River (until 1775 Yaik) from the interior regions of Muscovy. Their history began in the 15th century. The main occupations were fishing, salt mining, and hunting. The villages were run by elected foremen. Under Peter the Great and the rulers following him, Cossack liberties were reduced. In 1754, a state monopoly on salt was introduced, that is, a ban on its free production and trade. Time after time the Cossacks sent petitions to Petersburg with complaints against the local authorities and general position cases, but it didn't lead to anything.

“From the very beginning of 1762, the Yaik Cossacks began to complain about oppression: about withholding a certain salary, unauthorized taxes and violation of the ancient rights and customs of fishing. Officials sent to them to consider their complaints could not or did not want to satisfy them. The Cossacks were repeatedly indignant, and major generals Potapov and Cherepov (the first in 1766, and the second in 1767) were forced to resort to force of arms and the horror of executions. In the meantime, the Cossacks learned that the government intended to form hussar squadrons from the Cossacks and that they had already been ordered to shave their beards. Major-General Traubenberg, who was sent to the Yaitsky town for this purpose, incurred the indignation of the people. The Cossacks were worried. Finally, in 1771, the rebellion was revealed in all its strength. On January 13, 1771, they gathered in the square, took icons from the church and demanded the dismissal of members of the office and the issuance of delayed salaries. Major General Traubenberg went to meet them with an army and guns, ordering them to disperse; but his commands had no effect. Traubenberg ordered to shoot; the Cossacks rushed to the guns. There was a battle; the rebels won. Traubenberg fled and was killed at the gates of his house ... Major General Freiman was sent from Moscow to pacify them with one company of grenadiers and artillery ... On June 3 and 4, heated battles took place. Freiman opened his way with buckshot... The instigators of the rebellion were punished with a whip; about one hundred and forty people were exiled to Siberia; others are given into the soldiers; the rest are pardoned and re-sworn. These measures restored order; but the calm was precarious. "It's only the beginning! - said the forgiven rebels, - are we going to shake Moscow up? Secret meetings took place in the steppe minds and remote farms. Everything foreshadowed a new rebellion. The leader was missing. The leader was found ”(A. S. Pushkin“ The History of the Pugachev Rebellion ”)

“In this troubled time, an unknown tramp staggered around the Cossack courtyards, hiring as workers to one owner, then to another, and taking up all sorts of crafts ... He was distinguished by the audacity of his speeches, reviled the authorities and persuaded the Cossacks to flee to the Turkish Sultan; he assured that the Don Cossacks would not hesitate to follow them, that he had two hundred thousand rubles and seventy thousand worth of goods prepared at the border, and that some pasha, immediately upon the arrival of the Cossacks, should give them up to five million; for the time being, he promised everyone twelve rubles a month of salary ... This tramp was Emelyan Pugachev, a Don Cossack and schismatic, who came with a false written appearance from beyond the Polish border, with the intention of settling on the Irgiz River among the schismatics there ”(A. S. Pushkin“ The History of the Pugachev Rebellion ”)

The uprising led by Pugachev. Briefly

“Pugachev appeared on the farms of the retired Cossack Danila Sheludyakov, with whom he had previously lived as a worker. At that time meetings of intruders were held there. At first, it was about escaping to Turkey ... But the conspirators were too attached to their shores. They, instead of escaping, decided to be a new rebellion. Imposture seemed to them a reliable spring. For this, only a stranger was needed, daring and resolute, still unknown to the people. Their choice fell on Pugachev ”(A. S. Pushkin“ The History of the Pugachev Rebellion ”)

“He was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. There was gray in his black beard; living large eyes and ran. His face had an expression rather pleasant, but roguish. Her hair was cut in a circle" ("The Captain's Daughter")

• 1742 - Emelyan Pugachev was born
• 1772, January 13 - Cossack riot in Yaitsky town (now Uralsk)
• 1772, June 3, 4 - the suppression of the rebellion by the detachment of Major General Freiman
• 1772, December - Pugachev appeared in the Yaik town
• 1773, January - Pugachev was arrested and sent under guard to Kazan
• 1773, January 18 - the military board received a notification about the identity and capture of Pugachev
• 1773, June 19 - Pugachev escaped from prison
• 1773, September - rumors spread around the Cossack farms that he had appeared, whose death was a lie
• 1773, September 18 - Pugachev with a detachment of up to 300 people appeared near the Yaitsky town, Cossacks began to flock to him
• 1773, September - Capture of the Iletsk town by Pugachev
• 1773, September 24 - the capture of the village of Rassypnaya
• 1773, September 26 - the capture of the village of Nizhne-Ozernaya
• 1773, September 27 - the capture of the Tatishchev fortress
• 1773, September 29 - the capture of the village of Chernorechenskaya
• 1773, October 1 - the capture of the Sakmara town
• 1773, October - The Bashkirs, excited by their foremen (whom Pugachev managed to load with camels and goods captured from the Bukharians), began to attack Russian villages and join the army of rebels in heaps. On October 12, foreman Kaskin Samarov took the Voskresensky copper smelter and formed a detachment of Bashkirs and factory peasants of 600 people with 4 guns. In November, as part of a large detachment of Bashkirs, Salavat Yulaev went over to the side of Pugachev. In December, he formed a large detachment in the northeastern part of Bashkiria and successfully fought with the tsarist troops in the area of ​​the Krasnoufimskaya fortress and Kungur. Service Kalmyks fled from outposts. Mordvins, Chuvashs, Cheremis ceased to obey the Russian authorities. The master's peasants clearly showed their allegiance to the impostor.
• 1773, October 5-18 - Pugachev unsuccessfully tried to capture Orenburg
• October 14, 1773 - Catherine II appointed Major General V. A. Kara as commander of a military expedition to suppress the rebellion
• 1773, October 15 - government manifesto about the appearance of an impostor and exhortation not to succumb to his calls
• 1773, October 17 - Pugachev's henchman captured Demidov's Avzyan-Petrovsky factories, collected guns, provisions, money there, formed a detachment of artisans and factory peasants
• 1773, November 7-10 - battle near the village of Yuzeeva, 98 miles from Orenburg, detachments of the Pugachev chieftains Ovchinnikov and Zarubin-Chik and the vanguard of the Kara corps, Kara's retreat to Kazan
• 1773, November 13 - a detachment of Colonel Chernyshev, numbering up to 1100 Cossacks, 600-700 soldiers, 500 Kalmyks, 15 guns and a huge convoy, was captured near Orenburg
• 1773, November 14 - the corps of brigadier Korf, numbering 2,500 people, broke into Orenburg
• 1773, November 28-December 23 - unsuccessful siege of Ufa
• November 27, 1773 - General-in-chief Bibikov was appointed the new commander of the troops opposing Pugachev
• 1773, December 25 - Ataman Arapov's detachment occupied Samara
• 1773, December 25 - Bibikov arrived in Kazan
• December 29, 1773 - Samara was liberated

In total, according to rough estimates of historians, in the ranks of the Pugachev army by the end of 1773 there were from 25 to 40 thousand people, more than half of this number were Bashkir detachments

• 1774, January - Ataman Ovchinnikov stormed the town of Guryev in the lower reaches of the Yaik, captured rich trophies and replenished the detachment with local Cossacks
• 1774, January - A detachment of three thousand Pugachevites under the command of I. Beloborodov approached Yekaterinburg, capturing a number of nearby fortresses and factories along the way, and on January 20 captured the Demidov Shaitansky plant as the main base of their operations.
• 1774, end of January - Pugachev married a Cossack Ustinya Kuznetsova
• 1774, January 25 - the second, unsuccessful assault on Ufa
• 1774, February 8 - the rebels captured Chelyabinsk (Chelyaba)
• March 1774 - the advance of government troops forced Pugachev to lift the siege of Orenburg
• 1774, March 2 - the St. Petersburg Carabinieri Regiment under the command of I. Mikhelson, previously stationed in Poland, arrived in Kazan
• 1774, March 22 - a battle between government troops and Pugachev's army at the Tatishchev fortress. Defeat of the rebels
• 1774, March 24 - Mikhelson in the battle near Ufa, near the village of Chesnokovka, he defeated the troops under the command of Chiki-Zarubin, and two days later captured Zarubin himself and his entourage
• 1774, April 1 - the defeat of Pugachev in the battle near the Sakmarsky town. Pugachev fled with several hundred Cossacks to the Prechistenskaya fortress, and from there he went to the mining region of the Southern Urals, where the rebels had reliable support
• 1774, April 9 - Bibikov died, lieutenant general Shcherbatov was appointed commander instead of him, which took Golitsyn terribly offended
• 1774, April 12 - the defeat of the rebels in the battle near the Irtets outpost
• 1774, April 16 - the siege of the Yaitsky town is lifted. continued from December 30
• 1774, May 1 - Guryev town was recaptured from the rebels

The general squabble between Golitsyn and Shcherbatov allowed Pugachev to recover from defeat and start the offensive again.

• 1774, May 6 - Pugachev's five thousandth detachment captured the Magnetic Fortress
• 1774, May 20 - the rebels captured the strong Trinity Fortress
• 1774, May 21 - Pugachev's defeat at the Trinity Fortress from the corps of General Dekolong
• 1774, 6, 8, 17, 31 May - battles of the Bashkirs under the command of Salavat Yulaev with the Michelson detachment
• 1774, June 3 - Detachments of Pugachev and S. Yulaev united
• 1774, early June - the campaign of Pugachev's army, in which 2/3 were Bashkirs, to Kazan
• 1774, June 10 - Krasnoufimskaya fortress was captured
• 1774, June 11 - victory in the battle near Kungur against the garrison that made a sortie
• 1774, June 21 - capitulation of the defenders of the Kama town of Osa
• 1774, late June-early July - Pugachev captured the Votkinsk and Izhevsk iron works, Yelabuga, Sarapul, Menzelinsk, Agryz, Zainsk, Mamadysh and other cities and fortresses and approached Kazan
• 1774, July 10 - near the walls of Kazan, Pugachev defeated a detachment under the command of Colonel Tolstoy who came out to meet
• 1774, July 12 - as a result of the assault, the suburbs and the main districts of the city were taken, the garrison locked himself in the Kazan Kremlin. A huge fire broke out in the city. At the same time, Pugachev received news of the approach of Michelson's troops, marching from Ufa, so the Pugachev detachments left the burning city. As a result of a short battle, Mikhelson made his way to the garrison of Kazan, Pugachev retreated across the Kazanka River.
• 1774, July 15 - Michelson's victory near Kazan
• July 15, 1774 - Pugachev announced his intention to march on Moscow. Despite the defeat of his army, the uprising swept the entire western bank of the Volga.
• 1774, July 28 - Pugachev captured Saransk and on the central square announced the "tsar's manifesto" about freedom for the peasants. The enthusiasm that seized the peasants of the Volga region led to the fact that a population of more than a million people was involved in the uprising.

“We grant this nominal decree with our royal and paternal mercy to all who were previously in the peasantry and in the citizenship of the landlords, to be loyal slaves to our own crown; and we reward with an ancient cross and prayer, heads and beards, liberty and freedom and forever Cossacks, without requiring recruitment kits, capitation and other cash taxes, ownership of lands, forests, hayfields and fishing, and salt lakes without purchase and without dues; and we free everyone from the nobles and Gradtsk bribe-takers-judges previously imposed from the villains by the peasant and the whole people of the taxes and burdens imposed. Given on July 31st, 1774. By the grace of God, we, Peter the Third, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia and the like"

• 1774, July 29 - Catherine II endowed General-in-Chief Pyotr Ivanovich Panin with emergency powers "in suppressing the rebellion and restoring internal order in the provinces of Orenburg, Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod"
• 1774, July 31 - Pugachev in Penza
• 1774, August 7 - Saratov is taken
• 1774, August 21 - unsuccessful assault on Tsaritsyn by Pugachev
• 1774, August 25 - the decisive battle of Pugachev's army with Michelson. Crushing defeat of the rebels. Flight of Pugachev
• 1774, September 8 - Pugachev was captured by the foremen of the Yaik Cossacks
• 1775, January 10 - Pugachev executed in Moscow

The centers of the uprising were extinguished only in the summer of 1775.

Reasons for the defeat of the peasant uprising Pugachev

• The spontaneous nature of the uprising
• Belief in a "good" king
• Lack of a clear action plan
• Vague ideas about the future structure of the state
• The superiority of government troops over the rebels in armament and organization
• Contradictions among the rebels between the Cossack elite and the barren, between the Cossacks and the peasants

The results of the Pugachev rebellion

• Renames: the Yaik River - to the Urals, the Yaitsky army - to the Ural Cossack army, the Yaitsky town - to Uralsk, the Verkhne-Yaik pier - to Verkhneuralsk
• Disaggregation of provinces: 50 instead of 20
• The process of transformation of the Cossack troops into army units
• Cossack officers are more actively transferred to the nobility with the right to own their own serfs
• Tatar and Bashkir princes and murzas are equated to the Russian nobility
• The manifesto of May 19, 1779 somewhat limited the breeders in the use of peasants assigned to the factories, limited the working day and increased wages.

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev

“Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev is a hero and an impostor, a sufferer and a rebel, a sinner and a saint ... But first of all, he is the leader of the people, a personality, of course, exceptional - otherwise he could not have drawn thousands of armies with him and led them into battle for two years. Raising an uprising, Pugachev knew that the people would follow him ”(G.M. Nesterov, local historian).

A similar idea is expressed in his painting by the artist T. Nazarenko. Her painting "Pugachev", in which she did not strive for a truly historical reconstruction of events, depicts a scene reminiscent of old folk oleography. On it are puppet figures of soldiers in bright uniforms and a conditional cage with a rebellious leader in the pose of a crucified Christ. And in front on a wooden horse, Generalissimo Suvorov: it was he who brought the “chief troublemaker” to Moscow. The second part of the picture, stylized as the era of the reign of Catherine II and the Pugachev rebellion, is written in a completely different manner - the famous portrait from the Historical Museum, in which Pugachev is painted over the image of the empress.

“My historical paintings, of course, are connected with today,” says Tatyana Nazarenko. - "Pugachev" is a story of betrayal. It is at every step. Companions refused Pugachev, dooming him to death. That's how it always happens."

T. Nazarenko "Pugachev". Diptych

Numerous legends, legends, epics, legends go about Pugachev and his associates. People pass them on from generation to generation.

The personality of E. I. Pugachev and the nature of the Peasant War have always been assessed ambiguously and in many ways contradictory. But with all the differences of opinion, the Pugachev uprising is a significant milestone in Russian history. And no matter how tragic the story, it must be known and respected.

How it all began?

The reason for the start of the Peasants' War, which engulfed vast territories and attracted several hundred thousand people into the ranks of the rebels, was the miraculous announcement of the saved "Tsar Peter Fedorovich". You can read about it on our website:. But let us briefly recall: Peter III (Peter Fedorovich, born Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp, 1728-1762) - the Russian emperor in 1761-1762, was overthrown as a result of a palace coup that enthroned his wife, Catherine II, and soon lost his life. The personality and activities of Peter III for a long time were regarded by historians unanimously negatively, but then they began to treat him more balanced, evaluating a number of state merits of the emperor. During the reign of Catherine II, many impostors pretended to be Peter Fedorovich (about forty cases were recorded), the most famous of which was Emelyan Pugachev.

L. Pfantzelt "Portrait of Emperor Peter III"

Who is he?

Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev - Don Cossack. Born in 1742 in the Cossack village of Zimoveyskaya, Don Region (now the village of Pugachevskaya, Volgograd Region, where Stepan Razin was born earlier).

He took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, with his regiment he was in the division of Count Chernyshev. With the death of Peter III, the troops were returned to Russia. From 1763 to 1767, Pugachev served in his village, where his son Trofim was born, and then his daughter Agrafena. He was sent to Poland with the team of Yesaul Elisey Yakovlev to search for and return to Russia the fled Old Believers.

Participated in the Russian-Turkish war, where he fell ill and was dismissed, but was involved in the escape of his son-in-law from service and was forced to flee to the Terek. After numerous ups and downs, adventures and escapes, in November 1772 he settled in the Old Believer skete of the Presentation of the Virgin in the Saratov region with the rector Filaret, from whom he heard about the unrest that had occurred in the Yaik army. Some time later, in a conversation with one of the participants in the uprising of 1772, Denis Pyanov, for the first time, he called himself the surviving Peter III: “I’m not a merchant, but Tsar Pyotr Fedorovich, I was there in Tsaritsyn, that God and good people saved me, but instead of me they spotted a guard soldier, and in St. Petersburg one officer saved me”. Upon his return to Mechetnaya Sloboda, on the denunciation of the peasant Filippov Pugachev, who was with him on a trip, they arrested him and sent him for investigation, first to Simbirsk, then in January 1773 to Kazan.

Portrait of Pugachev, painted from nature with oil paints (the inscription on the portrait: "A real image of the rebel and deceiver Emelka Pugachev")

Having escaped again and again calling himself "Emperor Pyotr Fedorovich", he began to meet with the instigators of previous uprisings and discussed with them the possibility of a new performance. Then he found a competent person to draw up "royal decrees". In Mechetnaya Sloboda, he was identified, but again managed to escape and get to Talovy Umet, where the Yaik Cossacks D. Karavaev, M. Shigaev, I. Zarubin-Chika and T. Myasnikov were waiting for him. He again told them the story of his "miraculous escape" and discussed the possibility of a rebellion.

At this time, the commandant of the government garrison in the Yaik town, Lieutenant Colonel I. D. Simonov, having learned about the appearance in the army of a man posing as "Peter III", sent two teams to capture the impostor, but they managed to warn Pugachev. By this time, the ground for the uprising was ready. Not many Cossacks believed that Pugachev was Peter III, but everyone followed him. Hiding his illiteracy, he did not sign his manifestos; however, his “autograph” was preserved on a separate sheet, imitating the text of a written document, about which he told literate associates that it was written “in Latin”.

What caused the uprising?

As usual in such cases, there are many reasons, and all of them, when combined, create a fertile ground for the event to occur.

The Yaik Cossacks were the main driving force behind the uprising. Throughout the 18th century, they gradually lost their privileges and liberties, but the memory still remained of the times of complete independence from Moscow and Cossack democracy. In the 1730s, there was an almost complete split of the troops into the foreman and military sides. The situation was aggravated by the monopoly on salt introduced by the tsar's decree of 1754. The army's economy was entirely built on the sale of fish and caviar, and salt was a strategic product. The ban on the free extraction of salt and the appearance of salt tax farmers among the top of the army led to a sharp stratification among the Cossacks. In 1763, the first major outburst of indignation occurred, the Cossacks wrote petitions to Orenburg and St. Petersburg, sent delegates from the army with a complaint against the atamans and local authorities. Sometimes they reached their goal, and especially unacceptable atamans changed, but on the whole the situation remained the same. In 1771, the Yaik Cossacks refused to go in pursuit of the Kalmyks who had migrated outside of Russia. General Traubenberg went with a detachment of soldiers to investigate disobedience to the order. The result was the Yaik Cossack uprising of 1772, during which General Traubenberg and the military ataman of Tambov were killed. Troops were sent to put down the uprising. The rebels were defeated near the Embulatovka River in June 1772; as a result of the defeat, the Cossack circles were finally liquidated, a garrison of government troops was stationed in the Yaik town, and all power over the army passed into the hands of the commandant of the garrison, Lieutenant Colonel I. D. Simonov. The massacre of the captured instigators was extremely cruel and made a depressing impression on the army: the Cossacks had never been branded before, their tongues had not been cut out. A large number of participants in the speech took refuge in distant steppe farms, excitement reigned everywhere, the state of the Cossacks was like a compressed spring.

V. Perov "Court of Pugachev"

Tension was also present among the heterodox peoples of the Urals and the Volga region. The development of the Urals and the colonization of the lands of the Volga region, which belonged to local nomadic peoples, intolerant religious policy led to numerous unrest among the Bashkirs, Tatars, Kazakhs, Erzyans, Chuvashs, Udmurts, Kalmyks.

The situation at the fast-growing factories of the Urals was also explosive. Starting with Peter the Great, the government solved the problem of labor in metallurgy mainly by assigning state peasants to state-owned and private mining factories, allowing new breeders to buy serf villages and granting the unofficial right to keep fugitive serfs, since the Berg Collegium, which was in charge of the factories, tried not to notice violations of the decree on the capture and expulsion of all fugitives. It was very convenient to take advantage of the lack of rights and hopeless situation of the fugitives: if someone began to express dissatisfaction with their position, they were immediately handed over to the authorities for punishment. Former peasants resisted forced labor in factories.

Peasants assigned to state and private factories dreamed of returning to their usual village labor. To top it all, Catherine II issued a Decree of August 22, 1767, prohibiting peasants from complaining about landowners. That is, there was complete impunity for some and complete dependence for others. And it becomes easier to understand how the circumstances helped Pugachev to carry so many people with him. Fantastic rumors about imminent freedom or about the transfer of all peasants to the treasury, about the ready decree of the tsar, who was killed by his wife and boyars for this, that the tsar was not killed, but he hides until better times fell on the fertile ground of general human dissatisfaction with his current position. There was simply no other opportunity to defend their interests with all groups of future participants in the performance.

Uprising First Stage

The internal readiness of the Yaik Cossacks for the uprising was high, but for the speech there was not enough unifying idea, a core that would rally the sheltered and hidden participants in the unrest of 1772. The rumor that Emperor Pyotr Fedorovich, who had miraculously escaped, appeared in the army instantly spread throughout Yaik.

The uprising began on Yaik. The starting point of Pugachev's movement was the Tolkachev farm located south of the Yaitsky town. It was from this farm that Pugachev, who by that time was already Peter III, Tsar Peter Fedorovich, addressed with a manifesto in which he granted all those who joined him "a river from the peaks to the mouth, and earth, and herbs, and monetary salaries, and lead, and gunpowder, and grain provisions." At the head of his constantly replenished detachment, Pugachev approached Orenburg and laid siege to it. Here the question arises: why did Pugachev restrain his forces with this siege?

Orenburg for the Yaik Cossacks was the administrative center of the region and at the same time a symbol of the hostile authorities, because. from there came all the royal decrees. It was necessary to take it. And so Pugachev creates a headquarters, a kind of capital of the insurgent Cossacks, in the village of Berda near Orenburg turns into the capital of the insurgent Cossacks.

Later, in the village of Chesnokovka near Ufa, another center of movement was formed. Several other less significant centers also emerged. But the first stage of the war ended with two defeats of Pugachev - near the Tatishchev fortress and the Sakmarsky town, as well as the defeat of his closest associate - Zarubin-Chiki at Chesnokovka and the cessation of the siege of Orenburg and Ufa. Pugachev and his surviving associates leave for Bashkiria.

Map of the fighting of the Peasants' War

Second phase

In the second stage, the Bashkirs, who by that time had already made up the majority in the Pugachev army, massively participate in the uprising. At the same time, government forces became very active. This forced Pugachev to move towards Kazan, and then in mid-July 1774 to move to the right bank of the Volga. Even before the start of the battle, Pugachev announced that he would go from Kazan to Moscow. Word of this spread throughout the neighborhood. Despite the major defeat of the Pugachev army, the uprising swept the entire western bank of the Volga. Having crossed the Volga at Kokshaisk, Pugachev replenished his army with thousands of peasants. And Salavat Yulaev at that time with his troops continued fighting near Ufa, the detachments of the Bashkirs in the Pugachev detachment were led by Kinzya Arslanov. Pugachev entered Kurmysh, then entered Alatyr without hindrance, and then headed towards Saransk. On the central square of Saransk, a decree on freedom for the peasants was read out, the residents were given supplies of salt and bread, the city treasury “driving through the city fortress and along the streets ... they threw the mob that had come from different districts”. The same solemn meeting awaited Pugachev in Penza. The decrees caused numerous peasant revolts in the Volga region, the movement swept most of the Volga districts, approached the borders of the Moscow province, and really threatened Moscow.

The publication of decrees (manifestos on the liberation of the peasants) in Saransk and Penza is called the culmination of the Peasants' War. The decrees made a strong impression on the peasants, nobles and Catherine II herself. The enthusiasm led to the fact that a population of more than a million people was involved in the uprising. They could not give Pugachev's army anything in the long-term military plan, since the peasant detachments acted no further than their estate. But they turned Pugachev's campaign along the Volga region into a triumphal procession, with bells ringing, the blessing of the village priest and bread and salt in every new village, village, town. When the army of Pugachev or its individual detachments approached, the peasants knitted or killed their landowners and their clerks, hanged local officials, burned estates, smashed shops and shops. In total, in the summer of 1774, about 3 thousand nobles and government officials were killed.

Thus ends the second phase of the war.

Third stage

In the second half of July 1774, when the Pugachev uprising was approaching the borders of the Moscow province and threatening Moscow itself, Empress Catherine II was alarmed by the events. In August 1774 Lieutenant-General Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov was recalled from the 1st Army, which was in the Danubian principalities. Panin instructed Suvorov to command the troops that were supposed to defeat the main Pugachev army in the Volga region.

Seven regiments were brought to Moscow under the personal command of P.I. Panin. Moscow Governor-General Prince M.N. Volkonsky placed artillery next to his house. The police stepped up surveillance and sent informants to crowded places to grab all those who sympathized with Pugachev. Mikhelson, who was pursuing the rebels from Kazan, turned towards Arzamas in order to block the road to the old capital. General Mansurov set out from Yaitsky town to Syzran, General Golitsyn - to Saransk. Everywhere Pugachev leaves rebellious villages behind him: “Not only peasants, but priests, monks, even archimandrites revolt sensitive and insensitive people”. But Pugachev turned south from Penza. Perhaps he wanted to attract the Volga and Don Cossacks to his ranks - the Yaik Cossacks were already tired of the war. But it was precisely in these days that a conspiracy of Cossack colonels began with the aim of surrendering Pugachev to the government in exchange for receiving a pardon.

Meanwhile, Pugachev took Petrovsk, Saratov, where priests in all churches served prayers for the health of Emperor Peter III, and government troops followed on his heels.

After Saratov, Kamyshin also met Pugachev with bells and bread and salt. Near Kamyshin in the German colonies, Pugachev's troops encountered the Astrakhan astronomical expedition of the Academy of Sciences, many of whose members, together with the head Academician Georg Lovitz, were hanged along with local officials who did not have time to escape. They were joined by a detachment of 3,000 Kalmyks, followed by the villages of the Volga Cossack army Antipovskaya and Karavainskaya. August 21, 1774 Pugachev tried to attack Tsaritsyn, but the assault failed.

The Michelson corps pursued Pugachev, and he hastily lifted the siege from Tsaritsyn, moving towards the Black Yar. Panic broke out in Astrakhan. August 24 Pugachev was overtaken by Michelson. Realizing that the battle could not be avoided, the Pugachevites lined up battle formations. On August 25, the last major battle of the troops under the command of Pugachev with the tsarist troops took place. The battle began with a major setback - all 24 guns of the rebel army were repulsed by a cavalry attack. In a fierce battle, more than 2,000 rebels died, among them Ataman Ovchinnikov. Over 6,000 people were taken prisoner. Pugachev with the Cossacks, breaking up into small detachments, fled across the Volga. During August-September, most of the participants in the uprising were caught and sent for investigation to Yaitsky town, Simbirsk, Orenburg.

Pugachev under escort. 18th century engraving

Pugachev fled with a detachment of Cossacks to Uzen, not knowing that since mid-August some colonels had been discussing the possibility of earning forgiveness by surrendering the impostor. Under the pretext of facilitating the escape from the chase, they divided the detachment so as to separate the Cossacks loyal to Pugachev along with Ataman Perfilyev. On September 8, near the Bolshoi Uzen River, they pounced and tied Pugachev, after which Chumakov and Curds went to the Yaitsky town, where on September 11 they announced the capture of the impostor. Having received promises of pardon, they notified the accomplices, and on September 15 they delivered Pugachev to the Yaitsky town. The first interrogations took place, one of which was personally conducted by Suvorov, who also volunteered to escort Pugachev to Simbirsk, where the main investigation was underway. For the transportation of Pugachev, a cramped cage was made, mounted on a two-wheeled cart, in which, shackled hand and foot, he could not even turn around. In Simbirsk, for five days, he was interrogated by P. S. Potemkin, head of the secret investigative commissions, and Count P. I. Panin, commander of the government's punitive troops.

Continuation of the Peasants' War

With the capture of Pugachev, the war did not end - it unfolded too widely. The centers of the uprising were both scattered and organized, for example, in Bashkiria under the command of Salavat Yulaev and his father. The uprising continued in the Trans-Urals, in the Voronezh province, in the Tambov district. Many landlords left their homes and hid from the rebels. To bring down the wave of rebellions, punitive detachments began mass executions. In every village, in every town that received Pugachev, on the gallows, from which they barely had time to remove those hanged by Pugachev, they began to hang the leaders of the riots and the city heads and chieftains of local detachments appointed by the Pugachevites. To increase intimidation, the gallows were mounted on rafts and launched along the main rivers of the uprising. In May, Khlopushi was executed in Orenburg: his head was placed on a pole in the center of the city. During the investigation, the entire medieval set of tested means was used. In terms of cruelty and the number of victims, Pugachev and the government did not yield to each other.

"Gallows on the Volga" (illustration by N. N. Karazin for "The Captain's Daughter" by A. S. Pushkin)

The investigation into the Pugachev case

All the main participants in the uprising were transported to Moscow for a general investigation. They were placed in the building of the Mint at the Iberian Gates of Kitay-gorod. The interrogations were led by Prince M.N. Volkonsky and Chief Secretary S.I. Sheshkovsky.

Pugachev gave detailed testimony about himself and about his plans and intentions, about the course of the uprising. Catherine II showed great interest in the course of the investigation. She even advised how best to conduct an inquiry and what questions to ask.

Judgment and execution

On December 31, Pugachev was transported under reinforced escort from the casemates of the Mint to the chambers of the Kremlin Palace. He was then led into the meeting room and forced to kneel. After a formal questioning, he was taken out of the hall, the court made a decision: “Emelka Pugachev should be quartered, his head stuck on a stake, body parts smashed into four parts of the city and put on wheels, and then burned in those places.” The rest of the defendants were divided according to the degree of their guilt into several groups for each of them to receive the appropriate type of execution or punishment.

On January 10, 1775, on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow, with a huge gathering of people, an execution was carried out. Pugachev kept calm. At the place of execution, he crossed himself at the Kremlin cathedrals, bowed to four sides with the words "Forgive me, Orthodox people." At the request of Catherine II, sentenced to quartering E.I. Pugachev and A.P. Perfilyev, the executioner first cut off their heads. On the same day, M. G. Shigaev, T. I. Podurov and V. I. Tornov were hanged. I. N. Zarubin-Chika was sent to Ufa, where he was executed by beheading in early February 1775.

"Execution of Pugachev on Bolotnaya Square". Drawing of an eyewitness to the execution of A. T. Bolotov

Features of the Peasant War

This war was in many ways similar to the previous peasant wars. The role of the instigator of the war is played by the Cossacks, in many respects both social requirements and the motives of the rebels are similar. But there are also significant differences: 1) the coverage of a vast territory, which had no precedent in previous history; 2) different from the rest of the organization of the movement, the creation central authorities management of the army, the publication of manifestos, a fairly clear structure of the army.

Consequences of the Peasants' War

In order to eradicate the memory of Pugachev, Catherine II issued decrees on the renaming of all places associated with these events. The village of Zimoveyskaya on the Don, where Pugachev was born, was renamed Potemkinskaya, the house where Pugachev was born was ordered to burn. The Yaik River was renamed the Urals, the Yaik Host - the Ural Cossack Host, the Yaik Town - Uralsk, the Verkhne-Yaik Quay - Verkhneuralsk. The name of Pugachev was anathematized in churches along with Stenka Razin.

Decree of the ruling Senate

“... for the complete oblivion of this unfortunate incident that followed on Yaik, the river Yaik, along which both this army and the city had its name until now, due to the fact that this river flows from
Ural Mountains, rename the Urals, and therefore name the army Ural, and henceforth not be called Yaitsky, and henceforth the Yaitsky city will be called Uralsk; about what for information and execution
sim and published.

The policy towards the Cossack troops has been adjusted, the process of their transformation into army units is accelerating. By decree of February 22, 1784, the nobility of the local nobility was fixed. Tatar and Bashkir princes and murzas are equated in rights and liberties with the Russian nobility, including the right to own serfs, but only of the Muslim faith.

The Pugachev uprising caused great damage to the metallurgy of the Urals. 64 of the 129 factories that existed in the Urals fully joined the uprising. In May 1779, a manifesto was issued on general rules the use of assigned peasants in state-owned and particular enterprises, which limited the breeders in the use of peasants assigned to factories, reduced the working day and increased wages.

There were no significant changes in the position of the peasantry.

Postage stamp of the USSR dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the Peasant War of 1773-1775, E. I. Pugachev

Pugachev's uprising (peasant war) 1773-1775 under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev - the uprising of the Yaik Cossacks, which grew into a full-scale war.

Rationalism and disregard for tradition, so characteristic of the imperial regime, alienated the masses from it. The Pugachev uprising was the latest and most serious in a long chain of uprisings that took place on the southeastern borders of the Russian state, in that open and difficult to define region where the Old Believers and fugitives from the imperial authorities lived side by side with non-Russian steppe tribes and where the Cossacks who defended the royal fortresses still dreamed of the return of former liberties.

Causes of the Pugachev uprising

IN late XVIII centuries, the control of official authorities in this area became more and more tangible. In general, the Pugachev uprising can be seen as the last - but most powerful - desperate impulse of people whose way of life was incompatible with a clearly defined and well-defined state power. The nobles received land in the Volga and Trans-Volga regions, and for many peasants who had lived there for a long time, this meant serfdom. Peasants from other regions of the country also settled there.

The landowners, wishing to increase their income and trying to take advantage of the opening opportunities in trade, increased the quitrent or replaced it with corvée. Soon after the accession of Catherine, these duties, still unusual for many, were fixed in the course of the census and measurement of the land. With the advent of market relations in the Volga territories, the pressure on more traditional and less productive activities increased.

A special group of the population of this region was made up of odnodvortsy, descendants of peasant soldiers sent to the Volga borders in the 16th-17th centuries. Most of the odnodvortsev were Old Believers. Remaining theoretically free people, they suffered greatly from economic rivalry from the nobles, and at the same time they were afraid of losing their independence and falling into the hard class of state peasants.

How it all began

The uprising began among the Yaik Cossacks, whose position reflected the changes brought about by increasingly intrusive state intervention. They have long enjoyed relative freedom, which made it possible to go about their own business, elect leaders, hunt, fish and raid the regions adjacent to the lower Yaik (Urals) in exchange for recognizing the power of the king and providing, if necessary, certain services.

The change in the status of the Cossacks occurred in 1748, when the government ordered the creation of the Yaik army from the 7 defense regiments of the so-called Orenburg line, which was built in order to separate the Kazakhs from the Bashkirs. Some of the Cossack foremen favorably accepted the creation of the army, in the hope of securing a solid status within the framework of the "Table of Ranks", but for the most part, ordinary Cossacks opposed joining the Russian army, considering this decision a violation of freedom and a violation of Cossack democratic traditions.

The Cossacks were also alarmed that in the army they would become ordinary soldiers. Suspicion intensified when, in 1769, to fight the Turks, it was proposed to form a certain “Moscow Legion” from small Cossack troops. This meant wearing a military uniform, training and, worst of all, shaving beards, which caused deep rejection on the part of the Old Believers.

Appearance of Peter III (Pugachev)

Emelyan Pugachev stood at the head of the discontented Yaik Cossacks. Being a Don Cossack by origin, Pugachev deserted from the Russian army and became a fugitive; he was caught several times, but Pugachev always managed to escape. Pugachev called himself Emperor Peter III, who allegedly managed to escape; he spoke out in defense of the old faith. Perhaps Pugachev went for such a trick at the prompt of one of the Yaik Cossacks, but accepted the proposed role with conviction and panache, becoming a figure not subject to anyone's manipulations.

The appearance of Peter III revived the hopes of peasants and religious dissidents, and some of the measures taken by Yemelyan as tsar strengthened them. Yemelyan Pugachev expropriated church lands, elevating monastic and church peasants to the more preferable rank of state; banned the purchase of peasants by non-nobles and stopped the practice of assigning them to factories and mines. He also eased the persecution of the Old Believers and granted forgiveness to schismatics who voluntarily returned from abroad. Exemption of nobles from compulsory public service, which did not bring direct benefits to the serfs, nevertheless gave rise to expectations of similar relief for themselves.

Pugachev's court. Painting by V.G. Perov

Be that as it may, regardless of politics, the unexpected removal of Peter III from the throne aroused the strongest suspicions among the peasants, especially since his successor was a German woman, who, moreover, was not Orthodox, as many thought. Pugachev was not the first to make a name for himself by assuming the identity of the injured and hiding Tsar Peter, ready to lead the people to restore the true faith and the return of traditional freedoms. From 1762 to 1774, about 10 such figures appeared. Pugachev became the most visible person, partly because of the wide support given, partly because of his abilities; besides, he was lucky.

Pugachev's popularity largely increased due to the fact that he appeared in the form of an innocent victim, who humbly accepted the removal from the throne and left the capital in order to wander among his people, knowing their suffering and hardships. Pugachev declared that he had allegedly already visited Constantinople and Jerusalem, confirming his holiness and power by contacts with the "Second Rome" and the place of Christ's death.

The circumstances under which Catherine came to power really made her question her legitimacy. Dissatisfaction with the Empress further intensified when she canceled some of the popular decrees of her ex-husband, curtailing the freedom of the Cossacks and further reducing the already meager rights of serfs, depriving them, for example, of the opportunity to submit petitions to the sovereign.

The course of the uprising

Pugachev's uprising is usually divided into three stages.

The first stage - lasted from the beginning of the uprising until the defeat at the Tatishcheva fortress and the lifting of the siege of Orenburg.

The second stage was marked by a campaign to the Urals, then to Kazan and the defeat under it from Michelson's troops.

The beginning of the third stage is the crossing to the right bank of the Volga and the capture of many cities. The end of the stage is the defeat at Cherny Yar.

First stage of the uprising

Pugachev approached the Yaik town with a detachment of 200 people, there were 923 regular troops in the fortress. An attempt to take the fortress by storm failed. Pugachev left the Yaitsky town and headed up the Yaitsky fortified line. The fortresses surrendered one by one. The advanced detachments of the Pugachevites appeared near Orenburg on October 3, 1773, but the governor Reinsdorp was ready for defense: the ramparts were repaired, the garrison of 2,900 people was put on alert. One thing that the major general missed was that he did not provide the garrison and the population of the city with food supplies.

A small detachment from the rear units under the command of Major General Kara was sent to suppress the uprising, while Pugachev near Orenburg had about 24,000 people with 20 guns. Kar wanted to pincer the Pugachevites and divided his already small detachment.

Pugachev defeated the punishers in parts. At first, the grenadier company, without resisting, joined the ranks of the rebels. After that, on the night of November 9, Kar was attacked and fled 17 miles from the rebels. It all ended with the defeat of the detachment of Colonel Chernyshev. 32 officers, led by a colonel, were captured and executed.

This victory played a bad joke on Pugachev. On the one hand, he was able to strengthen his authority, and on the other hand, the authorities began to take him seriously and sent entire regiments to suppress the rebellion. Three regiments of the regular army under the command of Golitsyn met in battle with the Pugachevites on March 22, 1774 in the Tatishcheva fortress. The assault lasted for six hours. Pugachev was defeated and fled to the Ural factories. On March 24, 1774, detachments of rebels who besieged Ufa, near Chesnokovka, were defeated.

Second phase

The second stage was distinguished by some features. A significant part of the population did not support the rebels. The Pugachev detachments arriving at the plant confiscated the factory treasury, robbed the factory population, destroyed the factory, and committed violence. The Bashkirs stood out in particular. Often the factories offered resistance to the rebels, organizing self-defense. 64 factories joined the Pugachevites, and 28 opposed him. In addition, the superiority in strength was on the side of the punishers.

May 20, 1774 - the Pugachevites captured the Troitskaya fortress with 11-12,000 people and 30 cannons. The next day, Pugachev was overtaken by General de Colong and won the battle. On the battlefield, 4,000 were killed and 3,000 were taken prisoner. Pugachev himself with a small detachment went to European Russia.

In the Kazan province, he was greeted with bells and bread and salt. The army of Emelyan Pugachev was replenished with new forces and near Kazan on July 11, 1774 already numbered 20,000 people. Kazan was taken, only the Kremlin held out. Mikhelson hurried to the rescue of Kazan, who was able to defeat Pugachev once again. And again Pugachev fled. 1774, July 31 - his next manifesto was published. This document freed the peasants from serfdom and various taxes. The peasants were urged to destroy the landlords.

Third stage of the uprising

At the third stage, one can already speak of a peasant war that engulfed the vast territory of Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces. Of the 1,425 nobles who were in the Nizhny Novgorod province, 348 people were killed. It got not only to nobles and officials, but also to the clergy. In Kurmysh district, out of 72 killed, 41 were members of the clergy. In the Yadrinsky district, 38 members of the clergy were executed.

The cruelty of the Pugachevites should in fact be considered bloody and monstrous, but the cruelty of the punishers was no less monstrous. On August 1, Pugachev in Penza, on August 6 he occupied Saratov, on August 21 he approached Tsaritsyn, but could not take him. Attempts to raise the Don Cossacks were unsuccessful. On August 24, the last battle took place, in which Michelson's troops defeated Pugachev's army. He himself ran across the Volga with 30 Cossacks. In the meantime, A.V. arrived at Michelson's headquarters. Suvorov, urgently recalled from the Turkish front.

The capture of Pugachev

On September 15, his associates handed Pugachev over to the authorities. In the town of Yaitsky, Captain-Lieutenant Mavrin made the first interrogations of the impostor, the result of which was the assertion that the uprising was caused not by the evil will of Pugachev and the rampage of the mob, but by the difficult living conditions of the people. At one time, wonderful words were said by General A.I. Bibik, who fought against Pugachev: “It is not Pugachev that is important, it is the general indignation that matters.”

From the town of Yaitsky, Pugachev was taken to Simbirsk. The convoy was commanded by A.V. Suvorov. October 1 arrived in Simbirsk. Here, on October 2, the investigation was continued by P.I. Panin and P.S. Potemkin. The investigators wanted to prove that Pugachev was bribed by foreigners or the noble opposition. It was not possible to break Pugachev's will, the investigation in Simbirsk did not achieve its goal.

November 4, 1774 - Pugachev was taken to Moscow. Here the investigation was led by S.I. Sheshkovsky. Pugachev persistently confirmed the idea of ​​popular suffering as the cause of the uprising. Empress Catherine did not like this very much. She was ready to admit external interference or the existence of a noble opposition, but she was not ready to admit the mediocrity of her government.

The rebels were accused of desecrating Orthodox churches, which was not the case. On December 13, the last interrogation of Pugachev was removed. Court sessions took place in the Throne Room of the Kremlin Palace on December 29-31. January 10, 1775 - Pugachev was executed on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. The reaction of the common people to the execution of Pugachev is interesting: "Some Pugach was executed in Moscow, but Pyotr Fedorovich is alive." Pugachev's relatives were placed in the Kexholm fortress. 1803 - freed prisoners from captivity. They all died in different years without offspring. The last to die in 1833 was Pugachev's daughter Agrafena.

The consequences of the Pugachev uprising

Peasant War 1773-1775 became the most massive spontaneous folk performance in Russia. Pugachev seriously frightened the Russian ruling circles Even during the uprising, by order of the government, the house in which Pugachev lived was burned down, and later his native village Zimoveyskaya was moved to another place and renamed Potemkinskaya. The Yaik River, the first center of disobedience and the epicenter of the rebels, was renamed the Urals, and the Yaik Cossacks began to be called the Ural Cossacks. The Cossack Army that supported Pugachev was disbanded and moved to the Terek. The restless Zaporizhzhya Sich, given its rebellious traditions, was liquidated in 1775 without waiting for the next performance. Catherine II ordered the Pugachev Rebellion to be forgotten forever.

The main cause of popular unrest, including the uprising led by Yemelyan Pugachev, was the strengthening of serfdom and the growth of exploitation of all sections of the black population. The Cossacks were unhappy with the government's attack on their traditional privileges and rights. The indigenous peoples of the Volga and Ural regions experienced harassment both from the authorities and from the actions of Russian landowners and industrialists. Wars, famine, epidemics also contributed to popular uprisings. (For example, the Moscow plague riot of 1771 arose as a result of an epidemic of plague brought from the fronts of the Russian-Turkish war.)

MANIFESTO OF "AMPERATOR"

“The autocratic emperor, our great sovereign, Peter Fedorovich of All Russia and others ... In my personal decree, the Yaik army is depicted: how you, my friends, served the former tsars to the drop of your blood ... so you will serve me for your fatherland, the great sovereign emperor Peter Fedorovich ... Wake me up, the great sovereign complained: Cossacks and Kalmyks and that containers. And which I ... wine were ... in all wines I forgive and favor you: from the top and to the mouth, and earth, and herbs, and monetary salaries, and lead, and gunpowder, and grain rulers.

IMPOSTERS

In September 1773, the Yaik Cossacks could hear this manifesto "by the miracle of the saved Tsar Peter III." The shadow of "Peter III" in the previous 11 years has repeatedly appeared in Russia. Some daredevils were called Sovereign Pyotr Fedorovich, announced that they wanted, following the freedom of the nobility, to give free rein to the serfs and to favor the Cossacks, working people and all other ordinary people, but the nobles set out to kill them, and they had to hide for the time being. These impostors quickly fell into the Secret Expedition, opened under Catherine II in exchange for the dissolved office of secret search affairs, and their life was cut short on the chopping block. But soon the living “Peter III” appeared somewhere on the outskirts, and the people grabbed hold of the rumor about the new “miraculous salvation of the emperor.” Of all the impostors, only one, the Don Cossack Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev, managed to kindle the flames of the peasant war and lead the merciless war of the common people against the masters for the "peasant kingdom".

At his headquarters and on the battlefield near Orenburg, Pugachev played the “royal role” perfectly. He issued decrees not only on his own behalf, but also on behalf of the “son and heir” of Paul. Often, in public, Emelyan Ivanovich took out a portrait of the Grand Duke and, looking at him, said with tears: “Oh, I feel sorry for Pavel Petrovich, lest the accursed villains torment him!” And on another occasion, the impostor declared: “I myself no longer want to reign, but I will restore the Tsarevich Sovereign to the kingdom.”

"Tsar Peter III" tried to bring order to the rebellious people's element. The rebels were divided into "regiments" headed by "officers" elected or appointed by Pugachev. At 5 versts from Orenburg, in Berd, he made his bet. Under the emperor, a “guard” was formed from his guard. Pugachev's decrees were affixed with the "great state seal". Under the "king" there was a Military Collegium, which concentrated military, administrative and judicial power.

Even Pugachev showed his associates birthmarks - at that time everyone was convinced that the kings had "special royal signs" on their bodies. A red caftan, an expensive hat, a saber and a determined look completed the image of the "sovereign". Although Emelyan Ivanovich's appearance was unremarkable: he was a Cossack of about thirty years old, of medium height, swarthy, his hair was cut in a circle, his face was framed by a small black beard. But he was such a "king" as the peasant's fantasy wanted to see the king: dashing, insanely brave, sedate, formidable and quick to judge the "traitors". He executed and complained...

Executed landowners and officers. Complained ordinary people. For example, the artisan Afanasy Sokolov, nicknamed Khlopusha, appeared in his camp, seeing the “tsar”, he fell to his feet and confessed: he, Khlopusha, was in an Orenburg prison, but was released by Governor Reinsdorf, promising to kill Pugachev for money. "Amperor Peter III" forgives Khlopusha, and even appoints him a colonel. Khlopusha soon became famous as a decisive and successful leader. Pugachev promoted another national leader, Chika-Zarubin, to the earl and called him nothing more than "Ivan Nikiforovich Chernyshev."

Among those granted soon were working people who arrived at Pugachev and ascribed mining peasants, as well as the rebellious Bashkirs, led by a noble young hero-poet Salavat Yulaev. The “king” returned their lands to the Bashkirs. The Bashkirs began to set fire to Russian factories built in their region, while the villages of Russian settlers were destroyed, the inhabitants were cut out almost without exception.

EGG COSSACKS

The uprising began on Yaik, which was no coincidence. Unrest began in January 1772, when the Yaitsky Cossacks with icons and banners came to their "capital" Yaitsky town to ask the tsarist general to remove the ataman who was oppressing them and part of the foreman and restore the former privileges of the Yaitsky Cossacks.

The government at that time fairly pressed the Cossacks of Yaik. Their role as border guards has declined; Cossacks began to be torn away from home, sending them on long trips; the election of atamans and commanders was abolished as early as the 1740s; at the mouth of the Yaik, fishermen set up, by royal permission, barriers that made it difficult for fish to move up the river, which painfully hit one of the main Cossack trades - fishing.

In the town of Yaik, the procession of the Cossacks was shot. The soldier corps, which arrived a little later, suppressed the Cossack indignation, the instigators were executed, the "disobedient Cossacks" fled and hid. But there was no calmness on Yaik, the Cossack region still resembled a powder magazine. The spark that blew him up was Pugachev.

THE BEGINNING OF PUGACHEV

On September 17, 1773, he read out his first manifesto to 80 Cossacks. On the next day, he already had 200 supporters, and on the third - 400. On October 5, 1773, Emelyan Pugachev, with 2.5 thousand associates, began the siege of Orenburg.

While "Peter III" was going to Orenburg, the news of him spread throughout the country. It was whispered in the peasant huts how everywhere the "emperor" was met with "bread and salt", the bells solemnly hummed in his honor, the Cossacks and soldiers of the garrisons of small border fortresses open the gates without a fight and go over to his side, the "king" without delay executes the "blood-sucking nobles", and favors the rebels with their belongings. First, some brave men, and then whole crowds of serfs from the Volga, ran to Pugachev in his camp near Orenburg.

PUGACHEV AT ORENBURG

Orenburg was a well-fortified provincial city, it was defended by 3 thousand soldiers. Pugachev stood near Orenburg for 6 months, but failed to take it. However, the army of the rebels grew, at some moments of the uprising its number reached 30 thousand people.

Major General Kar hurried to the rescue of besieged Orenburg with troops loyal to Catherine II. But his one and a half thousand detachment was defeated. The same thing happened with the military team of Colonel Chernyshev. The remnants of government troops retreated to Kazan and caused panic there among the local nobles. The nobles had already heard about the ferocious reprisals of Pugachev and began to scatter, leaving their houses and property.

The situation was becoming serious. Catherine, in order to maintain the spirit of the Volga nobles, declared herself a "Kazan landowner." Troops began to gather in Orenburg. They needed a commander-in-chief - a talented and energetic person. Catherine II for the sake of benefit could give up her convictions. It was at this decisive moment at the court ball that the empress turned to A.I. Bibikov, whom she did not like for his closeness to her son Pavel and "constitutional dreams", and with an affectionate smile asked him to become the commander-in-chief of the army. Bibikov replied that he had devoted himself to the service of the fatherland and, of course, accepted the appointment. Catherine's hopes were justified. On March 22, 1774, in a 6-hour battle near the Tatishcheva fortress, Bibikov defeated the best forces of Pugachev. 2 thousand Pugachevites were killed, 4 thousand wounded or surrendered, 36 guns were captured from the rebels. Pugachev was forced to lift the siege of Orenburg. The rebellion seemed to be crushed...

But in the spring of 1774, the second part of the Pugachev drama began. Pugachev moved east: to Bashkiria and the mining Urals. When he approached the Trinity Fortress, the easternmost point of the rebel advance, there were 10,000 men in his army. The uprising was overwhelmed by robbery elements. The Pugachevites burned factories, took away cattle and other property from bonded peasants and working people, destroyed officials, clerks, captured "masters" without pity, sometimes in the most savage way. Part of the commoners joined the detachments of the Pugachev colonels, others huddled in detachments around the factory owners, who distributed weapons to their people in order to protect them and their lives and property.

PUGACHEV IN THE VOLGA REGION

Pugachev's army grew at the expense of detachments of the Volga peoples - Udmurts, Mari, Chuvashs. Since November 1773, the manifestoes of "Peter III" called on the serfs to crack down on the landowners - "disturbers of the empire and the ruins of the peasants", and the nobles "to take the houses and all their estates as a reward."

On July 12, 1774, the emperor took Kazan with a 20,000-strong army. But the government garrison locked itself in the Kazan Kremlin. The tsarist troops, led by Michelson, arrived to help him. On July 17, 1774, Mikhelson defeated the Pugachevites. "Tsar Pyotr Fedorovich" fled to the right bank of the Volga, and there the peasant war unfolded again on a large scale. The Pugachev Manifesto on July 31, 1774 gave the serfs freedom and "liberated" the peasants from all duties. Insurgent detachments arose everywhere, which acted at their own peril and risk, often out of touch with each other. Interestingly, the rebels usually smashed the estates not of their owners, but of neighboring landowners. Pugachev with the main forces moved to the Lower Volga. He easily took small towns. Detachments of barge haulers, Volga, Don and Zaporozhye Cossacks stuck to him. The powerful fortress of Tsaritsyn stood in the way of the rebels. Under the walls of Tsaritsyn in August 1774, the Pugachevites suffered a major defeat. The thinned detachments of the rebels began to retreat back to where they came from - to the South Urals. Pugachev himself, with a group of Yaik Cossacks, swam across to the left bank of the Volga.

On September 12, 1774, former comrades-in-arms betrayed their leader. "Tsar Pyotr Fedorovich" turned into a runaway rebel Pugach. The angry shouts of Emelyan Ivanovich no longer worked: “Who are you knitting? After all, if I don’t do anything to you, then my son, Pavel Petrovich, will not leave a single person of you alive! The bound "king" was on horseback and taken to the Yaitsky town and handed over to an officer there.

Commander-in-Chief Bibikov was no longer alive. He died in the midst of the suppression of the riot. The new commander-in-chief Pyotr Panin (younger brother of the tutor Tsarevich Pavel) had a headquarters in Simbirsk. Mikhelson ordered Pugachev to be sent there. He was escorted by the illustrious commander of Catherine, recalled from the Turkish war. Pugachev was taken in a wooden cage on a two-wheeled cart.

Meanwhile, Pugachev's comrades-in-arms, who had not yet laid down their arms, spread a rumor that the arrested Pugachev was going to the "tsar Peter III' has nothing to do with it. Some peasants sighed with relief: “Thank God! Some Pugach was caught, and Tsar Pyotr Fedorovich is free! But in general, the forces of the rebels were undermined. In 1775, the last centers of resistance in the forested Bashkiria and the Volga region were extinguished, and the echoes of the Pugachev rebellion in Ukraine were suppressed.

A.S. PUSHKIN. "HISTORY OF PUGACHEV"

“Suvorov did not leave him. In the village of Mostakh (one hundred and forty miles from Samara) there was a fire near the hut where Pugachev spent the night. They let him out of the cage, tied him to the cart along with his son, a frisky and courageous boy, and all night; Suvorov himself guarded them. In Kosporye, against Samara, at night, in wave weather, Suvorov crossed the Volga and arrived in Simbirsk in early October ... Pugachev was brought directly to the courtyard to Count Panin, who met him on the porch ... "Who are you?" he asked the impostor. “Emelyan Ivanov Pugachev,” he answered. “How dare you, yur, call yourself a sovereign?” Panin continued. - “I'm not a raven,” Pugachev objected, playing with words and speaking, as usual, allegorically. "I am a crow, and a crow is still flying." Panin, noticing that Pugachev's insolence struck the people crowding around the palace, hit the impostor in the face until he bled and tore out a tuft of his beard ... "

MASSACRES AND EXECUTIONS

The victory of the government troops was accompanied by atrocities no less than Pugachev did against the nobles. The enlightened empress concluded that "in the present case, the execution is necessary for the good of the empire." Prone to constitutional dreams, Pyotr Panin realized the call of the autocrat. Thousands of people were executed without trial or investigation. On all the roads of the rebellious region, corpses were scattered, put up for edification. It was impossible to count the peasants punished with whips, batogs, whips. Many had their noses or ears cut off.

Emelyan Pugachev laid his head on the chopping block on January 10, 1775, in front of a large gathering of people on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow. Before his death, Emelyan Ivanovich bowed to the cathedrals and said goodbye to the people, repeating in a broken voice: “Forgive me, Orthodox people; let me go, in which I was rude before you. Together with Pugachev, several of his associates were hanged. The famous ataman Chika was taken to Ufa for execution. Salavat Yulaev ended up in hard labor. Pugachevism is over...

Pugachev did not bring relief to the peasants. The government's course towards the peasants hardened, and the scope of serfdom expanded. By decree of May 3, 1783, the peasants of the Left-bank and Sloboda Ukraine passed into serfdom. Peasants here were deprived of the right to transfer from one owner to another. In 1785, the Cossack foreman received the rights of the Russian nobility. Even earlier, in 1775, the free Zaporozhian Sich was destroyed. The Cossacks were resettled in the Kuban, where they formed the Cossack Kuban army. The landlords of the Volga region and other regions did not reduce dues, corvee and other peasant duties. All this was exacted with the same severity.

“Mother Catherine” wanted the memory of Pugachev to be erased. She even ordered to rename the river where the rebellion began: and Yaik became the Urals. The Yaitsky Cossacks and the Yaitsky town were ordered to be called Ural. The village of Zimoveyskaya, the birthplace of Stenka Razin and Emelyan Pugachev, was christened in a new way - Potemkinskaya. However, Pugach was remembered by the people. The old people seriously told that Emelyan Ivanovich was a revived Razin, and he would return more than once to the Don; songs sounded throughout Rus' and legends about the formidable "emperor and his children" circulated.