semantic field. Semantic field Syncretic semantic field online
O. A. Cherepanova.
On the relationship between the concepts of "semantic syncretism" and "lexico-semantic group"
in application to the lexical system of the Old Russian language
(Saint Petersburg)
At the meetings of the Commission on the Historical Lexicology of the Russian Language in 1985-1991 (1), where the principles and tasks of the historical lexicology of the Russian language were discussed, the question was also raised about the basic units that form the lexical system of the language and are the units of description of this system. Such units were recognized as the word and units larger than the word, in particular the lexico-semantic and thematic groups of words.
It can be assumed that in different periods of the development of the lexical system, the ratio, the mutual relations of these units will be somewhat different. In this case, we are interested in the Old Russian period, for which the presence of such a property of the semantic structure of the word as the syncretism of meaning is recognized, which manifests itself in one form or another in all periods of the development of the language, but in the ancient period had more pronounced forms of its manifestation.
In modern semantics, the concepts of polysemy, polysemy and ambiguity are distinguished. Ambiguity can be lexical (pass the stop, i.e. " travel distance between two stations" and " don't get off at the right stop»; re-elect Petrov; regret the years spent ... etc.) and syntactic (her portrait, mother loves her daughter, etc.). Ambiguity is understood as a property of language units, which is manifested in the ability of language units to have different meanings. They talk about the ambiguity of language, speech and the ambiguity of the text. Ambiguity as a phenomenon of language and speech has many manifestations. The article by Anna A. Zaliznyak discusses various manifestations of ambiguity, for example, puns, some poetic figures of speech (Anna A. Zaliznyak: 20–45). In this sense, the concept of ambiguity is wider than the concept of syncretism. Concepts " ambiguity" and " ambiguity/syncretism are close, but distinguishable. " The representation of polysemy in the form of a set of particular meanings - with or without a hierarchy established between them and identified models of semantic derivation or without them - will always be imperfect (in the sense of being inadequate to the facts), and this imperfection is due to ... the nature of polysemy, which is arranged non-discretely in a language or system: when implementation in speech, non-discreteness decreases significantly, but is not completely eliminated ...(ibid.: 41). The unremoved and sometimes unremovable indiscreteness in the semantics of the word is semantic syncretism. Anna A. Zaliznyak sees the boundary between polysemy and syncretism in the difference between what is generated and what is reproduced. She gives an example of semantic syncretism from children's language: the sound complex babah can also mean " hit", and " impact sound", and " hurt", and " ball", and " any spherical object(ibid.: 41). In its most general form, semantic syncretism can be defined as the semantic indivisibility of a lexical unit - a word (a combination of words).
In the ancient language, semantic syncretism was a very significant phenomenon, and the relevance of this phenomenon was due to the properties of consciousness and mental activity characteristic of early eras, namely, less clear than at a later time, structuring and conceptualization of the surrounding world.
Syncretism, or diffuseness, non-discreteness of lexical or categorical semantics, has long been the object of observation and reflection of philologists. A. N. Afanasiev spoke about “ original word"as about the grain from which a mythical legend grows, obviously meaning the word of that semantic and functional type that we are talking about:" word is folded text". A. A. Potebnya discusses the primitive name, which contains “ duality of substances”, i.e., the fusion of objective and qualitative meanings. S. D. Katsnelson emphasizes the figurativeness of a single undifferentiated name, which was distinguished in ancient languages by polysemantic quality and subject meanings. For B. A. Larin " syncretic word» has the property « polar values”, concludes in its semantics the unity of opposites, reflecting an earlier, primitive stage of thinking. The inseparability and uncertainty of the meanings of ancient roots was noted by O. N. Trubachev, O. I. Smirnova. The root -cht- was subjected to a special description, which at first had an undivided general semantics, from which the meanings " to read», « consider», « honor"(Jummanov). Since the end of the 70s of the XX century. the development of the problems of syncretism as a phenomenon of language and speech becomes an independent scientific problem (O. S. Akhmanova, V. V. Babaitseva, V. V. Vinogradov, etc.), but historians of the language, primarily representatives of the St. Petersburg school of historical Russian studies, pay special attention to it (V. V. Kolesov, V. N. Kalinovskaya, O. A. Radutnaya, M. V. Pimenova, B. V. Kunavin, O. A. Cherepanova, L. Ya. Petrova, A. K. Konevetsky and others .).
For ancient languages, syncretism should be considered an ontological and universal property; it exists objectively as an expression of a certain form of consciousness; generated by insufficiently clear division of the world by human consciousness at the level of representation, image (Kolesov: 44). The developments of recent years make it possible to speak of several types of ancient syncretism.
a) Primary undivided names functioned in the most ancient Slavic monuments - categorical syncretes, which, both in absolute use and as components of compound naming, had substantive characterizing grammatical meanings. As V. A. Baranov notes, categorical syncretism was most clearly manifested in possessive names, in characterizing names in the vocative form, and in some suffixal nominal formations. Perhaps, initially, this type of syncretism can also be seen in the word dba in the combination dbva Maria (cf. dbva).
b) Semantic syncretism, represented in lexemes that simultaneously have the meanings of action, subject, object of action and the result of this action: catch, garden, fear, moat, grapes, power, etc. The lexeme fear meant as “ fear, fear", and deliverance, protection from fear -" security, protection". The semantics of the adjective many contains in its undivided form the potential to convey " measuring»values of size, quantity, intensity, and not only in relation to countable or physically measured objects, but also in relation to time: for many times and nbx (Laurus years). Syncretism of this type should be considered linguistic, it existed at the level of the lexeme and was eliminated in the context.
c) Semantic syncretism, expressed in the diffuseness, indiscreteness of the semantics of the word. This type of syncretism is most typical for names of characterizing semantics. M. V. Pimenova, studying the means of expressing aesthetic evaluation in the Old Russian text, considers semantic syncretism, if not the leading, then a very important feature of characterizing names. According to her observations, with reference to the observations of N. G. Mikhailovskaya, O. I. Smirnova, Zh. good, kind, lpyi, red, living, bright, deliberate, enemy, crafty, dark, thin, alien / alien, foul, dirty; nouns good, good beauty and under. For example: Hate the good enemy. Life of Theodosius of the Caves; Go to your learning, open your eyes of wisdom and show the lightness of your kindness, the beauty of your desire. Theodore Stratelates, XIV: 150c-g. (Pimenova: 15–16). A certain confirmation of the syncretism of such units is the fact that if the translated texts have a Greek original, these units in the Greek text correspond to a certain number of Greek words and vice versa, to one Greek - a number of Slavic ones. So, V. Yagich notes that the Greek noun " decency, propriety, beauty” in Slavic translations corresponds to four words: beauty, lpota, wellpota, goodness. AT " Tales of Barlaam and Joasaph» the lexeme beauty is used in the translation of ten Greek words that implement different kinds pragmatic meaning (sublimated - aesthetic and ethical assessment, sensory-psychological - emotional assessment, etc.). According to the observations of V. M. Istrin, in the Chronicle of George Amartol, the adjective zulii corresponds to 12 Greek units (Pimenova: 16).
Syncretism of this nature is not eliminated in the text, since in the mind these lexemes correspond to an undivided representation and a concept with an extremely wide content.
According to M. V. Pimenova, the set of words-syncret forms a special lexical-semantic category, which she proposes to call the term syncretsemia (Pimenova: 15).
A. V. Nikitin, studying the semantic organization of a group of nouns with the meaning ‘sorrowful feeling’ in the Old Russian language, comes to the conclusion that a significant number of lexemes of this group have a sign of syncretism in their semantics and combine such meanings as: “ misfortune, misfortune», « sad feeling», « », « loss of mental strength», « illness, illness», « worry, concern», « embarrassment, difficult circumstances". For example: The sadness of greatness was firstly created by every person. Izbornik 1076: 154v.; Child, did you see the cave in this skrbno coexisting place and now more pacha inhj mst. You are Oun syi, as I think, and don’t have to take revenge on seven skurbi. Assumption collection of the XII-XIII centuries: 31 b. (Alekseev: 5).
The types of categorial-semantic and semantic syncretism considered above are a consequence of the ontological indivisibility of the semantics of a verbal unit in language or speech. There is, however, such a type of syncretism that reflects the superimposition of one conceptual sphere, which was formed later, on another, earlier in time of appearance, or arises as a result of the combination of originally separated images, ideas, concepts in a verbal unit.
d) Spatio-temporal syncretism can serve as an example of syncretism resulting from the imposition of conceptual spheres on one another. The formation of this kind is the adverb again. The initially spatial meaning of the etymon was superimposed by a secondary - temporal one, which led to the indivisibility of the semantics of this word in a number of ancient Russian usages: Far away for the Greek Kursun to fall out of the tsrts dlya, and he himself came to Kyiv (The Tale of Bygone Years. 6496), where again and " back", and " again»; Go Vsvolod to Otsyu Ky1evu and come to fall Novougorodou on the table (Novgorodskaya Chronicle 1, 6634) (Sreznevsky, 11: 702–703). Spatio-temporal syncretism, obviously, retained its activity in the collective consciousness for a long time (it is present even now), otherwise it is impossible to explain the semantic shifts " back» - « again”, which at a much later time are attested in the dialect back.
e) Another type of syncretism is directly due to the specifics of the pagan worldview, in which the human consciousness did not single out a person from the surrounding nature and identified the human being with the being of the living and inanimate objects surrounding him. This is the nature of such a well-known phenomenon as totemism. In the linguistic area, this manifested itself in the verbal identification / indistinguishability of a person and beings and objects of other ranks. An example of this can be seen in the Sermon about Igor's Campaign. The word galici (2) is used three times in the work. In one case, these are birds: “ then don’t lie, don’t lie, galitsy are quiet, magpies are not roaring", in another - these are the Polovtsy:" not a storm falcons swept across the wide fields - gallic herds flock to the great Don»; in the third - the syncretism of the image, manifested in the semantics of the word, does not make it possible to unequivocally determine whether we are talking about birds or Polovtsians: away" (Word: 106, 23, 26). The proposed understanding of the second and third quotes is supported by the fact that the totemic consciousness is very active in the Word: almost every character has a parallel image that can be elevated to the totemic " fellow"or an ancestor: a tour - Vsevolod, Russian princes, Igor - falcons, six-winged birds, Vseslav - a fierce beast, a wolf, Gzak - a gray wolf, Yaroslavna - a zegzitsa, Igor - an ermine, a goldeneye, a busted wolf, a falcon; Vloor - a wolf, Polovtsy - black crows, nests, gallits, etc. True, a certain degree of symbolization in the Word can obviously already be seen.
f) Finally, there is syncretism, which was the result of symbolization, and symbolization, which is a reflection of a certain type of thinking inherent in early forms consciousness and manifested itself as a logical and stylistic device that organizes many ancient texts, especially parable texts belonging to high bookishness. Many examples of such symbolization are given to us by the works of Cyril of Turov, for example, the words house, grapes. Rich material for observations in the field of textual and verbal syncretism contains " The legend of our father Agapius ...”: and the words of mi Ili1a mir ti boudi Agapie. But bow down to sA poidoh on the way. Izhe ma display Ili1a (Saying: 291 b). Especially expressive is the syncretism of the semantics of the word path, which in this monument is both the real space along which the movement is made, and the journey that takes place in time and space, and the spiritual movement to comprehend the commandments of the Lord, and these commandments themselves. Syncretism as a result of the figurative-symbolic perception of the world, embodied in the word, is an accessory of artistic speech of all times, being realized in the symbolic meanings and uses of words, metaphors, etc.
The phenomenon of syncretism, diffuseness, non-discreteness of the semantics of an ancient word in many cases can create difficulties in isolating individual meanings. Syncretism at the syntagmatic level makes paradigmatic relations fuzzy as well. Lexico-semantic groups, for example, synonymous series, are built on the basis of LSV, and not the lexeme as a whole. As a result, difficulties arise in attributing the word to one or another lexico-semantic group. In many cases, it is possible to single out semantic complexes united by an extremely broad meaning. For example, M. V. Pimenova speaks of a group of evaluative adjectives with the meaning of a generalized positive or, conversely, a generalized negative assessment (Pimenova: 15). A. V. Alekseev comes to the conclusion that the group of nouns he considers with the meaning " sad feeling» « the term “LSG” is completely inapplicable, since it does not fully reflect the features of the structural organization of these words"(Alekseev: 8). He also speaks of a holistic semantic complex, which includes the meanings of " sad feeling' and its accompanying meanings ' misfortune», « torment, physical suffering”, etc. The above typology of the semantic syncretism of the Old Russian word shows that the phenomenon of Old Russian syncretism exists in language, speech and text, and not all types of syncretism create difficulties in isolating a separate meaning at the syntagmatic level. In general, the semantic syncretism of the Old Russian word should not be considered an obstacle to the selection of one or another LSG, although it must be taken into account that the nature of these associations can be generalized, and the relations of synonymy, antonymy, enantiosemy can be more complex than it might seem. when approaching an ancient word with modern " by the standards».
Literature
Alekseev A. V. The structure of a group of nouns with the meaning "sorrowful feeling in the Old Russian language" // XXXIII International Philological Conference. - Issue. 5: History of the Russian language. - Part 1. - S. 3–9.
Baranov V. A. Formation of defining categories in the history of the Russian language: Abstract of the thesis. diss… doc. philological Sciences. - Kazan 2003.
Dzhummanova D. T. The history of the lexico-semantic group of words with the etymological root *-ct-: Abstract of the thesis. diss. ...candidate of philology. Sciences. - SPb., 1995.
Zaliznyak Anna A. The phenomenon of polysemy and methods of its description // Problems of Linguistics. - No. 2. 2004. - S. 20–45.
Kolesov V.V. Semantic syncretism as a category of language // Bulletin of the Leningrad University. - Ser. 2. - Issue. 2 (No. 9). - 1991. - S. 40–49.
Pimenova M.V. Aesthetic evaluation in the Old Russian language: Abstract of the thesis. diss. cand. philological Sciences. - S.-Pb., 2000.
The saying of our father Agapit... // Assumption collection of the XII-XIII centuries. - M. 1971. S. 466–473.
Sreznevsky I.I. Materials for the Old Russian dictionary. - Vol. I–III. 1959–1995
Notes
The word galici as an example of a possible syncretism is mentioned in the mentioned article by Anna A. Zaliznyak.
CHAPTER 1. Empirical adjectives and general grounds for the manifestation of syncretism in their meanings
§ 1. Semantic mobility of the adjective as a factor in the development of syncretism in its semantics
§2. Problems of semantic classification of qualitative adjectives. Empirical adjectives
§3. Types of empirical adjectives and the possibilities of semantic combinations in their meanings
3.1. Visual adjectives, their features of manifestation of semantic syncretism
3.2. Auditory adjectives, their potential in the manifestation of semantic syncretism
3.3. Olfactory adjectives, their relation to semantic syncretism
3.4. Empirical adjectives corresponding to contact sensations and the possibilities of semantic combination in their meanings
Conclusions on the first chapter
CHAPTER 2. Taste adjectives showing semantic syncretism in the dictionary and literary text
§one. Lexicographic data on the possibilities of explication of syncretism in the semantics of taste adjectives
1.1. The core of the semantic space of taste adjectives in terms of syncretic semantics
1.2. Semantic space of peripheral taste adjectives showing semantic syncretism
§2. Nuclear flavor adjectives in fiction
2.1. Synesthesia of Direct JICB Adjectives of Taste in a Fiction Text
2.2. Features of the use of figurative-evaluative taste adjectives in the text
§3. Complication of the empirical meaning of peripheral taste adjectives in a literary text
Conclusions on the second chapter
CHAPTER 3
§one. Lexicographic data on the possibilities of explication of syncretism in the content of tactile adjectives
1.1. Semantic space of tactile adjectives; - the potential of their semantic syncretism.
1.2. Semantic space of temperature adjectives; possibilities of manifestation of their syncretic semantics
§2. Adjectives with the seme "touch" in works of art
2.1. Semantic syncretism of temperature adjectives in literary works
2.2. Semantic syncretism of tactile adjectives in a literary text
2.3. Functioning of syncretic tactile adjectives and adverbs in a literary text
Conclusions on the third chapter
Recommended list of dissertations
Synesthetic metaphors of the Russian language: adjectives of sensory perception 1987, candidate of philological sciences Stepanyan, Tigran Rafayelovich
Types of semantic variation of adjectives in the field "Perception": Based on the material of English, Russian and French languages 2003, Doctor of Philology Merzlyakova, Alfiya Khamitovna
Synesthetic Metaphors in Artistic Speech of the 20th Century 1992, candidate of philological sciences Maydanova, Tatyana Vladimirovna
Cognitive foundations of nominations of tactile perception: on the material of Russian, French, English languages 2011, candidate of philological sciences Bubyreva, Zhanna Anatolyevna
Perceptual feature as an object of nomination 2005, Doctor of Philology Laenko, Lyudmila Vladimirovna
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Semantic syncretism of gustatory and tactile adjectives in language and literary text"
The dissertation identifies varieties of semantic syncretism in the meaning of an empiric adjective and examines the functional and semantic features of gustatory and tactile adjectives with a syncretic meaning in language and literary text.
The relevance of our study is determined by a number of trends in modern Russian studies, including:
The desire of linguists of recent decades to study the semantics of “perceptivity” (“perceivability”) [Shramm 1979; Velichkovsky 1982; Yakovleva 1994; Ruzin 1997; Klimova 1998; Paducheva 1998; Spiridonova 2000; Wolf 2002; Kustova 2003]. The aspect of perceptivity, due to morphological characteristics, is clearly recognized in works on the modes of action of the verb-predicate and its aspectual-temporal meanings (Yu.S. Maslov, A.V. Bondarko, N.S. Avilova, E.V. Paducheva, etc. ), about static values (E.V. Paducheva, I.P. Matkhanova, Yu.P. Knyazev and others);
Following the principle of multidimensionality of modern Russian studies: the results of the study of the semantic syncretism of empirical adjectives are based on psychological knowledge [Lomov 1982; Voronin 1983], in particular, in the understanding of poetic synesthesia; lexico-semantic and word-building derivation, interaction of lexico-grammatical classes (relative / qualitative adjectives), "potential associativity", contextual interactions, semantic interactions of an adjective and a noun it defines;
The development of communicative style [Sulimenko 1988, 1996, 2003; Bolotnova 1992, 1995, 2001; Babenko 2001; Vasilyeva 2001]. In this study, a functional approach is carried out to describe empirical adjectives that name signs perceived by the senses. Revealing the ways of explication of the semantic syncretism of these words makes it possible to reveal their lexico-semantic and communicative-pragmatic potential in the language and text;
The steady interest of modern philology in the problems of interpretation of a literary text. Observation of the contamination of heterogeneous semantics when using empirical adjectives reflects one of the important postulates of linguistic interpretation - the presence of semantic layers, often individually authorial, on the main meaning [Bondarko 1987: 23-25], in our case - empirical. Individually authorial, creating "semantic-fluctuating" images, empirical meanings make it possible to identify characteristic fragments of the writer's artistic worldview, which determines the anthropocentric background of our study;
The prospect of a field approach to the study of groups of perceptual semantics [Yakovleva 1994; Tripolskaya 2004]. Observing empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics in texts, we also take into account adverbs derived from them, verbs, words of the category of state, nouns, in order to more fully imagine the functioning of empirical meanings in works of art.
The degree of development of the problem. There are several interpretations not only of linguistics of the inherent concept of "syncretism" (from the Greek "connection"). A large psychological dictionary presents several meanings of this term, emphasizing the connection, merging of differences. In the Russian language, for example, case syncretism is observed (one ending has the meaning of different cases) or syncretism of different grammatical categories (one ending has the meaning of a certain gender, number and case). Some scientists attribute syncretism to grammatical homonymy, others to polysemy (polyfunctionality) of grammatical form. Some scientists associate the concept of syncretism with irreversible systemic shifts in the process of its development (sometimes it is called "irresolvable", that is, irremovable, syncretism) [Skalichka 1967; Babaitseva 1983], distinguishing it from contamination, diffuseness (sometimes it is called “resolvable” syncretism, that is, eliminated during analysis). However, the phenomenon of syncretism is less considered at the semantic level. For our work, the clearly expressed position of V.V. Levitsky, who proposes to consider syncretism at all levels of the language, including the lexico-semantic one, is important, understanding semantic syncretism as “a combination of several semantic components in one meaning”. In our work, the concept of "semantic syncretism" is used as a generic one in relation to such phenomena as the direct synesthetic meaning of the type smooth skin; “syncretic epithet” (A.N. Veselovsky) in its varieties: synesthetic (golden voice) and non-synaesthetic (subtle humor) metaphor (G.N. Sklyarevskaya); - lexico-semantic diffuseness and other phenomena related to the indicated phenomena, indicating the semantic convergence of empirical and rational-evaluative adjectives. Thus, in modern Russian studies, syncretism is explained not only as a grammatical factor (homonymy, ambiguity of grammatical form), but also as a “combination of semantic features of language units”, the phenomenon of transition, the facts of semantic hybridity (contamination, diffuseness) are emphasized.
The manifestation of semantic syncretism is due to the semantic mobility of qualitative (empirical) adjectives in their meanings. The very concept of "empirical adjectives" (from the Greek etreta - experience, perception) [Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words 2001: 716] came from the works of A.N. Shramm. These are adjectives denoting signs “perceived by the senses and realized by a person as a result of a single-stage mental operation comparisons with the standard. Empirical (perceptual) adjectives designate their own attributes of specific objects, their content is in full accordance with the logical-philosophical category of quality" [Shramm 1979:21].
Less studied are empirical gustatory and tactile adjectives [Shram 1979; Nesterskaya 1979; Lechitskaya 1985; Ruzin 1994; Spiridonova 2000], which are focused on contact sensations and perceptions, while visual, auditory and olfactory adjectives [Kulikova 1965; Schramm 1979; Petrova 1981; Surzhko 1986; Nosulenko 1988; Rubinstein 1989; Zhuravlev 1991; Yakovleva 1994; Ruzin 1994; Kartashova 2004] correspond to distant perceptions [Velichkovsky 1982]. Words with the semes “taste” and “touch” are also approaching on the basis of the physiological factors reflected in them: the sensory channels of the human oral cavity are both tactile and gustatory [Lomov 1982].
The appeal to the study of the semantic-functional features of empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics is due, on the one hand, to “universal semantic compliance” (A.N. Shramm), “signification and multivalence” (A.A. Ufimtseva), “semantic mobility” ( E.Yu. Bulygina) of a qualitative adjective. Evidence of the "semantic mobility" of adjectives, their "universal semantic malleability" is the abundant replenishment of quality adjectives with figurative metaphorical meanings of relative adjectives, which is associated with the development of the category of quality in the Russian language [Vinogradov 1972], on the other hand, the desire to clarify the status of these indicative words in the language and the division "empirical - rational adjectives" proposed in the scientific literature.
The object of the research is vocabulary materials and text fragments, including empiric adjectives. The subject of our study is the features of the manifestation of syncretism in the semantics of gustatory and tactile adjectives in the language and literary text.
The research material is: 1) taste and tactile adjectives in modern explanatory, synonymous, antonymic dictionaries; 2) text fragments from works of art of the 20th century, including empirical words in direct and figurative meanings. The total corpus of selected word usages is about 3000 units.
Text sources for the study were the works of Russian writers and poets of the XX century: A. Bely, I. Bunin,
A. Blok, A. Kuprin, N. Gumilev, A. Akhmatova, Ishmelev, B. Pasternak,
B. Nabokov, A. Platonov, N. Zabolotsky, M. Gorky, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, V. Pelevin, B. Akunin, T. Tolstoy and others. The selection of works is due to the presence of an indicative dominant in their descriptions and characteristics.
The purpose of our work is to identify the hierarchy of varieties of semantic syncretism in the meaning of an empiric adjective and to study the functional and semantic features of gustatory and tactile adjectives with a syncretic meaning in language and literary text.
Research objectives: 1) summarizing the theoretical information about empirical adjectives in general, identify the conditions for the manifestation of their syncretic semantics, depending on: a) the lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical type of the adjective; b) the semantics of the noun they define; 2) analyze the data of dictionaries on taste and tactile adjectives, highlighting varieties in the manifestation of syncretism in the semantics of these words; 3) to determine the types of explication of the semantic syncretism of gustatory and tactile adjectives in the language of works of art, taking into account the interaction of words with perceptual semantics with a wider context that goes beyond the attributive phrase; 4) in the course of the study to clarify the ratio of "empirical / rational adjectives" and compare the features of the use of empirical adjectives in literary texts of the beginning and end of the 20th century.
Research methods. The nature of the object of study and the multidimensionality of approaches to the topic required a combination of different methods of linguistic analysis. In addition to general scientific methods of observation and generalization of linguistic material, in the process of identifying and describing the semantic types of empirical adjectives, the following methods were used: definitional, component and distributional analysis methods; partially-statistical method.
These methods correspond to the three main approaches for this work:
1) lexico-morphological # involving the analysis and relation of the described adjective names to the lexical-grammatical categories, the features of the manifestation of signs of qualitative adjectives in them, the possibilities of their migration from relative ones - within the framework of perceptual semantics;
2) lexico-semantic, involving a seme-seme analysis of gustatory and tactile adjectives, taking into account the “guidance” of empirical semes within a phrase, synesthesia of the indicated meanings within a text fragment, a whole text;
3) communicative-stylistic. In our study, this approach involves considering the features of the functioning of empirical adjectives in text fragments, with some access to the author's attitudes in a work of art, to the specifics of the writer's individual style in relation to the use of words with perceptual semantics.
Scientific novelty. The class of empirical adjectives, despite a number of works devoted to its description, continues to be insufficiently studied both in the semantic-structural and functional-pragmatic terms. There is still an open question related to the study of tactile and gustatory adjectives that are low-frequency in the semantic and functional terms, explicating "contact sensations".
The novelty of our study lies not only in expanding, but also in clarifying the idea of the varieties of semantic syncretism of an empirical adjective. Serious attention is paid to the participation of metonymic transfer in the formation of the semantic syncretism of qualitative adjectives not only in individual authorial use (green noise - about foliage rustling in the wind), but also in usage (for example, direct meanings that combine two empirical semes: visual and tactile ( smooth skin), visual and taste (liquid coffee).Modern dictionaries do not pay due attention to the transfer of names by adjacency.
The paper attempts to determine the hierarchy of ways of expressing syncretism in the semantics of an empiric adjective. The center and peripheral areas of this sphere are singled out, and phenomena adjacent to lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism are indicated.
The results of the study allow us to formulate the following provisions for defense:
1. Generalization of vocabulary materials and observations of the peculiarities of the use of empirical adjectives in the text showed two main manifestations of the use of semantic syncretism: at the level of direct synesthesia lexical meaning (“layering” of several different perceptual semes, for example, visual, tactile, auditory: fine day) and at figurative level, when the perceptual meaning is perceived through the prism of emotional and evaluative, the sensory evaluation is transformed into socially significant (sweet silence, bitter life).
Varieties of "semantic combinations" of a syncretic nature have a field structure. The central area of this phenomenon is associated with: 1) the presence of semantic contamination (layering, combination), which to a greater extent reflects the characteristic of the concept of "syncretism" that exists both in linguistics and in psychology (visual-tactile synesthesia - loose snow, visual-auditory synesthesia - blue ring) 2) the juxtaposition of perceptual meanings at the level of a compound word, phrase, phrase - these are peripheral areas of semantic syncretism (bitter-salty taste, "hot orange sun rang in fragrant lilacs").
2. Taste and tactile adjectives correspond to specific sensations. Features of the manifestation of syncretism in their content are: 1) the merging of perceptual semes in direct or metonymically figurative meanings (ripe fruit, sour smell); 2) in the dominant use of emotional-evaluative non-synaesthetic metaphor involved in the expression of mental states or behavioral characteristics of characters in a literary text (cold look, slippery person).
The syncretism of empiric gustatory and tactile adjectives is also associated with the manifestation of a gradual feature (bringing rationality to empiric semantics), most often expressed word-formation (sourish), as well as a gradational synonymic series or intensifiers (completely icy). In the field of tactility, temperature sign and taste in a literary text, other parts of speech with perceptual semantics are actively and naturally "drawn in" ("... it was hot and light from the low sun").
3. In the course of the work, we identified the following patterns of the presence of “semantic combinations”, layers in the meanings of empirical adjectives: 1) semantic syncretism is characteristic primarily for elements of the quality category (V.V. Vinogradov), which have high semantic mobility, semantic interdependence of adjective and noun ; 2) to a greater extent, semantic syncretism is characteristic of derivational non-derivative adjectives that have an abstract meaning; 3) the features of the manifestation of semantic syncretism in different groups of adjectives are due to the psychological basis of the meaning of perceptual words. Thus, gustatory and tactile adjectives, corresponding to contact perceptions, approach functionally: 1) they show synesthesia at the level of direct meaning (poured apple, thick porridge); 2) often participate in metaphorical transfers that reflect the axiological side of the psychological existence of a person (warm meeting, bitter suffering); olfactory, color, auditory adjectives, which usually reflect distant perception, show this property less often; for color and auditory adjectives, to a much greater extent than for the others, a synesthetic metaphor or metonymy is characteristic (blue chimes, white scream).
4. There are certain trends in the use of empirical adjectives in works of art of the 20th century: if at the beginning of the century the semantic syncretism of taste, tactile and temperature meanings was mostly manifested within the framework of poetic language or among such writers who were both poets and prose writers, then by the end of the 20th century this phenomenon began to manifest itself much more often in a prose text (for example, in the texts of V. Astafiev). Moreover, writers, using empiric adjectives with syncretic semantics, not only “translate” ordinary meanings into contextual authorial ones, but often transform the evaluative potential of perceptual words (cold sweet dew of nights).
5. Our study makes it possible to clarify the status of empirical adjectives in relation to LHR adjectives: 1) empirical adjectives go beyond qualitative adjectives, for example, a perceptive seme occurs in some relative adjectives, including those formed from qualitative ones (sour solution, voiced consonant, sweet pepper); 2) the boundaries between empirical and rational adjectives are blurred: empirical semes are combined with evaluation, including emotional evaluation, both at the level of direct and at the level of figurative meaning. The greatest distance from the empirical meaning is associated with a non-synaesthetic metaphor such as sweet moments, a hard look, when the perceptual seme is realized indirectly.
theoretical significance. 1. In our work, attention is drawn to the difference between lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism in the content of empirical adjectives. Lexico-semantic syncretism may be due to the combination of two different perceptual semes in the direct meaning of the adjective, for example, visual (olfactory) and gustatory ( fresh cucumbers). Lexico-grammatical syncretism usually correlates with the sememe structure of the word and is manifested, for example, in a “qualified” adjective (bronze tan). "The combination of the semantics of" empiricism "and" rationality "may be due to word formation and form formation (cold, soft, bitter, colder, Thus, the idea of linguistic syncretism and its types within the framework of lexical semantics is expanded and to some extent structured.Our experience can be used in the further development of ideas related to semantic convergences, stratifications, contaminations in the meaning of an indicative word.
2. The data of our description confirm the semantic-structural opposition emphasized by V.V. Vinogradov of qualitative and relative adjectives, which copiously interact and actively participate in the “rapid versatile development of the category of quality in the Russian literary language” - to everything else (possessive and pronominal-indicative).
3. Our study deepens the understanding of the perceptual semantics of a feature word, its types and their interactions in a literary text, the imposition of meanings that reflect conscious sensations, perceptions. Textual extensions of the meanings of empiric adjectives, including within their connotations, determine the development of the semantic and stylistic potential of these words in a literary work and in Russian speech in general.
4. This work allows us to talk about the semantics of "empiricism" not only in relation to adjectives. It has been noted that adverbs and nouns motivated by empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics often show an emotional and evaluative meaning more vividly than the word-formation of the original words. A partial analysis of the functioning of perceptual words of other parts of speech with syncretic semantics opens up the possibility of further expanding the field research [Frumkina 1992; Tripolskaya 2004] empirical semantics, including syncretic.
5. Observing the functioning of empirical adjectives in the text and the representation of their meanings in the dictionary, we saw that the division “empirical/non-empirical” adjectives has a certain degree of conventionality: semantic combinations in perceptual meanings increase part of the rational component in their content.
The practical value of the work. 1. The possibilities of explication of varieties of lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism revealed in this work allow us to check (and thereby clarify) the existing points of view related to the development of the category of quality in the Russian literary language. 2. Our work can also have a lexicographic application: the analysis of vocabulary materials about gustatory and tactile adjectives expands the understanding of the semantic and functional potential of these words; metonymic connections are especially emphasized (the bitter smell of wormwood is about a plant that tastes so bitter that this perceptual feature is also associated with the smell), olfactory and taste perceptions are often “layered” (sour / sweet / bitter smell), which is usually not noted in dictionaries .
The materials of the dissertation can be used in lectures and practical courses on linguo-stylistic and literary analysis of a literary text, in special courses and special seminars on the style of a literary text, in semantic research materials devoted to lexical and morphological innovations of the Russian language, in teaching linguistic and literary disciplines in high school ( in particular, when studying prose and poetic texts, which this work is focused on).
Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation were presented in reports and reports at the Second and Third Philological Readings in Novosibirsk (2001, 2002), at the postgraduate seminar of the Department of Modern Russian Language of the National State Pedagogical University (2003), at the annual scientific and practical conferences of teachers of the KF GOU VPO "NGPU "(2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005), at meetings of the Russian language department and scientific and methodological seminars of the KF SEI VPO "NSPU".
Work structure. The dissertation research consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The bibliography of the work includes more than 300 sources.
Similar theses in the specialty "Russian language", 10.02.01 VAK code
Realization of the aesthetic possibilities of the adverb in a literary text 2002, candidate of philological sciences Ivshina, Tatyana Petrovna
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Adjectives of taste in modern Russian (in terms of nomination) 1985, candidate of philological sciences Lechitskaya, Zhanna Vladimirovna
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Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Russian language", Gutova, Natalya Viktorovna
CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER THREE
1. The results of dictionary observations of tactile adjectives in relation to the manifestation of syncretism in their semantics are as follows.
The core of tactile adjectives denoting the internal features of an object are the words hard, hard, soft, strong. Dictionaries do not note semantic “layers” in the direct meanings of the adjective solid, however, visual-tactile synesthesia is possible in speech (cf. hard / loose ice). Direct meanings often reflect the gradation of a sign (hard, harder), erased metaphorical meanings (a hard person) are syncretic, which is due to the “suppression” of perceptivity by a rational assessment. A "living" metaphor (solid mind) shows this syncretism more clearly. Antonyms hard / soft in the first sense more clearly show synesthesia of tactile and visual (as evidenced by the interpretations (rough / soft to the touch - about hair). Synonyms rough, sticking out, coarsened are associated with tactile-tactile synesthesia, visuality prevails in the content sticking out.
In direct meanings, hard and hard converge, but in figurative meanings they can diverge, especially at the level of the evaluative seme (hard / hard person).
In the content of the tactile adjective strong in the LSV “strong fabric / shirt”, dictionaries indirectly note visual-tactile synesthesia. The adjective shows tactile-gustatory and tactile-olfactory synesthesia at a metaphorical level (strong tea, strong smell). In a non-synesthetic metaphor, strong develops a positive evaluative meaning (strong family/home).
In the subgroup of adjectives under consideration, denoting the internal features of an object, within the LSG of tactile adjectives, the core lexemes are "hard - soft", preserving antonymic relationships in most meanings. The remaining members of the subgroup form the non-nuclear part of the semantic field. This should include such adjectives as: tight (11 meanings), viscous (5 meanings), dense (6 meanings), thick (5 meanings), viscous (3 meanings), etc. Each of these adjectives shows syncretism in only one of its meanings, and the adjective thick shows semantic syncretism both at the level of lexical meaning - visual-tactile synesthesia: thick porridge, visual-light synesthesia: thick fog, auditory-tactile synesthesia: thick bass, so and at the level of the phrase: thick color.
Among the LSG tactile adjectives denoting the external features of an object, there are more of those that characterize the surface of the object (smooth, slippery, sticky, rough, rough). In direct LZs, they usually show tactile-visual synesthesia (rough skin), in figurative ones they are associated with a non-synaesthetic metaphor, except for rough and rough. The adjective slippery (slippery person) is usually evaluatively colored. At the level of a phrase, a syncretic metaphor is possible - a sticky motif.
Inside the LSG of temperature adjectives are words denoting high and low temperature signs.
The core of the temperature adjectives denoting a low temperature sign is cold; its synonyms are icy, frosty, icy.
The first (cold water), the second (cold overcoat), the third (cold apartment) LSV in the “cold” field have a direct, and all the rest have an indirect relationship to the “temperature sign” seme. The fifth direct meaning cold is indirectly related to taste semantics (cold tea, cold appetizer), thus lexical-semantic synesthesia is expressed. An additional step in comprehending the motives of the nomination through metonymic transfer takes place in the fourth (lock in a cold), seventh (cold climate) LSV. This means that here, too, one can speak of a special manifestation of semantic syncretism. Both the tenth and the eleventh terminological meanings of the word cold are connected with the metonymic transfer. These are rather not qualitative, but relative LSV; in the eleventh LP, the connection with empirical semantics is very weak. The eighth (cold person) and the ninth (cold decision) LSV are figurative and metaphorical, perceived through the prism of the empirical seme (low temperature sign), in which the sensory assessment is transformed into a socio-psychological one. The semantic syncretism of empiricism and rationality is evident.
Of interest is the "qualified" relative adjective ice - a syncretic non-synaesthetic epithet, with a pronounced emotional assessment. In the meaning of "ice voice" tactile-visual and tactile-sound syncretism can be manifested at the level of phrases.
Of the given LSVs “frosty”, only the first one directly indicates the tactile-temperature semantics (frosty air). The expansion of the semantic limits of temperature adjectives can also be associated with the special traditions of the use of the word, its stylistic attachment, the presence of a national-cultural component in its meaning, all this is confirmed by LSR "cold".
The core of the temperature adjectives denoting a high temperature sign is the adjective hot, the same field includes adjectives hot, burning, sultry, red-hot, warm.
Direct LZ hot, warm can show temperature-taste synesthesia in speech when it comes to food (soup, tea, coffee). The metonymic meaning is LSV “hot (n.)”, which, at the level of the meaning of the word itself (the dish is named after the method of temperature cooking), exhibits tactile-gustatory synesthesia. The adjective warm in one of its meanings shows tactile-color synesthesia (warm tones / colors). Secondary meanings (hot, hot, burning, sultry, red-hot, warm) are primarily associated with a non-synesthetic psychologized metaphor (burning heat / look, hot feeling).
2. Tactile adjectives in literary texts appear both in direct and figurative meanings much more often than other contact empiric adjectives (per 1000 - 658 uses). Temperature adjectives predominate, which is due to the frequent appeal of writers to the surrounding hero physical environment, clearly interacting with his mood, state. This is especially vividly represented by the impersonally predicative word cold. In a literary text, they are often emphasized by gradational temperature meanings - at the level of the word (icy, hot) and within the framework of a text passage.
Actually tactile adjectives are used in texts in many ways: in a direct and figurative sense with an emphasis on gradation meanings (colder, even colder), with the participation of verb forms (burning), nouns and adverbs indicating tactile sensations, as well as stable combinations indirectly explicating the specified semantics . More often, different degrees of low temperature are expressed, thus empiricism is synthesized with rationality.
A common phenomenon in works of art is the synesthesia of tactility and olfactory. The use of synonyms, intensifiers, comparisons can clarify and update the subjective assessment of tangibility.
The dominant position when using tactile adjectives in a figurative sense is occupied by a psychologized non-synesthetic metaphor, very often associated with intensely low or high temperature sensations (cold / hot) and participating in the expression of mental states (a cool emptiness in the head), while one can observe an implicit expression of tangibility ( V. Nabokov).
Tactile-auditory and tactile-color synesthesia is typical for the use of adjectives hard, hard, this is mainly explicated by the “pointing” of the noun being defined (warm voices, hard colors).
The metaphorical meaning of tactile adjectives can be complicated by the derivational meaning of extensiveness / intensity, which increases the rational component in the content of empirical adjectives, participles (coldish, red-hot).
Observation of the features of the functioning of tactile semantics in literary texts shows that tactile and temperature meanings in the language of works are not only expressed by adjectives (although they are primarily), but also by verbs, nouns, adverbs, words of the state category. Thus, in the texts one can observe empirical fields, in the core of which there are central fragments of LSH adjectives denoting certain perceptual features. In the creation of diverse artistic images, the significance of empirical semantics (directly or indirectly expressed) is undeniable. And its expression by indicative words of different parts of speech naturally reflects the richness of linguistic (morphological) categorization.
The conjugation of empiricism / rationality with all sorts of semantic “combinations”, “layerings” in a literary work excites the reader’s surprise and awe before the richness of verbal possibilities in depicting the interpenetration of the sensual and the cognitive.
CONCLUSION
Let us sum up the general results of the work performed.
1. Our study offers a certain view on the nature of the syncretic (i.e., including heterogeneous, often “hard to distinguish elements”) semantics of the adjective name, in the content of which there is an empirical seme.
The expansion of the cognitive content within the framework of an empirical adjective (based on the given opposition “empirical / rational”, according to A.N. Shramm, and “perceptual / non-perceptual” - according to I.G. Ruzin), justifies the concept of “syncretism” adopted in our work - in its lexico-semantic and lexico-grammatical (quality-relativity) manifestation, which correlates at the level of word content with such concepts as “semantic contamination”, “speech diffuse semantics”, “lexico-semantic synesthesia” (the latter also at the level the seme composition of the direct LSV, and at the level of figurative-metaphorical/metonymic meaning.Phrase synesthesia was the presence of different empiric adjectives in one sentence (or SPU).
The paper reveals the possibilities for the formation and functioning of syncretic meanings of empiric adjectives, they are represented by the following hierarchy, which takes into account the degree of fusion of semantic combinations.
The center of the sphere of semantic syncretism of the described adjectives is lexico-semantic contamination, namely:
1) synesthesia at the level of direct meaning (thin to the touch - tactile-visual, thick soup - tactile-gustatory); 2) poetic synesthesia, or, according to G.N. Sklyarevskaya, “syncretic metaphor” (sweet melody). We also added synesthetic metonymy here (blue silence - about a quiet, calm water space; 3) non-synaesthetic metaphor in two varieties: a) derivational "motivated" metaphor (bronze tan); b) the metaphorical meaning of a non-derivative empirical adjective, often associated with the psychologization of perceptual meaning (cold calculation); 4) usually associated with individual author's usage - lexical-semantic diffuseness (as a speech phenomenon): the metallic smell of forges; 5) “potential associativity” of LSW, focused on one empirical seme (red, gray) and on different ones (lemon taste/smell; pungent smell/taste/light). special kind“Potential associativity” is shown by taste adjectives insipid, tasty; in speech there is a subjective concretization of meaning.
The listed phenomena are adjoined by substantiated metonymic meanings, complicated by the social component (“Yellow and blue were silent, / Wept and sang in green” (A. Blok), including the national-cultural component of the world (azure, red, crimson) - in the Russian language picture.
The periphery of the sphere of semantic syncretism of empiric adjectives explicates the juxtaposition, the combination of potentially autonomous components, for example, in a compound word (bitter-salty, blue-black) or in a phrase when there is an indirect “guidance” of perceptual semes (A soft, sweet voice softly sang softly).
Lexico-grammatical syncretism of perceptivity and rationality, associated with the expression of the gradation of an empirical attribute, its emotional assessment (cold, warmer, hot, terribly sour), in synthetic forms adjoins the central area of the described phenomenon, and in analytical forms - to its periphery.
2. Semantic syncretism of gustatory and tactile adjectives, reflecting contact sensations and perceptions, can be realized both in direct and figurative meanings.
Varieties of syncretic semantics of direct meaning:
1) contamination of two empirical semes with one leading one, for example, tactility + visuality: wet; tactility + taste: tart; taste + smell: rancid; compound words like sour-sweet", 2) "potential associativity" within several empirical semes (pungent / sharp smell, taste)\ 3) complication of the semantics of an empirical adjective in its direct LZ by a national-cultural component (cold) -, 4) possibility grading a sign (degree of comparison, degree of quality, form of emotional evaluation): (salty, warmer, hard).
Varieties of figurative meaning:
1) synesthesia of empirical semes at the level of a phrase during metaphorical transfer (sweet silence) or metonymic transfer (green noise); 2) psychologization of empirical meaning for expressing states, relationships (bright joy, slippery relationships); 3) “qualification” of relative adjectives, when the perceptual meaning is perceived through the prism of the original subject meaning (silver stream / voice, metallic smell); in context, they often have diffuse semantics.
All these manifestations of semantic overlaps and combinations not only speak of the variety of ways in which the syncretic semantics of empirical adjectives reflecting contact perceptions are formed, but also indicate their “advancement” to rational adjectives.
3. Identification and analysis of the syncretic semantics of empiric adjectives, and primarily gustatory and tactile adjectives, allow us to speak about the following patterns:
1) Semantic syncretism in the content of qualitative and relative adjectives, as well as adverbs, verbs, nouns formed from them, is due to their "semantic mobility". The syncretic semantics of qualitative adjectives, in their expanded composition due to the “qualification” of relative ones, is largely based on the semantic mutual influence of the defined and defining words (blue ringing, sour smile, mild taste). With the terminology of qualitative adjectives, when they become relative and become part of terminological phrases, “semantic mobility” disappears, and with it the possibility of semantic syncretism (red currant, gray heron) disappears.
2) The center of the sphere of semantic syncretism is lexico-semantic contamination: synesthesia at the level of direct meaning (subtle to the touch) and poetic synesthesia, or, according to G.N. Sklyarevskaya, “syncretic metaphor” (sweet silence).
Our observations indicate that homogeneous perceptual signs are more likely to synesthesize, corresponding in psychology to ideas about contact (gustatory, tactile) and distant sensations and perceptions: tactile-gustatory synesthesia - both signs correspond to contact perceptions: strong tea, hot soup; visual-sound synesthesia - both signs correspond to distant perceptions: colored music, light melody. The second type of synesthesia is usually manifested in phrases, where the noun indicates the sound, and the adjective indicates the color or light meaning. But multidirectional synesthesia is also possible (contact + distant or distant + contact), for example, visual-tactile (rough board, wet road). The last approach is natural for the work of sensory channels: the same objects can be perceived both by the eye and by touch. It is noted that auditory significant nouns are combined with both taste and tactile metaphorical adjectives (sour song, soft music).
3) Our observation of vocabulary materials about gustatory and tactile adjectives convinces us that far from all the nuances associated with semantic “layering” within the semantic composition of one LZ are noted in them. So, very often there is no metonymic transfer. We agree that metonymy is a less noticeable phenomenon (compared to metaphor) in the processes of manifestation of a new meaning, however, it is important for our study to note metonymy, since it can accompany synesthesia at the level of direct LZ. In dictionaries, obvious cases of combining two perceptual meanings are often not emphasized: thin - made of thin, loose material. The definition could take into account not only the visual, but also the tactile seme: it is prompted by speech experience (subtle to the touch).
4. Our study outlined some trends in the use of empiric adjectives in works of art of the 20th century. For example, if at the beginning of the century the synesthesia of perceptual meanings was mostly manifested within the poetic language or among such writers (V. Nabokov, B. Pasternak), who were poets and prose writers (B. Pasternak: On the right, it turned cold and crimson; S. Yesenina: Blue May, blazing warm, / The ring at the gate will not ring.), then by the end of the 20th century this phenomenon began to take place much more often among prose writers (V. Tokareva, B. Akunin, V. Astafiev, etc.). The individual features of the use of empiric adjectives, corresponding to contact sensations and perceptions, among writers and poets of the beginning and end of the 20th century are united by the fact that the gradation of an empiric feature in prose and poetic texts is manifested not only at the level of the word: sour, cold, but also at the level of the phrase ( when using one of the metaphorical families): The palms are cold with icy cold.
5. The work performed made it possible to clarify the status of empirical adjectives 1) in relation to the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives: perceptual adjectives are also found among relative ones (apple smell, lemon taste); 2) in relation to rational adjectives: the boundaries between these classes within qualitative adjectives are “blurred”.
The non-rigidity of the boundaries between perceptual and rational-evaluative adjectives suggests that the concept of "empirical qualitative adjective" is somewhat arbitrary. In addition, the semantics of empirical experience is also characteristic of the words of other parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category. In nouns and verbs, not only the neutral integrating meaning of empiricism (smell, color, sound; smell, sound, touch) is manifested, but also evaluative (stink, yummy, warmth); a bright emotional and evaluative meaning is characteristic of perceptual adverbs (the highway sang rubber-sticky; the night blackened rough), that is, one can speak of a “field of empiricism” in a language whose core is qualitative perceptual adjectives; its peripheral zones may include evaluative adjectives in the context of empirical meanings.
6. When analyzing the functioning of empirical gustatory and tactile adjectives in literary texts, many important points of explication of the lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical contamination of empirical semantics were revealed. However, in order to identify all the possibilities for the manifestation of syncretic semantics associated with perceptual meanings, it is necessary to conduct more than one such study so that the practical material is several times larger than in this work. And this may be the perspective of the presented scientific study.
In conclusion, we would like to express the hope that our scientific and practical research will complement the existing ideas about the semantics of "perceptibility" in the Russian language.
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The grammatical structure of the Russian language is a single complex system in which everything is interconnected and interdependent. New productive technologies are required for an objective study of this huge integral system. One of the most effective methods of language analysis was described in the framework of the modern theory of the functional-semantic field (hereinafter - FSP).
For the first time, field theory appeared in linguistics under the influence of the corresponding concepts in physics, indicated in the electromagnetic field theory (XIX century), developed by M. Faraday, D.K. Maxwell, G. Hertz, A.S. Popov and others, quantum theory field (XX century), described by A. Einstein, N. Bohr, W. Heisenberg, E. Schrödinger, P. Dirac. The origins of this concept in linguistics were the German scientists K. Heise and J. Trier (XIX - XX centuries).
In Russian linguistics, field theory was most thoroughly and systematically studied by A.V. Bondarko. He defines FSP as "a system of multi-level means of a given language (morphological, syntactic, derivational, lexical, and also combined), united on the basis of the commonality and interaction of their semantic functions." The components of the FSP are linguistic categories, classes and units with their linguistic meanings associated with specific means of formal expression in a given language.
The central concept of field theory is function, which is understood in two aspects: it is the ability of a language unit to fulfill a certain purpose, the potential of functioning, and the realization of this ability, that is, the result of functioning, the goal achieved in speech. The function (meaning) is the defining element of the grammatical category, the structure is considered to be a subordinate element, but they closely interact, as a result of which language units can be analyzed both in the direction “from function to means” (from meaning to form), and “from form to meaning” .
The FSP theory is associated with the concept of categorical meaning. In the structure of the FSP, the core (center) and the periphery are distinguished. At the core of the FSP are such linguistic phenomena, such grammatical categories that have all of them. grammatical features, that is, it is in these phenomena that a bright categorical meaning is concentrated. The periphery of the FSP is characterized by the incompleteness of the grammatical properties of the analyzed categories, therefore, in the peripheral structures, the categorical meaning is somewhat weakened. Peripheral structures are always syncretic, as they have acquired additional meanings or shades of meanings of other grammatical categories.
The categorical meaning of structure in syntax is determined by L.D. Bednarskaya: “This is a generalized syntactic meaning abstracted from the morphological and lexical content of models, based on the sum of structural invariants.” So, in complex sentences (hereinafter referred to as SPP), signs of categorical grammatical meaning are based on the presence subordinating union and the ratio of certain forms of aspect, modality and tense of verbs-predicates for two-term structures, for single-term structures, the syntactic function of the subordinate clause, manifested by an unoccupied position in the main, the relative fixation of this position in relation to the main sentence, is the determining factor.
In the form of FSP, one can represent the entire system of SPP, which is a new approach to a holistic grammatical description of these constructions. The harmony, hierarchical organization of the FSP are due to the clearly expressed semantic structure of the NGN within the system.
The analysis of the FSP "Complexly subordinate sentences" is most logical to begin with the characteristics of the SPP of conditionality (causal, conditional, target, concessive, investigative structures). We believe that it is constructions with conditionality relations that are the core of the SPP system, since 1) the integral scientific picture of the world is based on the theory of determinism - the interdependence of events, facts, phenomena; 2) SPP of conditionality are the most compact, “soldered”, closely intertwined constructions, since each type of SPP of conditionality at the logical level reflects a causal (causal) situation, which is realized, including in conditional, and in target, and in concession structures; 3) SPPs of conditioning are constantly activated, their number is constantly increasing; 4) it is in constructions of conditionality that two opposing tendencies in the development of NGN are most clearly manifested - towards the creation of a differentiated and undifferentiated connection; within the limits of the SSP of conditionality, many of their syncretic functional-semantic varieties are actively developing, which indicates a high semantic potential of the constructions of this group; 5) in the SPP of conditionality, there are always values of objective modality.
On the periphery of the FSP "SPP" are positional SPPs, in which there is an unreplaced syntactic position in relation to the supporting words of the main sentence (constructions explanatory, attributive, measures, degrees, modes of action), in the intermediate zone - SPP, transitional between constructions of conditionality and positionality ( spatial, temporal, comparative, connecting structures) [see. more details: 6, 7].
In addition to the large FSP of NGN of conditionality, positionality and transitional NGN, based on the generality of semantics, a number of fields are distinguished that function within a given system and which have their cores and peripheries (fields of NGN with the meaning of cause, condition, goal, concessions, consequences, explanations, attribution, etc.).
So, the nuclear constructions in the FSP "NSS with the meaning of the consequence" are investigative structures without any other semantic shades: The servant who was with me then died on the campaign, so I have no hope of finding the one I played so cruelly on...(A. Pushkin).
On the periphery of the field, syncretic constructions function: SPP with a syncretic meaning of the consequence and the degree of quality (a) or the degree of manifestation of the state (b) (a) I was so warm and cheerful at home, what for several days I completely forgot the smoky bivouacs, the cold wind, light rain, heavy snow ..; N. Durova; b) Misha, you can love like that, so that forget everything for the woman you love?; N. Garin-Mikhailovsky), SPP with syncretic meaning of consequence and measure ( So many honored pilgrims gathered, what ordinary peasants could not fit in the church and stood on the porch and in the fence; A. Pushkin), SPP with a syncretic meaning of the consequence and mode of action ( Khvostov, shuffling up to the horse, which squinted at him with a fiery eye, stopped like this, what it seemed that he was falling ..; I. Bunin).
The field description of the SPP system is the most productive for a holistic, comprehensive study of these structures, as well as the most universal for characterizing the functional-semantic varieties of complex structures, since most of them are located on the periphery of the fields and are syncretic.
However, for a more thorough study of syncretic NGNs, for a detailed consideration of transitions from NGNs of one meaning to NGNs of a different semantics, it is advisable to use the oppositional analysis developed within the framework of the transition theory.
What is its essence? Noting the presence in the language system not only of typical facts, but also of many transitional phenomena, L.V. Shcherba wrote: “It must be remembered that only extreme cases are clear. Intermediate ones in the very source - in the minds of the speakers - turn out to be vacillating, indefinite. However, this is something vague and vacillating and should most of all attract the attention of linguists. The extreme cases are typical; these are linguistic phenomena, categories in which the full set of their differential features is concentrated. Between them is the region of transition (zone of syncretism).
The theory of transitivity was developed by V.V. Babaitseva. She defines the central concept of her theory as follows: “Transitivity is such a property of a language that fastens linguistic facts into an integral system, reflecting synchronous connections and interaction between them and causing the possibility of diachronic transformations.” The most important consequence of synchronic and diachronic transitivity is syncretism. Syncretism is understood as a combination (synthesis) of differential structural and semantic features of units that are opposed to each other in the language system and connected by phenomena of transitivity.
Ideas V.V. Babaitseva in the field of transition are close to understanding the essence principle of complementarity put forward by the Danish scientist N. Bohr in his theory of quantum physics. The idea of the complementarity of different aspects of phenomena in N. Bohr is connected not only with physics, but also with philosophy and logic. N. Bohr rightly believes that complementarity - one of the most adequate ways of reflecting the objective laws of the surrounding world. In his opinion, in atomic physics the word additionality must used to characterize the connection between data that were obtained under different experimental conditions and can be visually interpreted only on the basis of mutually exclusive ideas. But N. Bohr can also be considered a theorist of quantum logic, since, using logical methods, applying the principle of complementarity, he draws a scientific parallel with other sciences, for example, with the philosophy of culture of peoples: different human cultures are complementary to each other, and there is hardly a culture, about which one could say that it is completely original. More or less close contact between different human societies, according to N. Bohr, can lead to a gradual merging of traditions, from which a completely different society is subsequently born. new culture. Thus, opposites are complementary to each other and are combined in the process of studying complex objects, when the phenomenon cannot be characterized unambiguously.
Very promising is the technology for studying syncretic phenomena on the scale of transition, also developed by V.V. Babaitseva. On this scale, one can consider the intersection of language units within any level of language. The transition scale (see below) is a tool for oppositional analysis and clearly shows the correlation of the properties of the compared phenomena. points AND and B are centers (cores) of oppositions.
A Ab AB aB B
. . . .
At these points, a complete set of differential features of the compared realities is concentrated. Notation Ab, AB, aB- transitional links that form a zone of syncretism, in which the differential features of the members of the opposition are combined (synthesized). Syncretic phenomena are heterogeneous: in the link Ab predominate features of the type AND, in the link aB- type attributes B, in the segment AB, areas of intermediate formations, there is an approximate balance of combined properties.
On the scale of transitivity, one can explore, for example, the opposition "consequence - degree":
AND- consequence: Such materials were sent without a signature, so there was no risk...(Yu. Nagibin).
Ab– consequence + degree: On dim winter evenings, the light outside the studio windows overlooking the park faded quickly and imperceptibly, so it soon turned out that they were both sitting in thick darkness, almost not seeing each other ...(A. Kim).
AB– consequence + degree: It can be seen that your brother is pampered here tightly, what you dare to argue!(F. Bulgarin).
aB– degree + consequence:
aB 1 - You sit in the dark open window, not a light anywhere, the village turns a little black behind the log, so quiet, what you can hear apples falling from the forest around the corner of the house ...(I. Bunin); Zyrin was so taken aback what dropped the reins(V. Belov);
aB 2 - These words were spoken so good-naturedly, so simply, what I involuntarily smiled...(N. Field); Yarmola was so struck by the last words, what he even jumped up from the floor(A. Kuprin).
B- degree: She knew life so bad how much it is possible in twenty years(A. Kuprin); It is also a great deprivation for my mother, who love it just as much, how much I love her(N. Heinze).
In the center AND there are self-investigative constructions, the relations of the investigation in which are realized most clearly and completely. These are union structures. so, no additional semantic shades are observed in them: the subordinate clause does not answer any question, does not correspond to any member of the sentence, is in postposition, the main sentence has no correlates.
Relative clause in nuclear NGN with degree value ( B) denotes the degree (level) of manifestation of a quality (feature) or state, which is reported in the main sentence. These structures use the index word so and union word how much. In NGN with the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the state, the subordinate clause explains the combination of a demonstrative word - a pronoun and a verb that can change the intensity of the action, in constructions with semantics of the degree of quality - a combination of a correlate and a qualitative adverb or adjective. The demonstrative words here are close in meaning to the adverb of the degree of quality very: My mother loves me very much (simple); She knew life very poorly...
Main and subordinate clauses of link structures Ab, like the designs of the center AND, connected by union so. These SPPs are also self-investigative, but there has already been some shift towards power-law SPPs. This is explained by the fact that in the subordinate clauses of these constructions, a potential connection with the members of the main clause is preserved - with predicates that can change the intensity of the indicated action, or with circumstances expressed by qualitative adverbs. In such NBS, it is possible to rearrange the element So in the main clause, cf.: On dim winter evenings, the light outside the studio windows overlooking the park faded so fast and imperceptible, what it soon turned out that they were both sitting in thick darkness, hardly seeing each other..
WBS type aB to a greater extent gravitate towards proper-power. In their main sentence there are correlates that are combined with key words: predicates, expressed verbs, words of the category of state, etc., circumstances, less often - definitions. The main and subordinate clauses of these structures are connected by a union what.
In constructions of type aB 1 indicator word So and union what are in an adjacent, contact position, and, despite the fact that these are not allied combinations, such NGNs are easier to transform with an investigative union so, compare: You sit in the dark by the open window, not a light anywhere, the village turns a little black behind the log, quietly, so you can hear apples falling from the woods around the corner of the house; Zyrin was taken aback, so dropped the reins.
However, on the other hand, a logical stress falls on the correlate, it is very closely connected with the predicate, therefore it easily moves to a position in front of the supporting word, thereby bringing the value of the degree of quality to the fore, cf .: … So quiet, what you can hear apples falling from the woods around the corner of the house; Zyrin was so dumbfounded what dropped the reins.
In NGN type aB 2, the correlate is located immediately before the predicates (or their nominal part), circumstances, which causes a clear priority in these constructions of the seme of the manifestation of the degree of quality or state.
However, such SPPs can also be transformed into investigative ones with the union so, which indicates that this value is preserved in these element constructions, cf.: These words were spoken good-naturedly, simply, so I involuntarily smiled; Yarmola was struck by the last words, so he even jumped up from the floor.
In the intermediate AB SPPs are located with approximately the same ratio of seme consequences and degrees. These are syncretic power-effect constructions with the union what, but without index words. SPP data can also be transformed into structures with an investigative union so, and in constructions with a demonstrative word in the main clause. This causes the gravitation of SPP data to both proper-investigative and proper-power structures, cf.: It can be seen that your brother is spoiled here tightly, so you still dare to argue!; It can be seen that your brother is spoiled here [so] hard, what you dare to argue!
It should be noted that the position between the scale links, in turn, can also be represented as a separate scale, which makes it possible to trace the finest transitions, for example, from the SPP link AND to NGN link Ab, from SPP link Ab to NGN link AB etc. Thus, a detailed analysis on the extended scale was carried out by N.L. Ermakova, who studied comparative constructions.
Summing up, it must be said that both theories, FSP and transitivity, are very productive. Technologies based on their scientific positions complement each other: the method of describing the FSP involves a more general analysis of linguistic phenomena, which provides for the presence of multi-level linguistic means, and oppositional analysis takes into account all the subtleties of syncretic phenomena that concentrate linguistic means of the same level. With the help of these technologies, taken both separately and in combination, it is possible to fully describe the entire language system and its subsystems, the entire complex of linguistic phenomena, and systematically streamline syncretic formations.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "ORYOL STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY" STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLEX SUBJECT SENTENCES TAKING INTO ACCOUNT SYNCRETISM MONOGRAPH Orel - 2007 UDC 808.2: 801.561.72 LBC 81.2 Rus - 2 Druzhinina S.I.<...> Structural-semantic classification complex subordinate proposals taking into account syncretism: Monograph.<...>Reviewers: Bednarskaya L. D. - Doctor of Philology, Professor, Professor of the Department of Theory and Methods of Teaching Russian Language and Literature, Oryol State University; Burko N.V. – Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Russian Language, Cultural Studies and Psychology, Oryol State Agrarian University The monograph is recommended for publication by the decision of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher vocational education"Orlovsky State agricultural university» The monograph presents a new version of the structural-semantic classification of complex sentences, supplemented and refined in the semantic aspect.<...>The study is based on modern theories syncretism (synchronous transitivity) and functional-semantic field.<...>STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION COMPLEX SUBJECT OFFERS, SUPPLEMENTED AND REFINED IN THE SEMANTIC ASPECT.<...> Functional-semantic field“Complex sentences with the meaning of the reason”……………………………….<...>NGN with syncretic meaning of cause and effect……….<...>NGN with syncretic meaning reasons and explanations………54 2.<...>NGN with syncretic the meaning of the condition and cause………….<...>NGN with syncretic the meaning of the condition and concession………….<...>NGN with syncretic condition value and attribution… <...>NGN with syncretic target value and attribution <...>
Structural-semantic_classification_of_complex-subordinate_sentences_with_syncretism.pdf
CONTENTS Preface……………………………………………………………...7 CHAPTER I. INITIAL THEORETICAL CONCEPTS………………………………………..10 § 1. Complex sentences different levels. The basic concepts of the theories of transitivity and the functional-semantic field ....... 10 § 2. The history of the classification of complex sentences ........................................... ................................................. ......................................21 Conclusions………………………………………… ………………………...32 CHAPTER II. STRUCTURAL-SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLEX SUB-SENTENCES, SUPPLEMENTED AND REFINED IN THE SEMANTIC ASPECT........................................................... ................................................. .........................36 § 1. Complicated sentences with conditional relations .................. ................................................. ...................................................45 1. Functional-semantic field "Complexly subordinate sentences with the meaning of the cause" ... ……………………………….49 1.1. Nuclear NGNs………………………………………………………..52 1.2. Peripheral NGN………………………………………………...52 1.2.1. NGN with a syncretic meaning of cause and effect………..53 1.2.2. SPP with a syncretic value of the cause and explanation ............. 54 2. The functional-semantic field “Completed sentences with the value of the condition” ................................................... ... 56 2.1. Nuclear NGNs…………………………………………………………..58 2.2. Peripheral NGN…………………………………………………...59 2.2.1. NGN with syncretic meaning of condition and cause………….59 2.2.2. NGN with syncretic meaning of condition and concession…………...60 2.2.3. NGN with syncretic value of condition and input………...61 2.2.4. NGN with syncretic meaning of condition and explanation………..62 2.2.5. NGN with syncretic value of condition and attribution…..63 3
Full text of the dissertation abstract on the topic "Semantic syncretism of gustatory and tactile adjectives in language and literary text"
As a manuscript UDC: 811.161.1 +8G 36 + 8G 373
GUTOVA NATALIA VIKTOROVNA
SEMANTIC SYNCRETISM OF TASTE AND TOUCHATIVE ADJECTIVES IN LANGUAGE AND ARTISTIC TEXT
Specialty 10.02.01 - Russian language
dissertations for the degree of candidate of philological sciences
Novosibirsk 2005
The work was carried out at the Department of Modern Russian Language of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University"
Scientific adviser: candidate of philological sciences, professor
Skvorepskaya Elena Viktorovna
Official opponents: Doctor of Philology, Professor
Rostova Alevtina Nikolaevna; candidate of philological sciences, associate professor Mandrikova Galina Mikhailovna
Lead organization: Omsk State
university
The defense will take place on December 23, 2005 at 16:30. at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212 172. 03. for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philology at the Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University at the address: 630126, Novosibirsk, st. Vilyuiskaya, 28, room. 212.
The dissertation can be found in the scientific library of the Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University.
dissertation council _
Candidate of Philology,
Professor Elena Yurievna Bulygina
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
The steady interest of modern philology in the problems of interpretation of a literary text. Observation of contamination
I of heterogeneous semantics when using empirical adjectives
reflects one of the important postulates of linguistic interpretation - the presence of semantic layers, often individual author's, on the main meaning [Bondarko 1987: 23-25], in our case - empirical. Individually authorial, creating "semantic-fluctuating" images, empirical meanings make it possible to identify characteristic fragments of the writer's artistic worldview, which determines the anthropocentric background of our study.
The degree of development of the problem. There are several interpretations not only of linguistics of the inherent concept of "syncretism" (from the Greek "connection"). A large psychological dictionary presents several meanings of this term, emphasizing the connection, merging of differences. In the Russian language, for example, case syncretism is observed (one ending has the meaning of different cases) or syncretism of different grammatical categories (one ending has the meaning of a certain gender, number and case). Some scientists attribute syncretism to grammatical homonymy, others to polysemy (polyfunctionality) of grammatical form. Some scientists associate the concept of syncretism with irreversible systemic shifts in the process of its development (sometimes it is called "irresolvable", that is, irremovable, syncretism) [Skalichka 1967; Babaitseva 1983], distinguishing it from contamination, diffuseness (sometimes it is called “resolvable” syncretism, that is, eliminated during analysis). However, the phenomenon of syncretism is less considered at the semantic level. For our work, the clearly expressed position of V.V. Levitsky, who proposes to consider syncretism at all levels of the language, including the lexico-semantic one, is important, understanding semantic syncretism as “a combination of several semantic components in one meaning”. In this study, the concept of "semantic syncretism" is used as a generic one in relation to such phenomena as the direct synesthetic meaning of the smooth skin type, "syncretic epithet" (A.N. Veselovsky) in its varieties: synesthetic (golden voice) and non-synesthetic (thin humor) metaphor (G.N. Sklyarevskaya); - lexico-semantic diffuseness and other phenomena related to the indicated phenomena, indicating a semantic convergence of empirical and rational-evaluative adjectives. Thus, in modern Russian studies, syncretism is explained not only as a grammatical factor (homonymy, ambiguity of grammatical form), but also as a “combination of semantic features of language units”, the phenomenon of transition, the facts of semantic hybridity (contamination, diffuseness) are emphasized.
The manifestation of semantic syncretism is due to the semantic mobility of qualitative (empirical) adjectives in their meanings. The very concept of "empirical adjectives" (from the Greek etresh - opp, perception) [Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words 2001: 716] came from the works of A.N. Shramm. These are adjectives denoting signs “perceived by the senses and realized by a person as a result of a single-stage mental operation of comparison with
"standard". Empirical (perceptual) adjectives designate their own attributes of specific objects, their content is in full accordance with the logical-philosophical category of quality" [Shramm 1979:21].
Less studied are empirical gustatory and tactile adjectives [Shram 1979; Nesterskaya 1979; Lechitskaya 1985; Ruzin 1994; Spiridonova 2000], which are focused on contact sensations and perceptions, while visual, auditory and olfactory adjectives [Kulikova 1965; Schramm 1979; Petrova 1981; Surzhko 1986; Nosulenko 1988; Rubinstein 1989; Zhuravlev 1991; Yakovleva 1994; Ruzin 1994; Kartashova 2004] correspond to distant perceptions [Velichkovsky 1982]. Words with the semes "taste" and "touch" are also approaching on the basis of the physiological factors reflected in them: the sensory channels of the human oral * cavity are both tactile and gustatory [Lomov 1982].
1 Appeal to the study of semantic-functional features
empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics is due, on the one hand, to “universal semantic compliance” (A.N. Shramm). “significative and multivalent” (A.A. Ufimtseva), “semantic mobility” (E.Yu. Bulygina) of a qualitative adjective. Evidence of the "semantic mobility" of adjectives, their "universal semantic malleability" is the abundant replenishment of quality adjectives with figurative metaphorical meanings of relative adjectives, which is associated with the development of the category of quality in the Russian language [Vinogradov 1972], on the other hand, the desire to clarify the status of these indicative words in the language and the division "empirical - rational adjectives" proposed in the scientific literature. | The object of the study is vocabulary materials and textual
fragments that include empiric adjectives. The subject of our study is the features of the manifestation of syncretism in the semantics of gustatory and tactile adjectives in the language and literary text.
The research material is: 1) gustatory and tactile adjectives in modern explanatory, synonymous, antonymic! dictionaries; 2) text fragments from works of art of the 20th century,
including empirical words in direct and figurative meanings. The total corpus of selected word usages is about 3000 units.
Works served as textual sources for the study. Russian writers and poets of the XX century: A. Bely, I. Bunin, A. Blok, A. Kuprin,
N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, I. Shmelev, B. Pasternak, V. Nabokov,
A. Platonov, N. Zabolotsky, M. Gorky, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev,
B. Pelevin, B. Akunina, T. Tolstoy and others. The selection of works is due to the presence of an indicative dominant in their descriptions and characteristics.
The purpose of our work is to identify the hierarchy of varieties of semantic syncretism in the meaning of an empiric adjective and to study the functional and semantic features of taste and
tactile adjectives with syncretic meaning in the language and literary text.
1) lexico-morphological, involving the analysis and relation of the described adjective names to lexical-grammatical categories, the features of the manifestation of signs of qualitative adjectives in them, the possibilities of their migration from relative ones - within the framework of perceptual semantics;
2) lexico-semantic, involving a seme-seme analysis of gustatory and tactile adjectives, taking into account the "guidance" of empirical semes within a phrase, the synesthesia of the indicated meanings within a text fragment, the whole text;
3) communicative-stylistic. In our study, this approach involves considering the features of the functioning of empirical adjectives in text fragments, with some access to the author's attitudes in a work of art, to the specifics of the writer's individual style in relation to the use of words with perceptual semantics.
Scientific novelty. The class of empirical adjectives, despite a number of works devoted to its description, continues to be insufficiently studied both in the semantic-structural and functional-pragmatic terms. There is still an open question about
the study of tactile and gustatory adjectives that are low-frequency in the semantic-functional plan, explicating "contact sensations".
The novelty of our study lies not only in expanding, but also in clarifying the idea of the varieties of semantic syncretism of an empirical adjective. Serious attention is paid to the participation of metonymic transfer in the formation of the semantic syncretism of qualitative adjectives not only in individual authorial use (green noise - about leaves rustling in the wind), but also in usage (for example, direct meanings combining two empirical semes: | visual and tactile (smooth skin), visual and gustatory (liquid
coffee). Modern dictionaries do not pay due attention to the transfer of names by adjacency.
The paper attempts to define a hierarchy of ways to express syncretism in the semantics of an empiric adjective.
the center and peripheral areas of this sphere, and phenomena adjacent to lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism are indicated.
Varieties of "semantic combinations" of a syncretic nature have a field structure. The central area of this phenomenon is associated with: 1) the presence of semantic contamination (layering, combination), which to a greater extent reflects the characteristic of the concept of "syncretism" that exists both in linguistics and in psychology (visual-tactile synesthesia - loose snow, visual-auditory synesthesia - blue ringing) -, 2) juxtaposition (of perceptual meanings at the level of a compound word, phrase, phrase -
these are peripheral areas of semantic syncretism (a bitter-salty taste, "the hot orange sun rang in fragrant lilacs").
2. Taste and tactile adjectives refer to specific sensations ■. Features of the manifestation of syncretism in their content
are: 1) in the merging of perceptual semes in direct or metonymically figurative meanings (ripe fruit, sour smell)", 2) in the dominant use of an emotional-evaluative non-synesthetic metaphor involved in the expression of mental states or behavioral characteristics of characters in a literary text (cold look, slippery person).
The syncretism of empiric gustatory and tactile adjectives is also associated with the manifestation of a gradual sign (bringing
rationality into empiric semantics), expressed most often in word-formation (sour), as well as in gradational synonymic series or intensifiers (completely icy). In the field of tactility, temperature sign and taste in a literary text, other parts of speech with perceptual semantics are actively and naturally “drawn in” (“... it was hot and light from the low sun”).
3. In the course of the work, we identified the following patterns of the presence of “semantic combinations”, layers in the meanings of empirical adjectives: 1) semantic syncretism is characteristic primarily for elements of the quality category (V.V. Vinogradov), which have high semantic mobility, semantic interdependence of adjective and noun ; 2) to a greater extent, semantic syncretism is characteristic of word-building non-derivative names (adjectives with an abstract meaning; 3) the features of the manifestation of semantic syncretism in different groups of adjectives are due to the psychological basis of the meaning of perceptual words. Thus, gustatory and tactile adjectives corresponding to contact perceptions approach functionally: 1) they show synesthesia at the level of direct meaning (pourable apple, thick porridge)", 2) often participate
in metaphorical transfers, reflecting the axiological side of a person's psychological existence (warm meeting, bitter suffering)", olfactory, color, auditory adjectives, usually reflecting distant perception, show this property less often; for color and auditory adjectives much more than for others, typical synesthetic metaphor or metonymy (blue chimes, white cry).
4. There are certain trends in the use of empirical adjectives in works of art of the 20th century: if at the beginning of the century the semantic syncretism of taste, tactile and temperature meanings was mostly manifested within the framework of poetic language or among such writers who were both poets and prose writers, then by the end of the 20th century this phenomenon began to manifest itself much more often in a prose text (for example, in the texts of V. Astafiev). Moreover, writers, using empiric, adjectives with syncretic semantics, not only “translate” ordinary meanings into contextual authorial ones, but often transform the evaluative potential of perceptual words (cold sweet dew of nights).
5. Our study allows us to clarify the status of empirical adjectives in relation to LHR adjectives: 1) empirical adjectives go beyond qualitative adjectives, for example, perceptual seme takes place in some relative adjectives, including those formed from qualitative ones (acidic solution, voiced consonant, sweet pepper)-, 2) the boundaries between empirical and rational adjectives are blurred: empirical semes are combined with evaluation, including emotional evaluation, both at the level of direct and at the level of figurative meaning. The greatest distance from the empirical value is associated with
a non-synesthetic metaphor such as sweet moments, a firm look, when the perceptual seme is realized indirectly.
theoretical significance. 1. In our work, attention is drawn to the difference between lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism in the content of empirical adjectives. Lexico-semantic syncretism may be due to the combination of two different perceptual semes in the direct meaning of the adjective, for example, visual (olfactory) and gustatory (fresh cucumbers). Lexico-grammatical syncretism usually correlates with the seme structure of the word and is manifested, for example, in a “qualified” adjective (bronze tan). The combination of the semantics "empiricism" and "rationality" may be due to word formation and form formation (cold, soft, bitter, colder, softer). Thus, the representation of I about linguistic syncretism, its types within the framework of lexical semantics, is expanded and to some extent structured. Our experience
can be used in the further development of ideas related to semantic convergence, stratification, contamination in the meaning of a feature word.
2. The data of our description confirm the semantic-structural
contrasting the qualitative and relative adjectives, which are abundantly interacting and actively participating in the “rapid versatile development of the category of quality in the Russian literary language”, with everything else (possessive and pronominal-indicative).
Our study deepens the understanding of the perceptual semantics of the indicative word, its types and their interactions in a literary text, the imposition of meanings that reflect conscious sensations, perceptions. Textual extensions of the meanings of empiric adjectives, including within their connotations, determine the development of the semantic and stylistic potential of these words in a literary work and in Russian speech in general.
4. This work allows us to talk about the semantics of "empiricism" not only in relation to adjectives. It has been noted that adverbs and nouns motivated by empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics often show an emotional and evaluative meaning more vividly than the word-formation of the original words. Partial analysis of the functioning of perceptual words of other parts
Speech with syncretic semantics opens up possibilities for further
extensions of field research [Frumkina 1992; Tripolskaya 2004] empirical semantics, including syncretic.
The practical value of the work. 1. The possibilities of explication of varieties of lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism revealed in this work allow us to check (and thereby clarify) the existing points of view related to the development of the category of quality in the Russian literary language. 2. Our work can also have a lexicographic application: the analysis of vocabulary materials about gustatory and tactile adjectives expands the understanding of the semantic and functional potential of these words; metonymic connections are especially emphasized (the bitter smell of wormwood is about a plant that tastes so bitter that this perceptual feature is also associated with the smell), olfactory and taste perceptions are often “layered” (sour / sweet / bitter smell), which is usually not noted in dictionaries .
Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation were presented in reports and reports at the Second and Third Philological Readings in Novosibirsk (2001, 2002), at the postgraduate seminar of the Department of Modern Russian Language of the NSTU (2003), at the annual scientific and practical conferences of teachers of the KF GOU VPO "NGPU" (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005), at meetings of the Russian language department and scientific and methodological seminars of the KF GOU VPO "NGPU".
The introduction substantiates the choice of the topic, its relevance, defines the object and subject of research, formulates the purpose and objectives of the work, indicates the sources and methods of research, reveals the scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work.
The first chapter "Empirical adjectives and general grounds for the manifestation of syncretism in their meanings" reveals the theoretical foundations of the study: "factors of semantic mobility of adjective names", "semantic syncretism and related concepts", "empirical adjectives and possible ways of forming their syncretic semantics".
The first paragraph discusses the reasons for the development of syncretism in the semantics of the adjective. Adjectives have a fairly wide semantic volume, have "universal semantic flexibility", they are multivalent, their semantics are "extremely mobile" (A.N. Shramm, E.Yu. Bulygina). The semantic mobility of qualitative adjectives determines the possibility of semantic syncretism in their meaning.
When defining semantic syncretism, it is important to emphasize the conscious incompatibility of the combining elements of meaning, usually these I components take place in the content of different units [L.S. Vygotsky,
S.A. Kuznetsov, V.N. Yartseva, V.V. Levitsky]. We contrast lexical-semantic syncretism with lexical-grammatical syncretism, which can manifest itself, for example, in the “qualification” of relative I adjectives. Awareness of semantic incompatibility in this case
due to the fact that grammatical consciousness usually separates qualitative and relative adjectives as two opposed lexico-grammatical categories.
This paper takes into account two types of manifestation of the semantic syncretism of empiric adjectives: 1) within one LSV, usually direct, synesthesia of two different perceptual semes (visual and tactile - loose); 2) within the semantic structure of a multi-valued adjective, which is usually associated with the use of figurative DL, which are implemented within the attributive phrase. At the same time, the semantics of the noun being defined plays an important role in the realization of the syncretic meaning. At the same time, at least two phenomena should be taken into account: synesthetic (sweet melody) and non-synesthetic (sweet life) metaphor.
In addition to the varieties of lexico-semantic contamination of synesthetic and non-synaesthetic metaphors and the lexico-semantic diffuseness that “intersects” with them, which manifests itself in speech, in the text, syncretism in the content of the adjective is also explicated in situations where the empirical meaning approaches the rational-evaluative one: when using comparative structures, when using degrees of quality and "forms" of emotional evaluation. For research, these types of manifestations of syncretism are significant, since one of our tasks is to clarify the accepted division of qualitative adjectives into empirical and rational ones.
The second paragraph is devoted to the generalization of materials on the semantic groups of qualitative adjectives. The opposition "empirical / rational adjectives" was proposed by A.N. Shramm and subsequently supported to some extent by such researchers as V.M. Pavlov, I.G. Ruzin. For our work, V.M. Pavlov’s idea about the field structure of qualitative adjectives and the presence of a border “zone” between “intrinsic-qualitative” and evaluative adjectives is important, which also confirms the results of our observations about
"non-rigidity" of the boundaries between empirical and rational adjectives. I.G. Ruzin also refers to adjectives that reflect empirical experience, calling them perceptual. He limited himself to highlighting the semantic subcategories of perceptual (empirical) adjectives, clarifying some of the semantic nuances of visual and tactile adjectives, while A.N. Shramm tried to identify the semantic subcategories of both empirical and rational adjectives. The latter is significant in observations of the semantic functions of figurative meanings of both qualitative (sour mood, hot impulses) and relative (flaxen hair, leaden eyes) adjectives.
The typology of tactile adjectives by N.F. Spiridonova is also important, which allows us to explain the commonality of gustatory and tactile adjectives.
The third paragraph deals with the LSH of empiric adjectives (visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile) in relation to the possibilities of manifestation of semantic syncretism in them of the incoming LSP.
Referring to the existing descriptions of all LSG empirical (perceptual) adjectives allowed us to present a hierarchy possible ways formation of syncretism in the semantics of these words.
Synesthesia at the level of direct meaning (thin to the touch - tactile-visual, thick soup - tactile-gustatory);
Poetic synesthesia, or, according to G.N. Sklyarevskaya, “syncretic metaphor” (soft melody). We also added synesthetic metonymy here (blue silence - about a quiet, calm water space (lake);
Non-synesthetic metaphor and metonymy in two varieties: a) word-formation motivated metaphor (emerald foliage) -, b) the metaphorical meaning of a non-derivative empiric adjective, often associated with the psychologization of perceptual meaning (hot feeling). Often metaphorical and metonymic complications appear (a bitter orphan - who lives in the sphere of bitter feelings, experiences);
- “potential associativity” of LSW, focused on one empirical seme (red, gray) and on different ones (lemon taste / smell; pungent smell / taste I light). A special kind of "potential associativity" is shown by taste adjectives with abstract semantics - insipid, tasty: in speech there is a subjective concretization of their semantics.
The listed phenomena are adjoined by substantiated metonymic meanings, complicated by a social component (“They were silent
yellow and blue, / They cried and sang in green” (A. Blok), including the national-cultural component (azure, icy).
The periphery of the sphere of semantic syncretism of empiric adjectives explicates the juxtaposition, the combination of potentially autonomous components, for example, in a compound word (bitter-salty, blue-black) or in a phrase, when there is an indirect “guidance” of perceptual semes (A soft ... sweet voice softly sang softly) .
Lexico-grammatical syncretism associated with
word-formation, morphological and syntactic expression of the gradation of an empirical attribute, its emotional assessment (warmer, hot, terribly sour), - in synthetic forms (at the level of the seme composition of LSV) adjoins the central region of the described phenomenon, and in analytical forms - to its periphery.
So, the semantic syncretism of empiric adjectives can be realized both in direct and figurative meanings.
The next two chapters of the work are devoted to a detailed analysis of the features of the manifestation of the syncretic semantics of adjectives that correspond to contact sensations - gustatory and tactile.
In the second chapter "Tasteful adjectives that show semantic syncretism in the dictionary and literary text" these empirical adjectives are identified in modern explanatory and synonymous dictionaries, the features of their semantic structure are described, which determine the possibilities of lexico-semantic syncretism in its various manifestations, the facts of the deployment of semantic layers in the content of taste adjectives in the language of works of art of the 20th century and some features of an individual style in the use of empirical adjectives with semes “taste”.
The first paragraph deals with lexicographic data on the possibility of explication of syncretism in the semantics of taste adjectives.
The analysis of dictionary definitions of empirical taste adjectives showed that nuclear words: sweet, salty, bitter, sour - often show semantic syncretism at the level of direct meaning, usually within a phrase, which indicates the great role of the noun being defined; there is a semantic mutual influence within the attributive phrase. The weak possibilities of explication of syncretism in the content of these units are explained by the lexical and grammatical status, for example, the adjective salty (a sign is perceived through relation to the subject (salt).
Some of the peripheral taste adjectives (tart, rancid) at the level of direct meaning show tactile-gustatory and olfactory-gustatory synesthesia (the leading feature is taste); others (with an abstract meaning) - "associative potentiality", focused on different perceptual semes (piquant, pungent smell / taste).
The second paragraph describes the manifestation of semantic syncretism in the use of nuclear taste adjectives in works of art.
Observation of semantic-syncretic taste adjectives in the text showed the following. Nuclear taste adjectives, showing semantic syncretism, are used in the language of works of art mainly in two “typical situations” (N.E. Sulimenko): 1) when fragments are presented that directly or indirectly reflect what is connected with food (the natural language environment of application words with semantics "taste"); 2) when it comes to the characteristics of the psychological states, relationships, behaviors of the characters, and an emotional assessment is manifested through the prism of empirical values. The first typical situation is associated with the use of direct LSV, which often explicate olfactory-gustatory synesthesia (sweet aroma of lilac, sour smell), and the second one - portable ones.
The first typical situation of the use of taste adjectives correlates with two types of manifestation of semantic syncretism: most often olfactory-gustatory synesthesia and the complication of the semantics of primary DL with the help of forms of comparative degree, expression of emotional evaluation and degrees of quality.
The second typical situation of the use of nuclear taste adjectives correlates with three types of representation of semantic syncretism: non-synesthetic and synesthetic metaphor, metonymic transfers and complications of the metaphorical semantics of taste adjectives with the help of “forms” of emotional evaluation, degrees of quality and comparative degree.
Writers use taste adjectives that exhibit the usual semantic syncretism noted in dictionaries. However, often ordinary syncretic meanings "overgrow" in artistic use with individual author's meanings - at the level of a phrase, a paragraph. Different perceptual features are used: taste, smell, touch, sound - the syncretism of which creates a complex empirically rational image at the phrase level: What glue smells like! Its smell is sour, soft, deaf, like the letter "F" (T. Tolstaya).
Of interest are complex adjectives (they are usually individual author's), the content of which synthesizes various empirical features or empirical and mentally characterizing. Sometimes we find individual author's compound words formed from two metaphorical evaluative-contrasting adjectives. This is not a synesthesia of originally empiric semes, but their oxymoron juxtaposition (bitter-sweet joy).
"Syncretic metaphor", indirectly reflecting the synesthesia of perception sensations, complicates the semantics of empirical taste adjectives at the level of a phrase, combining two empirical meanings in one, as evidenced by the noun being defined: (taste -
sound, taste-olfactory, taste-tactile synesthesia) - sour voice, sweet sound.
The complication of mediated empiric taste semantics can also be created during metaphorization with the help of contextual synonyms that actualize one of the semes in their content structure (bitter - dark; sweet - light) - in such cases, the sensory assessment is transformed into a social one; synonymous pairs can contrast in the language of a literary work.
The third paragraph describes the complications of the empirical meanings of peripheral taste adjectives in the language of literary works. The artistic environment expands the idea of the semantic potential of taste semantics. Here one can observe the appearance of individual-author's synonyms in relation to peripheral words in LSG adjectives "taste". So, in the combination of the metaphorical adjective fresh with the noun melody, the auditory semantics is also indirectly contaminated: It was not God knows what, but still it was a fresh melody that came to me in the forest, and I could not write it down (V Soloukhin) Adjective spicy can also develop a metaphorical meaning, presenting a characterizing metaphor that actualizes the empirical meaning of "smell": Spicy evening. Dawns go out / Fog creeps on the grass (S. Yesenin).
Abstract in meaning, rational in nature, adjacent to the perception of “taste”, the adjective tasty in a literary text, with the help of other perceptual meanings at the phrase level, allows us to judge the subjective content of the taste orientation of this word: You will find an accidentally forgotten cold and wet apple in wet foliage , and for some reason it will seem unusually tasty, not at all like the others (I. Bunin) In the Russian language picture of the world, this adjective approaches in meaning "with the specific taste adjective sweet, which, in metaphorical use, actualizes the seme" pleasant ": Smeared it (honey) on a piece of soft black bread, also fragrant and tasty in its own way. And when honey sweetness is combined with the sourness of black bread and two flavors are combined together, can there be anything tastier on earth, and even more so, could there be anything tastier for us village children than honey on bread? (V. Soloukhin).
Thus, literary texts reflect the possible olfactory and gustatory orientation of the metaphorical meaning of peripheral gustatory adjectives. But these adjectives (with abstract semantics) in figurative use do not at all reflect, in comparison with nuclear taste adjectives, empirical semes (sharp sense, sharp wind).
The third chapter "Tactile adjectives showing semantic syncretism in the dictionary and literary text" describes the representation of these empirical adjectives in modern explanatory and synonymous dictionaries; facts are considered
development of semantic layers in the content of adjectives with the seme "touch" and analyzes the functioning of empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics and adverbs and words of the state category (sometimes nouns, verbs) derived from them in the language of works of art of the 20th century.
The first paragraph describes lexicographic data on the possibilities of explication of syncretism in the content of tactile adjectives.
An analysis of vocabulary materials about tactile adjectives indicates a (some) difference in the manifestation of semantic syncretism in units belonging to different subgroups of this class - tactile and temperature.
The core of tactile adjectives denoting the internal features of an object is the words hard, hard, soft, strong. Each of these words is associated with a circle of LSVs of synonymous and antonymous lexemes - an associative-derivative "microfield", the components of these fields ambiguously show semantic syncretism. An important property of the direct and figurative meanings of these words is the explication of tactile-visual (hard ice, hard hair), tactile-auditory (warm voices) and tactile-color (hard colors) synesthesia.
Direct meanings often reflect the gradation of a trait (hard, harder), erased metaphorical meanings (a hard person) are syncretic, due to the combination of perceptual ™ and rational evaluation. "Live" metaphor (solid mind) more clearly shows lexical-semantic syncretism. Antonyms hard / soft in the first meaning more clearly explicate the synesthesia of tactile and visual (as evidenced by the interpretations (rough / soft to the touch - about hair). Synonyms rough, sticking out, coarsened are associated with tactile-tactile synesthesia, visuality prevails in the content sticking out.
Within one lexico-semantic structure of a tactile adjective, different types semantic syncretism. For example, a strong rope is a tactile-visual synesthesia, a strong relationship is a non-synesthetic erased metaphor, a fusion of the intersection of taste and visual seme is strong tea.
Synesthesia at the level of direct LZ is clearly manifested by peripheral adjectives tight, viscous, dense, viscous, and such an adjective as thick explicates semantic syncretism both at the level of direct lexical meaning - visual-tactile synesthesia: thick porridge, visual-light synesthesia: thick fog, so and at the level of the phrase, thick color, thick bass, when a metaphorical LSV is involved.
Tactile adjectives denoting the external features of an object (smooth, slippery, sticky, rough, rough) in direct meanings often combine tactile and visual semes (smooth skin, rough board). Their figurative, evaluative and characterizing meanings are perceived through the prism of perceptual semantics - and the defined
the noun signals the combination of empiricism and rationality in the content of the defining adjective (smooth speech, sticky tune).
Within the tactile adjectives, the second LSG "temperature adjectives" nuclear of the temperature adjectives denoting a low temperature attribute is cold; adjectives icy, frosty, icy are combined with it in one subclass. The lexico-semantic structure cold and icy is associated with different types syncretism: a) tactile-gustatory synesthesia (cold soup, ice drink); b) non-synesthetic psychologized metaphor (cold / icy look). An additional step in comprehending the motives of the nomination through metonymic transfer takes place in LSV in a cold climate, in LSV in a cold climate. This means that here, too, one can speak of a special manifestation of semantic syncretism.
The direct meaning of the adjective studeny, which in modern Russian explicates the intensity component (and along with it the emotional and evaluative meaning) is complicated by the national-cultural component. The ambiguous adjective frosty in usage does not show semantic syncretism, which is associated with its lexical and grammatical status (relative sign).
One of the nuclear temperature adjectives denoting a high temperature sign is the adjective hot, this associative-derivative microfield includes the adjectives hot, burning, sultry, incandescent, warm. The derivative meanings of these words are primarily associated with a non-synesthetic metaphor (burning heat / look, hot feeling). However, these adjectives in their direct meaning can also develop tactile-gustatory synesthesia (hot coffee, warm tea).
The second paragraph analyzes semantic-syncretic adjectives with the seme "touch" in works of art.
Tactile adjectives with syncretic semantics in a literary text are used three times more often than taste adjectives (658 uses per 1,000). This predominance causes the frequent use of words with syncretic semantics and words of other indicative parts of speech (verbs, abstract nouns, words of the state category). Among the tactile adjectives, temperature adjectives predominate, which is due to the frequent appeal of writers to the physical environment surrounding the hero, suggesting different perceptual features and clearly interacting with his mood, state: It was cold rains in Moscow, it was dirty, gloomy, the streets dark, disgusting evening, everything inside me froze from anxiety and cold (I. Bunin).
Various temperature direct LPs within the same phrase, realizing dictionary meanings, in some cases create a complex tactile image without any special semantic complications, and in others - several different, but clearly correlated in general emotional impression images.
Significant meanings organize the actual tactile space for understanding the state of the hero, his habitual perception of life.
Writers use the usual resources associated with the use of individual LSV tactile adjectives with syncretic semantics. But dictionary syncretic indicative meanings, falling into the individual author's context, are "infected" with its emotionality, figurativeness, and in the general sense of the phrase, they acquire additional semantic nuances.
In a literary text, gradational temperature meanings are often emphasized - at the word level (icy, hot) and within the framework of a text passage, entering, for example, into synonymous relations with tactile ones: Where did the cold, wet days go? (A. Akhmatova).
Tactile indicative LSVs are presented in texts in a multifaceted way: in a direct and figurative sense with an emphasis on the intensity of the attribute (coldering, even colder), with the participation of verb forms (burning), nouns and adverbs indicating tactile sensations, as well as stable combinations indirectly explicating the indicated semantics . Different degrees of low temperature are more often expressed. The participation of words of different parts of speech with empirical semantics creates diversity in the reflection of empirical reality in different lexical and grammatical ways: the adjective emphasizes the property, non-processuality, the verb - the process, the adverb - the sign, the impersonal predicative words - the state.
The connections of temperature semantics with the mental state of the lyrical hero are especially vivid when using the adjective word of the category of state cold: I do not ask for wisdom or strength. / Oh, just let me warm myself by the fire! / I'm cold. Winged or wingless, / The cheerful god will not visit me (A. Akhmatova).
The dominant position when using tactile adjectives in a figurative sense is occupied by a non-synesthetic metaphor, often indirectly associated with intensely low or high temperature sensations (cold / hot) and participating in the expression of intellectual states (a cool emptiness in the head), while one can observe an implicit expression of tangibility ( V. Nabokov). A frequent phenomenon in works of art is a synesthesia of tactility and olfactory: From somewhere came a delicate aroma. The use of synonyms, intensifiers, comparisons can clarify and update the subjective assessment of tangibility.
The emotional impact of a literary word is usually due to the combination of not only tactile and temperature meanings, but also different empirical meanings in a small text space. For example, the fusion of tactile and temperature impressions can be observed when using substantive metaphorical characteristics that correspond in meaning to adjectives: When I fell in front of you, embracing / This fog, this ice, this surface / How good you are! (B Pasternak). The noun surface and the verb embrace testify to the mediated synesthesia of seme temperature and
tactility. Indirectly expressed (at the phrase level) synesthesia of temperature ™, tactility and visuality takes place in the following context: The dew has turned glassy on the grass. Soon my feet froze from brittle dew (V. Astafiev).
For each writer, visual-tactile synesthesia can manifest itself in different ways. So, in M. Prishvin's sentence: There was a blue expanse, like a solemn path - it is created by an attributive phrase in which the metonymic figurative meaning (talking about the river) is reflected in the adjective, and the seme of tactility is “induced” by the noun being defined; the comparative turnover emphasizes the positive evaluative perception of the synesthesia phrase. In a phrase from the work of B. Akunin: His eye and hand felt a gray roughness - the tactile words “felt” and “roughness” seem to be supposed to “suppress” the color meaning “gray”, however, the semantic “mismatch” between the noun and the adjective emphasizes rich associative possibilities of the adjective grey.
The most frequent in the language of literary texts are adverbs formed from tactile-visual adjectives. In the text, they develop synesthesia at the phrase level:
And in the literal sense: ... and it began to rain, but it was getting thicker and colder, then the palm trees at the entrance of the hotel shone with tin, the city seemed especially dirty and cramped (I. Bunin). “Agreement” of tactile semantics of temperature (colder) and tactile (thicker) in combination with intesifier (particle everything) adds rational-evaluative semantics to empirical semantics;
And in a figurative sense, when the visual semantics in the content of the tactile dialect "gives way" to the characterization of the intensity of the auditory sign: .. and he uttered this phrase even thicker and louder (IShmelev) Or: the original taste semantics of the empirical dialect is transformed into an emotional-evaluative one with an emphasis on intensity a sign of action: ... thrushes bring out their overflows even sweeter and sweeter (I. Bunin).
So, the semantics of empirical experience is also expressed by the words of other parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category. In empiric nouns and verbs, not only the neutral integrating meaning of empiricity (smell, color, sound, smell, sound, touch) is manifested, but also the evaluative one (stink, yummy, warm). sang like rubber-sticky, the night blackened rough). Thus, one can speak of a “field of empiricism” in language. The core of this field is qualitative perceptual adjectives; its peripheral zones may include evaluative adjectives in the context of empirical meanings. Words with syncretic semantics, directly or indirectly oriented towards perneptivity. are fragments of this field - both nuclear and peripheral.
In conclusion, the general results of the study are summarized.
1. Gutova N.V., Skvoretskaya E.V. Poetics of the adjective in the stories of V.M. Shukshin // V.M. Shukshin - philosopher, historian, artist. Proceedings of the Regional Museum of the History of Literature, Art and Culture of Altai. (Issue 3). - Barnaul, Altai State University, 1992. S. 140-148.
2. Gutova N.V. Features of the syntagmatics of empirical adjectives in the language of the works of V.V. Astafiev // Problems of interpretation in linguistics and literary criticism: Materials of the Second Philological Readings. November 29 - December 1, 2001. - Novosibirsk: Ed. NGPU, 2002. S.62-63.
3. Gutova N.V. Functional-semantic features of "qualified" adjectives in Russian poetry of the first half of the 20th century // Problems of interpretation in linguistics and literary criticism: Proceedings of the Third Philological Readings. November 28 - 29, 2002. -Novosibirsk: Ed. NGPU, 2002. S.184-188.
4. Gutova N.V. Color adjectives as elements of the idiostyle of I.S. Shmelev // Poetics of the artistic text at school and university: Collection of articles / Editor-in-chief N.D. Zhidkova. - Omsk: Publisher-Polygraphist, 2002. SL1-17.
5. Gutova N.V. The work of V. Shukshin in the perspective of the teachings of K. G. Jung (based on empirical adjectives) // Young science: Collection of scientific works of young scientists. (Issue 1). - Kuibyshev: KF NGPU, 2002. S.3-7.
6. Gutova N.V. Empirical adjectives with a diffuse meaning in a prose text // Actual problems of higher education: Proceedings of the scientific and practical conference / Comp. S.A. Arzhanova, N.D. Zhidkova. - Kuibyshev: KF GOU VPO "NGPU", 2004. S. 49-54.
7. Gutova N.V. Olfactory adjectives with syncretic semantics in a literary text // Actual problems of modern science: Tr. First International Forum (Sixth International Conference) of young scientists and students. Humanitarian sciences. Ch.ZZ: Literary criticism / Nauch. ed. A.S. Trunin. - Samara: Publishing House of SamGTU, 2005.-S. 12-15.
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CHAPTER 1. Empirical adjectives and general grounds for the manifestation of syncretism in their meanings
§ 1. Semantic mobility of the adjective as a factor in the development of syncretism in its semantics
§2. Problems of semantic classification of qualitative adjectives. Empirical adjectives
§3. Types of empirical adjectives and the possibilities of semantic combinations in their meanings
3.1. Visual adjectives, their features of manifestation of semantic syncretism
3.2. Auditory adjectives, their potential in the manifestation of semantic syncretism
3.3. Olfactory adjectives, their relation to semantic syncretism
3.4. Empirical adjectives corresponding to contact sensations and the possibilities of semantic combination in their meanings
Conclusions on the first chapter
CHAPTER 2. Taste adjectives showing semantic syncretism in the dictionary and literary text
§one. Lexicographic data on the possibilities of explication of syncretism in the semantics of taste adjectives
1.1. The core of the semantic space of taste adjectives in terms of syncretic semantics
1.2. Semantic space of peripheral taste adjectives showing semantic syncretism
§2. Nuclear flavor adjectives in fiction
2.1. Synesthesia of Direct JICB Adjectives of Taste in a Fiction Text
2.2. Features of the use of figurative-evaluative taste adjectives in the text
§3. Complication of the empirical meaning of peripheral taste adjectives in a literary text
Conclusions on the second chapter
CHAPTER 3
§one. Lexicographic data on the possibilities of explication of syncretism in the content of tactile adjectives
1.1. Semantic space of tactile adjectives; - the potential of their semantic syncretism.
1.2. Semantic space of temperature adjectives; possibilities of manifestation of their syncretic semantics
§2. Adjectives with the seme "touch" in works of art
2.1. Semantic syncretism of temperature adjectives in literary works
2.2. Semantic syncretism of tactile adjectives in a literary text
2.3. Functioning of syncretic tactile adjectives and adverbs in a literary text
Conclusions on the third chapter
Dissertation Introduction 2005, abstract on philology, Gutova, Natalya Viktorovna
The dissertation identifies varieties of semantic syncretism in the meaning of an empiric adjective and examines the functional and semantic features of gustatory and tactile adjectives with a syncretic meaning in language and literary text.
The relevance of our study is determined by a number of trends in modern Russian studies, including:
The desire of linguists of recent decades to study the semantics of “perceptivity” (“perceivability”) [Shramm 1979; Velichkovsky 1982; Yakovleva 1994; Ruzin 1997; Klimova 1998; Paducheva 1998; Spiridonova 2000; Wolf 2002; Kustova 2003]. The aspect of perceptivity, due to morphological characteristics, is clearly recognized in works on the modes of action of the verb-predicate and its aspectual-temporal meanings (Yu.S. Maslov, A.V. Bondarko, N.S. Avilova, E.V. Paducheva, etc. ), about static values (E.V. Paducheva, I.P. Matkhanova, Yu.P. Knyazev and others);
Following the principle of multidimensionality of modern Russian studies: the results of the study of the semantic syncretism of empirical adjectives are based on psychological knowledge [Lomov 1982; Voronin 1983], in particular, in the understanding of poetic synesthesia; lexico-semantic and word-building derivation, interaction of lexico-grammatical classes (relative / qualitative adjectives), "potential associativity", contextual interactions, semantic interactions of an adjective and a noun it defines;
The development of communicative style [Sulimenko 1988, 1996, 2003; Bolotnova 1992, 1995, 2001; Babenko 2001; Vasilyeva 2001]. In this study, a functional approach is carried out to describe empirical adjectives that name signs perceived by the senses. Revealing the ways of explication of the semantic syncretism of these words makes it possible to reveal their lexico-semantic and communicative-pragmatic potential in the language and text;
The steady interest of modern philology in the problems of interpretation of a literary text. Observation of the contamination of heterogeneous semantics when using empirical adjectives reflects one of the important postulates of linguistic interpretation - the presence of semantic layers, often individually authorial, on the main meaning [Bondarko 1987: 23-25], in our case - empirical. Individually authorial, creating "semantic-fluctuating" images, empirical meanings make it possible to identify characteristic fragments of the writer's artistic worldview, which determines the anthropocentric background of our study;
The prospect of a field approach to the study of groups of perceptual semantics [Yakovleva 1994; Tripolskaya 2004]. Observing empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics in texts, we also take into account adverbs derived from them, verbs, words of the category of state, nouns, in order to more fully imagine the functioning of empirical meanings in works of art.
The degree of development of the problem. There are several interpretations not only of linguistics of the inherent concept of "syncretism" (from the Greek "connection"). A large psychological dictionary presents several meanings of this term, emphasizing the connection, merging of differences. In the Russian language, for example, case syncretism is observed (one ending has the meaning of different cases) or syncretism of different grammatical categories (one ending has the meaning of a certain gender, number and case). Some scientists attribute syncretism to grammatical homonymy, others to polysemy (polyfunctionality) of grammatical form. Some scientists associate the concept of syncretism with irreversible systemic shifts in the process of its development (sometimes it is called "irresolvable", that is, irremovable, syncretism) [Skalichka 1967; Babaitseva 1983], distinguishing it from contamination, diffuseness (sometimes it is called “resolvable” syncretism, that is, eliminated during analysis). However, the phenomenon of syncretism is less considered at the semantic level. For our work, the clearly expressed position of V.V. Levitsky, who proposes to consider syncretism at all levels of the language, including the lexico-semantic one, is important, understanding semantic syncretism as “a combination of several semantic components in one meaning”. In our work, the concept of "semantic syncretism" is used as a generic one in relation to such phenomena as the direct synesthetic meaning of the type smooth skin; “syncretic epithet” (A.N. Veselovsky) in its varieties: synesthetic (golden voice) and non-synaesthetic (subtle humor) metaphor (G.N. Sklyarevskaya); - lexico-semantic diffuseness and other phenomena related to the indicated phenomena, indicating the semantic convergence of empirical and rational-evaluative adjectives. Thus, in modern Russian studies, syncretism is explained not only as a grammatical factor (homonymy, ambiguity of grammatical form), but also as a “combination of semantic features of language units”, the phenomenon of transition, the facts of semantic hybridity (contamination, diffuseness) are emphasized.
The manifestation of semantic syncretism is due to the semantic mobility of qualitative (empirical) adjectives in their meanings. The very concept of "empirical adjectives" (from the Greek etreta - experience, perception) [Modern Dictionary of Foreign Words 2001: 716] came from the works of A.N. Shramm. These are adjectives denoting signs "perceived by the senses and realized by a person as a result of a single-stage mental operation of comparison with the" standard ". Empirical (perceptual) adjectives designate their own attributes of specific objects, their content is in full accordance with the logical-philosophical category of quality" [Shramm 1979:21].
Less studied are empirical gustatory and tactile adjectives [Shram 1979; Nesterskaya 1979; Lechitskaya 1985; Ruzin 1994; Spiridonova 2000], which are focused on contact sensations and perceptions, while visual, auditory and olfactory adjectives [Kulikova 1965; Schramm 1979; Petrova 1981; Surzhko 1986; Nosulenko 1988; Rubinstein 1989; Zhuravlev 1991; Yakovleva 1994; Ruzin 1994; Kartashova 2004] correspond to distant perceptions [Velichkovsky 1982]. Words with the semes “taste” and “touch” are also approaching on the basis of the physiological factors reflected in them: the sensory channels of the human oral cavity are both tactile and gustatory [Lomov 1982].
The appeal to the study of the semantic-functional features of empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics is due, on the one hand, to “universal semantic compliance” (A.N. Shramm), “signification and multivalence” (A.A. Ufimtseva), “semantic mobility” ( E.Yu. Bulygina) of a qualitative adjective. Evidence of the "semantic mobility" of adjectives, their "universal semantic malleability" is the abundant replenishment of quality adjectives with figurative metaphorical meanings of relative adjectives, which is associated with the development of the category of quality in the Russian language [Vinogradov 1972], on the other hand, the desire to clarify the status of these indicative words in the language and the division "empirical - rational adjectives" proposed in the scientific literature.
The object of the research is vocabulary materials and text fragments, including empiric adjectives. The subject of our study is the features of the manifestation of syncretism in the semantics of gustatory and tactile adjectives in the language and literary text.
The research material is: 1) taste and tactile adjectives in modern explanatory, synonymous, antonymic dictionaries; 2) text fragments from works of art of the 20th century, including empirical words in direct and figurative meanings. The total corpus of selected word usages is about 3000 units.
Text sources for the study were the works of Russian writers and poets of the XX century: A. Bely, I. Bunin,
A. Blok, A. Kuprin, N. Gumilev, A. Akhmatova, Ishmelev, B. Pasternak,
B. Nabokov, A. Platonov, N. Zabolotsky, M. Gorky, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, V. Pelevin, B. Akunin, T. Tolstoy and others. The selection of works is due to the presence of an indicative dominant in their descriptions and characteristics.
The purpose of our work is to identify the hierarchy of varieties of semantic syncretism in the meaning of an empiric adjective and to study the functional and semantic features of gustatory and tactile adjectives with a syncretic meaning in language and literary text.
Research objectives: 1) summarizing the theoretical information about empirical adjectives in general, identify the conditions for the manifestation of their syncretic semantics, depending on: a) the lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical type of the adjective; b) the semantics of the noun they define; 2) analyze the data of dictionaries on taste and tactile adjectives, highlighting varieties in the manifestation of syncretism in the semantics of these words; 3) to determine the types of explication of the semantic syncretism of gustatory and tactile adjectives in the language of works of art, taking into account the interaction of words with perceptual semantics with a wider context that goes beyond the attributive phrase; 4) in the course of the study to clarify the ratio of "empirical / rational adjectives" and compare the features of the use of empirical adjectives in literary texts of the beginning and end of the 20th century.
Research methods. The nature of the object of study and the multidimensionality of approaches to the topic required a combination of different methods of linguistic analysis. In addition to general scientific methods of observation and generalization of linguistic material, in the process of identifying and describing the semantic types of empirical adjectives, the following methods were used: definitional, component and distributional analysis methods; partially-statistical method.
These methods correspond to the three main approaches for this work:
1) lexico-morphological # involving the analysis and relation of the described adjective names to the lexical-grammatical categories, the features of the manifestation of signs of qualitative adjectives in them, the possibilities of their migration from relative ones - within the framework of perceptual semantics;
2) lexico-semantic, involving a seme-seme analysis of gustatory and tactile adjectives, taking into account the “guidance” of empirical semes within a phrase, synesthesia of the indicated meanings within a text fragment, a whole text;
3) communicative-stylistic. In our study, this approach involves considering the features of the functioning of empirical adjectives in text fragments, with some access to the author's attitudes in a work of art, to the specifics of the writer's individual style in relation to the use of words with perceptual semantics.
Scientific novelty. The class of empirical adjectives, despite a number of works devoted to its description, continues to be insufficiently studied both in the semantic-structural and functional-pragmatic terms. There is still an open question related to the study of tactile and gustatory adjectives that are low-frequency in the semantic and functional terms, explicating "contact sensations".
The novelty of our study lies not only in expanding, but also in clarifying the idea of the varieties of semantic syncretism of an empirical adjective. Serious attention is paid to the participation of metonymic transfer in the formation of the semantic syncretism of qualitative adjectives not only in individual authorial use (green noise - about foliage rustling in the wind), but also in usage (for example, direct meanings that combine two empirical semes: visual and tactile ( smooth skin), visual and taste (liquid coffee).Modern dictionaries do not pay due attention to the transfer of names by adjacency.
The paper attempts to determine the hierarchy of ways of expressing syncretism in the semantics of an empiric adjective. The center and peripheral areas of this sphere are singled out, and phenomena adjacent to lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism are indicated.
The results of the study allow us to formulate the following provisions for defense:
1. Generalization of vocabulary materials and observations of the peculiarities of the use of empirical adjectives in the text showed two main manifestations of the use of semantic syncretism: at the level of direct synesthesia lexical meaning (“layering” of several different perceptual semes, for example, visual, tactile, auditory: fine day) and at figurative level, when the perceptual meaning is perceived through the prism of emotional and evaluative, the sensory evaluation is transformed into socially significant (sweet silence, bitter life).
Varieties of "semantic combinations" of a syncretic nature have a field structure. The central area of this phenomenon is associated with: 1) the presence of semantic contamination (layering, combination), which to a greater extent reflects the characteristic of the concept of "syncretism" that exists both in linguistics and in psychology (visual-tactile synesthesia - loose snow, visual-auditory synesthesia - blue ring) 2) the juxtaposition of perceptual meanings at the level of a compound word, phrase, phrase - these are peripheral areas of semantic syncretism (bitter-salty taste, "hot orange sun rang in fragrant lilacs").
2. Taste and tactile adjectives correspond to specific sensations. Features of the manifestation of syncretism in their content are: 1) the merging of perceptual semes in direct or metonymically figurative meanings (ripe fruit, sour smell); 2) in the dominant use of emotional-evaluative non-synaesthetic metaphor involved in the expression of mental states or behavioral characteristics of characters in a literary text (cold look, slippery person).
The syncretism of empiric gustatory and tactile adjectives is also associated with the manifestation of a gradual feature (bringing rationality to empiric semantics), most often expressed word-formation (sourish), as well as a gradational synonymic series or intensifiers (completely icy). In the field of tactility, temperature sign and taste in a literary text, other parts of speech with perceptual semantics are actively and naturally "drawn in" ("... it was hot and light from the low sun").
3. In the course of the work, we identified the following patterns of the presence of “semantic combinations”, layers in the meanings of empirical adjectives: 1) semantic syncretism is characteristic primarily for elements of the quality category (V.V. Vinogradov), which have high semantic mobility, semantic interdependence of adjective and noun ; 2) to a greater extent, semantic syncretism is characteristic of derivational non-derivative adjectives that have an abstract meaning; 3) the features of the manifestation of semantic syncretism in different groups of adjectives are due to the psychological basis of the meaning of perceptual words. Thus, gustatory and tactile adjectives, corresponding to contact perceptions, approach functionally: 1) they show synesthesia at the level of direct meaning (poured apple, thick porridge); 2) often participate in metaphorical transfers that reflect the axiological side of the psychological existence of a person (warm meeting, bitter suffering); olfactory, color, auditory adjectives, which usually reflect distant perception, show this property less often; for color and auditory adjectives, to a much greater extent than for the others, a synesthetic metaphor or metonymy is characteristic (blue chimes, white scream).
4. There are certain trends in the use of empirical adjectives in works of art of the 20th century: if at the beginning of the century the semantic syncretism of taste, tactile and temperature meanings was mostly manifested within the framework of poetic language or among such writers who were both poets and prose writers, then by the end of the 20th century this phenomenon began to manifest itself much more often in a prose text (for example, in the texts of V. Astafiev). Moreover, writers, using empiric adjectives with syncretic semantics, not only “translate” ordinary meanings into contextual authorial ones, but often transform the evaluative potential of perceptual words (cold sweet dew of nights).
5. Our study makes it possible to clarify the status of empirical adjectives in relation to LHR adjectives: 1) empirical adjectives go beyond qualitative adjectives, for example, a perceptive seme occurs in some relative adjectives, including those formed from qualitative ones (sour solution, voiced consonant, sweet pepper); 2) the boundaries between empirical and rational adjectives are blurred: empirical semes are combined with evaluation, including emotional evaluation, both at the level of direct and at the level of figurative meaning. The greatest distance from the empirical meaning is associated with a non-synaesthetic metaphor such as sweet moments, a hard look, when the perceptual seme is realized indirectly.
theoretical significance. 1. In our work, attention is drawn to the difference between lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism in the content of empirical adjectives. Lexico-semantic syncretism may be due to the combination of two different perceptual semes in the direct meaning of the adjective, for example, visual (olfactory) and gustatory (fresh cucumbers). Lexico-grammatical syncretism usually correlates with the sememe structure of the word and is manifested, for example, in a “qualified” adjective (bronze tan). "The combination of the semantics of" empiricism "and" rationality "may be due to word formation and form formation (cold, soft, bitter, colder, Thus, the idea of linguistic syncretism and its types within the framework of lexical semantics is expanded and to some extent structured.Our experience can be used in the further development of ideas related to semantic convergences, stratifications, contaminations in the meaning of an indicative word.
2. The data of our description confirm the semantic-structural opposition emphasized by V.V. Vinogradov of qualitative and relative adjectives, which copiously interact and actively participate in the “rapid versatile development of the category of quality in the Russian literary language” - to everything else (possessive and pronominal-indicative).
3. Our study deepens the understanding of the perceptual semantics of a feature word, its types and their interactions in a literary text, the imposition of meanings that reflect conscious sensations, perceptions. Textual extensions of the meanings of empiric adjectives, including within their connotations, determine the development of the semantic and stylistic potential of these words in a literary work and in Russian speech in general.
4. This work allows us to talk about the semantics of "empiricism" not only in relation to adjectives. It has been noted that adverbs and nouns motivated by empirical adjectives with syncretic semantics often show an emotional and evaluative meaning more vividly than the word-formation of the original words. A partial analysis of the functioning of perceptual words of other parts of speech with syncretic semantics opens up the possibility of further expanding the field research [Frumkina 1992; Tripolskaya 2004] empirical semantics, including syncretic.
5. Observing the functioning of empirical adjectives in the text and the representation of their meanings in the dictionary, we saw that the division “empirical/non-empirical” adjectives has a certain degree of conventionality: semantic combinations in perceptual meanings increase part of the rational component in their content.
The practical value of the work. 1. The possibilities of explication of varieties of lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical syncretism revealed in this work allow us to check (and thereby clarify) the existing points of view related to the development of the category of quality in the Russian literary language. 2. Our work can also have a lexicographic application: the analysis of vocabulary materials about gustatory and tactile adjectives expands the understanding of the semantic and functional potential of these words; metonymic connections are especially emphasized (the bitter smell of wormwood is about a plant that tastes so bitter that this perceptual feature is also associated with the smell), olfactory and taste perceptions are often “layered” (sour / sweet / bitter smell), which is usually not noted in dictionaries .
The materials of the dissertation can be used in lectures and practical courses on linguo-stylistic and literary analysis of a literary text, in special courses and special seminars on the style of a literary text, in semantic research materials devoted to lexical and morphological innovations of the Russian language, in teaching linguistic and literary disciplines in high school ( in particular, when studying prose and poetic texts, which this work is focused on).
Approbation of work. The main provisions of the dissertation were presented in reports and reports at the Second and Third Philological Readings in Novosibirsk (2001, 2002), at the postgraduate seminar of the Department of Modern Russian Language of the National State Pedagogical University (2003), at the annual scientific and practical conferences of teachers of the KF GOU VPO "NGPU "(2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005), at meetings of the Russian language department and scientific and methodological seminars of the KF SEI VPO "NSPU".
Work structure. The dissertation research consists of an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The bibliography of the work includes more than 300 sources.
Conclusion of scientific work thesis on "Semantic syncretism of gustatory and tactile adjectives in language and literary text"
CONCLUSIONS ON CHAPTER THREE
1. The results of dictionary observations of tactile adjectives in relation to the manifestation of syncretism in their semantics are as follows.
The core of tactile adjectives denoting the internal features of an object are the words hard, hard, soft, strong. Dictionaries do not note semantic “layers” in the direct meanings of the adjective solid, however, visual-tactile synesthesia is possible in speech (cf. hard / loose ice). Direct meanings often reflect the gradation of a sign (hard, harder), erased metaphorical meanings (a hard person) are syncretic, which is due to the “suppression” of perceptivity by a rational assessment. A "living" metaphor (solid mind) shows this syncretism more clearly. Antonyms hard / soft in the first sense more clearly show synesthesia of tactile and visual (as evidenced by the interpretations (rough / soft to the touch - about hair). Synonyms rough, sticking out, coarsened are associated with tactile-tactile synesthesia, visuality prevails in the content sticking out.
In direct meanings, hard and hard converge, but in figurative meanings they can diverge, especially at the level of the evaluative seme (hard / hard person).
In the content of the tactile adjective strong in the LSV “strong fabric / shirt”, dictionaries indirectly note visual-tactile synesthesia. The adjective shows tactile-gustatory and tactile-olfactory synesthesia at a metaphorical level (strong tea, strong smell). In a non-synesthetic metaphor, strong develops a positive evaluative meaning (strong family/home).
In the subgroup of adjectives under consideration, denoting the internal features of an object, within the LSG of tactile adjectives, the core lexemes are "hard - soft", preserving antonymic relationships in most meanings. The remaining members of the subgroup form the non-nuclear part of the semantic field. This should include such adjectives as: tight (11 meanings), viscous (5 meanings), dense (6 meanings), thick (5 meanings), viscous (3 meanings), etc. Each of these adjectives shows syncretism in only one of its meanings, and the adjective thick shows semantic syncretism both at the level of lexical meaning - visual-tactile synesthesia: thick porridge, visual-light synesthesia: thick fog, auditory-tactile synesthesia: thick bass, so and at the level of the phrase: thick color.
Among the LSG tactile adjectives denoting the external features of an object, there are more of those that characterize the surface of the object (smooth, slippery, sticky, rough, rough). In direct LZs, they usually show tactile-visual synesthesia (rough skin), in figurative ones they are associated with a non-synaesthetic metaphor, except for rough and rough. The adjective slippery (slippery person) is usually evaluatively colored. At the level of a phrase, a syncretic metaphor is possible - a sticky motif.
Inside the LSG of temperature adjectives are words denoting high and low temperature signs.
The core of the temperature adjectives denoting a low temperature sign is cold; its synonyms are icy, frosty, icy.
The first (cold water), the second (cold overcoat), the third (cold apartment) LSV in the “cold” field have a direct, and all the rest have an indirect relationship to the “temperature sign” seme. The fifth direct meaning cold is indirectly related to taste semantics (cold tea, cold appetizer), thus lexical-semantic synesthesia is expressed. An additional step in comprehending the motives of the nomination through metonymic transfer takes place in the fourth (lock in a cold), seventh (cold climate) LSV. This means that here, too, one can speak of a special manifestation of semantic syncretism. Both the tenth and the eleventh terminological meanings of the word cold are connected with the metonymic transfer. These are rather not qualitative, but relative LSV; in the eleventh LP, the connection with empirical semantics is very weak. The eighth (cold person) and the ninth (cold decision) LSV are figurative and metaphorical, perceived through the prism of the empirical seme (low temperature sign), in which the sensory assessment is transformed into a socio-psychological one. The semantic syncretism of empiricism and rationality is evident.
Of interest is the "qualified" relative adjective ice - a syncretic non-synaesthetic epithet, with a pronounced emotional assessment. In the meaning of "ice voice" tactile-visual and tactile-sound syncretism can be manifested at the level of phrases.
Of the given LSVs “frosty”, only the first one directly indicates the tactile-temperature semantics (frosty air). The expansion of the semantic limits of temperature adjectives can also be associated with the special traditions of the use of the word, its stylistic attachment, the presence of a national-cultural component in its meaning, all this is confirmed by LSR "cold".
The core of the temperature adjectives denoting a high temperature sign is the adjective hot, the same field includes adjectives hot, burning, sultry, red-hot, warm.
Direct LZ hot, warm can show temperature-taste synesthesia in speech when it comes to food (soup, tea, coffee). The metonymic meaning is LSV “hot (n.)”, which, at the level of the meaning of the word itself (the dish is named after the method of temperature cooking), exhibits tactile-gustatory synesthesia. The adjective warm in one of its meanings shows tactile-color synesthesia (warm tones / colors). Secondary meanings (hot, hot, burning, sultry, red-hot, warm) are primarily associated with a non-synesthetic psychologized metaphor (burning heat / look, hot feeling).
2. Tactile adjectives in literary texts appear both in direct and figurative meanings much more often than other contact empiric adjectives (per 1000 - 658 uses). Temperature adjectives predominate, which is due to the frequent appeal of writers to the physical environment surrounding the hero, which clearly interacts with his mood and state. This is especially vividly represented by the impersonally predicative word cold. In a literary text, they are often emphasized by gradational temperature meanings - at the level of the word (icy, hot) and within the framework of a text passage.
Actually tactile adjectives are used in texts in many ways: in a direct and figurative sense with an emphasis on gradation meanings (colder, even colder), with the participation of verb forms (burning), nouns and adverbs indicating tactile sensations, as well as stable combinations indirectly explicating the specified semantics . More often, different degrees of low temperature are expressed, thus empiricism is synthesized with rationality.
A common phenomenon in works of art is the synesthesia of tactility and olfactory. The use of synonyms, intensifiers, comparisons can clarify and update the subjective assessment of tangibility.
The dominant position when using tactile adjectives in a figurative sense is occupied by a psychologized non-synesthetic metaphor, very often associated with intensely low or high temperature sensations (cold / hot) and participating in the expression of mental states (a cool emptiness in the head), while one can observe an implicit expression of tangibility ( V. Nabokov).
Tactile-auditory and tactile-color synesthesia is typical for the use of adjectives hard, hard, this is mainly explicated by the “pointing” of the noun being defined (warm voices, hard colors).
The metaphorical meaning of tactile adjectives can be complicated by the derivational meaning of extensiveness / intensity, which increases the rational component in the content of empirical adjectives, participles (coldish, red-hot).
Observation of the features of the functioning of tactile semantics in literary texts shows that tactile and temperature meanings in the language of works are not only expressed by adjectives (although they are primarily), but also by verbs, nouns, adverbs, words of the state category. Thus, in the texts one can observe empirical fields, in the core of which there are central fragments of LSH adjectives denoting certain perceptual features. In the creation of diverse artistic images, the significance of empirical semantics (directly or indirectly expressed) is undeniable. And its expression by indicative words of different parts of speech naturally reflects the richness of linguistic (morphological) categorization.
The conjugation of empiricism / rationality with all sorts of semantic “combinations”, “layerings” in a literary work excites the reader’s surprise and awe before the richness of verbal possibilities in depicting the interpenetration of the sensual and the cognitive.
CONCLUSION
Let us sum up the general results of the work performed.
1. Our study offers a certain view on the nature of the syncretic (i.e., including heterogeneous, often “hard to distinguish elements”) semantics of the adjective name, in the content of which there is an empirical seme.
The expansion of the cognitive content within the framework of an empirical adjective (based on the given opposition “empirical / rational”, according to A.N. Shramm, and “perceptual / non-perceptual” - according to I.G. Ruzin), justifies the concept of “syncretism” adopted in our work - in its lexico-semantic and lexico-grammatical (quality-relativity) manifestation, which correlates at the level of word content with such concepts as “semantic contamination”, “speech diffuse semantics”, “lexico-semantic synesthesia” (the latter also at the level the seme composition of the direct LSV, and at the level of figurative-metaphorical/metonymic meaning.Phrase synesthesia was the presence of different empiric adjectives in one sentence (or SPU).
The paper reveals the possibilities for the formation and functioning of syncretic meanings of empiric adjectives, they are represented by the following hierarchy, which takes into account the degree of fusion of semantic combinations.
The center of the sphere of semantic syncretism of the described adjectives is lexico-semantic contamination, namely:
1) synesthesia at the level of direct meaning (thin to the touch - tactile-visual, thick soup - tactile-gustatory); 2) poetic synesthesia, or, according to G.N. Sklyarevskaya, “syncretic metaphor” (sweet melody). We also added synesthetic metonymy here (blue silence - about a quiet, calm water space; 3) non-synaesthetic metaphor in two varieties: a) derivational "motivated" metaphor (bronze tan); b) the metaphorical meaning of a non-derivative empirical adjective, often associated with the psychologization of perceptual meaning (cold calculation); 4) usually associated with individual author's usage - lexical-semantic diffuseness (as a speech phenomenon): the metallic smell of forges; 5) “potential associativity” of LSW, focused on one empirical seme (red, gray) and on different ones (lemon taste/smell; pungent smell/taste/light). A special kind of "potential associativity" is shown by taste adjectives insipid, tasty; in speech there is a subjective concretization of meaning.
The listed phenomena are adjoined by substantiated metonymic meanings, complicated by the social component (“Yellow and blue were silent, / Wept and sang in green” (A. Blok), including the national-cultural component of the world (azure, red, crimson) - in the Russian language picture.
The periphery of the sphere of semantic syncretism of empiric adjectives explicates the juxtaposition, the combination of potentially autonomous components, for example, in a compound word (bitter-salty, blue-black) or in a phrase when there is an indirect “guidance” of perceptual semes (A soft, sweet voice softly sang softly).
Lexico-grammatical syncretism of perceptivity and rationality, associated with the expression of the gradation of an empirical attribute, its emotional assessment (cold, warmer, hot, terribly sour), in synthetic forms adjoins the central area of the described phenomenon, and in analytical forms - to its periphery.
2. Semantic syncretism of gustatory and tactile adjectives, reflecting contact sensations and perceptions, can be realized both in direct and figurative meanings.
Varieties of syncretic semantics of direct meaning:
1) contamination of two empirical semes with one leading one, for example, tactility + visuality: wet; tactility + taste: tart; taste + smell: rancid; compound words like sour-sweet", 2) "potential associativity" within several empirical semes (pungent / sharp smell, taste)\ 3) complication of the semantics of an empirical adjective in its direct LZ by a national-cultural component (cold) -, 4) possibility grading a sign (degree of comparison, degree of quality, form of emotional evaluation): (salty, warmer, hard).
Varieties of figurative meaning:
1) synesthesia of empirical semes at the level of a phrase during metaphorical transfer (sweet silence) or metonymic transfer (green noise); 2) psychologization of empirical meaning for expressing states, relationships (bright joy, slippery relationships); 3) “qualification” of relative adjectives, when the perceptual meaning is perceived through the prism of the original subject meaning (silver stream / voice, metallic smell); in context, they often have diffuse semantics.
All these manifestations of semantic overlaps and combinations not only speak of the variety of ways in which the syncretic semantics of empirical adjectives reflecting contact perceptions are formed, but also indicate their “advancement” to rational adjectives.
3. Identification and analysis of the syncretic semantics of empiric adjectives, and primarily gustatory and tactile adjectives, allow us to speak about the following patterns:
1) Semantic syncretism in the content of qualitative and relative adjectives, as well as adverbs, verbs, nouns formed from them, is due to their "semantic mobility". The syncretic semantics of qualitative adjectives, in their expanded composition due to the “qualification” of relative ones, is largely based on the semantic mutual influence of the defined and defining words (blue ringing, sour smile, mild taste). With the terminology of qualitative adjectives, when they become relative and become part of terminological phrases, “semantic mobility” disappears, and with it the possibility of semantic syncretism (red currant, gray heron) disappears.
2) The center of the sphere of semantic syncretism is lexico-semantic contamination: synesthesia at the level of direct meaning (subtle to the touch) and poetic synesthesia, or, according to G.N. Sklyarevskaya, “syncretic metaphor” (sweet silence).
Our observations indicate that homogeneous perceptual signs are more likely to synesthesize, corresponding in psychology to ideas about contact (gustatory, tactile) and distant sensations and perceptions: tactile-gustatory synesthesia - both signs correspond to contact perceptions: strong tea, hot soup; visual-sound synesthesia - both signs correspond to distant perceptions: colored music, light melody. The second type of synesthesia is usually manifested in phrases, where the noun indicates the sound, and the adjective indicates the color or light meaning. But multidirectional synesthesia is also possible (contact + distant or distant + contact), for example, visual-tactile (rough board, wet road). The last approach is natural for the work of sensory channels: the same objects can be perceived both by the eye and by touch. It is noted that auditory significant nouns are combined with both taste and tactile metaphorical adjectives (sour song, soft music).
3) Our observation of vocabulary materials about gustatory and tactile adjectives convinces us that far from all the nuances associated with semantic “layering” within the semantic composition of one LZ are noted in them. So, very often there is no metonymic transfer. We agree that metonymy is a less noticeable phenomenon (compared to metaphor) in the processes of manifestation of a new meaning, however, it is important for our study to note metonymy, since it can accompany synesthesia at the level of direct LZ. In dictionaries, obvious cases of combining two perceptual meanings are often not emphasized: thin - made of thin, loose material. The definition could take into account not only the visual, but also the tactile seme: it is prompted by speech experience (subtle to the touch).
4. Our study outlined some trends in the use of empiric adjectives in works of art of the 20th century. For example, if at the beginning of the century the synesthesia of perceptual meanings was mostly manifested within the poetic language or among such writers (V. Nabokov, B. Pasternak), who were poets and prose writers (B. Pasternak: On the right, it turned cold and crimson; S. Yesenina: Blue May, blazing warm, / The ring at the gate will not ring.), then by the end of the 20th century this phenomenon began to take place much more often among prose writers (V. Tokareva, B. Akunin, V. Astafiev, etc.). The individual features of the use of empiric adjectives, corresponding to contact sensations and perceptions, among writers and poets of the beginning and end of the 20th century are united by the fact that the gradation of an empiric feature in prose and poetic texts is manifested not only at the level of the word: sour, cold, but also at the level of the phrase ( when using one of the metaphorical families): The palms are cold with icy cold.
5. The work performed made it possible to clarify the status of empirical adjectives 1) in relation to the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives: perceptual adjectives are also found among relative ones (apple smell, lemon taste); 2) in relation to rational adjectives: the boundaries between these classes within qualitative adjectives are “blurred”.
The non-rigidity of the boundaries between perceptual and rational-evaluative adjectives suggests that the concept of "empirical qualitative adjective" is somewhat arbitrary. In addition, the semantics of empirical experience is also characteristic of the words of other parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adverbs, words of the state category. In nouns and verbs, not only the neutral integrating meaning of empiricism (smell, color, sound; smell, sound, touch) is manifested, but also evaluative (stink, yummy, warmth); a bright emotional and evaluative meaning is characteristic of perceptual adverbs (the highway sang rubber-sticky; the night blackened rough), that is, one can speak of a “field of empiricism” in a language whose core is qualitative perceptual adjectives; its peripheral zones may include evaluative adjectives in the context of empirical meanings.
6. When analyzing the functioning of empirical gustatory and tactile adjectives in literary texts, many important points of explication of the lexical-semantic and lexical-grammatical contamination of empirical semantics were revealed. However, in order to identify all the possibilities for the manifestation of syncretic semantics associated with perceptual meanings, it is necessary to conduct more than one such study so that the practical material is several times larger than in this work. And this may be the perspective of the presented scientific study.
In conclusion, we would like to express the hope that our scientific and practical research will complement the existing ideas about the semantics of "perceptibility" in the Russian language.
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267. V.2. The life of Monsieur de Molière; Dead man's notes; The Master and Margarita. - 704s.1. T.Z. Plays. - 736s.
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271. Bunin I.A. Dark Alleys: Stories. Novosibirsk: Book publishing house, 1979.- 191s.
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273. Bykov V.V. Quarry: Story. - M.: Izvestia, 1990. - 384 p.
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290. Kaverin V. Favorites. - M.: Fiction, 1973. - 688s.
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295. Kuprin A.A. Garnet bracelet: Tales. - Novosibirsk: Zap.-Sib. book. publishing house, 1985. 224p.
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