Brief description of the main modes of transport. World transport
Transport - (from lat. transporto - I move), this is a set of means and means of communication, the activity of which ensures all the activities of people. Communication paths are roads. Technical facilities - gas stations, communication facilities, workshops. Transport is the most important strategic resource. Distinguish land, water and air transport. Ground types: railway, automobile and pipeline; water - sea and river; air - aviation. A tenth of the people work on transp.
The transport system is a set of all types of transport connected technologically, technically, economically and by regulatory legal acts.
The main types of transport, their brief description
Railway transport in many industrialized countries, among other modes of transport, it occupies one of the leading places. This is due to its versatility - the ability to serve the manufacturing sectors of the economy and meet the needs of the population for transportation regardless of the weather: in all climatic conditions and at any time of the year.
Having modern types of locomotives and wagons, a powerful track, using modern means of automation, telemechanics and computer technology, rail transport, along with other branches of industrial production, is included in the economic potential of each country.
During its existence, the length of the world's railways has reached almost 1.3 million km; at the same time, they are unmatched in terms of carrying capacity and continuity of operation.
1825 - First railway in England
Automobile transport provides:
1) relatively high speed of movement;
2) delivery of goods to areas where there are no other modes of transport.
It is the most convenient, as it allows you to deliver goods directly from the sender to the recipient without reloading; effective for intracity and intercity transportation of passengers. At the same time, the cost of freight and passenger transportation by road is higher compared to other types. There are 31 million km in the world, and 1 million km in Russia, the length of roads.
Sea transport provides mass transportation to foreign countries, as well as between ports within the country, located on the coast of the seas. Sea transportation is most effective in areas where sea routes are shorter than land routes, and where there are no other types of mass transport. For Russia, the importance of maritime transport is especially great in servicing the northern regions of Siberia and the Far East, where there are no railways. The cost of shipping goods by sea is lower than other modes of transport, and especially when transporting over long distances.
River transport carries out local and long-distance transportation on routes that coincide with the location of navigable rivers and canals. It has a high carrying capacity, especially when using large-capacity vessels on deep-water rivers, as well as on river-sea routes. The cost of river transportation is lower than other modes of transport. However, a significant drawback of Russian river transport is the short duration of navigation during the year and low speeds.
Air Transport- the most high-speed mode of transport, through which mainly passenger transportation is carried out over short and long distances. The share of freight traffic is low. The operation of air transport is greatly influenced by weather conditions. The cost of air transport is much higher than for other modes of transport.
Pipeline transport It is mainly used to transport oil, oil products and natural gas and is almost independent of weather conditions, capable of transporting liquid and gaseous products over very long distances, and is a relatively cheap mode of transport. In Russia = 15000 km
Industrial transport carries out the movement of objects and products of labor in the sphere of production.
Trunk public transport includes rail, road, sea, river, air and pipeline.
Urban transport provides transportation within the city and includes the subway, trolleybus, tram, bus, taxi, truck, etc.
Lesson 1
Interaction of railways with others
Modes of transport
The main types of transport - rail, river, sea, road, air and pipeline - form a single transport network.
The spheres of the most effective application of certain types of transport are established on the basis of technical and economic calculations.
a brief description of main modes of transport
1 Rail transport. Railways are a universal mode of transport for the transportation of all types of goods in inter-district and intra-district communications. However, the construction of railways requires large capital investments (a lot of metal and building materials per 1 km of track), depending on topographic, climatic and environmental conditions. It is characterized by: high carrying capacity, uninterrupted traffic regardless of weather and climatic conditions; relatively low cost of transportation with a sufficiently high speed of transportation of goods. At the same time, the construction of railways requires large investments. The generally recognized advantages of railways over other modes of transport are the best indicators in terms of efficiency, resource saving, ecology (noise, environmental safety, land use), and traffic safety.
2 Road transport. It serves both intercity and intracity transportation. In terms of the volume of transported goods in tons, this type of transport ranks first. Distinguished by: high maneuverability and the ability to adjust vehicles depending on the need for transportation; the possibility of delivering goods directly to the consumer without reloading. In road transport, the initial cost of building roads is relatively low. Significant disadvantages of road transport are worse than with other modes of transport, environmental indicators (gas pollution, noise, etc.), as well as the high cost of transportation.
3 River transport. It has a low cost of transportation, large carrying capacity, low costs, low material consumption, especially in terms of metal consumption. The disadvantages that limit the use of river routes include: sinuosity, which increases the length of routes along river routes; their mismatch with transportation routes; shallow waters of some rivers in late summer; freezing of rivers and the cessation of navigation in the winter.
4 Maritime transport. This type of transport requires a relatively small cost for the development of communication routes. It is characterized by a large carrying capacity and low cost of transportation, as well as the regularity of communications and large-tonnage ships. The speed of movement in sea transport is higher than in river transport. In terms of regularity of transportation, maritime transport is inferior to railways, since some ports freeze in winter.
Icebreakers and icebreaking transport vessels are used for transport services in the Arctic. Maritime transport is the main type of communication in providing trade relations between Russia and many countries of the world and in serving the coastal regions of the country. The disadvantages include the limited internal routes.
5 Air transport. This is the fastest mode of transport, providing non-stop flights over long distances at speeds of 1000 km/h or more. An important advantage of air routes is the ability to quickly organize regular communications between any regions of the country where there are no other modes of transport. Moreover, in the shortest directions with the availability of transportation in difficult geographical conditions (helicopters), with practically unlimited routes. The main disadvantages of air transport are: high cost, limited carrying capacity and dependence of transportation on weather conditions.
6 Pipeline transport. Pipeline transport has the lowest cost of transportation. It provides mass transportation of liquid cargoes and gases, a high degree automation, as well as sealing and safety of transportation; can be laid everywhere in the shortest direction. The disadvantages of pipeline transport include the homogeneity of the transported cargo in the liquid and gaseous state.
Task 1. Considering the main features, advantages and disadvantages of various modes of transport, make the necessary calculations and select the most advantageous modes of transport for the transportation of spare parts for operating mechanisms from the North Caucasus region to the Kama Automobile Plant (about 2000 km) in the amount of 400 tons. Estimated delivery time by aircraft is 5 h, by rail - 4 days, by car - 2 days. The daily need for spare parts is 10 tons.
Task 2. Determine the optimal route for the transportation of timber cargo in the amount of 5000 tons from point A to point C at a given range A, K, B, C, D, E, C (Fig. 1).
Estimated cost of transportation of goods (2003) in the amount of 10 tkm by various modes of transport is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Estimated cost of transportation of goods (10 tkm)
Note. The cost of reloading 10 tons from one mode of transport to another is 1.90 rubles.
Rice. 1. Determination of the optimal transportation route
timber cargo:
Railway; - - - - - - - - automobile
roads; . . . . . . . . . . ferry crossing
table 2
Task options with different distances between points (according to Fig. 1)
- all transport that carries out passenger and cargo transportation;
- the length of all means of communication - roads and railways, sea and river routes, air corridors, as well as pipelines;
- companies and people involved in transportation, as well as all the technical means necessary to maintain the existing system and its development.
Distribution of roles in the global transport system
The distribution of communication routes is extremely uneven. If we take the total length of 50 million kilometers, then it will consist of the following items:- highways - 32 million km;
- air routes - 10 million km;
- pipelines - 1.9 million km;
- railways - 1.3 million km;
- inland waterways - 0.6 million km.
Trains, and along with them the railways, were considered almost the pinnacle of progress and the best transport a few decades ago. But now their popularity is rapidly falling, and they are being forced out to the backyard of the global transport system. Although they are still in demand, after all, 1.5 million kilometers cannot simply be taken and thrown out as unnecessary. The problem is that railroads are very unevenly distributed across the planet. Most of the infrastructure is concentrated in developed countries such as Russia, USA, China, Canada and Germany. But there are many states where local residents have never seen a train.
Interestingly, in terms of demand, and therefore in terms of length, railways are already inferior even to pipelines. This element of the global transport system has intensified with the development of the oil and gas industries. It is the transportation of hydrocarbon raw materials through pipelines that now accounts for more than 10 percent of all cargo transportation.
And one more not the most obvious fact. If the leaders in the transportation of passengers are cars, then most of the cargo travels through the seas, oceans, rivers and lakes. Maritime transport owns almost 2/3 of the industry. The most important basin for cargo transportation is the Atlantic Ocean. It is on it that goods most often go from one continent to another. Airplanes could be an alternative to ships, but they carry much less cargo, and their flights are more expensive. Among the internal routes for water transport, it is worth highlighting the Amazon, Mississippi, Yenisei and Ob, as well as man-made canals, such as the White Sea-Baltic or Suez. Accordingly, the leaders in this segment of the transport system are the United States, China, Russia, the Netherlands and France.
The development of transport in a single country is associated with its geographical location. For example, insular Japan has many sea routes. The USA, China and Russia have vast territories, and therefore the emphasis is on railways, and in Western Europe, due to the high population density, road transport is used more.
Transport - one of the most important industries. It provides industrial relations and agriculture, transports goods and passengers, is the basis of the geographical division of labor. The exchange and structure of transportation, as a rule, reflect the level and structure of the economy, while the geography of the transport network and cargo flows reflect the location of productive forces.
Types of world transport
Transport is divided into land (rail and road), water (sea and river), air, pipeline and electronic (power lines).
Automobile transport often called the transport of the 20th century, because, having originated at the beginning of our century, it has become the leading type of land transport. The length of its network is growing and has now reached 24 million km, and about 1/2 falls on the USA, India, Russia, Japan, and China. The United States and a number of Western European countries are leading in terms of motorization in the world. Road transport leads in terms of passenger traffic - 80% of the world volume.
Railway transport, despite the decline in its share in transportation, it still remains an important mode of land transport, especially in terms of the volume of goods transported (10% of the world volume). The world railway network as a whole was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, its length is now 12.5 million km. But its placement is uneven. Although there are railways in 140 countries of the world, more than 1/2 of their total length falls on the "top ten countries": the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, Australia, Argentina, France, Germany and Brazil. European countries stand out especially in terms of network density. But along with this there are vast areas where the railway network is very rare or non-existent.
Pipeline transport - is actively developing due to the rapid growth of oil and natural gas production and the territorial gap that exists between the main areas of their production and consumption. Pipeline transport accounts for 11% of the world freight turnover.
First of all, it is characterized by the outstanding role of maritime transport. It accounts for 62% of the world's cargo turnover, it also serves about 4/5 of the entire. It is thanks to the development of maritime transport that the ocean no longer separates, but connects countries and continents. The total length of sea routes is millions of kilometers. Sea vessels transport mainly bulk cargo: oil, oil products, coal, ore, grain, and others, and usually over a distance of 8,000 to 10,000 km. The "container revolution" in maritime transport has led to a rapid growth in the transportation of so-called general cargo - finished goods and semi-finished products. Maritime transportation is provided by the merchant marine, the total tonnage of which exceeds 420 million tons. The Atlantic Ocean occupies the first place in world shipping, the Pacific Ocean occupies the second place in terms of the size of sea transportation, and the Indian Ocean ranks third.
The international sea channels (especially the Suez and Panama) and the sea straits (the English Channel, Gibraltar, etc.) have a very great influence on the geography of maritime transport.
Inland water transport is the oldest mode of transport. Now it occupies the length of the network last place in the global transport system.
The development and deployment of inland water transport is primarily associated with natural prerequisites - the presence of rivers and lakes suitable for navigation, the Amazon, Mississippi, Ob, Yenisei, Yangtze, Congo have a greater capacity than the most powerful railway lines. But the use of these prerequisites depends on the general level economic development. Therefore, in terms of cargo turnover of inland waterways in the world, the United States, Russia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and China stand out.
Navigation on artificial routes and lake navigation are also of great importance in some countries.
Air Transport. This type of the fastest, but quite expensive transport plays an important role in international passenger traffic. Its advantages, in addition to speed, are the quality of supplies, geographic mobility, which makes it easy to expand and change routes. The network of scheduled airlines now encircles the entire globe, stretching for millions of kilometers. Its reference points are 5,000 airports. The main air powers of the world are the USA, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, Canada, Germany.
World transport system
All means of communication, transport enterprises and vehicles collectively form world transport system. It was formed in the 20th century. and experiences a strong impact of scientific and technological revolution, which is expressed in the "division of labor" between individual modes of transport, an increase in the capacity of transport routes, the emergence of fundamentally new vehicles, for example, high-speed hovercraft trains. The "container revolution" had a huge impact on the development of all types of transport, as a result of which the transportation of goods is carried out in special metal containers - containers. There were also new vehicles - container ships and special transshipment stations - terminals. This made it possible to increase labor productivity in transport by 7-10 times.
The world transport system is heterogeneous, and it is possible to distinguish between the transport systems of economically developed and developing countries. The first of them accounts for 78% of the total length of the world transport network and 74% of the world freight turnover. The density of the transport network, which best characterizes its availability, in most developed countries is 50-60 km per 100 km of territory, and in developing countries - 5-10 km.
Along with this, in the global transport system there are also several regional transport systems: North America (it accounts for about 30% of the total length of all world communications), CIS countries, Europe, Asia (divided into several subsystems), Latin America, Australia, North Africa.
Since its inception, transportation has had a strong impact on the environment. With the growth of the length of the transport network, the intensity of traffic, the negative impacts are increasingly increasing, while different kinds transport have, as it were, their own "specialization". Thus, the main air pollutant is road transport, air transport and rail transport, these types of transport also create "noise pollution" and require large areas for the construction of highways, gas stations, parking lots, train stations, etc. (excluding air). Water transport is the main source of oil pollution in oceans and inland waters.
Railway transport is the main mode of transport in Russia, although it is inferior to pipeline transport in terms of total freight turnover, but it is universal: it can be used to transport any cargo and passengers.
Railway transport is characterized by regularity of movement at all times of the year, high speed, the ability to master mass flows of goods and passengers, and a relatively low cost of transportation. However, taking into account the large capital investments spent on the construction of railways, its use is most effective with a significant concentration of freight and passenger flows.
The network of mainline railways is in the best technical condition relative to other domestic transport communications and has a high capacity. The most efficient in operation are electrified railways. Russia has the world's longest system of electrified railways - 44,000 km.
In terms of the length of public railways (85,000 km in 2007), Russia is second only to the United States. The location of the Russian railway network is extremely uneven, which is associated with a vast territory, differences in its population and the level of economic development. In the European part of the country, a radial-ring configuration of the railway network was formed, which was formed under the influence of the capital position of Moscow, port cities in the Baltic and the Black Sea, the location of the coal and metallurgical bases of Ukraine and the Urals. From Moscow, the railways diverge in 12 directions, and at some distance from it they are connected by ring lines. in Siberia and Far East the railway network is less developed, its configuration has a latitudinal direction. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the modern railway network of Russia is closely connected with the railways of the newly independent states.
The first railway was built in Russia in 1837. Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo. In 1851, the St. Petersburg - Moscow railway line was opened. At the beginning of the twentieth century. (in 1916) the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok was completed and thus a single railway network of the country was created. Now the railway line Moscow - Vladivostok is the longest (over 9,000 km) and the busiest in the world, most of which has been converted to electric traction.
In the future, the main railways became the basis of the railway network, 90% of the cargo is transported through them and the main inter-district and intra-district communications are carried out. The most significant are Pechora (Salekhard - Vorkuta - Konosha), Volga (Sviyazhsk - Syzran - Saratov - Ilovlya), North Siberian (Tyumen - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk - Urengoy - Yamburg), Turkestan-Siberian (Lugovaya - Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan) - Barnaul - Novosibirsk).
In the 1970s-1980s. The Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) was laid from Ust-Kut to Komsomolsk-on-Amur (3145 km), designed to promote the development of Siberia and the Far East. Branches from the main route will connect the BAM with areas of the richest natural resources - the BAM - Tynda - Berkakit road has already been built to transport coal from the South Yakutsk basin with a subsequent continuation to Yakutsk.
In the structure of goods transported by rail, almost 3/5 are coal, oil, ores, ferrous metals, timber, mineral fertilizers, and cement. This type of transport is characterized by the concentration of freight traffic in the main directions of transport and economic relations. The most loaded lines are located in important areas of transport and economic relations of the Center with the Urals, the Volga region, the North-West, the North Caucasus; Caucasus with the Volga region and the Urals; Northwest with the Urals; Ural with Siberia and the Far East.
Rail transport also plays a significant role in the transportation of passengers, with up to 90% of suburban traffic. The bulk of such transportation is carried out in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Samara and their suburbs. In long-distance passenger transportation, the meridional direction Moscow-Kursk is leading, the latitudinal direction to the east - from Moscow through the Volga region to the Urals and Siberia, between Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as between Moscow and the capitals of the new independent states. The largest railway hubs for passengers are Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk.
Road transport is of great importance in the transportation of urgent goods and passengers over short and medium distances, due to its speed, maneuverability and ability to carry out door-to-door transportation without intermediate loading and unloading operations. At the same time, motor transport is characterized by a significant stock, capital intensity, high consumption of energy resources and a rather high cost of transportation.
The scope of vehicles is wide. It performs most of the short intra-regional transportation, delivers goods to railway stations and river piers and delivers them to consumers. For transportation over long distances, motor vehicles are used in regions where there are no other modes of transport (for example, in the northern and eastern regions) and for the delivery of especially valuable and perishable goods.
The total length of motorways in Russia is 963,000 km, of which 80% are paved roads. The density of paved roads in Russia is 45 km per 1,000 km2, and in the USA it is 270 km. Such a low provision of Russia with roads is explained by the vastness of the underdeveloped territories of the Far North, regions of Siberia and the Far East (in the Far East this figure is 5 km), in the European part of the country the density of roads is much higher (in the Central Black Earth region - 172 km, in Kaliningrad region-- 303 km). An economic region is considered to be provided with roads if the total length of paved roads in it reaches at least 80% of the entire network. The total need for paved roads is estimated at 2.5 million km. More than a third of highways are in need of reconstruction.
The shape of the country's road network largely corresponds to the radial-ring shape of the railway network. The main inter-district routes run parallel to the railways. Highest value have highways radiating from Moscow in 12 directions, highways St. Petersburg - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk; Rostov-on-Don - Krasnodar - Novorossiysk; Ekaterinburg - Chelyabinsk, etc. In Siberia and the Far East, highways in some directions serve as the main means of communication: the Amur-Yakutsk highway (Big Never - Tommot - Yakutsk), the Kolyma highway (Magadan - Yakutsk), Chuisky (Biysk - Tashanta), Usinsky (Abakan - Kyzyl) tracts.
In the sectors of the economy, most of the transportation by road is in industry, agriculture and construction. In the structure of transportation, construction and grain cargoes, ferrous metals, coal, timber, consumer goods, and agricultural cargoes stand out.
The problem of motor transport in Russia remains the creation of a modern high-quality network of roads and the absence of a through latitudinal highway connecting the western and eastern regions of the country.
Internal river transport. Russia has an extensive river network, but the importance of river transport in last years began to decrease. This is due to strong competition from outside, primarily railway transport. But river transport retains its position where the directions of shipping routes coincide with the direction of the main transport and economic ties (the European part of Russia) and in those areas where there are no other modes of transport (the North of the European and Asian parts of Russia). The total length of river navigable routes is 102 thousand km.
The main disadvantages of river transport are the seasonal nature due to the freezing of rivers in winter, the limited use of it due to the configuration of the river network, low speed, and the meridian direction of the river flow, while the main cargo flows have a latitudinal direction. But river transport has the lowest cost of transporting goods, in addition, the arrangement of natural transport routes requires significantly less capital investment than the creation of communication routes for other modes of transport.
The structure of transported goods is dominated by mineral construction raw materials (sand, gravel, crushed stone), oil and oil products, timber, and coal.
Inland navigable waterways belong to different river basins. The predominant part of freight traffic and cargo turnover is carried out by the shipping companies of the Volga-Kama, West Siberian and North-Western basins.
The Volga-Kama basin serves the most economically developed and densely populated regions of the European part of Russia. It accounts for more than half of the cargo turnover of all river transport. The largest ports here are Moscow (Southern, Western and Northern), Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Volgograd and Astrakhan. This basin served as the basis for the creation of the Unified Deep-Water System of the European Part of Russia (USS) with a total length of 6.3 thousand km. It includes deep-water sections of the Volga, Kama, Moskva River and Don, which are connected by inter-basin connections - Moscow-Volga, Volga-Baltic, White Sea-Baltic, Volga-Don. The guaranteed depth here is 4 m.
The West Siberian basin ranks second in terms of the volume of work performed and includes the Ob with its tributaries. The main ports here are Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Tyumen, Surgut, Urengoy, Labytnagi.
The third place is occupied by the Northern Dvina basin with tributaries of the Sukhona and Vychegda. The leading port is Arkhangelsk.
The Lena River is of great importance for the supply of Yakutsk and the industrial centers of Yakutia. At the intersection of Lena and BAM is the large port of Osetrovo (Ust-Kut).
Maritime transport ranks fifth in terms of cargo turnover after pipeline, rail, road and inland water transport. Foreign transportation of goods predominates. Maritime transport is also engaged in domestic or coastal transportation. But they don't matter much. Coastal transportation is divided into large and small cabotage. Large cabotage - transportation of goods and passengers between ports of different seas. Small cabotage - transportation between ports of the same sea. Small cabotage prevails in Russia.
Modern Russia ranks ninth in the world in terms of merchant fleet tonnage (11.6 million dwt). But most of the ships are badly worn and have average age over 20 years, which is significantly higher than in the world. There are 37 ports in Russia with a total cargo handling capacity of 154 million tons per year, of which 11 are large, which is not enough for a country of this size, and until recently Russia used the ports of neighboring states - Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia. The port economy needs to be developed and modernized, therefore the creation of the Baltic Transport System (BTS) in the territory of the Leningrad Region, where the construction of 5 new sea terminals is being completed, will partly solve this problem. The fleet lacks modern type vessels, such as lighter carriers, container carriers, combined vessels, sea ferries, etc.
The structure of transportation by sea is dominated by oil cargo, ore, Construction Materials, timber and grain cargoes.
The main sea basins of the country differ from each other in the economic specifics of the economic regions gravitating towards them and natural conditions shipping.
The Far East basin came out on top in the cargo turnover of maritime transport of the Russian Federation. This is the largest sea basin in Russia in terms of area, through the ports of which foreign economic relations are carried out with the states of the Pacific region. The largest ports here are Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino (with the railway sea ferry crossing Vanino - Kholmsk). The main cargoes are timber, industrial products.
The Baltic basin ranks second in terms of cargo handling. The largest port in the Baltic in Russia is the universal port of St. Petersburg. The port of Kaliningrad is much smaller in terms of cargo turnover, but plays an important role in providing transport links between the enclave region and the main territory of Russia. The Vyborg port is not very conveniently located and specializes in timber cargo. In the Baltic basin, the construction of new large seaports is being completed.
The northern basin ranks third. Two ports stand out here: Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, which account for 3/4 of the cargo turnover of the entire basin. Arkhangelsk is Russia's largest timber export port, and Murmansk is the country's only ice-free port in the north. The largest ports operate at the mouth of the Yenisei (Dudinka, Igarka), which have importance in the supply of regions of the Far North.
The Azov-Black Sea basin ranks fourth in terms of maritime freight turnover. Here is the largest port in terms of cargo turnover - Novorossiysk, specializing in oil cargo, the smaller oil port is Tuapse. In this basin, it is planned to expand the capacities of existing and build new ports, including those on the Sea of Azov (Taganrog).
The Caspian basin is used for cabotage transportation and in Russia's relations with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran. There are two large ports - Makhachkala and Astrakhan.
Pipeline transport is a highly specialized type of transport designed to transport liquid and gaseous products. According to their purpose, main pipelines are divided into oil, product and gas pipelines.
The development of pipeline transport is closely linked with the development of the oil and gas industry. In 1970-1980. in Russia, a unique network of main pipelines of large diameter (1020, 1220, 1420 mm) and high throughput was created, going from the regions of the Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia to the west of the country and further to Eastern and Western Europe. The predominance of oil and gas in the production of primary energy in Russia, a huge territorial gap between the areas of their production and consumption have led to a high share of pipeline transport in the structure of freight turnover of all types of transport - 50% (2007).
The modern network of main oil pipelines was formed under the influence of the growth of oil production and its processing, the location of exploited fields, oil refineries and consumers of oil products and has several systems. In 2004, its length was 47 thousand km.
transport road system complex