What is the fruit of the flower. Juicy fruits

The fruit of the plant belongs to the reproductive organs of flowering plants, it is formed from the flower after fertilization and is intended to provide favorable conditions for the formation of seeds, to protect them and spread in the environment. The fruits develop after fertilization, and the morphological basis of the fetus is the gynoecium or ovary. The fruit consists of one or more seeds and the pericarp (outer part of the fruit). The remaining parts of the flower (perianth, stamens, calyx) fade after fertilization in some plants, then the pericarp is formed only from the walls of the ovary, for example, the fruits of plums, cherries, while in other plants they take part in the formation of the fruit and become juicy or membranous, lignified. This is how the fruit of the apple tree is formed.

The fruits of angiosperms are extremely diverse in appearance, shape, and structure. According to their structure, the fruits are divided into types. According to the number of seeds, fruits can be of two types: single-seeded and multi-seeded. These are simple fruits that are formed if the flowers each have one pistil. One-seeded fruits have one seed, like sunflower and wheat. Multi-seeded fruits contain many seeds, for example, pumpkin, tomato, currant. A complex fruit is a composite multi-seeded fruit formed from individual fruits. During ripening, such small fruits can separate from each other. A complex fruit is formed in raspberries - a polydrupe, in figs, pineapple - infructescence. In strawberries, multiple achenes have grown into the surface of an overgrown thickened receptacle, while in wild roses and roses they are located inside it. Thus, if a flower has only one pistil, then one simple fruit is formed from it. If there are several pistils in a flower, a corresponding number of small fruits also appears. Together they form a complex fruit. Sometimes in inflorescences with densely spaced flowers, each of which gives rise to a fruit, inflorescences are formed from these fruits, like in pineapple, mulberry.

Depending on the concentration of water in the pericarp, the fruits are divided into dry, leathery, woody pericarp which contains a small amount of water, and juicy with a fleshy pericarp saturated with water. Juicy fruits include berry-like fruits (berry, apple, etc.), drupe, etc. An apple is a multi-seeded fruit, the pulp of which is formed by an overgrown receptacle (apple, pear, quince). The berry is a multi-seeded fruit with a juicy middle and inner layers of the pericarp. And its outer layer is transformed into a protective skin, like currants, grapes, cranberries. Pumpkin - a fruit that has a juicy inner and middle layers, and the outer colored layer is very hard, for example, melon, cucumber, pumpkin. The drupe consists of a hard, lignified bone (this is the inner layer of the pericarp), a middle layer and a very thin skin. The middle layer of a drupe can be juicy, like plum, hawthorn, sweet cherry, or dry, like almonds, or fibrous, like coconut palms.

A more modern way of classifying fruits is based on the principle of evolution and characterizes the fruits according to the way the development of the so-called fruitlets (carpid) that make up the fruit. Thus, the fruits are divided into free-fruited (apocarp) fruits, consisting of fruitlets that have not fused together, and joint-fruited (cenocarp) fruits, in which the fruitlets, respectively, grow together.

The fruits of plants are very diverse.

The berry is a juicy fruit with a thin skin, inside of which there is a pulp with small seeds inside it. Such fruits will give birth to well-known and beloved garden shrubs - currants and gooseberries, as well as forest shrubs - blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries. Berries of forest shrubs - common honeysuckle and elderberry, both red and black - do not try. Sometimes the seeds are not inside the berry, but on its surface, like in wild strawberries or garden strawberries.

An apple is a fruit with dense or mealy pulp. There are also several seeds inside, but their arrangement is not chaotic, but star-shaped. The fruit is named after the most favorite product of our gardens - an apple, although the relatives of the apple tree have the same fruits. These are pear, mountain ash, chokeberry, irga, hawthorn.

A drupe is a fruit with one bone (seed). Usually it is inside the pulp - it is a juicy drupe. Such fruits are brought by cherries, plums and their close relative bird cherry, and from shrubs - buckthorn and viburnum. In raspberries, blackberries and northern cloudberries, the fruits are also drupes, only growing nearby in large numbers. Each "berry" of these plants is actually a lot of fused drupes.

A nut is a hard fruit that is inside a hard shell. The most famous example of a shrub with such fruits is our hazel hazel. Somehow it may sound unusual that an oak acorn is also a nut. But that's the way it is.

Nut - the fruit is also hard, only very small. It turns out that birch fruits are just those nuts. They are collected in earrings and crumble when ripe. Alder fruits are also nuts, they only ripen in cones, which then remain on the tree. It is by them that you can distinguish alder from other trees. Linden also bears fruit with nuts. Only in her they are larger, grow one by one and are clearly visible.

The box is also a dry fruit. Inside a thin hard shell, seeds ripen - from one to several hundred. A typical example is poppy, which used to grow in all gardens and was used exclusively for sprinkling buns and buns. Of the Central Russian shrubs, such fruits are brought by the warty euonymus. Its dark pink boxes look especially beautiful in the autumn forest, when the foliage has already fallen.
Some trees and shrubs have very small boxes collected in catkins. This is how representatives of the willow family bear fruit: aspen, willow, poplar.

Lionfish is the fruit of an original form developed in the process of plant evolution. The seed is inside a leathery shell, which has a long oval-shaped outgrowth - a "wing". With it, the fruit can be blown away by the wind to a much greater distance. Lionfish bear fruit elms, maples, ash trees.

Bean - a fruit in which several seeds with dense or very dense pulp are located between two wings. The shape of the fruit is usually elongated. This form is typical for plants of the same name with the name of the family - legumes. This includes the well-known peas, beans, garden beans. From wild-growing herbs, clover, meadow and spring ranks bear fruit with beans. Of the shrubs - acacias, as well as relatively low plants characteristic of the Central Russian forest-steppes - Russian broom and dyer's gorse.

The pod is a dry multi-seeded oblong fruit, consisting of two fused carpels. Seeds are located along a transparent false partition dividing the fruit into two longitudinal parts. When ripe, the pod opens from the bottom up with two flaps. The most characteristic pod for plants of the cabbage family (cruciferous) (evening, colza, radish, yasnotka, spadefoot, etc.)

A pod is a type of pod when its length does not exceed its width by more than two times (yarutka, shepherd's purse, hiccups, lunnik, stonefly). The partition (frame) of the pods can be narrow or wide, due to the flat or boat-shaped valves.

A caryopsis is a dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit with a membranous pericarp, which is very closely adjacent to the seed coat and seems to be fused with it. Develops from the upper ovary. Often the caryopsis is densely surrounded by dry lemmas - membranous caryopses (barley, rice, oats, feather grass); grains without a film of flower scales are called naked (corn, rye, wheat, wheatgrass). Caryopsis is a characteristic fruit of plants of the grass family.

Visloplodnik - a dry two-seeded fruit, a fractional fruit, develops from a two-celled ovary, when ripe, splits into two longitudinal halves (half-fruit) and hangs for some time on a rod split in two - sections of the seams of adjacent carpels, the so-called carpophore. Visloplodnik is typical for most plants of the Umbelliferae family and some of the Araliaceae family (anise, dill, ammi, hemlock, coriander, etc.)

Cones are originally a modified shoot of coniferous plants, covered with scales. Pollen sacs develop on the scales of male cones, while ovules with eggs develop on the scales of female cones. Fertilized female cones become woody, ensuring the safety of ripening seeds (spruce, larch, cypress, cedar). In some conifers, the scales of mature cones diverge to the sides or fall off, scattering seeds (pine, fir).

Cones - after fertilization, the scales of female cones coalesce and form a juicy fruit - a cone. Cone berries are characteristic of plants of the juniper genus. The fruits of plants of the genus ephedra are also called cone berries.



In the world of flora, there is a group of plants (about 250 thousand species) capable of developing fruits. Their distinctive morphological feature is the presence of a flower, which is a generative organ. Of all the parts - the ovary, corolla, pedicel, calyx with sepals - in the process of double fertilization, pericarp with seeds develop - fruits.

Species of angiosperms differ among themselves in many ways, including various types of pericarp. Carpology is the branch of botany that studies fruits. The classification of fruits is carried out by a section of biology called taxonomy. In this article, we will consider the main criteria used by scientists to determine the pericarp in angiosperms.

What is knowledge about the structure of fruits used for?

Description of the type of pericarp, as well as its external and internal structure, is necessary condition, without which it is impossible to correctly determine which family this or that flowering plant belongs to. For example, the bean fruit is dry and open. It is characteristic only for plants of the legume family, for example, beans, peanuts, peas, alfalfa. Representatives of the Cereal family, belonging to the class Monocots, have a dry unopened fruit-grain. That is why wheat, rye, barley are often called grain crops. What should be paid attention to in order for the classification of plant fruits to be carried out correctly?

Features of the structure of the pericarp

So, only plants that have flowers are capable of producing fruits. What is their structure? From above, the pericarp is covered with seed skin - exocarp. It is formed from the integuments of the seed germ. Next is the middle layer - the mesocarp. Let's take a closer look at its structure. If the cells of the middle layer contain a lot of water with mineral salts and glucose dissolved in it, it becomes fleshy, and the fruits in this case are called juicy, for example, cherries, plums, peaches. The last, inner layer of the pericarp, under which the seed lies, has a hard, woody texture and is called the endocarp. The structure of the pericarp is the main criterion by which the classification of fresh fruits in biology and agriculture is carried out.

What is infertility

Some plants contain not one, but several pistils at once. After fertilization, the same number of small fruits are formed, growing together as they ripen. So, raspberries and blackberries have complex pericarps - polydrupes. If there is one pistil in the flower (as in cherries, apricots), then single simple fruits develop. The classification of fruits adopted in botany necessarily takes into account this criterion. Pineapple or mulberry flowers in inflorescences are located so close to each other that in the process of development, small fruits grow together. In figs, not only the flowers themselves, together with the receptacles, but also the axis of the inflorescence take part in the formation of the inflorescence. All of the above examples describe juicy seedlings, but there are also dry species. For example, in beet flowers, the perianths become hard and woody, and then grow together, forming dry spherical infructescences, consisting of 3-8 small fruits.

As you can see, angiosperms have simple and complex fruits. The classification of fruits allows botanists, along with other morphological features (type of inflorescence, type of root system, shape of leaves and their position on the stem), to correctly determine which family the plant under study belongs to.

Types of juicy fruits

Such widespread berry crops in home gardens as black and red currants, gooseberries have a fleshy pericarp with a well-developed middle layer - mesocarp. Their fruits are juicy berries. In an apple tree, quince, pear, a person eats a multi-seeded fruit - an apple, its pulp develops from an overgrown receptacle. Pumpkin is another type of juicy pericarp, but its outer cover does not look like a thin shell, but a hard layer consisting of mechanical tissue - sclerenchyma. In some plants, the pumpkin fruit has a cavity inside filled with placenta with seeds (melon, pumpkin). Other representatives of the Pumpkin family - watermelon, cucumber, zucchini, contain mesocarp, fused with the placenta and seeds. Plants belonging to the same family may have both similar and differing in their structure, fruits. The classification of fruits takes into account the characteristics of the tissues that make up all three shells: skin, mesocarp and endocarp.

Why are the fruits called dry

If in the process of ripening the middle layer of the pericarp loses water and fuses with the inner shell, the fruit is called dry. Often, for a person, the practical interest lies in using not the fruits themselves, but only their seeds hidden under the pericarp, for example, in plants such as beans, peas, Walnut. Depending on the structure of the pericarp, non-opening and opening dry fruits are distinguished. Taking into account the peculiarities of the development of the pericarp, the classification of fruits is carried out in the taxonomy of plants. Biology applies morphological and histological criteria in determining the type of pericarp, paying attention to the structure of the exo- and mesocarp.

Types of dry fruits

Plants of the legume family have open multi-seeded fruits: alfalfa, vetch, peanuts, peas. In cabbage, mustard, and colza, the fruits look like beans, but they are not. Their name is a pod or pod, since the seeds are not attached to dry valves, but develop on a special partition. Unopened dry one-seeded fruits are an acorn, a nut, an achene, a caryopsis. They are found in plants of the Aster, Beech, and Cereal families.

In the article, we studied the classification of fruits and vegetables used to study angiosperms.

fruit called the formation, which includes the ovule, as well as other elements of the pistil - style and ovary.

The concept of "seed" means a formation that arose only from the ovule itself. The fruits of many cereals - grains and sunflower achene are true fruits. In addition to true fruits, there are also "false fruits". The receptacle, flower films and other parts of the flower take part in their formation. An example of false fruits is the grains of some cereals, covered with flower films (oats, barley, millet, etc.). Dry fruits include, for example, cereal grains and sunflower achene.

Dry fruits are drop-down and non-open.

Unfolding fruits include:

1. bean - a multi-seeded fruit that cracks at the seams when ripe, usually this type of fruit is characteristic of legumes;
2. the pod is a multi-seeded fruit that opens like a bean along both seams. Inside the pod there is a partition to which seeds are attached on both sides (typical for the Cruciferous family);
3. box - a multi-seeded fruit with a drop-down lid with flaps or a box with holes through which seeds spill out.

Indehiscent fruits include:

1. caryopsis - a single-seeded fruit with tightly fused fruit and seed coats (wheat, rye, etc.);
2. achene - a single-seeded fruit with a fruit coat separated from the seed (sunflower, safflower);
3. nut (nutlet) - a one-seeded fruit with a very hard, not fused with seed, fruit lignified shell (castor bean).

There are several classifications of dry fruits and seeds, the most important being chemical composition and botanically, as well as commercial.

According to the chemical composition, fruits and seeds can be divided into four groups:

1. fruits rich in carbohydrates (starch), these include the fruits of cereals and buckwheat;
2. legume seeds rich in proteins;
3. fruits and seeds of oil plants, rich in fat;
4. seeds and fruits of essential oil plants, rich in both fat and essential oils.

Botanical, biological and morphological characteristics of dry fruits and seeds various kinds and childbirth cultivated plants used in commodity classification. It combines the names of fruits and seeds, depending on their technological and nutritional properties, into the corresponding qualitative groups.

The botanical classification of cereals took shape already in the 18th century, when Linnaeus singled out the most important types and genera of breads and gave them an accurate description. This classification, based on morphological or biological features plants, could not, however, affect the whole variety of properties of the grain of each species and each variety. Only in those cases where botanical differences were sharply manifested in grain as well, did the classification of crops on the commodity side coincide to a certain extent with the botanical one. For example, the technological properties of durum wheat and spelt were so different from ordinary soft wheat that it was necessary to separate them according to a commodity assessment. But at the same time, a type of soft wheat, quite diverse in terms of grain quality, figured as wheat in general, without any differentiation in terms of quality. Meanwhile, a significant development of flour-grinding technology, in particular, the spread of high (varietal) grinding by the end of the 18th century. forced to pay more attention to the properties of raw materials, and the progress of agronomic sciences contributed to the study of cereals in a wide variety of directions. In this regard, by the beginning of the XIX century. in the practice of grain business, a clear idea has already taken shape of some quality indicators that characterize marketable grain. So, for example, it was well known that wheat with a glassy consistency of endosperm behaves differently when milled than floury wheat. Much attention was paid to the degree of completion of the grain, since flour millers knew that shriveling leads to a decrease in the yield of varietal flour, and to contamination, especially with hard-to-separate impurities. However, all this information was not enough to establish the norms for the classification of grain entering the market. In practice, each given batch was judged from its sample, almost exclusively by organoleptic methods without quantitative criteria. From the first half of XIX in. in Russia, there was a significant increase in the area under crops for the main grain crops, because in connection with the development of communications, grain trade, both internal and external, increased. At the same time, the number of varieties of the main cereals, especially wheat, also increased. It became more and more obvious the need to establish any classification of grain, as well as quality indicators that characterize it. At the same time, the concept of “bulk weight” of grain (nature, as a criterion of “quality factor”) appeared, associated with its flour-grinding properties. At total absence other objective indicators, "volumetric" weight quickly gained recognition and became very widespread in the grain trade. Already in 1831, when the South Russian Society of Agriculture established premiums for best quality wheat, the decisive indicator was recognized as the "volumetric" weight (in kind), expressed by the mass of one quarter of the grain in pounds and pounds. But this indicator one-sidedly characterized the quality of the grain.

The differences between varieties and varieties were not limited to nature only. Therefore, already at this stage, a primitive classification began to be used in the grain trade, taking into account the most acute differences between individual groups of cereals. Thus, it is known that in 1900 the wheat of South Russia (Odessa), which entered the market, was classified according to varieties and forms (for example, arnautka, gyrka, winter, spring), and each of the groups was estimated by the size of the nature. However, in fact, these groups are so diverse in their properties that one name did not give any real idea about the quality of a given batch, as before, the only way to get information about it was to take a sample. The second half of the 19th century in Russia is characterized by a further growth in the area under crops and the rapid development of grain trade, especially foreign trade. For export and for domestic consumption, huge consignments of grain were compiled, which were transported from the producing regions to ports or other regions. The quality of this or that culture was different, as a result of which the selection of homogeneous parties became more and more difficult. In addition, there was no well-thought-out classification and system of indicators by which grain could be grouped. On the other hand, flour millers also made increased demands on methods for assessing the technological properties of grain, trying to obtain grain of a certain quality from grain merchants. It was only in 1891 that the first attempt was made to bring into some kind of system the numerous varieties of wheat available on the Russian market.

At the suggestion of the Ministry of Finance (which controlled the grain trade), a list of Russian wheat varieties was compiled, divided into two groups - spring and winter, within these groups a number of subgroups were established according to grain quality characteristics (color and vitreousness). But due to the lack of materials characterizing certain varieties according to these two indicators, the proposed system was too general. In addition, it did not take into account grain quality indicators (moisture, weediness, the presence of feeble grains) at all, and even such a well-known indicator as nature was not included. Therefore, it could not give any advantages over the existing nomenclature of wheat and was not widely used.

Attempts to establish a commodity classification of grain (mainly wheat) were also made somewhat later by individual grain exchanges (for example, Odessa in 1900) in the most important centers of grain trade, but they were not very successful, and as before, the assessment of grain quality was not systematized and structured. . In different regions, the same variety appeared under different names, and vice versa, the same name was assigned to different varieties.

Of the indicators of grain quality, only nature was determined, but since neither the instruments nor the technique for working on them were unified, the resulting data were not accurate. As a result, the owners of flour mills, who focused only on this indicator when buying grain, were often deceived as raw materials.

The need to streamline the entire system of trade classification and evaluation of grain became more and more acute. However, decisive steps in this direction were taken only with the advent of a developed network of large elevators and granaries, that is, in the years preceding the First World War (1910-1913). To store grain in silos and large-capacity warehouses, it was necessary to combine many relatively small batches, and for this it was necessary to install in advance general principles trade classification systems.

After a lot of work on the study of varieties of various crops of the main producing regions of Russia, the Department of Grain Storage of the State Bank (which was in charge of the elevators) established a classification for all grains accepted for storage in the Trans-Volga, Voronezh, Tambov regions. For the first time here, in a systematic form, a grouping of grain according to the main varieties was given: according to indicators of moisture and contamination. And also, as a very important recognition feature for most cultures, color was introduced, however, it was defined very conditionally, as “light” and “dark”. Depending on the totality of these indicators, each culture was divided into types; nature was not included in the characteristics characterizing the type, but was determined for each batch and supplemented the assessment of the quality of a given grain. The classification of the State Bank was a significant step towards the creation of a coherent system of commodity evaluation of grain. In it, along with taking into account varietal characteristics, much attention was paid to such important indicators of grain quality as weediness and moisture, and categories were established according to the value of the latter - dry and medium dryness. In addition, strict limits for contamination and moisture were introduced, above which the grain was not subject to acceptance for storage. However, there were significant shortcomings in this classification. Apart from the fact that some of the varieties identified here were not themselves homogeneous, the evaluation scheme was too cumbersome. The assignment of grain to one or another type was carried out according to four indicators - variety, color, contamination and moisture content. Grain of the same variety belonged to different types, depending on the values ​​of the last three indicators. So, for example, Beloturka (hard) wheat could be assigned to eight different types, according to moisture, color and contamination, girka - also to eight. In turn, for one genus of wheat, 32 types were established for the Trans-Volga region and 36 types for the Voronezh and Tambov regions; for rye - 12, for millet - 18, for oats - 24 types. Such a huge number of types created a lot of inconvenience in work and was the result of an unsuccessful scheme for their construction.

However, this classification has played a large role in establishing a rational assessment of grain quality. It should be noted that it applied only to grain that was stored in the elevators and warehouses of the State Bank, and did not apply to the entire grain turnover in Russia. Therefore, the grain trade, which went beyond the network of elevators, continued to be dominated by chaos in the system and methods for assessing the quality of grain.

In 1923, the State Unified Inspectorate was created, which carried out a huge amount of work on a detailed study of the varietal composition and quality indicators of grain of the most important crops in various regions of the USSR for several years. On the basis of the collected material, in 1925 a trade classification of USSR breads was drawn up, which is mandatory for all organizations that harvest and process grain. With some changes, the classification of breads developed by the State Grain Inspectorate existed until 1930, when all-Union standards for the quality of grain of various crops (OST) were approved on its basis.

In the future, all-Union standards (OST) were called state standards (GOST). GOST serves as a powerful lever by which grain quality can be regulated.

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Question 1. What is the origin and structure of the fruit?
After the formation of the embryo has begun, the flower enters a new phase of development, which ends with the formation of the fetus. In parallel with the formation of seeds, the ovary begins to grow. From the walls of the ovary is formed pericarp, which surrounds the seed - this is how the formation of the fetus occurs. The fruit is made up of pericarp and seeds. Pericarp- overgrown and modified walls of the ovary. Often in education pericarp other parts of the flower are also involved (the bases of the stamens, petals, sepals, receptacle). Seeds are formed from ovules. The fruit is considered false if, in addition to the ovary of the pistil, other parts of the flower take part in its formation - the receptacle, perianth, stamens.

Question 2. On what grounds are the fruits divided into simple and prefabricated, dry and juicy?
A fruit formed from a single pistil in a flower is called real (simple). If the fruit is formed from several pistils of one flower, it is called complex (combined) - raspberry, blackberry. Depending on the amount of water in the pericarp, juicy and dry fruits are distinguished. Ripe juicy fruits have juicy pulp in the pericarp.
Based on the structure of the pericarp, real fruits are divided into dry and juicy. Fruit varieties are also determined by the number of seeds in the fruit. Dry and juicy can be single-seeded and multi-seeded. As a result, four types of fruits are distinguished: dry single-seeded, dry multi-seeded, juicy single-seeded, juicy multi-seeded (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Examples of fruits:
A - grain of wheat; B - sunflower achene; B - pea bean;
G - cabbage pod; D - poppy box; E-drupe of cherry;
Zh - potato berry "; 3 - apple of an apple tree.

Question 3. What juicy fruits do you know? What plants have juicy fruits?
Juicy one-seeded fruits: drupe (cherry, plum); complex drupe - a group of drupes formed from one flower (raspberry, blackberry).
Juicy multi-seeded fruits: berries (grapes, tomatoes, cranberries, currants); apple - a false fruit, in the formation of which an overgrown receptacle - hypanthium (apple, pear, mountain ash) takes part; pumpkin - a false fruit, in the formation of which the receptacle (watermelon, pumpkin) takes part; orange - the fruit of citrus fruits (lemon, tangerine).

AT poll 4. What is the difference between a berry and a drupe?
The berry contains many small seeds inside the juicy pulp. In a drupe, there is only one seed inside with a lignified inner layer of the pericarp - a bone. There are one-seeded berries (barberry) and numerous drupes (elder, water lily).

Question 5. What dry fruits do you know?
Dry one-seeded fruits: caryopsis - the seed grows tightly with a thin pericarp (rye, wheat); achene - leathery pericarp, does not grow together with the seed, often has a tuft or fly (sunflower, dandelion); lionfish - achene with a pterygoid appendage (ash); walnut - hard pericarp, woody (hazel); nut - a small nut (hemp); acorn (oak).
Dry multi-seeded fruits: box - opened with holes or cracks (poppy, henbane, cotton); leaflet - opened along the abdominal seam (larkspur); bean - opens along two seams - abdominal and dorsal, seeds are attached to the pericarp valves (plants of the legume family); pod - between the valves there is a longitudinal partition to which seeds (mustard) are attached; pod - its length exceeds the width by no more than three times (shepherd's bag).

Question 6. What is the difference between a bean and a pod?
Bob - dry fruit, consisting of two valves, on which the seeds are located. When the bean matures, its wings dry out and curl up, throwing out the seeds. Such fruits are in beans, peas, beans, acacia. The pod, like the bean, has two valves, but the seeds in the pod are located not on the valves, like in the bean, but on the septum of the fruit. Pods are typical for colza, cabbage, radish, turnip, rutabaga, radish, levkoy.

Question 7. What type of fruit can nuts, acorns be attributed to and why?
Walnut and acorn are referred to as dry nut fruits because they have one-seeded indehiscent fruits with a dry pericarp.

Question8. What is the role of fruits in plant life?
The most important functions of the fruit are the protection and distribution of seeds.

There are several basic principles for dividing fruits into groups.

stands out group based on their origin(from what type of gynoecium they are formed). Angiosperms have 3 types of gynoeciums.

1. Apocarpous - a gynoecium of several unfused carpels (pistils). Such fruits are called apocarpous. (cornflower blue)
2. Monocarp - the gynoecium consists of one pistil, formed by one carpel fused at its edges. (meadow rank)
3. Coenocarpous - a gynoecium represented by one pistil, consisting of several carpels fused together. (alder buckthorn)

There are 3 variants of the coenocarp gynoecium, depending on the fusion of the carpels:

1. Syncarpous - a gynoecium formed as a result of the fusion of several closed carpels to the lateral sides.
2. Paracarpous - a gynoecium with a single-celled ovary, the carpels of which have grown together with their edges.
3. Lysicarpous - the gynoecium has a single-celled ovary, but in the center there is a column, which is the fused upper parts of the carpels, and their lateral sections are destroyed.

According to the type of gynoecium, the fruits are divided on simple ones, the fruit is formed from a flower with one pistil and prefabricated, the fruit is formed from a flower with several pistils.

The fruits are divided into 3 groups according to with the position of the ovary in flowers.

• Upper - the fruits are formed from the upper ovary.
• Lower - the fruits are formed from the lower ovary.
• Semi-low - the fruits are formed from the lower ovary.

According to the consistency of the pericarp, the fruits are divided into juicy and dry.

Divide the fruits according to the number of seeds formed in them: single-seeded and multi-seeded.

Fruits are divided according to the ability or inability to self-open: opening and non-opening.

Fruit types

Leaflet- this fruit is simple, multi-seeded and dry, which is opened along the ventral suture (suture). The leaflet is more often not a whole fruit, but only a fruit, i.e. is part of a multi-leaflet. The leaflet is available in the Ranunculaceae family and in tropical plants.

Multi-leaflet (composite leaflet)- consists of several leaflets. Evolutionarily primitive fruit, more common in plants of the tropics and subtropics. These include plants of the Magnolia family, Ranunculaceae (ordinary catchment, high larkspur, European swimsuit), Pink (spirea, fieldfare), Cephalot, Dillenium, Triuris, Kutrovye, Lastovnevye.

Types of multi-leaflets are: dry spiral (marigold, magnolia), dry cyclic (illicium), three-leaf (larkspur), juicy spiral (Annona). Also, double-leaflets (kutrovye and lastovievye) deserve a special reservation. In their flowers, the carpels grow together in the region of the stylodia, or only in the region of the stigmas. Fruits become free at the time of ripening.

Juicy multi-leaflet (juicy prefabricated leaflet) is a rare fruit. The representative of this fruit is Chinese magnolia vine, growing on Far East, most species of the Annonov family and some species of Lardizabalov. It is also inherent in both genera of the Schisandr family - lemongrass and kadsura.

One leaflet- This is a typical dry multi-seeded leaflet. A single leaf is inherent in species of the genus Consolid, etc. Examples are cimicifuga from ranunculus and crimson (Cercidiphyllum should not be confused with the same name of a plant from the legume family). There is also a single leaflet in some Proteaceae.

Juicy one-leaflet (leaflet)- the fruit mainly contains seeds lying in two dense rows. They are characteristic mainly of the degeneric family. In our flora, they are found in various species of Ranunculaceae, the fruit is similar to a berry due to its color and juicy texture, but along the longitudinal groove on their surface, the seam of a single carpel is guessed.

Bean is a multi-seeded fruit, dry and simple. It can open along two seams - abdominal and dorsal, as in plants of the legume family, and not open, like underground peanuts, which belongs to the group of plants of geocarpic species, the fruits of which ripen in the soil. There are jointed beans, which, when ripe, break up into one-seeded segments and are characteristic of plants of the genus Vyazel. Typical, i.e. dry beans moths have: gorse, karagannik, peas, beans, bird-foot, peas, ranks.

Beans come in a wide variety of forms, for example, the fruits of the giant mimosa creeper Entada pursaetha, reaching 15 cm wide and 1.5 meters long, and the one-seeded clover fruit 2-3 mm long. The beans of many types of alfalfa have a spiral twist. There are also strongly swollen beans, for example, smirnovia, bladderwort. False bilocular beans differ from typical ones, for example, most species of astragalus and hollywort. Juicy beans similar to dry ones, but the difference is that juicy tissues are poorly developed in juicy ones. Juicy beans are honey locust, carob, tamarind, Japanese Sophora, hazelnut.

Multinut- a fruit, the fruitlets of which contain one seed each. Endo- and mesocarps are lignified, therefore the fruitlets are called nuts. These include plants of the Ranunculaceae family (buttercup, adonis, anemone, cornflower, sleep-grass), Pink (strawberry, gravel, cinquefoil, dog rose). Nutlets can be with appendages to spread better, for example, strongly overgrown feathery stilodia, like in clematis, clematis, lumbago, or wing-shaped outgrowths of the pericarp, like in Anemonastrum narcissiflorum. Also unusual is the spiral polynutlet of the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). When the receptacle plays a strong role in the formation of the fruit, the usual polynutlet is greatly modified and becomes a specialized fruit. So, for example, in a lotus, the fruitlets are immersed in a special depression in the tissue of the fruit seedling (immersed polynutlet), some experts call the strawberry fruit fragoy(strawberry), and experts called rose hips cinarodium.

Multi-drupe (combined drupe)- on this fruit there are several drupes on one receptacle. Representatives are plants of the Pink family, especially widely known in the genus Rubus: raspberries, blackberries, cloudberries, stone fruits and others. Also, polydrupe is found in two closely related monotypic genera - Kerry and Rosovica. Polydrupes are also present in the families Menispermaceae, Amborellaceae, Ruppiaceae.

single nut- this type is a dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit with a lignified pericarp. These fruits are found in plants of the family Pink, Nayadovye, Rogozovye and others. Single nuts can have various appendages to spread more efficiently. The fruit of agrimony is widely known, which has an overgrown hypanthium around a single nutlet, seated with hooked curved spines. Examples of single nuts are: cattail, euptelea, hornwort, cuff, burnet. The fruits of suckers can be considered as a nut in hypanthium, it can also be called a false, or pseudo-monomeric, drupe, sphalerocarp.

single seeded bean- a simple, dry, one-seeded fruit of some plants of the legume family. The fruit can be opened (red clover) or non-opened (hop alfalfa).

Dry drupe (pyrenary)- the fetus has a dry, leathery or spongy exo - and mesocarp. For example, in almonds, the drupe may self-open. The upper pseudo-monomeric dry drupe is characteristic of the fruits of the coconut palm, Seychelles palm, betel and palmyra palms. In our flora, a dry drupe is found in the burr head. Dry winged drupe occurs in Pteroceltis. The upper dry drupes are in the Anacardiaceae family (real pistachio). The lower dry drupes are characteristic of the walnut family (walnut).

Kostyanka (Odnokostyanka)- a simple juicy one-seeded fruit, inherent in all representatives of the plum subfamily of the Rosaceae family (peach, apricot, plum). Monodrupes are mostly of the same type, but their bones have a different pattern sculpture. Among plums, almonds have a dry drupe, which, when ripe, cracks in the exomesocarp area. Also, a single-drupe is found in Proteus, Didimeles, Lunosemyannikovye. The fruits of some palms should also be attributed to single-bone fruits. Nipa bears fruit dry one-stone.

Date fruit- this type of fetus belongs to an unclear typology. These include the fruits of date palms. The most famous representative is the date palm. In its pericarp, the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp are clearly distinguished.

Achene- the fruit is cenocarpous, one-seeded, dry, non-opening, with a pericarp easily separated from the seed. The upper achenes include the fruits of buckwheat, haze, a number of sedges, indehiscent fruits of amaranth, plumbags and others. Curly and sorrel fruits have tepals of the inner circle of the perianth, which are anemo - and hydrochorus adaptations. The fruits of rhubarb and juzgana have outgrowths on the pericarp. Also, sedge fruits belong to the upper achenes. The bottom is the fruit of borschovia, and the first place is occupied by the fruits of Compositae (sweet marshwort, sunflower, goat's beard). Also, the lower ones are the fruits of the tufted, valerian, calicerous.

Achenes with pterygoid outgrowths of the pericarp are called - lionfish. Isolation of lionfish in special kind fetus is unjustified, since achenes with tufts or trailers should then also have own name. Upper lionfish are known from different types elm and are characteristic of ash and fountainesia species. The lower lionfish is known in birch and in alder fruits.

Zernovka is a one-seeded dry paracarp fruit with a thin pericarp, with an adherent inseparable seed. This type of fruit is mainly present in the Cereal family. In most cereals, the caryopsis falls off together with the scales, adjacent areas of the spikelet, and with the flowering plants surrounding it. The scales provide additional protection as well as fruit spreading. On the scales there are various appendages: pinnate, tenacious or spirally twisted gyroscopic. Examples of grains and cereals are: oats, millet, feather grass, bonfire, fescue, barley and others.

In the Muscat family, the fruit does not have a name. In very old works, it was called a one-seeded fleshy box. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that it has a fleshy pericarp that opens suture-dorsally. It can also be named according to the corresponding signs single seed juicy leaflet. The most famous representative is nutmeg.

Cenocarp multi-leaflet- differs from the apocarpous multileaf in that the carpel fuses completely with the side walls, and differs from the box in the way it is opened. Opens incompletely suturely in areas of free areas of carpels. This type of fruit is found in the tetracentric, trochodendrous, and winter families. A coenocarp multi-leaflet is found in the cord, nigella, ash tree and some types of spirea.

Nut- the fruit is coenocarpous, one-seeded, dry, non-opening, with a pericarp easily separated from the seed. The pericarp is strongly sclerified, hard, breaking, breaks into pieces. In zelkova species, nuts are several millimeters in diameter, in phyllostylon brazilian winged nuts, in the nettle and hemp families, very small nut-like fruits. The top ones include cruciferous (sverbiga, tausheria, miagrum, non-melting and others). A typical nut is the lower fruit of the hazel. The lower nut-shaped fruits are characteristic herbaceous plants, for example, santal (sloth).

single-seeded boll- a fruit that develops from the upper ovary. It is common for the plumbag and amaranth families. Most species of amaranth are characterized by single-seeded pods that open with a lid. This type of fruit is found in the haze family (beets, hablicia), in casuarina, in the genus Aegiceras of the myrsin family.

Acorn- a specialized fruit among the nut-shaped lower fruits, characteristic of the beech family. The difference from a typical walnut is that it has a thinner pericarp and a bun of complex origin. The fruits of different types of beech are very different from each other. Oak, beech, chestnut and other beech trees have acorns.

box- the most common fruit among multi-seeded coenocarps. This type of fruit occurs in representatives of our flora, as well as in many families of the tropics and subtropics. The boll occurs independently in different phylogenetic series. This is due to the diversity of this type of fruit.

The variety lies in the type of placentation, method of opening, size, shape, consistency of the pericarp, appendages, etc. Representatives are: horse chestnut, veronica, touchy, geranium, catalpa, corydalis, celandine.

Pod, pod- This is an opening, multi-seeded, elongated-cylindrical fruit. The length is greater than the diameter (walker, rape, left-handed, knitted). There is a thin membranous septum between the placentas. Opening occurs laminally along a closed longitudinal-annular line. Those fruits that went in the direction of shortening the pod and reducing the seeds were called the pod, the length of which is about the same as the width. Pods are different in shape, but there are only two main types: wide-septum (beetle) and narrow-septum (bag). Another direction in the development of pods was the appearance of pods with spouts or beaks (mustard, radish). In addition to cabbage pods, there are few, for example, they are found in the poppy seed, cleoma and Polanisia from cleoma.

Dry opening drupe- a very rare type of fruit, in which the bones, opening up, tear the outer layers of the pericarp and scatter the seeds. Examples are in buckthorn: semi-lower Colubrina asiatica and lower Helinus ovatus.

grenade- a fruit developing from the lower ovary, having a dry, leathery, dense pericarp, opening with irregular cracks. Pomegranate got its name from the genus of the plant.

Single-stoned drupe (pyrenary)- upper single-stoned drupes can be found in the palm family (oil palm). Upper drupes are found in the olive family (fruits of the olive tree). The upper single-stoned drupes are found in chrysobalan, daphniphylous, balanite, myrsine and others. They also include the famous coca bush of the erythroxylic family. The lower, as well as the upper, single-stoned drupes are found in a wide variety of families. These include the fruits of viburnum, as well as some types of hawthorn, for example, single-petal. Also characteristic of the lower dogwood family.

one-seeded berry- a rare type of fruit. The upper berry is present in the Remnetsvetnikovye (European Remnetsvetnik, mistletoe). In the Myrsin family there is African Myrsina. The lower one-seeded berry is characteristic of Japanese aukuba from the dogwood family. Also found in avocados.

single seed pumpkin- found in chayote (Mexican cucumber).

Berry- is the most common type of fruit among juicy multi-seeded cenocarp fruits. The berry is upper and lower. There are also opening berries, for example, in Philesia. The upper berries include the fruits of capers, actinidia, calla, grapes. The lower ones include bananas, blueberries, cranberries, gooseberries, currants and others. A feature of the berries is their different origin, as a result, the fruits of the berries have an exceptional external morphological diversity. For example, the banana fruit is a berry. In typical berries, the juicy pulp is formed from the mesocarp and endocarp, but it happens that the juicy tissue has a different morphological nature. In the currant, the pulp is formed by the aryllus of the seeds. In gooseberries, juiciness is determined to some extent by the strophiolia of the seeds. In nightshade (potato, tomato) the basis of the pulp is overgrown placenta. The largest berry is found in papaya or "melon tree".

pumpkin- a fruit with a hard, sometimes with a very strong exocarp and a highly developed fleshy mesocarp. The pulp of watermelon and, to a large extent, cucumber are placenta. The bottle gourd has a flask-like shape with a very hard, waterproof exocarp. Some pumpkin fruits (Ecballium, Cyclanthera, Momordica) have a very high osmotic pressure at the time of ripening, which causes the seeds to be thrown a considerable distance.

Apple- a type of fruit, which is a multi-leaf overgrown with a fleshy tissue of a flower tube. A typical apple is known from the apple tree, pear, mountain ash, quince, shadberry, eriobothria and others. A fruit with a carpel forming a hard, lignified bone containing a seed can be called stone fruit. Such fruits are found in hawthorn, cotoneaster and medlar.

- top juicy citrus fruit. It has a dense exocarp with a huge number of glands. Well, in general, you all have a great idea of ​​what they look like.

Fractional box- These are transitional fruits between opening and decaying fruits. During the period of decay, they release their naked seeds. Fractional boxes are available in the family of euphorbia (spurge, castor bean).

kalachik- this is a fruit that breaks up into open single-seeded parts. They disintegrate with the formation of a longitudinal-annular rupture near the placenta. On the ventral side, the mericarps are open. Examples are mallow (mallow, marshmallow, hatma).

Fractional cenocarp- This type of fruit does not have a common name. It occurs in some genera of Malvaceae, the fruits of which break up into closed mericarps (Pavonia spinifex). The upper fractional coenocarps are present in the triosculent from the family of rushes and the tribulus from the family of parnophyllous.

Fractional two-winged- happens in maple. The fruits of different types of maple differ slightly, but some, for example, dipteronia chinensis, have fruits of a different type, where mericarps are similar to elm fruits. Diptera and three-winged are known in the Sapindidae family, which differ from Maple in that in Maple the abaxyl margin is straight and thickened, while in Sapindaceae it is adaxyl. There are also top two- and three-winged and pantropical lianas of the Malpighian family, a kind of two-winged liana in tetrapterys citrifolia, and in the North American helieta of the rue family, fruits four-winged similar to maple fruits.

fruit of uruthi lower fractional cenocarp, splitting into 4 mericarp. In the family Heliconiaceae, the lower fractional cenocarp is divided into 3 mericarp.

Articular pods- the fruits of these jointed coenocarps are of the same type. They disintegrate along transverse false partitions. A typical segmented pod is wild radish, is also found in the whitish hypecoum.

cenobius- a kind of decaying fruit. 4 closed one-seeded fragments called erema are separated from the mature fruit. A rarity is diarrheal coenobium, in which 2 two-seeded erems fall (waxflower of the borage family). The cenobium is known in the families of labiales and borage, it is also characteristic of verbena and bog. Fruits with tenacious fruits are known: the fruits of Velcro, black root and others.

Visloplodnik- is a specialized fractional fruit of the umbrella family. The structure of Umbelliferae fruits is of the same type, but the details of the anatomical structure and external morphology are very diverse. The differences between these fruits are related to the way they are distributed. Anemohoric fruits are the fruits of hogweed, ferula, parsnip, angelica and others. Tenacious fruits with bristles or thorns are carrots, torilis, turgenia, undergrowth and others. Also, the vineyard is found in the genus Myodocarpus from the Araliaceae family, endemic to the island of New Caledonia.

Fractional two-seeded- a fruit, when ripe, is divided into two one-seeded mericarps. Typical for plants of the Rubiaceae family (bedstraw, woodruff).

On some sites they write that cones and cones are fruits, but this statement is fundamentally wrong. Since cones and cones are only in gymnosperms, and the fruits are only in angiosperms.