The plot and composition of poor Lisa. Analysis of the story “Poor Lisa” by Karamzin: the essence, meaning, idea and thought of the story

Plot of this lyrical work is built on a love story between a poor peasant girl Lisa and a wealthy nobleman Erast. To get acquainted with the beauty he likes, he buys lilies of the valley from her, which she collected in the forest for sale. Liza charmed the guy with her naturalness, purity and kindness. They began dating, but, unfortunately, happiness was short-lived. Soon Erast got bored with the girl and he found a more profitable match for himself. The young man regretted his rash act for the rest of his life. After all, Lisa, unable to bear parting with her beloved, drowned herself in the river.

main theme this sad story, of course, is love. It serves as a test for the main characters. Lisa is devoted and faithful to her beloved, literally dissolves in him, completely surrenders to feelings, cannot live without him. While Erast turns out to be a miserable, petty and narrow-minded person, for whom material wealth is much more important than feelings. For him, a position in society is more precious than love, which quickly bored him. Lisa cannot live after such a betrayal. She cannot imagine her future without love and is ready to say goodbye to life. So strong is her attachment to her beloved. He is even more important to her than life itself.

main idea"Poor Lisa" is that you must completely surrender to your feelings and not be afraid of them. After all, only in this way is it possible to defeat selfishness and immorality in oneself. In his work, Nikolai Mikhailovich shows that sometimes poor people are much kinder than wealthy gentlemen.

Surprisingly, Karamzin does not blame Erast for Lisa's death at all, but explains to the reader that it is so negative for young man influenced the big city, making it more cruel and depraved. The village brought up simplicity and naivety in the main character, which played a cruel joke on her. But not only the fate of Lisa, but also Erast was tragic, because he never became really happy and for the rest of his life experienced a strong sense of guilt for his fateful act for the girl.

Own the work of the author builds on opposition. Erast is the exact opposite of an honest, pure, naive and kind girl from the lower class. He is a selfish, cowardly, spoiled young man belonging to a noble family. Their feelings are also different. Liza's love is sincere and real, she cannot live a day without her lover. While Erast, as soon as he received his own, on the contrary, begins to move away and his feelings quickly cool down, as if nothing had happened.

Thanks to "Poor Lisa" you can learn from the mistakes made by the main characters. After reading this story, I want to become at least a little more humane and sympathetic. Nikolai Mikhailovich tries to teach the reader to be kinder, more attentive to others, to think better about his words and deeds. Also, this story awakens a sense of compassion for other people, makes you reconsider your behavior and attitude towards the world around you.

Option 2

Karamzin, with his stories, made a great contribution to the development of Russian literature, including prose. He decided to apply new techniques in narrative prose. He abandoned the traditional plots of works taken from the mythology of ancient states. He applied an innovative technique, that is, he began to write about contemporary events, and even stories about ordinary people. So the story was written about a simple girl Lisa, which was called " Poor Lisa».

The author worked on the story for two years from 1789-1790. Karamzin did not try to write a story with a happy ending. As I said, he was an innovator in Russian prose. In this work, the main character died and there was no happy ending.

While reading this work, several sub-themes are highlighted that form the main theme of the story. One of the topics is when the author begins to describe the life of the peasants in full swing. He repeatedly emphasizes the relationship between the peasant and wildlife. According to the author, the main character, who grew up in communication with nature, cannot act as a negative character. She grew up on the observance of centuries-old traditions. She is cheerful and kind. In general, Karamzin expressed everything in Liza best qualities person. She is perfect from all sides, and the formation of the beauty and meaning of the work "Poor Lisa" begins with this character.

The main thought can safely be called true love. Lisa fell in love with a rich nobleman. The girl immediately forgot about social inequality and plunged headlong into the dark pool of love. He girl did not expect betrayal from her beloved. When she found out that she had been betrayed, out of grief she threw herself into the lake and drowned. The theory was also covered here. little man, that is, there can be no full-fledged love between people who belong to different strata of society. Most likely, such a relationship does not need to be started, because initially they will not last long. All this because they were born and accustomed to their special life. And if other layers fell, then they felt out of place.

The main problem of the story can be called that Lisa succumbed to a fit of feelings, and not reason. We can safely say that her momentary weakness ruined her.

Poor Lisa - Analysis 3

N.M. Karamzin wrote the work "Poor Lisa" very beautifully. The main acting characters were sent by a simple peasant woman and a young rich nobleman. Having created this work, the young writer receives great fame. The idea of ​​​​writing this story by the author was the Simonov Monastery, which was located not far from the house where Karamzin spent time with close friends. With this story, Karamzin wanted to show that there are huge misunderstandings between the relations between peasants and nobles. It was with this thought that the heroine Lisa was created.

Karamzin described Lisa as a very spiritual and pure-minded person, she embodies her own image of principles and ideals, which was not entirely clear to Erast. Although she was an ordinary peasant woman, she lived as her heart told her. Liza was a very well-read girl, so it was difficult to determine from her conversation that she was of peasant origin.

Erast, Liza's lover, was an officer who lived a secular life. I thought only about how you can brighten up your life with entertainment, so as not to get bored. Despite the fact that he was very smart, his character was very changeable. He did not think that Lisa would never be able to become his wife, because they were from different classes. Truly in love with Erast. Having a wayward weak character, he could not resist and carry their love with Lisa to the end. He preferred a lady from his society, did not think about the feelings of poor Liza. This, of course, did not surprise anyone, because money for high society have always been in the foreground, rather than real, sincere feelings. Therefore, the ending of this story was very tragic.

Despite the fact that the work is written very interesting. The end of the sentimental love story ended with the tragedy of the main character Lisa. The reader is literally imbued with the events described. Nikolai Mikhailovich was able to describe the once heard story in such a way that the reader literally carries through himself, all the sensuality of the work. Each new line is filled with the depth of feelings of the main characters. In some moments you involuntarily feel the harmony of nature. The author was so accurately able to describe the place where Lisa committed suicide that the reader is left with no doubt about the veracity of this story.

Thanks to the uniqueness of the work, Nikolai Karamzin added his masterpiece to Russian literature. Thus, making a huge step in its development. Due to the inherent sentimentality and tragedy, the work became a model for many writers of that time.

Essence, meaning, idea and thought. For grade 8

The story "Poor Lisa" was first published in 1792. Its publication is handled by the author himself. At that moment, Nikolai Mikhailovich was the owner of the Moscow Journal. It is on its pages that the story appears. A simple story with an unpretentious plot brought the writer extraordinary fame.

In the story, the narrator is the author. The story tells about the life of a young peasant woman. She works tirelessly. To earn extra money go to the city girl. He sells berries and flowers there. In the city, Liza meets a young man, Erast. Erast nobleman. Has some wealth. He is described as a frivolous person who lives for fun. But at the same time, he was already bored.

Liza, on the other hand, is described as pure, trusting, kind, unsophisticated. However, two opposite characters - Liza and Erast - fall in love with each other. They are happy. They think that happiness will last forever.

However, everything changes after intimacy. Erast begins to lose interest in the girl. And at some point disappears from her life. But Lisa loves him still. She is trying to find a lover. And it soon turns out that Erast lost all his wealth in cards. And in order to save his position, he is forced to marry.

Lisa cannot survive the betrayal. Without telling anyone about her experiences, she decides to die. The pond near the Simonov Monastery became her last refuge.

The author sympathizes with his heroine. He is bitter from the immoral act of Erast. The author condemns the hero. But he softens, knowing that Erast himself cannot forgive himself. He is in pain. According to the writer, Erast's torment is justified.

The work “Poor Liza” Karamzin wrote, guided by foreign literature. From it he took a stylistic direction. "Poor Lisa" is written in the style of classical sentimentalism.

Classicism flourished during Karamzin's time. The works of many writers were published in several volumes. But N.M. Karamzin is considered the author of short stories. And the work about a peasant girl is also written in the genre of a short story. But it is also called a little voluminous story. Despite the small volume, "poor Lisa" did not belong to any cycle of stories. After being published in the Moscow magazine, the story gained wide popularity and recognition. Subsequently, the Work was published as a separate book.

the story raises questions of morality, social inequality, betrayal, the theme of the “little man” is touched a little.

The themes of immorality and betrayal are still relevant today. Very often people do things without thinking that they can hurt.

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The history of the creation of Karamzin's work "Poor Lisa"

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin is one of the most educated people of his time. He preached advanced educational views, widely promoted Western European culture in Russia. The personality of the writer, multifacetedly gifted in various fields, played a significant role in the cultural life of Russia in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Karamzin traveled a lot, translated, wrote original works of art, and was engaged in publishing activities. His name is associated with the formation of professional literary activity.
In 1789-1790. Karamzin undertook a trip abroad (to Germany, Switzerland, France and England). Upon the return of N.M. Karamzin began to publish the Moscow Journal, in which he published the story Poor Liza (1792), Letters from a Russian Traveler (1791-92), which put him among the first Russian writers. In these works, as well as in literary critical articles, the aesthetic program of sentimentalism was expressed with its interest in a person, regardless of class, his feelings and experiences. In the 1890s the writer's interest in the history of Russia is growing; he gets acquainted with historical works, the main published sources: chronicle monuments, notes of foreigners, etc. In 1803, Karamzin began work on The History of the Russian State, which became the main work of his life.
According to the memoirs of contemporaries, in the 1790s. the writer lived in a dacha near Beketov near the Simonov Monastery. The environment played a decisive role in the concept of the story "Poor Lisa". The literary plot of the story was perceived by the Russian reader as a vitally authentic and real plot, and its characters were perceived as real people. After the publication of the story, walks in the vicinity of the Simonov Monastery, where Karamzin settled his heroine, and to the pond into which she threw herself and which was called "Lizin's pond", became fashionable. As the researcher V.N. Toporov, defining the place of Karamzin's story in the evolutionary series of Russian literature, "for the first time in Russian literature, fiction created such an image of true life, which was perceived as stronger, sharper and more convincing than life itself." "Poor Lisa" - the most popular and best story - brought real fame to Karamzin, who was then 25 years old. Young and no one before famous writer unexpectedly became a celebrity. "Poor Lisa" was the first and most talented Russian sentimental story.

Genus, genre, creative method

Russian literature of the 18th century multi-volume classic novels were widely used. Karamzin was the first to introduce the genre of the short novel, the “sensitive story,” which enjoyed particular success among his contemporaries. The role of the narrator in the story "Poor Lisa" belongs to the author. The small volume makes the plot of the story clearer and more dynamic. Karamzin's name is inextricably linked with the concept of "Russian sentimentalism".
Sentimentalism is a trend in European literature and culture of the second half of the 17th century that highlights the feelings of a person, and not the mind. Sentimentalists focused on human relations, the opposition between good and evil.
In Karamzin's story, the life of the characters is depicted through the prism of sentimental idealization. The characters in the story are embellished. The deceased father of Liza, an exemplary family man, because he loves work, plowed the land well and was quite prosperous, everyone loved him. Lisa's mother, "a sensitive, kind old woman," is weakening from incessant tears for her husband, for even peasant women know how to feel. She touchingly loves her daughter and admires nature with religious tenderness.
The very name Lisa until the early 80s. 18th century almost never met in Russian literature, and if it did, then in its foreign language version. Choosing this name for his heroine, Karamzin went to break the rather strict canon that had developed in literature and predetermined in advance what Lisa should be like, how she should behave. This behavioral stereotype was defined in the European literature of the 18th-18th centuries. the fact that the image of Lisa, Lisette (OhePe), was associated primarily with comedy. Lisa of the French comedy is usually a servant-maid (maid), the confidante of her young mistress. She is young, pretty, rather frivolous and understands perfectly everything that is connected with a love affair. Naivety, innocence, modesty are the least characteristic of this comedic role. Breaking the reader's expectations, removing the mask from the name of the heroine, Karamzin thereby destroyed the foundations of the very culture of classicism, weakened the ties between the signified and the signifier, between the name and its bearer in the space of literature. With all the conventionality of the image of Lisa, her name is associated precisely with the character, and not with the role of the heroine. Establishing a relationship between the "internal" character and "external" action was a significant achievement for Karamzin on the way to the "psychologism" of Russian prose.

Subject

An analysis of the work shows that several themes are identified in Karamzin's story. One of them is an appeal to the peasant environment. The writer portrayed a peasant girl as the main character, who retained patriarchal ideas about moral values.
Karamzin was one of the first to introduce the opposition of the city and the countryside into Russian literature. The image of the city is inextricably linked with the image of Erast, with the “terrible bulk of houses” and the shining “gold of domes”. The image of Lisa is associated with the life of a beautiful natural nature. In Karamzin's story, a village man - a man of nature - turns out to be defenseless, falling into an urban space, where laws operate that are different from the laws of nature. No wonder Liza's mother tells her (thus indirectly predicting everything that will happen next): “My heart is always out of place when you go to the city; I always put a candle in front of the image and pray to the Lord God that he save you from all trouble and misfortune.
The author in the story raises not only the topic of the “little man” and social inequality, but also such a topic as fate and circumstances, nature and man, love-grief and love-happiness.
With the voice of the author, the theme of the great history of the fatherland enters into the private plot of the story. The comparison of the historical and the particular makes the story "Poor Liza" a fundamental literary fact, on the basis of which the Russian socio-psychological novel will subsequently arise.

The story attracted the attention of contemporaries with its humanistic idea: "peasant women know how to love." The author's position in the story is the position of a humanist. Before us is Karamzin the artist and Karamzin the philosopher. He sang the beauty of love, described love as a feeling that can transform a person. The writer teaches: a moment of love is beautiful, but only reason gives long life and strength.
"Poor Liza" immediately became extremely popular in Russian society. Humane feelings, the ability to sympathize and be sensitive turned out to be very consonant with the trends of the times, when literature moved from the civil theme, characteristic of the Enlightenment, to the theme of a person’s personal, private life, and the inner world of an individual became the main object of its attention.
Karamzin made another discovery in literature. With “Poor Lisa”, such a concept as psychologism appeared in it, that is, the writer’s ability to vividly and touchingly depict the inner world of a person, his experiences, desires, aspirations. In this sense, Karamzin paved the way for the writers of the 19th century.

The nature of the conflict

The analysis showed that there is a complex conflict in Karamzin's work. First of all, this is a social conflict: the gap between a rich nobleman and a poor villager is very large. But, as you know, "peasant women know how to love." Sensitivity - the highest value of sentimentalism - pushes the characters into each other's arms, gives them a moment of happiness, and then leads Lisa to death (she "forgets her soul" - commits suicide). Erast is also punished for his decision to leave Lisa and marry another: he will forever reproach himself with her death.
The story "Poor Liza" is written on the classic story about the love of representatives of different classes: its characters - the nobleman Erast and the peasant woman Lisa - cannot be happy not only for moral reasons, but also for social conditions of life. The deep social root of the plot is embodied in Karamzin's story at its most external level as a moral conflict between Liza's "beautiful soul and body" and Erast - "a rather rich nobleman with a fair mind and a kind heart, kind by nature, but weak and windy." And, of course, one of the reasons for the shock produced by Karamzin's story in literature and the reader's mind was that Karamzin was the first Russian writer who turned to the topic of unequal love and decided to unleash his story in the way that such a conflict would most likely be resolved in real conditions. Russian life: the death of the heroine.
The main characters of the story "Poor Lisa"
Lisa is the main character of Karamzin's story. For the first time in the history of Russian prose, the writer turned to a heroine endowed with emphatically mundane features. His words "... and peasant women know how to love" became winged. Sensitivity is a central character trait of Lisa. She trusts the movements of her heart, lives "gentle passions." Ultimately, it is ardor and ardor that lead Lisa to death, but she is morally justified.
Lisa doesn't look like a peasant woman. “Beautiful in body and soul, a settler”, “gentle and sensitive Liza”, passionately loving her parents, cannot forget about her father, but hides her sadness and tears so as not to disturb her mother. She tenderly takes care of her mother, gets her medicines, works day and night (“she wove canvases, knitted stockings, picked flowers in the spring, and took berries in the summer and sold them in Moscow”). The author is sure that such activities fully ensure the life of the old woman and her daughter. According to his plan, Lisa is completely unfamiliar with the book, but after meeting with Erast, she dreams of how good it would be if her lover "was born a simple peasant shepherd ..." - these words are completely in the spirit of Lisa.
Lisa not only speaks like a book, but also thinks. Nevertheless, the psychology of Liza, who fell in love with a girl for the first time, is revealed in detail and in a natural sequence. Before rushing into the pond, Lisa remembers her mother, she took care of the old woman as best she could, left her money, but this time the thought of her was no longer able to keep Lisa from taking a decisive step. As a result, the character of the heroine is idealized, but internally whole.
The character of Erast is much different from the character of Lisa. Erast is described more in line with the social environment that brought him up than Lisa. This is a “rather rich nobleman”, an officer who led a dispersed life, thought only of his own pleasure, looked for him in secular amusements, but often did not find him, was bored and complained about his fate. Endowed with a "fair mind and a kind heart", being "kind by nature, but weak and windy", Erast represented new type hero in Russian literature. In it, for the first time, the type of a disappointed Russian aristocrat is outlined.
Erast recklessly falls in love with Lisa, not thinking that she is not a girl of his circle. However, the hero does not stand the test of love.
Before Karamzin, the plot automatically determined the type of hero. In "Poor Liza" the image of Erast is significantly harder than that literary type to which the character belongs.
Erast is not a "treacherous seducer", he is sincere in his oaths, sincere in his deceit. Erast is as much the culprit of the tragedy as he is the victim of his "ardent imagination". Therefore, the author does not consider himself entitled to judge Erast. He stands on a par with his hero - because he converges with him at the "point" of sensitivity. After all, it is the author who acts in the story as a “narrator” of the plot that Erast told him: “.. I met him a year before his death. He himself told me this story and led me to Liza's grave ... ".
Erast begins a long series of heroes in Russian literature, the main feature of which is weakness and inability to live, and for whom the label of “an extra person” has long been entrenched in literary criticism.

plot, composition

In the words of Karamzin himself, the story "Poor Liza" is "a very uncomplicated fairy tale." The plot of the story is simple. This is the love story of a poor peasant girl Liza and a rich young nobleman Erast. Public life and secular pleasures bored him. He was constantly bored and "complained about his fate." Erast “read idyllic novels” and dreamed of that happy time when people, not burdened by the conventions and rules of civilization, would live carelessly in the bosom of nature. Thinking only of his own pleasure, he "looked for it in amusements." With the advent of love in his life, everything changes. Erast falls in love with the pure "daughter of nature" - the peasant woman Lisa. Chaste, naive, joyfully trusting people, Lisa appears as a wonderful shepherdess. Having read novels in which “all people carelessly walked along the rays, bathed in clean springs, kissed like turtledoves, rested under roses and myrtle”, he decided that he “found in Liza what his heart had been looking for for a long time.” Liza, although "the daughter of a rich peasant", is just a peasant woman who is forced to earn her own living. Sensuality - the highest value of sentimentalism - pushes the characters into each other's arms, gives them a moment of happiness. The picture of pure first love is drawn very touchingly in the story. “Now I think,” Liza says to Erast, “that without you life is not life, but sadness and boredom. Without your dark eyes, a bright month; the singing nightingale is boring without your voice...” Erast also admires his “shepherdess”. “All the brilliant amusements of the great world seemed to him insignificant in comparison with the pleasures with which the passionate friendship of an innocent soul fed his heart.” But when Lisa gives herself to him, the satiated young man begins to grow cold in his feelings for her. In vain Lisa hopes to regain her lost happiness. Erast goes on a military campaign, loses all his fortune in cards and, in the end, marries a rich widow. And deceived in her best hopes and feelings, Liza throws herself into a pond near the Simonov Monastery.

Artistic originality of the analyzed story

But the main thing in the story is not the plot, but the feelings that it was supposed to awaken in the reader. Therefore, the main character of the story becomes the narrator, who, with sadness and sympathy, tells about the fate of the poor girl. The image of a sentimental narrator became a discovery in Russian literature, since before the narrator remained “behind the scenes” and was neutral in relation to the events described. The narrator learns the story of poor Lisa directly from Erast, and he himself often comes to be sad at Liza's Grave. The narrator of "Poor Liza" is mentally involved in the relationship of the characters. Already the title of the story is built on the connection own name heroines with an epithet characterizing the sympathetic attitude of the narrator towards her.
The author-narrator is the only mediator between the reader and the life of the characters, embodied by his word. The narration is conducted in the first person, the constant presence of the author reminds of himself by his periodic appeals to the reader: "now the reader should know ...", "the reader can easily imagine ...". These address formulas, emphasizing the intimacy of the emotional contact between the author, the characters and the reader, are very reminiscent of the methods of organizing narrative in the epic genres of Russian poetry. Karamzin, transferring these formulas into narrative prose, ensured that prose acquired a penetrating lyrical sound and began to be perceived as emotionally as poetry. The story "Poor Liza" is characterized by short or extended lyrical digressions, at each dramatic turn of the plot we hear the author's voice: "my heart bleeds ...", "a tear rolls down my face."
In their aesthetic unity, the three central images of the story - the author-narrator, poor Lisa and Erast - with a completeness unprecedented in Russian literature, realized the sentimentalist concept of a person, valuable for his extra-class moral virtues, sensitive and complex.
Karamzin was the first to write smoothly. In his prose, words were intertwined in such a regular, rhythmic way that the reader was left with the impression of rhythmic music. Smoothness in prose is the same as meter and rhyme in poetry.
Karamzin introduces the tradition of the rural literary landscape.

The meaning of the work

Karamzin laid the foundation for a huge cycle of literature about "little people", opened the way for the classics of Russian literature. The story "Rich Lisa" essentially opens the theme of the "little man" in Russian literature, although the social aspect in relation to Liza and Erast is somewhat muffled. Of course, the gulf between a rich nobleman and a poor peasant woman is very large, but Lisa is least of all like a peasant woman, rather like a sweet secular young lady, brought up on sentimental novels. The theme of "Poor Liza" appears in many works by A.S. Pushkin. When he wrote "The Young Lady-Peasant Woman", he definitely focused on "Poor Lisa", turning the "sad story" into a novel with a happy ending. In The Stationmaster, Dunya is seduced and taken away by the hussars, and her father, unable to bear the grief, becomes an inveterate drunkard and dies. In The Queen of Spades, the further life of Karamzin's Liza is visible, the fate that would have awaited Liza if she had not committed suicide. Lisa also lives in the novel "Sunday" by Leo Tolstoy. Seduced by Nekhlyudov, Katyusha Maslova decides to throw herself under a train. Although she remains to live, her life is full of dirt and humiliation. The image of Karamzin's heroine continued in the works of other writers.
It is in this story that the sophisticated psychologism of the Russian language, recognized throughout the world, is born. fiction. Here Karamzin, opening the gallery of "superfluous people", stands at the source of another powerful tradition - the image of smart loafers, for whom idleness helps to keep a distance between themselves and the state. Thanks to blessed laziness, "superfluous people" are always in opposition. If they had served their country honestly, they would have had no time for Liz's seduction and witty digressions. In addition, if the people are always poor, then the "extra people" are always with funds, even if they squandered, as happened with Erast. He has no affairs in the story, except for love.

It is interesting

"Poor Lisa" is perceived as a story about true events. Lisa belongs to the characters with a "registration". “... Increasingly, it draws me to the walls of the Si...nova monastery - the memory of the deplorable fate of Liza, poor Liza" - this is how the author begins his story. For a gap in the middle of a word, any Muscovite guessed the name of the Simonov Monastery, the first buildings of which date back to the 14th century. The pond, located under the walls of the monastery, was called Lisiny Pond, but thanks to the story of Karamzin, it was popularly renamed Lizin and became a place of constant pilgrimage for Muscovites. In the XX century. Lizin Pond was named Lizina Square, Lizin Dead End and Lizino Railway Station. To date, only a few buildings of the monastery have survived, most of them were blown up in 1930. The pond was filled up gradually, it finally disappeared after 1932.
To the place of Lisa's death, first of all, the same unfortunate girls in love, like Liza herself, came to cry. According to eyewitnesses, the bark of the trees growing around the pond was mercilessly cut with the knives of the "pilgrims". The inscriptions carved on the trees were both serious (“In these streams, poor Liza passed away for days; / If you are sensitive, a passerby, take a breath”), and satirical, hostile to Karamzin and his heroine (the following couplet gained special fame among such “birch epigrams”: "Erast's bride died in these streams. / Drown yourself, girls, there is enough space in the pond").
The festivities at the Simonov Monastery were so popular that the description of this area can be found on the pages of the works of many writers of the 19th century: M.N. Zagoskina, I.I. Lazhechnikova, M.Yu. Lermontov, A.I. Herzen.
Karamzin and his story were certainly mentioned when describing the Simonov Monastery in guidebooks around Moscow and special books and articles. But gradually these references began to take on an increasingly ironic character, and already in 1848, in the famous work of M.N. Zagoskin "Moscow and Muscovites" in the chapter "A walk to the Simonov Monastery" did not say a word about either Karamzin or his heroine. As sentimental prose lost its charm of novelty, "Poor Lisa" ceased to be perceived as a story about true events, and even more so as an object for worship, but became in the minds of most readers a primitive fiction, a curiosity, reflecting the tastes and concepts of a bygone era.

Good DD. History of Russian literature of the 18th century. - M., 1960.
WeilP., GenisA. Native speech. The legacy of "Poor Lisa" Karamzin // Star. 1991. No. 1.
ValaginAL. Let's read together. - M., 1992.
DI. Fonvizin in Russian criticism. - M., 1958.
History of Moscow districts: encyclopedia / ed. K.A. Averyanov. - M., 2005.
Toporov VL. "Poor Liza" Karamzin. Moscow: Russian world, 2006.

Many people remember N.M. Karamzin based on his historical works. But he also did a lot for literature. It was through his efforts that a sentimental novel was developed, which describes not only ordinary people but their feelings, suffering, experiences. brought together ordinary people and the rich as feeling, thinking, and experiencing the same emotions and needs. At the time in which Poor Liza was written, namely in 1792, the emancipation of the peasants was still far away, and their existence seemed something incomprehensible and wild. Sentimentalism, however, brought them into full-fledged feeling heroes.

In contact with

History of creation

Important! He also introduced the fashion for little-known names - Erast and Elizabeth. Practically unused names quickly became common nouns, defining the character of a person.

It was this seemingly simple and uncomplicated completely fictional story of love and death that gave rise to a number of imitators. And the pond was even a place of pilgrimage for unfortunate lovers.

It's easy to remember what the story is about. After all, her story is not rich or vicissitudes. Annotation to the story allows you to find out the main events. Karamzin himself summary would pass like this:

1. Left without a father, Lisa began to help her impoverished mother by selling flowers and berries.
2. Erast, conquered by her beauty and freshness, offers her to sell the goods only to him and then asks her not to go out at all, but to give him the goods from home. This rich but windy nobleman falls in love with Lisa. They begin to spend evenings alone.
3. Soon a wealthy neighbor woo Lizaveta, but Erast comforts her, promising to marry himself. There is closeness, and Erast loses interest in the girl he ruined. Soon the young man leaves for service. Lizaveta is waiting and afraid. But by chance they meet on the street, and Lizaveta throws herself on his neck.
4. Erast announces that he is engaged to another, and orders the servant to give her money and take her out of the yard. Lizaveta, having handed over the money to her mother, rushes into the pond. Her mother dies from a stroke.
5. Erast is ruined by losing at cards and forced to marry a wealthy widow. He does not find happiness in life and blames himself.

Selling flowers to the city

main characters

It is clear that the characterization of one of the heroes of the story "Poor Lisa" will be insufficient. They must be evaluated together, influencing each other.

Despite the novelty and originality of the plot, the image of Erast in the story "Poor Liza" is not new, and a little-known name does not save either. Rich and bored nobleman tired of accessible and cutesy beauties. He is looking for bright sensations and finds an innocent and pure girl. Her image surprises him, attracts and even awakens love. But the very first closeness turns the angel into an ordinary earthly girl. He immediately remembers that she is poor, uneducated, and her reputation has already been ruined. He runs from responsibility, from crime.

He runs into his usual hobbies - cards and festivities, which leads to ruin. But he does not want to lose his habits and live with his beloved work life. Erast sells his youth and freedom for the wealth of a widow. Although a couple of months ago he dissuaded his beloved from a successful marriage.

Meeting with his beloved after separation only tires him, interferes. He cynically throws money at her and forces the servant to take the unfortunate woman out. This gesture shows the depth of the fall and all its cruelty.

But the image of the main character of Karamzin's story is fresh and new. She is poor, works for her mother's survival, and yet is gentle and beautiful. Its distinctive features are sensitivity and nationality. In Karamzin's story, poor Liza is a typical village heroine, poetic and with a tender heart. It is her feelings and emotions that replace her upbringing, morality and norms.

The author, generously endowing the poor girl with kindness and love, seems to emphasize that such women are inherent in natural that does not require restrictions and teachings. She is ready to live for her loved ones, to work and keep joy.

Important! Life has already tested her for strength, and she withstood the test with dignity. Behind her image, honest, beautiful, gentle, it is forgotten that she is a poor, uneducated peasant woman. That she works with her hands and sells what God has sent. This should be remembered when the news of the ruin of Erast becomes known. Lisa is not afraid of poverty.

The scene describing how the poor girl died is full of despair and tragedy. believer and loving girl It is clear that suicide is a terrible sin. She also understands that her mother will not live without her help. But the pain of betrayal and the realization that she is disgraced is too hard for her to experience. Lisa took a sober look at life and honestly told Erast that she was poor, that she was not a match for him, and that her mother had found her a worthy groom, albeit an unloved one.

But the young man convinced her of his love and committed an irreparable crime - he took her honor. What for him was an ordinary boring event turned out to be the end of the world for poor Lisa and the beginning of a new life at the same time. Her most tender and pure soul plunged into the mud, and a new meeting showed that her beloved appreciated her deed as licentiousness.

Important! The one who wrote the story "Poor Liza" realized that he was raising a whole layer of problems and in particular the theme of the responsibility of rich bored noblemen to unfortunate poor girls, whose destinies and lives are broken by boredom, which later found its response in the work of Bunin and others.

Scene near the pond

Reader reaction

The audience received the story ambiguously. Women sympathized and made a pilgrimage to the pond, which became the last refuge of the unfortunate girl. Some male critics shamed the author and accused him of excessive sensitivity, of abundant tears that flow constantly, of the picturesqueness of the characters.

In fact, behind the external cloying and tearfulness, in which every critical article is full of reproaches, lies the true meaning, understood by attentive readers. The author pushes not only two characters, but two worlds:

• Sincere, sensitive, painfully naive peasantry with its touching and stupid, but real girls.
• Good-natured, enthusiastic, generous nobility with pampered and capricious men.

One is hardened by the difficulties of life, the other is broken and frightened by the same difficulties.

Genre of the work

Karamzin himself described his work as a sentimental fairy tale, but it received the status of a sentimental story, since it has heroes acting for a long time, a full-fledged plot, development and denouement. Heroes live not in separate episodes, but a significant part of their lives.

Poor LISA. Nikolai Karamzin

Retelling Karamzin N. M. "Poor Lisa"

Conclusion

So, the question: "Poor Liza" - is it a story or a story, was decided long ago and unambiguously. The summary of the book gives the exact answer.

One of the key literary works 18 century is the story of N.M. Karamzin "Poor Lisa". In his twenty-five years, the writer became discussed and popular due to the disclosure of many problems and topics of society. He was one of the first to introduce features of sentimentalism into the story and became an innovator. Vivid images of the heroes of the work greatly influenced the worldview of readers.
The first time "Poor Lisa" was printed and saw the light in 1792 year by the Moscow Journal. At the time of publication, the author himself was the editor of this journal. Four years later, the work was published as a separate book.

main characters

An ordinary peasant girl named Lisa is the main character of Karamzin's work. Her father died and she stayed with her mother. The girl works in the city of Moscow, selling flowers and knitwear.
The main male character of the story is a young man named Erasmus, of aristocratic origin. He has a gentle character, which made both himself and Lisa, who is madly in love with him, suffer.
Another female image Lisa's mother. This is a simple woman of peasant origin. A woman wishes her beloved daughter a calm measured life, unclouded by problems and condemnation.
Thanks to the image of the author, readers are immersed in the action of the work and are able to observe the events as closely as possible.

The plot of the story

Events take place in Moscow. A young girl, Liza, has to support herself and her sick mother after the death of her father. She knitted, weaved carpets and sold the flowers she picked. One fine day, a young man approached Lisa - Erasmus. At first sight, the aristocrat fell in love with the girl and began to constantly buy flowers from her. The young girl also falls in love with him and is completely absorbed by this feeling. Erasmus admires the purity and purity of the girl.
But, unfortunately, the girl's mother wants to marry her daughter to a rich peasant. Erasmus cannot marry Lisa because of class barriers. The girl tells him about her mother's decision and the young man offers to take her to his house, but the young peasant woman notices that then he will no longer be able to become her husband. That very evening, Lisa loses her chastity.
After the incident, Erasmus began to look at Lisa in a completely different way. She ceased to be for him the ideal of purity and purity. The couple in love have to leave, as the young man leaves for military service. The girl hopes that their relationship will be able to survive this test, but events turned out differently. The young man began to play cards and practically lost his fortune. He was saved only by marriage with a wealthy elderly woman. After the news of their wedding, Lisa decided to commit suicide by drowning herself in the river.

The theme of peasant life

Through the image of Liza's family, the author reveals to readers the life of the peasant people with all its features. Previously, the literature showed the image of peasants without their individual characteristics. Karamzin as an innovator described the character of the peasants, their personal qualities. Of course, Lisa has no education, but she is able to keep up the conversation, she speaks and expresses her thoughts perfectly.

The Problem of Finding Happiness

Any person, regardless of class, dreams of happiness, including the main characters of the story - Lisa and Erasmus. Their love gave them a feeling of happiness and made them feel terribly unhappy. Involuntarily, the reader thinks about what is necessary for happiness and whether it is always possible to find it.

The problem of social inequality

The story "Poor Liza" clearly emphasizes the social inequality between peasants and nobles. Their union is practically impossible and would be a reason for condemnation.

Loyalty issues in relationships

After reading the work, it becomes clear that in real life such romantic relationships could not last long. They could resist public opinion and pressure from their families.
Despite the fact that Erasmus made a promise to a young girl in eternal love, he himself married a rich widow in order to improve his poor financial situation. Lisa remains faithful to her lover, and the aristocrat has betrayed her feelings.

The problem of city and country

One of the problems raised by N.M. Karamzin in the story - the opposition between the village and the city. For urban residents, the city is the center of everything new, progressive. In contrast to the city, the village is something backward and undeveloped, the villagers have no desire for development and education. And the residents themselves see this significant difference.

Main idea

The author puts into the main idea the idea of ​​how strong feelings and emotions can affect a person's life, regardless of the class of a person and his position in society. Quite often it is found that noble and rich people are inferior in human qualities to ordinary uneducated people who are much lower than them in the social ladder.

Direction in literature

In the story "Poor Liza" features of sentimentalism are clearly expressed. Lisa's parents embodied the features of this genre of literature.
The main part of this direction was embodied in the image of a young peasant woman Lisa. She is completely absorbed in feelings and emotions and does not notice anyone and nothing around. She is so worried about her romantic relationship that she cannot assess the situation sensibly and critically.
Summing up, we can safely say that the story of N.M. Karamzin's "Poor Lisa" is an innovative work of that time. It accurately describes the characters, extremely close to reality. Each character combines both positive and negative character traits. The story reveals the eternal rhetorical questions that have been worrying many generations for many years.

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The incredibly sincere and emotional work of Karamzin does not leave anyone indifferent - in the story the author described the typical feelings of people in love, outlining the picture from the very beginning to the decline of the feelings of one of the beloved.

Philosophical overtones and psychological basis make this work look like a legend - a sad story based on real events.

Character characteristics

Karamzin's story does not differ in a significant list of heroes. There are only five of them:

• Lisa;
• Lisa's mother;
• Erast;
• Annushka;
• Author.

The image of Lisa is depicted in the best traditions of sentimentalism - she is a sweet and sincere girl, tender and impressionable: “pure. a joyful soul shone in her eyes.

The girl is somewhat similar to an angel - she is too innocent and virtuous: "beautiful in soul and body." It seems that she grew up in a different world, because she was able, despite all the difficulties of society and the era, to preserve goodness and humanity.

At the age of 15, Lisa was left without a father. Life with her mother was difficult financially, but easy psychologically - a friendly, trusting relationship was established between mother and daughter. Mother, being a compassionate woman, constantly worries about her beloved daughter, like all parents, she wishes her a better fate. The woman could not survive the loss of her daughter - the news of Lisa's death became fatal for her.

Erast is a nobleman by birth. He is smart and educated person. His life is typical for a young man of his age and class - dinner parties, balls, card games, theater, but this does not bring him much joy - he is rather tired of all the entertainment. Acquaintance with Lisa noticeably changes him and instead of boredom, he develops an aversion to the attributes of social life.

The harmonious life of Lisa allowed him to consider other aspects of existence: "he thought with disgust about the contemptuous voluptuousness that his feelings used to revel in."
The image of Erast is not devoid of positive qualities - he is a gentle and courteous person, but the selfish spoiledness of the young man did not allow him to become as harmonious as Lisa.

We suggest that you familiarize yourself with which came out from the pen of the classic author N. Karamzin.

The image of Annushka in the story is fragmentary - we meet this character already at the end of the work: after learning about Erast's wedding, Lisa realizes that she cannot come to terms with this and does not realize her life without this person - the option to commit suicide seems to her one of the most acceptable. At this time, Liza notices Annushka, the neighbor's daughter, and instructs her to give the money to her mother. After that, Lisa rushes into the pond.

Criticism

Karamzin's story was repeatedly called a breakthrough of its time, the motif so typical of European literature was first transferred to the plane of Russian culture, which was already an innovation. The special interest of the public in the work was also caused by the introduction of a new direction - sentimentalism.

Literary critics and researchers highly appreciated Karamzin's story and noted that the author managed to recreate "living" reality in front of the reader - the work was surprisingly realistic, devoid of artificial emotions and images.

Russian scientist, professor-philologist V.V. Sipovsky believed that Karamzin was the "Russian" Goethe - his living word contributed to a breakthrough in literature.

Karamzin, according to the scientist, provided readers reverse side medals, showing that a person’s life, even if he is just an invention of the author, should not always be filled with idyll, sometimes it can have fatality and tragedy: “The Russian public, accustomed in old novels to comforting outcomes in the form of weddings, who believed that virtue is always rewarded, and vice is punished, for the first time in this story she met with the bitter truth of life.

A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, analyzing the significance of "Poor Liza", focused on the European basis of the story both in terms of plot and in terms of sentimentalism, which had not yet spread to the territory of Russia, but was already widespread in Europe. “Everyone sighed until they fainted” - he gives such an assessment of the impact on the public to the work, and already quite ironically notes that after the release of “Poor Lisa”, everyone began to “drown in a puddle”.

G. A. Gukovsky also speaks of the same effect, noting that after reading Poor Lisa, crowds of young people began to appear near the Simonov Monastery and admire the surface of the lake, in which, according to Karamzin’s idea, the girl drowned.

In his opinion, nature in the story performs its own special function - it sets the reader up for a lyrical perception of reality. Poor Liza is not so much a real peasant woman as an ideal opera heroine, and her sad story should not outrage, but only create a lyrical mood.

V.N. Toporov argues that "Poor Liza" has become a significant work not only in Russian literature, but also in the work of Karamzin - it was this work that opened the era of a "breakthrough" both in the work of a literary figure and in historical development literature in general.

“Poor Liza” is precisely the root from which the tree of Russian classical prose has grown, whose powerful crown sometimes hides the trunk and distracts from reflections on the historically so recent origins of the very phenomenon of Russian literature of the New Age.

Winged phrases from the story

I love those items that touch my heart and make me shed tears of tender sorrow!

Everyone is sentimental in one way or another. Some people show their sentimentalism from an early age, while others acquire this feeling after some time, having acquired sufficient life experience.

Special emotions that arise in a person during contact with objects of material or spiritual culture help to create the effect of catharsis - emotional relief.

Peasants know how to love!

Until a certain point, it was believed that the peasants were not emotionally and mentally similar to the aristocrats. The essence of this statement was not the lack of education of the peasants, but the conviction that the peasants, even with education, would not be able to become similar in spiritual development to representatives of the aristocracy - they were not characterized by high manifestations of feelings, in fact, it turned out, based on this theory, that the peasants were guided exclusively instincts, they are characterized by only the most simple emotions. Karamzin showed that this is not so. Serfs can show different feelings and emotions, and theories that they are several stages lower in their development are prejudices.

It is better to live by your own labors and take nothing for nothing.

This phrase reflects the moral principles of an honest person - if you have not earned a certain thing, then you have no right to claim it.

Old people are suspicious

In view of their age and life experience, old people try to protect young people from the mistakes of youth. Since young people are often in no hurry to share their problems and concerns with the older generation, the only way to find out about the upcoming problem is to analyze the behavior of the individual, and for this you need to be observant.

How good everything is with the Lord God! It is necessary that the King of Heaven loved a person very much when he so well removed the worldly light for him.

In the world of nature, everything is harmonious and aesthetically pleasing. A person with a sensual soul cannot but notice these subtleties and admire them. In spring and summer, the feeling of the beauty of nature is felt especially vividly - the nature that slept in winter returns to life and pleases the world around with its charm. Beings who have the opportunity to see all this beauty cannot be unloved by God, otherwise he would not have tried to create such a beautiful and harmonious world.

The fulfillment of all desires is the most dangerous temptation of love.

There is always love fervor between lovers, however, in the case when relations between people develop too quickly and there is an effect of permissiveness, the fervor quickly fades away - when everything is achieved, there is not a single secluded corner in the soul of a person where a dream or fantasy - there is no reason for dreams, if in this case the relationship does not go to another level (for example, marriage), then there is a fading of emotions and passion in relation to the object of one's passion and admiration.

Death for the fatherland is not terrible

A person is not conceivable without his “roots”, one way or another, each individual must be aware of himself not only as part of society, but also as part of the state. The improvement and problems of the state should be perceived by everyone as the problems of their own family, so death in the name of one's state is not inglorious.

Story test

1. How old was Lisa when her father died?
A) 19
B)15
AT 10 O'CLOCK

2. Why did the family live in poverty after the death of their father?
A) could not pay rent for land
B) workers did not cultivate the land so well and the harvest decreased
C) the money was spent on the treatment of sister Liza

3. At what price did Liza sell lilies of the valley?
A) 5 kopecks
B) 5 rubles
B) 13 kopecks

4. Why didn't Liza sell flowers for 1 ruble?
a) It was too cheap
B) her conscience did not allow her
C) The ruble was spoiled

5. Why do Lisa and Erast meet at night?
A) Erast is busy all day
b) They can be slandered
C) Their meetings can cause a quarrel with Erast's bride

6. Why was Lisa afraid of a thunderstorm during one of their nightly meetings with Erast?
A) She was afraid that the thunder would strike her as a criminal.
B) Lisa was always afraid of thunderstorms.
C) The storm was very strong and the girl was afraid that her mother would wake up and find that Lisa was not at home.

7. Why didn't Erast refuse to go to war?
A) could not contradict the order
B) Lisa became disgusting to him
C) everyone would laugh at him and consider him a coward

8. Why is Erast not afraid to die in war?
a) He knows no fear
B) death for the Fatherland is not terrible
C) he has been dreaming of death for a long time

9. Why did Erast order Lisa to forget him?
A) he was tired of the girl
B) was afraid that everyone would laugh at him when they found out about their relationship with Lisa
C) he was engaged and the relationship with Lisa could harm his marriage.

10. What did Liza do with the money that Erast gave her?
A) returned Erast back
B) gave to the beggar standing under the church
C) gave it to the neighbor's daughter to give it to Lisa's mother.

11. How did Lisa's mother take her death?
A) killed Erast
B) drowned in grief
c) The news was so overwhelming for her that she died immediately

12. What do the peasants think when they hear the howling of the wind in the house where Liza lived with her mother?
A) it's Lisa's soul crying
B) tramps climbed into the house for the night
C) It is Erast who comes to yearn for his lost happiness.

Key:

B 2.b 3.a 4. b5.b 6.a 7.c 8.b 9.c 10.c. 11. At 12

Thus, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of Karamzin's story on the development of literature and culture. The images of his characters are endowed with actually typical qualities, however, the depiction of their inner world and a vivid description of the feelings of the characters creates a picture of realism and uniqueness.