What are the reservoirs called? Reservoirs, their purpose and classification
It is very problematic, but do not despair, because even a small body of water can turn a summer cottage into a true oasis, where you can always relax and refresh yourself, admire the surface of the pond or listen to the soothing sounds of babbling water.
But how to choose exactly the reservoir that is suitable for your site? To do this, let's turn to the generally accepted classification. So, water can be present on the site in three forms:
- still water: ornamental or bathing ponds;
- moving water: cascades, streams, waterfalls and fountains;
- a mini version of a moving or stationary source. He can be With stationary, for example, a concrete bowl with water; or portable, such as a wooden tub by the porch.
So the ponds are divided on decorative and swimming (not to be confused with the pool). What is the difference? First of all, its size. But there is also a more professional division based on sanitary rules: a swimming pond or bath must meet more stringent hygiene requirements, which means that the equipment for them is more complicated, more powerful and more expensive.
And also "static" ponds distinguished by form. They are:
natural- such ponds copy natural reservoirs: they have smooth outlines, framed natural stone or pebbles and densely planted with coastal plants
geometric- they are straight and ideal in terms of shape: round, square, rectangular - most importantly even!
precisely geometric ponds gave rise to the following type of artificial reservoirs: elevated, that is, those that rise above the ground. Such ponds are recommended for the elderly and parents with children. The first ones will not get very tired while caring for the pond, and the second ones minimize the likelihood of their child falling into the water.
Perhaps the most useful classification of artificial reservoirs is according to the method of creation and the materials used for this.
The easiest and most affordable way- These are ponds from ready-made forms. Currently, a wide selection of various plastic molds is on sale: from polyethylene or fiberglass. The disadvantage of such ponds is their relatively small and very standard dimensions. The imagination of the owners is limited by the available forms: such a pond cannot be enlarged in the future.
Ponds of ready-made forms style decisions on the site also limit: they imitate natural reservoirs, that is, they are not suitable for fans of strict geometric shapes. In addition, they cannot be raised - the design of the finished form involves its deepening (burrowing) into the ground. However, for novice gardeners and those who plan to take care of the pond on their own (without the help of professionals), it is the ponds of ready-made forms that are recommended. The approximate cost of building such a pond is about 5,000 rubles (*excluding vegetation and equipment).
The next type of artificial ponds- film reservoirs. Creating a film reservoir will cost much more than a plastic pond, but it can be larger and of any desired shape. The cost of film reservoirs depends on many indicators, first of all, on their area. Thus, an average pond with an area of about 5 sq.m. will cost 10,000 rubles (*excluding vegetation and equipment).
A one-stop solution for "natural", geometric and elevated reservoirs will be a concrete pond, that is, one at the base of which a concrete bowl is cast. This method is the most expensive, but as compensation for the money spent, the owners receive more scope for implementing their ideas and the highest (compared to their predecessors) service life - 60–80 years! In order to build a concrete pond on the site, you will have to spend at least 15,000 rubles (*excluding vegetation and equipment).
Revitalize "stagnant" water help all sorts of cascades, streams, waterfalls and fountains. They can exist both separately and as part of a single water complex, where the pond plays the main role.
The organization of "moving" water requires special skills and abilities, as well as special equipment and more decorative and building material, which is most often natural stone.
It is gratifying that the reservoir already existing on the site you can always add a cascade, waterfall or fountain. But this often requires a complete replacement of the equipment that keeps the artificial pond alive. The minimum amount that you should count on is 5,000 rubles (*excluding vegetation and equipment).
If financial costs the construction and equipping of a reservoir are not included in your plans, but I would like to have a source of life-giving moisture, pay attention to mini-reservoirs in tubs, barrels, bowls.
An additional plus such ponds are seasonal: in the warm season they delight the owners, and in winter they can be removed, dismantled, drained. While reservoirs of large (and very large) sizes continue to live their lives in winter, which means that they require special attention and special care all year round.
Ponds are fertile places of peace and relaxation in the midst of everyday affairs and fuss. This is not only the contemplation of the picturesque views of the surrounding nature, the taste of cool freshness and silence after the city noise, but also the opportunity to swim, fish or simply feed the inhabitants of the reservoir. What is a pond and what features does it have, we will try to understand further in the article.
Definition of the word "pond"
According to the wording of the dictionaries, a pond is a body of water in an artificial or natural recess with a small surface area of water, created for a specific purpose and purpose. It is used for breeding fish and waterfowl, irrigating land, recreational activities, or for some aesthetic reasons. It is worth noting that this definition of a pond also includes a dammed place in the river, as a rule, abounding in fish.
If, in the original plan, ponds were built near settlements only because of the lack of natural reservoirs, then later they were created independently of this. Today, artificial ponds are more and more a tribute to fashion and are located on private property and summer cottages.
Distinctive features
For a better understanding of what a pond is, it is worth getting acquainted with its characteristics, which have their own distinctive features:
- The area of the water surface of the pond averages no more than 1 km².
- The scour-resistant bottom bed has a gentle slope, while the banks are allowed with relative steepness.
- If the pond does not have ground recharge, then in winter it may freeze completely, and in the hot season it may dry out.
- At the pond, a strong fluctuation of the water level is allowed, depending on the prevailing weather (lowering the level when it is steadily hot, increasing after an abundance of rains).
- The entire water area of the pond has the same composition of water, the same vegetation and wildlife.
A bit of history
The very first artificial ponds began to be created back in ancient civilizations Middle East. As a rule, they had a simple rectangular shape and did not differ in exquisite design. Only later in the forms could one notice some kind of diversity. In the culture of Ancient Rome, such ponds were already noted, which implied some kind of division, most often for swimming and for decorative purposes.
It is assumed that the first garden pond appeared in ancient Egypt, and its purpose was practical. Such a reservoir was used for breeding waterfowl or growing plant foods. At the time of the strong piety of the Egyptians, the luxurious gardens of the temples began to be marked with special decorative ponds, such that they were valued as works of art.
Pond types
An artificially created pond requires careful selection of a place and accounting natural conditions. Based on this, several of its main types are subdivided:
- Ponds replenished with water through precipitation. They are erected in wide, sloping hollows, in which a relatively small dam is built. It allows you to accumulate a sufficiently large volume of water. The depth of such ponds is on average 1.5 meters.
- Ponds that exist thanks to the existing natural springs. Regardless of the season of the year, they constantly receive the same volume of water. At the same time, the average temperature of water from the source does not change even in summer and does not rise above 11-12 °C.
- Ponds supplied with water from rivers. Due to certain conditions, they are built floodplain or channel. The latter are erected, blocking the river with earthen dams in one of the narrow parts of the floodplain. The design of the structure is such that water enters the pond on its own, through a channel from the backwater.
- Digging. They are pits up to 1.5 m deep. They do not have a natural source and are fed by melt water through rains, as well as through a pumping unit of a local water supply system or from another reservoir. It is these ponds that are most often created in the territories of squares and private garden plots.
In addition to the typical division, ponds can also be used for various purposes: decorative, recreational, technical or for economic purposes.
Pond or lake?
Most lakes and ponds, at first glance, are very similar and hardly differ from each other. These reservoirs can be with stagnant water or with slow water exchange, of different depth and size, as well as the degree of population of flora and fauna. Nevertheless, they still have differences.
The first and main thing that will distinguish any water resources is the nature of their origin: whether the object is the result of human activity or is it the result of relief-forming processes that give birth to natural water bodies, such as seas and lakes. Ponds, which, by the way, are not always inferior in area to the latter, are of artificial origin, and their vital activity is completely controlled by man.
In addition, there are differences in the following:
- As part of water. Near lakes, it can be fresh, salty and mixed, near ponds it is always fresh.
- During. Unlike a lake, a pond has no current.
- in microorganisms. Plankton and nekton live only in lakes.
It is interesting to note that it is generally accepted to call lakes water bodies that do not communicate with the sea or ocean and are closed in their shores.
Viet nests on islets of freshwater lakes.
Living blood of the earth - water, falling in the form of rain and absorbed by the roots of plants; no life is possible without water. But rainwater partially drains, seeps through the soil and forms swamps, streams, mountain streams, flows into rivers, ponds, lakes - reservoirs, which are separate ecosystems.
River a powerful artery fed by a network of smaller arteries flowing along the drainage area from the watershed; the river carries its waters to the sea, where the water evaporates, gathers into clouds and falls as rain. The circulation starts over. High on cloud-shrouded peaks, on spurs and rocks, drops settle and run in thin streams into streams and streams; mountain streams rush down and flow into the river.
The river, overflowing with the waters of its tributaries, becomes crowded in its channel, it erodes the banks and deepens the bed. The depth and width of the river depends on how this is done. The river can overflow its banks, then floods occur, after which silt remains on the soil. If the river in the lower reaches carries a lot of silt, it is deposited at the mouth, forming a delta. Such deltas have the Nile, Rhone, Mississippi. Where the glacier left a depression or the land simply settled, for example, in the Rift Valley in Africa, the river forms oxbow lakes during the flood.
swamps the same lakes, but, as a rule, shallow and therefore completely covered with plants. Coastal swamps have salt water, as they are flooded by the sea. If the reeds begin to advance, the swamp turns into a quagmire. Reeds grow, die, rot, forming a litter that captures all sorts of plant debris.
Pond- a small freshwater body of water, shallow, stagnant; rooted plants grow all over its bottom. The water is completely still, and the temperature difference between the surface and the bottom can be very large. The ponds are surprisingly diverse, but once you see them, you can’t confuse them with a swamp or a puddle.
Animals living in the water face two problems: how to provide themselves with oxygen and how to stay still.
Who is breathing.
The oxygen content in the water of different reservoirs is different. The flowing, turbulent waters of the river capture oxygen from the air, the rivers are rich in oxygen. Ponds with stagnant water cannot be saturated with atmospheric oxygen: the oxygen content in them depends to a large extent on plants. Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is interrupted at sunset. Therefore, at night, oxygen does not enter the lake or pond. Water in dark, overgrown ponds contains almost no oxygen. But the clean cold water of the river is very rich in oxygen. Fish breathes oxygen from the water passing through the gills.
. At the end of autumn, she hibernates. In spring it wakes up and hurries to the pond where it spawns.
frogs breathe through the mouth and through the skin on land and only through the skin in water; tadpoles have gills. Aquatic reptiles, including crocodiles, must occasionally rise from the depths to the surface in order to breathe. Otters, muskrats, minks, beavers, seals, water voles and water shrews do the same.
water bugs spend almost all their lives in the water of ponds. They can and do fly often, but they do not leave the water to breathe. Hanging under water head down, the water beetle sticks out the end of the abdomen from the water and, raising the elytra, draws air into the trachea. With this air, the beetle can breathe underwater for some time. Its breathing larva must also rise to the surface of the water.
Some freshwater snails They have gills and can breathe underwater. Others breathe with lungs, which they fill with air when they come to the surface. The first live mainly in clean running water rich in oxygen, the second mainly in ponds, where there is less oxygen. When pond snails live in oxygen-rich water, they can stay underwater much longer by breathing through tissues. Prudovik, having filled the lungs with air, it becomes weightless, like a float, and easily floats to the surface. But he can also easily go into the depths, exhaling the air and hiding in the sink.
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developed various adaptations for breathing underwater. The iris beetle larva gets air from the roots of plants. The water scorpion breathes with a long breathing tube. Mayfly larvae have tracheal gills, consisting of a number of plates. In the swimming beetle, the last segment of the abdomen is covered with hairs, in which the air trapped under the elytra is retained.
mosquito larva has respiratory tubes at the rear end of the body, which it constantly exposes from the water; therefore, mosquitoes can be destroyed by spraying kerosene on the surface of the reservoir. The larva of the bee-eater fly, the so-called rat, lives in the black, rotting mud of shallow reservoirs; she digs at the bottom in the silt, putting her long tail out of the water, through which she breathes. This tail (or rather, a breathing tube) is designed like a periscope: it can shorten and lengthen depending on the depth of the puddle in which the rat lives. Others extract oxygen contained in plant stems. Still others are covered with non-wettable hairs, with which they capture oxygen in addition to the oxygen obtained from the water. Most protozoa breathe through a membrane. |
Silver water spider(photo from the site: kuraev.ru).
(silver spider), having risen to the surface, collects air bubbles in its hairs, descends under water and remains there for some time; if he needs to stay under water longer, sometimes for several months in a row, the water spider builds an air bell for himself. He weaves a small cobweb and sticks it to the seaweed. Then it rises to the surface, picks up an air bubble with its belly with hairs and, descending into the water, places it under the cobweb. The air tends to rise, protrudes the cobweb, and a bell is formed. Inside the bell, the spider can live without worrying about oxygen. In this underwater seclusion, she gives life to offspring. For hibernation, the spider makes closer to winter on greater depth another bell.
How to stay put.
How to stay in place - this is the task facing all aquatic animals and plants, especially the inhabitants of fast-flowing waters. In the stagnant water of ponds and lakes, algae stand motionless, and animals, if necessary, are easily kept in place. The same is true in the quiet waters of the oxbow lakes, with the exception of the time of high water, when the peace of their inhabitants is disturbed by flood waters. Where water is subject to waves, such as in the shores of a large lake, or runs down a mountain slope from one pond to another, plants and animals need special adaptations to resist the movement of water.
| Caddisfly larvae they build protective covers for themselves from particles of plants, grains of sand, small pebbles. The larva wanders with its portable house, from which only the front part of the host sticks out.
In fast-flowing waters, it is generally difficult for plants to grow, especially where the bottom is covered with pebbles or gravel and it is impossible to take root well. The algae in such waters are dwarf, clinging to rocks and stones, and, like the shrubs and trees of those places where strong winds blow, they grow in twisted little ones. Small animals adapt differently. The larva of the mayfly has a flattened body, claws on the inside of the legs to crawl over stones in fast-flowing water. Caddisfly larvae, which live in fast-moving streams and rivers, are held in place with the help of a cobweb, the neck of which opens towards the flow. This network serves the larva not only as a kind of anchor, but also as a tool for collecting food. Larvae of other river caddis flies, as well as pond caddis flies, build portable tubes for themselves. But the pond ones make a tube from light plant material and wander with it, and the river ones from grains of sand and small pebbles, sometimes attaching it to a stone. The easiest way to stay put is to hide under rocks; freshwater shrimps, larvae of long-legged mosquitoes and some fish hide under stones. If the reservoir dries up, many of its inhabitants die, but some still survive. The water flea lays eggs that can withstand drought, heat and cold - a great boon for an insect that cannot do without water at other stages of its life cycle. Many species of drought-resistant mosquitoes lay their eggs in wet ditches. These eggs begin to develop only after rain, when the ditch fills with water. |
Gill-legged crustaceans living in the Middle East breed only in temporary reservoirs. They themselves are able to survive the drought, and their eggs burst when the dried-up puddle is filled with water again. This gives the crustacean an advantage over animals that can only live in permanent water bodies. Lungfish Australia, Africa and South America in the dry season they burrow into the mud and fall into hibernation, all their life processes freeze.
Minerals and products.
fresh water(rivers, lakes, streams, swamps and ponds) occupy a very small part of the earth's surface, but they are extremely important. Productivity the best ponds and lakes are higher than the productivity of meadows and even cultivated lands. Minerals are just as essential to aquatic living creatures as they are to terrestrial ones. Some minerals are dissolved in water, others are in suspension; plants, both freely floating on the surface and attached to the bottom by their roots, feed on these minerals; Plants are eaten by animals, which in turn are eaten by other animals. Thus, the whole life of a reservoir depends on the geological structure of those places where water is collected from. Bare rocks mean that the influx of nutrient minerals into the reservoir is small; if a lot of mineral food comes from the land, life in the lake or river is rich.
Some aquatic food chains are short, others are complex and weave into a real web. But whatever the chain, simple or complex, the mineral substances contained in it are released only when the animal or plant dies. The movement of minerals along the links of the food chain depends largely on the depth at which the participants in the chain live, and on climatic conditions. Minerals that settle to the bottom can be lost to the ecosystem because the plants that absorb them do not grow at great depths.
In shallow lakes, the wind constantly excites the water from the surface to the very bottom, so that the minerals in them are constantly moving. This is facilitated by the behavior of the water itself. In autumn, in the northern regions, the water in the lakes near the surface is colder than at the bottom; layers of different temperatures create a temperature gradient. The cold water of the upper layer sinks to the bottom, and warm water rises in its place. This water, in turn, cools, sinks to the bottom, and so on; the constant circulation of water keeps the nutrients circulating.
Power circuit is the order of nutrition in an ecosystem. Algae feed on tadpoles, dragonfly larvae feed on tadpoles, mountain wagtails feed on dragonfly larvae, which are caught by kestrel falcons. In fresh water, the first line of feeders feed on plankton, algae, and plant roots. Tiny floating plants called "phytoplankton" are eaten by almost equally tiny animals called "zooplankton". Algae, which cover stones with a green fringe, and rooted plants are eaten by snails, tadpoles, mayfly larvae and other insects. Predators, in turn, devour all these snails and larvae, sometimes not disdaining each other. Tadpoles, growing up, eat each other. Voracious predators, such as the larvae of water beetles and dragonflies, eat everything they can grab. Small fish live by these predatory insects, which itself is eaten by large fish. They are hunted by otters, minks, herons. aquatic animals, such as dragonfly larvae, become aerial predators over time and prey on flies and other insects; and they, in turn, feed on insectivorous birds - swallows and wagtails. Tadpoles, having turned into frogs, come out onto land; they feed on land animals (otters, foxes, hedgehogs) and birds (herons, crows, buzzards). Inhabitants of the waters, such as the whirling beetle, which live on the surface of the water, receive food from the shore: they feed on small animals that themselves fall into the water or are carried by the wind. Any plant, any animal, not eaten by anyone, dies, sinks to the bottom, where it is decomposed by hordes of bacteria and fungi or devoured by vultures. Many living organisms live on the bottom, feeding on decomposed remains; there are also predators that eat their neighbors. The pike ends many food chains because it eats a wide variety of fish, frogs, newts, water voles, waterfowl chicks, and even baby ducklings. |
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Emigrants and builders.
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Salmon rises up the river to the spawning ground, jumping over the rocky ledges of the channel. European salmon return to their native river two or three times in their lifetime to spawn. Pacific salmon die after the first spawning. All salmon fish become adults in the sea.
Eels and salmon stand out from other fish; These are the so-called migratory fish. They constantly travel from fresh water to salt water and back again. Eels are born in the ocean, grow in fresh waters where they lead a predatory lifestyle, and eventually return to the ocean where they spawn. Salmon, on the contrary, is born in the river, grows up here, leading a predatory lifestyle, and goes to the sea, where it becomes an adult; salmon return to their native river for spawning. |
Beavers that live near water are known for their waterworks, which can even alter the landscape. From logs, rods, clay and stones, they build dams that maintain the water level necessary for their dwellings, but thanks to these dams, the surroundings are flooded and swamps begin to develop - a habitat for many new species of animals.
Beavers fell trees and gnaw at the bark. Having cleared the coastal strip of trees, the beavers move on, leaving lush meadows behind them. When the beavers leave their settlement, the dam collapses. The water level drops and the landscape returns to its original appearance. After some time, the forest begins to attack the meadows, then the beavers can again return to their old place, and everything will repeat itself again.
Reference Supplement.
Fresh water. Sources of fresh water.
Total water on earth contains approximately 1500 million km3, and fresh water makes up about 10% of the total planetary reserve water.
Fresh water is divided into two groups: ordinary water and mineral water.
Within each group, water differs greatly in composition due to geological and geographical features. This classification is valid for waters of natural origin., but, in addition to them, there are artificial waters created by man purposefully or as a waste of economic activity. These include artificial mineral waters, desalinated water (from sea water) and distilled water, as well as special waters saturated with one or another component, such as silver water. As for liquid waste, they are represented by drains and wastewater.
Fresh water sources:
- Most of the water is not in open reservoirs, but in the earth's crust: 110-190 million km3. These waters are divided into two types according to the depth of their occurrence - groundwater and surface water.
- The next largest body of fresh water (20 - 30 million km3) is concentrated in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland and the islands of the Arctic Ocean.
- We receive fresh water from the atmosphere (about 13 thousand km3) in the form of precipitation - rain and snow.
- Another source of water is living organisms. Plants and animals, which are two-thirds water, contain 6,000 km3 of water.
Fresh water consumption? man.
Approximately 10% of fresh water is used for household needs, the rest goes to agriculture and industry. It takes about 200 liters of water to produce 400 grams of sugar, 700 liters of water to grow one pound (400 g) of grain (including rainfall), and 1200 liters of water to produce one pound of synthetic rubber.
Lake Baikal.
Baikal(from Buryat: Baigal dalai, Baigal nuur) is a lake of tectonic origin in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, the deepest lake on the planet, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water.
Baikal is located almost in the center of Asia, at the latitude of Moscow and London. The area of the water surface of the lake is 31,500 km2, which is approximately equal to the area of such a state as Belgium. Baikal water is distinguished by unusual purity and transparency. The white disc of Secchi, used to determine the transparency of water, is visible in Baikal to a depth of 40 meters, while the transparency of the waters of the Caspian Sea does not exceed 25 meters, Lake Sevan - 20 meters. The famous alpine lakes are inferior to Baikal in terms of water transparency.
The volume of water in Baikal reaches about 23 thousand cubic kilometers, which is 20% of the world and 90% of Russian fresh water reserves. There is more water in Baikal than in all five of the American Great Lakes combined - which add up to only up to 22,725 km3. Every year, the Baikal ecosystem reproduces about 60 cubic kilometers of clear, oxygenated water.
The food pyramid of the lake ecosystem is crowned by a typically marine mammal - a seal, or a Baikal seal. Baikal seal- the only representative of mammals in the lake. For almost the entire year, it lives in the water, and in autumn it forms massive haulouts on the rocky shores of the lake.
Lake Baikal in numbers:
View of Lake Baikal near Shaman Rock on Olkhon Island. |
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Ground water.
(based on materials: priroda.su)
In 2008, UNESCO published a world map of fresh groundwater reserves. Blue areas on the map are areas rich in groundwater, brown areas are areas where there is a shortage of groundwater. Countries with large reserves of groundwater include Russia, Brazil, as well as a number of equatorial African countries.
The scarcity of clean, fresh surface water is forcing many countries to make greater use of groundwater. In the European Union, already 70% of all water used by water users is taken from underground aquifers.
In arid countries, water is almost completely taken from underground sources (Morocco - 75%, Tunisia - 95%, Saudi Arabia and Malta - 100%).
Underground aquifers occur everywhere, but they are not renewable everywhere. So in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, they were filled with water about 10,000 years ago, when the climate here was more humid.
In Equatorial and South Africa, groundwater is doing much better. Torrential tropical rains contribute to the rapid restoration of groundwater reserves.
Generalization of the material: Fresh water reservoirs. Semantic scheme. .
Reservoirs are natural or artificial accumulations of water that can be of a permanent or temporary nature, have a decorative purpose and be arranged in parks and gardens. The flow of water bodies is slow or absent.
Rivers are classified as watercourses because they have a constant, sometimes strong, current.
Natural water bodies: lakes
Ponds are fresh water bodies. To simplify the outflow of excess water, artificial drains are formed. Ponds are often found in rural areas. Here they have a certain economic role - breeding fish, storing water for irrigation, sometimes washing.
There are two types of ponds: dug and dam. Inhabitants of reservoirs - protozoa, algae, fish. Create special breeding ponds valuable species fish - trout, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon. Reservoirs are specially cleaned, they form their own ecosystem in them.
Importance of reservoirs
Reservoirs are artificial reservoirs formed to store water on an industrial scale. Allocate channel and lake reservoirs, depending on the origin. They can also be covered, open and dammed.
The world's largest Rybinsk - in Russia, Smallwood - in Canada, Nasser - in Egypt and Sudan. The creation of such reservoirs has huge consequences, but not always positive ones. The main one is a radical change in the landscape. This applies to both fauna and flora. They have a negative impact on the conditions for spawning fish.
Not the best consequence of the creation of such reservoirs is the silting of reservoirs. The process is the formation of large sediments, sediment at the bottom. while decreasing. This process has been studied in detail because it harms the ecosystem. Inhabitants of reservoirs at the same time can change.
Where do old people come from?
The oxbow lakes, as natural reservoirs, are part of the channel where the river used to flow. Another name is old river. Such reservoirs often have a bizarre shape - a sickle or crescent, a loop, a curl. How are old people formed? The formation process occurs when, due to any reason, the channel straightens, and the former curl or curvature remains cut off from the main reservoir. main reason- high water, when the river finds a more convenient way.
Sometimes the bends of one river unite - this is how oxbow lakes can also form. Such a process takes place in the presence of a large number of sleeves. The entrances to the oxbow lake are gradually filled with silt, and the reservoir itself turns into a lake or swamp. In the presence of power, it can function, in the absence - to dry out. The largest oxbow lakes can be over 500 meters long.
What do ponds feed on?
The type of food is one of the main characteristics of a reservoir. It can characterize its structure and functions.
How can ponds be fed? Firstly, external surface runoff - rain, other hydro facilities. Secondly, which can come close to the surface. Thirdly, artificially - the basin of the reservoir is filled forcibly. Fourthly, replenishment with waters of the combined type.
Groundwater supply is the most environmentally friendly because it is clean. If the lake has such a supply, then duckweed and ooze will form less often in it. The most common type of food is combined.
The guarantee of constant filling with water is the forced implementation of this process. Fill the reservoir with either tap or irrigation water. The most frequent meals are combined. Its sources can be rain, melted snow, ground water and much more.
Reservoirs and their location on the ground
Reservoirs are hydro facilities located in a certain area. Where can they form? Places of formation, for example, lakes, can be. A reservoir can be dammed or dug. The food is usually supplied from the river. Slope, watershed, floodplain reservoirs are formed on the relief. In such cases, the relief of the lake or pond is clearly visible.
In the floodplain, reservoirs are formed with underground feeding, combined, channel. They can be formed in the oxbow lake, where the locks are installed. A dam and pumps can also be located here in order to use such a reservoir in industry.
Slope reservoirs are formed on the territory of river valley terraces. They differ from others only in some design features.
Dividing ponds are arranged in watershed areas. They can feed on groundwater or artificially. Forced water can be supplied from a river, a well.
There are also reservoirs in embankments or recesses. They are quite widespread, they are easy to form and organize their food. They can be of any size. They are quite expensive to build.
In embankments, reservoirs serve mainly to store water. Such an object can become the basis for a hydroelectric power station.
Creation of a decorative reservoir
Decorative pond - what is it? This is an artificial water object that performs the function of decorating the site, forming its complete look. Most often, the owners of private houses and summer cottages come to the idea of creating a decorative reservoir.
Artificial ponds are beautiful and stylish. What do you need to know to successfully create such a site decoration?
Creating a pond with your own hands is a feasible task for everyone. The shape, design of such a cozy corner of the garden can be very diverse. An artificial pond will perfectly fit into any landscape, it can become its constructive dominant.
To begin with, choose a place not very close to home (it is better to consult with landscape design specialists). Close proximity to the house can harm the foundation.
You need to create a project. To do this, determine the shape of the reservoir: an oval, a rectangle or an intricate figure. The project will allow you to determine the costs, materials, location of filtration systems. Next, you should choose high-quality materials - the durability and beauty of the pond depend on them.
When everything is selected and purchased, proceed. Preferably not by yourself, but with the help of qualified specialists. The final stage is the design of plants. This will complete the image of the perfect pond. You will get a gorgeous pond - the photo below represents one of options for your garden.
Conclusion
Reservoirs, natural or artificial, are functional but can also be the perfect, beautiful addition to your garden design.
An aesthetic pond near your home will allow you to express your individuality and emphasize the style of the garden. Especially popular is the creation of such elements in the Japanese, classical, rustic style. The main thing is to correctly arrange the pond. Sometimes fish live in such reservoirs. The presence of the inhabitants of such miniature lakes is a matter of taste for the owners of the garden.
Since ancient times, water has a special power of attraction. After all, it is not for nothing that many people like to spend as much time as possible near water bodies, go to the river for the weekend or a lake, spend your long-awaited vacation by the sea... And in cities, ponds or fountains often become a favorite meeting place. But what are reservoirs in their essence and what they are - does not hurt to figure it out.
What is a reservoir
A reservoir is a permanent or temporary place of accumulation and storage of stagnant or reduced water flow. In the broad concept, seas and oceans also refer to bodies of water.
Reservoirs are formed in places where there are closed basins on the surface of the earth, and the inflow of water into them exceeds its losses due to evaporation and filtration into the soil.
Hydrology is the science that studies water bodies.
Classification according to various criteria
There are such types of reservoirs:
Physical, chemical and biological processes flow in different types of reservoirs in different ways.
Origin reservoirs are divided into natural and artificial. Natural reservoirs are natural ponds and lakes. Artificial are divided into three main groups:
- Reservoirs (water volume over 1 million m³);
- Ponds (water volume less than 1 million m³).
- Swimming pools, completely isolated from the external environment and with full regulation of the water regime.
To artificial reservoirs also include developed quarries and dams.
Reservoirs can also be permanent and temporary. The latter occur only during periods of high water. These include oxbow lakes and puddles formed in the spring during floods. major rivers. In my own way chemical composition and the amount of salt in the water, reservoirs are divided into salty and fresh. It is also worth considering a more extensive classification of reservoirs.
Structural separation
Quite often, reservoirs are created at landscape architecture objects, which are classified according to their design features into the following types:
Purpose of water bodies
According to the main purpose, water bodies are divided into several types:
Separation by location
Depending on the reservoir location, they are separated as follows:
Types of nutrition of reservoirs
The type of water supply is one of the main indicators that characterize the specifics of the structure and functioning of the reservoir. There are four types of water supply:
- surface runoff;
- ground water;
- forced filling from a special source;
- combined food.
The main type of food (for dam reservoirs) is surface runoff. It consists in the ratio of the volume of the reservoir itself to the volume of runoff. If the last indicator is exceeded, a cascade is created from reservoirs that are located on the same watercourse.
Groundwater, due to low temperature and less pollution, inhibits the rapid development of algae and the formation of duckweed. Due to this, the required level of water purity is constantly maintained. Positive influence also provide groundwater pressure, increasing the flow of water and the flow of the object.
There are much more reservoirs on the surface runoff than on the underground supply. Such reservoirs are characterized by wide floodplains, and they are located, as a rule, on medium and large rivers.
The narrower the floodplain, the more difficult it is to place a reservoir in it, to organize its supply and protection from interseasonal and summer flooding.
In the absence of suitable natural water sources, forced filling of the reservoirs is carried out. Simple or irrigation water supply is used to fill small reservoirs. Specially drilled wells and general purpose wells are used to fill large ones. Along with this, pumps are also used to supply water from rivers and larger bodies of water.
Combined nutrition is inherent to one degree or another in almost every reservoir. All sorts of precipitation falls on their surface at any time of the year, as well as surface runoff water.
Water is an indispensable source of life on the entire planet. Without it, the existence of all living organisms becomes impossible. The number of water bodies on it is countless, and in order not to get confused in their diversity, one should sum up what a reservoir is.
A body of water is a body of water located in a depression on land characterized by slow movement of water or total absence such.
Water sources created by nature amaze with their beauty and grandeur. But there is also a huge number of artificial reservoirs, on the creation of which landscape designers have worked hard, putting great effort, inexhaustible energy and imagination into this.