How to find and fix inconsistent proposals. A simple complicated sentence How to easily find a stand-alone application

In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to stand apart. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of secondary members from the context in terms of meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. In this article, isolated definitions will be considered.

Definition

So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then proceed to the study of the isolated. So, definitions are called secondary members of the sentence, which answer the questions "Which one?" and "Whose?" They indicate the sign of the object referred to in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing, they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: agreed and inconsistent. Each of the species has its own characteristics of isolation.

Agreed Definitions

A separate agreed definition, like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in the sentence directly after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning, it is especially clearly visible when the sentence structure contains adverbial words that are extending for this definition. Single definitions are also isolated if they stand after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their features. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near the mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. AT without fail definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are separated. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.

Inconsistent definitions

Like simple inconsistent definitions, stipulated in the sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are associated in meaning with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is necessary, because proper names are sufficiently concretized and do not need constant features, and the pronoun does not combine with features lexically. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; today he, in a new tunic, was especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: in the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house, with a massive high chimney on the roof.

What definitions are not isolated

In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:

1. In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (Father looked angry and formidable.) In this example, there is a defining word “view”, but the definition is not isolated.
2. Common definitions do not lend themselves to isolation when connected with the two main members of the proposal. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in the bins.)
3. If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative degree of an adjective. (More popular songs have appeared.)
4. If the so-called attributive turn comes after an indefinite, definitive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
5. If the definition comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams could answer the additional question.)

Punctuation marks

When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in such cases:

1. If isolated definitions are participles or adjectives and come after the defining word. (The perfume given to her (what?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first revolution, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
2. If two or more definitions are used after the defining word, then they are isolated. (And this sun, tender, gentle, shone right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases where inconsistent definitions are used. (Father, in a hat, in a black coat, quietly walked along the alley of the park.)
3. If in the sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she collapsed on the bed exhausted.)
4. If in the statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
5. A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is torn off from the defining word by other members of the sentence or comes before it. (And in the sky, accustomed to rain, a raven circled senselessly.)

How to find isolated definitions in a sentence

In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. After highlighting the grammatical basis. Asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish the connection of words and find definitions in the sentence. If these secondary members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often in a sentence there are isolated homogeneous definitions. It is not difficult to determine them, in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.

Strengthening exercises

In order to better assimilate the topic, you need to consolidate the knowledge gained in practice. To do this, you should perform exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, put punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also write sentences from dictation. When performing this exercise, the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly will be developed. The ability to correctly place commas will come in handy both during study and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.

Any sentence of the Russian language can be divided into components, which in science are called "sentence members". Among them are the main and secondary. Most of the sentences cannot exist without the main ones, they form its basis, and the secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and secondary members. suggestions?

Main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

• The subject means the thing that does the action. Questions to help you find it parsing- who is this?" (if the action is performed by an animate object) or "what?" (if the sentence refers to a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
• The predicate is most often expressed by the verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - "what does it do, what will it do?"

Here's an example: Good mood helped the boys overcome difficulties. In our example, the word “mood” answers the question “what”, it is the subject that is underlined by one line during analysis. To find the predicate, we ask the question: "What did the mood do?" It helped. This word is the predicate, expressed by the verb, underlined by two lines. As a result, the sentence with the main terms found looks like this: Good (what?) mood (underlined by a solid line) (what did you do?) Helped (underlined by two solid horizontal stripes) the boys overcome difficulties.

How to recognize the subject and predicate when parsing

In order not to make a mistake, figuring out where the subject is, but you should use the hint table.

First of all, you should find the character by asking the question: “Who? What? ”, This will be the subject. Next, look for the predicate.

Minor

In order to parse the proposal by members, one should be able to find circumstances, definitions and additions. It is they who are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to concretize and clarify the main (or other secondary). How to find them?

• Definition. Questions that will help to detect it in the sentence - "what", "whose".
• Addition. Most often, cases are given to him: "to whom (what)", "with whom (with what)", "about whom (about what)" and others. That is, questions of all cases, in addition to the nominative.
• Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: "from where", "where", "why", "how", "where" and the like.

Let's take an example. Let's find the main and secondary terms. suggestions:

The little boy hurried along the path.

There is to parse the sentence by members, it will turn out like this:

(what, definition) A small (who, subject) boy (as, circumstance) hurriedly (what he did, predicate) walked (along what, addition) along the path.

Each major and minor member sentence answers its own question, carries a certain load and performs its own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

In order to avoid mistakes when identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use such a summary table-hint.

Minor members

Parameter	definition	Addition	Circumstance
Meaning	Characterizes the attribute of an object	Means subject	It matters place, time, mode of action
Questions	Which? What, what, what?	Indirect cases: to whom (what), by whom (what) and others	Where, where, from where, why, when, how - all questions of adverbs
What is expressed	Adjective Participle Cardinal number The case matches the case of the main word	Noun (both with and without a preposition) Pronoun The case can be any, except for the nominative	Noun
As emphasized	Wavy line	Dotted line	dot dash
Example	(What?) A beautiful vase stood in (whose?) mother's room.	The kid was carrying (what?) a basket (with what?) of mushrooms.	(where?) In the forest (when) it was damp in autumn.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we should first ask a question.

Additional hints

To find the main members of the proposal, you must follow the rules. The subject and predicate are not a phrase, this is already a sentence, albeit a very short one. The main members are independent of each other.

Syntactic analysis should begin with the discovery of the subject, then it turns out what the predicate is, how it is expressed. Then the subject group should be identified with the help of questions, only after that - the predicate group. Each minor term is dependent:

• from one of the main ones;
• from one of the secondary

In one sentence there can be several main and secondary members. suggestions. If there are several bases, then the sentence is complex - compound or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is one, then the proposal is simple and widespread.

Often you can find appeals, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the appeal "Katya" resembles the subject, it is not a member of the sentence and is designated as an appeal.

Difficult cases

Not all major and minor members of the sentence look obvious. Difficult but interesting cases are varied:

• A one-part sentence has only one main member. it was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were told(predicate, indefinitely personal sentence), that the exam has been cancelled.
• The predicate may include an adjective: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination "was rainy" is a compound nominal predicate.
• The predicate may include several verbs: Today Vasya started to study.“Began to study” is a compound verb predicate.

Major and minor members sentences must be distinguished correctly when parsing a sentence.

Writing inconsistent sentences is a common grammatical error. An inconsistent sentence is two complete sentences that are combined without proper punctuation or conjunctions. If you're taking notes for a specific purpose and are concerned that you might have inconsistent sentences, you first need to learn to recognize common mistakes that lead to inconsistent sentences.

Steps

Understanding independent proposals, to identify inconsistent proposals

Distinguish between independent and dependent clauses. An independent clause has a subject and a predicate. It can be independent and forms a complete thought. For example, "I eat ice cream." It is a complete independent sentence (a complete sentence) because it has a subject "I" and a predicate "to eat".

• An independent clause is the opposite of a dependent clause. A dependent clause also has a subject and a predicate, but it must have an independent clause to be considered complete. For example, "Because I eat ice cream" is addictive because it doesn't make sense on its own; the words "because" require more information.

1. Find the subject in the independent clause. When you look at a set of words that you consider to be an independent clause, first find the subject. The subject is that which performs the action. It is a noun that is a person, place, thing, or idea.

   • Consider the sentence "The dog licked the bowl." Who performs the action? The dog is doing the action. This means that the dog is the noun in the sentence.

2. Find the predicate. The predicate is the action in the sentence. It shows what the subject does. In the above sentence, what is the action? What is the dog doing? She licks. "Licked" is a predicate.

   Determine if the sentence has a complete thought. Ask yourself, does this set of words sound like a complete thought? Are there words like "because" in this set that rob the sentence of its own meaning (e.g. "at that time", "when", "what" and so on)? The sentence "The dog licked the bowl" has no such words, so it is considered independent.

   Understand that you must separate independent sentences with punctuation marks. Independent sentences need special punctuation. End with a period, semicolon, or comma and conjunction to separate them from another sentence.

   Look for inconsistent sentences as you reread notes. Read the text slowly. Read it aloud. Think over every offer. Does it have more than one independent proposal? Does it have two subjects and two predicates without proper punctuation? If you find inconsistent proposals, correct them using the following sections.

   • Make sure you use each comma correctly, as an incorrect comma can create inconsistent sentences. This issue will be discussed in the next section.

   Recognition and correction of connecting commas

   1. Watch out for connecting commas in your letter. A connecting comma is when two independent sentences are separated by a comma. Look at the two sentences: "The dog licked the bowl, he liked the ice cream." We have already established that "The dog licked the bowl" is an independent sentence.

      • How about "She liked ice cream"? Who is performing the action? In this case, it's "Hey". Yeu is a pronoun that takes the place of a noun. What is the action in the offer? It's a little more difficult to define the action in this sentence, but she "liked" the ice cream, so "liked" the predicate. Is there a word that makes this sentence dependent? No, none. Therefore, "She liked the ice cream" is also an independent proposal.

   2. Correct the connecting commas by adding a period. You have three basic tricks that you can use to correct connecting commas. The first is to simply change the comma to a period and the first letter of the following sentence: “The dog licked the bowl. She liked ice cream."

   3. Change the comma to a semicolon. Another option for correcting connecting commas is to use a semicolon between two sentences. Let's look at our example:

      • “The dog licked the bowl; she liked ice cream.

   4. Add a conjunction to turn part of an inconsistent sentence into a dependent clause. Another way to correct the inconsistency is to add conjunctions such as "and", "but", "neither", "nevertheless", "thus", or "or", depending on the relationship between the two sentences. "And" connects additional clauses; "but" connects conflicting sentences. "Neither" indicates that neither option is suitable. "Or" gives two options. "Nevertheless" is also contradictory. "Thus" basically means "therefore".

      • In our example, the sentences are complementary, although if you choose this method, it has more sense swap the sentences: “The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl.”
        • You can also use "because" in our example: "The dog licked the bowl because he liked the ice cream." "Because" creates a dependent clause and now the whole clause will consist of a dependent and an independent, which is perfectly acceptable.

   5. Choose a correction method depending on the types of offers you are dealing with. The method you use to separate sentences depends on how they are related. Most likely, a semicolon, or a comma and conjunction would work well, because if you've already separated sentences with commas, then the sentences are most likely closely related.

      • The dot is suitable for independent sentences.

   Correction of other types of inconsistent proposals

   1. Find sentences where there are more than two independent sentences on the same line. Another kind of inconsistent sentences is when there are more than two independent sentences in a line connected by conjunctions. For example, look at the following sentences:

      • "The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl, but he didn't finish it." We have already established the first two sections of this text of independent proposals. What about the last one? What's question? "She" is the subject, as is the pronoun. The predicate here is a little more complicated, because it consists of several words. But what does action show? "Didn't finish" is a grammatical predicate in this sentence. Thus, this text has three independent sentences. This is too much for one line.

   2. Correct the inconsistency with more than two independent proposals. To correct this inconsistency, use the same methods from the previous section in at least one of the independent proposals. For example:

      • “The dog liked the ice cream. She licked the bowl, but she didn't finish it."
      • Of course, you have other options for correcting this inconsistency, such as “The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl. However, she didn't finish it." Or “The dog liked the ice cream. She licked the bowl; however, she did not finish it." Basically, you don't use a conjunction to start a sentence (although this rule has been loosened), so you need to change "but" to "nevertheless" when it's at the beginning of a sentence.

   3. Add separators to inconsistent sentences without punctuation. Another kind of inconsistent sentences are two sentences that are put together without punctuation marks. For example:

      • "The dog liked the ice cream and licked the bowl." You can use the same methods described in the previous section to separate them: "The dog liked the ice cream so he licked the bowl."
   • The main thing to remember is that basically a sentence can only have two independent sentences, and they must have proper punctuation marks. Never combine two independent clauses with just a comma; always use a dot, semicolon, or comma with a union.
   • Connecting commas are when two complete sentences are separated by only a comma, not a dot or semicolon.
   • Find complex connecting commas. The connecting comma can be a bit confusing, like "The dog wanted to eat chocolate, however, chocolate isn't good for him." You have two full sentences here, and "nevertheless" does not count as a conjunction to separate the two sentences.

Complicated	Definition	Isolation	Example
1. Homogeneous members of the proposal	members of a sentence that answer the same question and are associated with the same word	usually separated from each other by commas.	Pushkin collected songs and fairy tales and in Odessa, and in Chisinau, and in the Pskov province.
2. Definitions	a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions what? whose? what? and under. Adjectives or pronouns with and without a dependent word; Communion or participle turnover; Rare numeral	the definitions standing after the defined word or related to the personal pronoun are separated.	1) Road, cobbled, climbed the shaft (separate definition) 2) By nature shy and timid, she was annoyed at her shyness (a separate definition related to the pronoun) 3) On the silver frost window chrysanthemums bloomed overnight (non-isolated definition)
3. Applications	definition expressed by the entity, which gives a different name that characterizes the subject (Frost- governor patrols his possessions).	stand apart: Any with personal pronouns, Common applications after the word being defined; with union as Instead of a comma, a dash is put if the application is at the end of the sentence	1) Here it is, the explanation. 2) The Mighty Lion, the storm of the forests, lost his strength. 3) You how initiator , should play a major role. 4) A closet was placed nearby - directory storage.
4. Additions	a minor member of a sentence that designates an object and answers questions of oblique cases	as separate additions, revolutions with words are conditionally considered apart from, besides, including, except for, over, except for, along with, instead of and etc.	1) I didn't hear anything Besides leaf noise. 2) I liked the story very much, with the exception ofsome details.
5. Circumstances	a minor member of the sentence, which is the place, time, reason, mode of action and answers the questions where? when? why? as?	always separated: Participles and participles; Despite + noun.	1) Smiling, he fell asleep. 2) After seeing off his comrades, Tonya stood silently for a long time. 3) Despite on the carrot blush she was pretty.
6. Invocations and introductory constructions	Appeal - a word or combination of words that names the person to whom or what the speech is addressed to. Introductory constructions - words, midrange and sentences, with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (not / confidence, feelings, source of the statement, order of thoughts, ways of expressing thoughts)	Separated by commas. Introductory constructions can be separated with brackets or dashes.	1) Winter, it seems (of course, according to weather forecasters, firstly), it will be snowy. 2) Once - don't remember why- there was no performance. 3) Melody of the Belarusian song (if you heard it) somewhat monotonous. 4) Oh first lily of the valley, from under the snow you ask for the sun's rays.
7. Clarifying members of the sentence	Clarifying members of the proposal - those members of the proposal that explain other, specified, members of the proposal. Most often specifying are the circumstances of place and time. Definitions often act as clarifying terms.	Separated by commas. They can be introduced with the words that is, or (= that is), otherwise, precisely, etc.	ahead, at the very road the fire burned. The storm started in the evening ten o'clock. Gavrik examined the little schoolboy from all sides, in a long, to toe, greatcoats.

Action algorithm.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to find what is required in a task. Perhaps the following algorithm, which focuses on punctuation marks, will help (in task B5, it is necessary to find isolated, that is, separated by commas, members of the sentence).

1. Eliminate those sentences where there are no punctuation marks.

2. Select the stems and exclude those sentences where all punctuation marks separate the stems from each other.

3. In the rest of the sentences, try to reason why certain punctuation marks are affixed: homogeneous members, participial or adverbial phrases, introductory words, etc.

Parsing the task.

Among the offers, find an offer with a separate common application. Write the number of this offer.

And I, first in kindergarten, and then at school, carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. Everything would be fine (you never know who has what kind of fathers!), but it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! Often straying, he oohed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. I was ready to sink into the ground with shame and acted deliberately coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

We highlight the basics:

And I, first in kindergarten, and then at school, carried the heavy cross of my father's absurdity. Everything would be fine (you never know who has any fathers!), but it was not clear to me why he, an ordinary locksmith, went to our matinees with his stupid harmonica. I would play at home and not dishonor myself or my daughter! Often straying, he sighed thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. I was ready to sink into the ground from shame and behaved coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me.

So, we exclude sentences No. 6 and 8, where homogeneous members of the sentence are separated by commas.

In sentence 10, commas highlight adverbial phrases and grammatical stems. We also exclude him.

In sentence No. 9, the adverbial turnover and the clarifying circumstance are distinguished by commas (thinly (how exactly?) in a feminine way).

There remains sentence No. 7. An insertion is presented in parentheses, two commas indicate the boundaries of grammatical foundations. Remains separate ordinary locksmith, which is a separate common application (is a noun, indicates a sign, has a dependent word ordinary).

In this way, write out the offer number 7 .

Practice.

1. Among sentences 1 - 4, find a sentence with a separate circumstance. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Today, the voices of new prophets are constantly heard that it is time to stop experiments, scientific experiments, that excessively daring curiosity has led humanity to the abyss: it is worth taking just one wrong step - and the whole civilization will collapse into the abyss.

(2) Let's remember the ancient myths, which accumulate the ancient wisdom of earthlings. (3) Despite the diversity of mythological plots, the thought of the limit runs through them like a red thread. human capabilities. (4) Yes, a person can do a lot, but not everything.

2. Among sentences 1 - 6, find a sentence with a separate (s) agreed application (s). Write the number(s) of this offer.

(1) As a child, I read books about Indians and passionately dreamed of living somewhere on the prairies, hunting bison, sleeping in a hut ... (2) In the summer, when I graduated from the ninth grade, my dream suddenly came true: my uncle offered me to guard the apiary on skinny, but fish river Sisyava. (3) As an assistant, he imposed his ten-year-old son, Mishka, a sedate, economic guy, but gluttonous, like a little jackdaw. (4) Two days flew by in an instant; we caught pike, patrolled our possessions, armed with bow and arrows, bathed tirelessly; vipers lurked in the thick grass where we picked berries, and this gave our gathering the edge of a dangerous adventure.

3. Among sentences 1-9, find a sentence with a generalizing word with homogeneous members. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Kutuzov saw not only the general picture of the battle: it was clearly not in our favor! (2) He, unlike the others, saw the eyes of the soldiers. (3) To the wise, experienced Barclay, who soberly assessed the situation, it seemed pointless to fight a stronger opponent, and this chess logic has its own reason. (4) But it does not take into account one thing: people are not soulless figures, subject to the fatal will of the grandmaster. (5) A soldier may drop his weapon and raise his hands, or he may stand to the death. (6) Kutuzov clearly saw: the fighters are fighting and are not going to give in to the enemy. (7) You can’t go up to an artilleryman or a grenadier at such a moment and say: “That’s it, men, stop the slaughter! (8) We lost!” (9) It was not the logic of military tactics that dominated the battlefield, but personal qualities: will, determination, perseverance.