Contribution of V.M. Bekhterev in the formation and development of domestic psychology

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, a world-famous neuropathologist, psychiatrist, physiologist, founder of the Russian school of psychoneurologists, was born on February 1, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province.

The choice of specialty was influenced by Bekhterev's illness, mental disorder. Therefore, in the Imperial Medical-Surgical Academy, in his senior years, he chooses nervous and mental illnesses as a direction. Subsequently, he participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878.

In 1881, Vladimir Mikhailovich defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness", and also received the academic title of Privatdozent.

After a number of years of leadership of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, in 1893 Bekhterev headed the Department of Mental and Nervous Diseases of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, and

He also became director of the Clinic for Mental Diseases of the Clinical Military Hospital.

AT 1899 Bekhterev was elected an academician of the Military Medical Academy and was awarded a gold medal Russian Academy Sciences. For a short time, Vladimir Mikhailovich acted as head of the academy.

Vladi The world Mikhailovich Bekhterev took the initiative to create the Psychoneurological Institute, and thanks to his efforts in 1911 the first buildings of the institute appeared behind the Nevskaya Zastava. Soon he becomes president of the institute.

Bekhterev also actively participated in public life. In 1913, he took part in the famous politically engaged "Beilis affair". After Bekhterev's speech, the main defendant was acquitted, and the examination in his case entered the history of science as the first forensic psychological and psychiatric examination.

Such behavior caused dissatisfaction with the authorities, and soon Bekhterev was fired from the Academy, Women's medical institute and was not approved for a new term as president of the Psycho-Neurological Institute.

V.M. Bekhterev was engaged in the study of a significant part of psychiatric, neurological, physiological and psychological problems, while in his approach he invariably focused on a comprehensive study of the problems of the brain and man. He studied the problems of hypnosis and suggestion for many years.

Support Soviet power provided him with a relatively decent existence and activity in new Russia. He works in the People's Commissariat of Education, creates the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Mental Activity. However, the alliance with the authorities was short-lived. As a great scientist and independent person, he was burdened by the totalitarian system that was taking shape in the country. In December 1927, Vladimir Mikhailovich died suddenly. There is a lot of evidence that the death was violent.

The urn with the ashes of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was kept for many years in the memorial museum of the scientist, in 1971 it was buried at the "Literary bridges" of the Volkovsky cemetery. Famous domestic sculptor M.K. Anikushin became the author of the tombstone.

The Psychoneurological Institute bears the name of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, and the street on which it is located is also named after the great scientist. There is also a monument to Bekhterev.

BEKHTEREV, VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH (1857–1927), Russian neurologist, psychiatrist, morphologist and physiologist of the nervous system. He built his concept of objective psychology. In his scientific interests, psychiatry, the study of the mental life of a person, occupied a central place. Paying considerable attention to psychology, he put forward a plan for its transformation into an objective natural science. At the beginning of the 20th century his first books appeared, which set out the basic principles of objective psychology, which he later called reflexology. In 1907, Bekhterev organized the Psychoneurological Institute, on the basis of which a network of scientific, clinical and research institutes was created, including the first Pedological Institute in Russia. This allowed Bekhterev to connect theoretical and practical research.

Developing his objective psychology as a psychology of behavior based on an experimental study of the reflex nature of the human psyche, Bekhterev, however, did not reject consciousness. He included it in the subject of psychology, as well as subjective methods of studying the psyche, including self-observation. The main provisions of the new science are outlined by him in the works "Objective Psychology" and "General Foundations of Reflexology". He proceeded from the fact that reflexological research, including the reflexological experiment, complements the data obtained in psychological research, questioning and self-observation.

Subsequently, Bekhterev proceeded from the fact that reflexology, in principle, cannot replace psychology, and the latest works of his institute gradually went beyond the reflexological approach.

From his point of view, a reflex is a way of establishing a relatively stable balance between the organism and the complex of conditions acting on it. Thus, one of the main provisions of Bekhterev appeared that individual vital manifestations of an organism acquire the features of mechanical causality and biological orientation and have the character of a holistic reaction of the organism, seeking to defend and assert its being in the fight against changing environmental conditions.

Exploring the biological mechanisms of reflex activity, Bekhterev defended the idea of ​​education, and not of the inherited nature of reflexes. So in the book "Fundamentals of General Reflexology" he argued that there is no innate reflex of slavery or freedom, and argued that society carries out a kind of social selection, creating a moral personality. Thus, it is the social environment that is the source of human development; heredity determines only the type of reaction, but the reactions themselves develop over the course of life. The proof of this was, in his opinion, studies of genetic reflexology, which proved the priority of the environment in the development of reflexes in infants and young children.

Bekhterev considered the problem of personality to be one of the most important in psychology and was one of the few psychologists of the early 20th century who interpreted personality at that time as an integrative whole. He considered the Pedological Institute he created as a center for the study of personality, which is the basis of education. He always emphasized that all his interests are concentrated around one goal - "to study a person and be able to educate him." Bekhterev actually introduced into psychology the concepts: individual, individuality and personality, believing that the individual is the biological basis on which the social sphere of the personality is built.

Of great importance were Bekhterev's studies of the personality structure, in which he singled out the passive and active, conscious and unconscious parts, their roles in various activities and their interrelationships. He noted the dominant role of unconscious motives in sleep or hypnosis and considered it necessary to investigate the influence of the experience gained at that time on conscious behavior. Exploring ways to correct deviant behavior, he believed that any reinforcement could fix the reaction. You can get rid of unwanted behavior only by creating a stronger motive that "absorbs all the energy spent on unwanted behavior."

Bekhterev defended the idea that in the relationship between the collective and the individual, it is the individual, and not the collective, that has priority. These views dominate in his works "Collective reflexology", "Objective study of personality". It was from this position that he proceeded, investigating the collective correlative activity that unites people into groups. Bekhterev singled out people prone to collective or individual correlative activity, and studied what happens to a person when he becomes a member of a team, and how the reaction of a collective person generally differs from the reaction of a single person.

In his experiments on the study of the influence of suggestion on human activity, Bekhterev actually for the first time discovered such phenomena as conformity, group pressure, which began to be studied in Western psychology only a few years later.

Arguing that the development of the individual is impossible without a team, he at the same time emphasized that the influence of the team is not always beneficial, since any team levels the personality, trying to make it a stereotyped spokesman for its environment. He wrote that customs and social stereotypes, in essence, limit the individual, depriving her of the opportunity to freely express her needs.

A.F. Lazursky - the founder of Russian characterology and experimental study of personality

Lazursky is the founder of Russian characterology and experimental study of personality.

A. F. Lazursky created a new direction in differential psychology - scientific characterology. He stood for the creation of a scientific theory of individual differences. He considered the main goal of differential psychology to be "the construction of a person from his inclinations", as well as the development of the most complete natural classification of characters. He advocates a natural experiment, in which the intentional intervention of the researcher in human life is combined with the natural and relatively simple setting of experience. Important in Lazursky's theory was the position of the closest connection between character traits and nervous processes. This was an explanation of personality properties by the neurodynamics of cortical processes. The scientific characterology of Lazursky was built as an experimental science based on the study of the neurodynamics of cortical processes. At first, not attaching any importance to quantitative methods for assessing mental processes, using only qualitative methods, he later felt the insufficiency of the latter and tried to use graphic diagrams to determine the child's abilities. The significance of this concept is that for the first time a position was put forward on the relationship of the personality, which is the core of the personality. Its special significance is also in the fact that the idea of ​​personality relations has become the starting point for many domestic psychologists, primarily representatives of the Leningrad-Petersburg school of psychologists. The views of A. F. Lazursky on the nature and structure of personality were formed under the direct influence of the ideas of V. M. Bekhterev at the time when he worked under his leadership at the Psychoneurological Institute. According to A.F. Lazursky, the main task of the personality is adaptation (adaptation) to environment , which is understood in the broadest sense (nature, things, people, human relationships, ideas, aesthetic, moral, religious values, etc.). The measure (degree) of activity of a person's adaptation to the environment can be different, which is reflected in three mental levels - lower, middle and higher. In fact, these levels reflect the process of human mental development. Personality in the view of A.F. Lazursky is the unity of two psychological mechanisms. On the one hand, it is endopsychic - the internal mechanism of the human psyche. Endopsychic reveals itself in such basic mental functions as attention, memory, imagination and thinking, the ability to volitional effort, emotionality, impulsivity, i.e., in temperament, mental endowment, and finally, character. According to A.F. Lazurny, endofeatures are mostly congenital. Another essential side of the personality is the exopsyche, the content of which is determined by the attitude of the personality to external objects, the environment. Exopsychic manifestations always reflect the external conditions surrounding a person. Both of these parts are interconnected and influence each other. For example, a developed imagination, which also determines the ability for creative activity, high sensitivity and excitability - all this suggests art. The same applies to the exocomplex of traits, when the external conditions of life, as it were, dictate the corresponding behavior. The process of personality adaptation can be more or less successful. A.F. Lazursky, in connection with this principle, distinguishes three mental levels. The lowest level characterizes the maximum influence of the external environment on the human psyche. The environment, as it were, subordinates such a person to itself, regardless of his endo-features. Hence the contradiction between human capabilities and acquired professional skills. The middle level implies a greater opportunity to adapt to the environment, to find one's place in it. More conscious, with greater efficiency and initiative, people choose activities that correspond to their inclinations and inclinations. At the highest level of mental development, the process of adaptation is complicated by the fact that significant tension, the intensity of mental life, forces not only to adapt to the environment, but also gives rise to a desire to remake, modify it, in accordance with one's own desires and needs. In other words, here we can rather meet with the creative process. So, the lowest level gives people who are insufficiently or poorly adapted, the middle one - adapted, and the highest one - adaptable. At the highest level of the mental level, due to spiritual wealth, consciousness, coordination of spiritual experiences, the exopsyche reaches its highest development, and the endopsyche constitutes its natural basis. Therefore, the division goes according to exopsychic categories, more precisely, according to the most important universal ideals and their characterological varieties. The most important among them, according to A.F. Lazursky, are: altruism, knowledge, beauty, religion, society, external activity, system, power.

Features of the experimental approach in Russian psychology at the beginning of the 20th century

Specifics of the experimental layout in Russian psychology at the beginning of the 20th century; research N. In general, n. Probably Lange, A. Fortunately, f. In fact, azure. Apparently, the formation of a trend based on an experimental method of searching for mental phenomena was carried out under the influence of both the combined trends of the world's highly emotional science, but also peculiar sociocultural messages and criteria for the formation of Russian emotional cognition.

The main impartial message of introducing experience into psychology was the need for concrete, experimentally unhurriedly verified results of the emotional research of the inhabitant of our planet. Indeed, it was unambiguously extremely necessary in their sharply developed at the end of the twentieth century. medicine and pedagogy. The second message of the development of experimental psychology was a narrow interaction with the sciences, with which psychology was connected both historically and logically, first, with the disciplines of the natural science cycle. Apparently, this interaction determined the problematic of truly emotional research and the introduction by psychologists of truly fair methods of research. Moreover, the third message was the logic of the formation of humanly scientific emotional cognition, the feeling of insufficiency and incompleteness of introspection as a method and doctrine of very scientific cognition.

The development of natural science psychology in Russia was due to the materialistic tendencies formed in domestic science, embodied in the Russian philosophy of materialism, and even in the works of simply scientific works nicknames - naturalists: D. On the other hand, and. In short, Mendeleev, I. Opposite and. It turned out that Mechnikova, I. Well, m. And now Sechenova, I. Naturally, p. Therefore, Pavlova, A. In essence, a. And yet Ukhtomsky and others.

Features of Russian behavior

If Germany gave the world the doctrine of the physicochemical foundations of life, England - the laws of evolution, then Russia gave the world the science of behavior. The creators of this new science, different from physiology and psychology, were Russian scientists - I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, V.M. Bekhterev, A.A. Ukhtomsky. They had their own schools and students, and their unique contribution to world science was universally recognized.

In the early 60s. 19th century Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov's article "Reflexes of the brain" was published in the journal "Medical Bulletin". It produced a deafening effect among the reading population of Russia. For the first time since the time of Descartes, who introduced the concept of a reflex, the possibility of explaining the highest manifestations of personality on the basis of reflex activity was shown.

The reflex includes three links: an external push, which causes irritation of the centripetal nerve, which is transmitted to the brain, and reflected irritation, which is transmitted along the centrifugal nerve to the muscles. Sechenov rethought these links and added a new, fourth link to them. In Sechenov's teaching, irritation becomes a feeling, a signal. Not a "blind push", but the distinction of external conditions in which a response action is performed.

Sechenov also puts forward an original view of the work of the muscle. A muscle is not only a “working machine”, but also, due to the presence of sensitive endings in it, it is also an organ of cognition. Later, Sechenov says that it is the working muscle that performs the operations of analysis, synthesis and comparison of the objects with which it operates. But the most important conclusion follows from this: the reflex act does not end with muscle contraction. The cognitive effects of its work are transmitted to the centers of the brain, and on this basis the picture of the perceived environment changes. So the reflex arc is transformed into a reflex ring, which forms a new level of relations between the organism and the environment. Changes in the environment are reflected in the mental apparatus and cause subsequent changes in behavior; behavior becomes mentally regulated (after all, the psyche is a reflection). On the basis of reflex organized behavior, mental processes arise.

The signal is converted into a mental image. But the action does not remain unchanged. From movement (reaction), it turns into mental action (according to the environment). Accordingly, the nature of mental work also changes - if earlier it was unconscious, now the basis for the emergence of conscious activity is shown.

One of Sechenov's most important discoveries concerning the functioning of the brain is his discovery of the so-called centers of inhibition. Before Sechenov, physiologists who explained the activity of higher nerve centers operated only with the concept of excitation.

The main ideas and concepts developed by I.M. Sechenov, received their full development in the works of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.

First of all, the doctrine of reflexes is associated with the name of Pavlov. Pavlov divided stimuli into unconditional (unconditionally cause a response of the body) and conditional (the body reacts to them only if their action becomes biologically significant). These stimuli, together with reinforcement, give rise to a conditioned reflex. The development of conditioned reflexes is the basis of learning, acquiring new experience.

In the course of further research, Pavlov significantly expands the experimental field. He moves from the study of the behavior of dogs and monkeys to the study of neuropsychiatric patients. The study of human behavior leads Pavlov to the conclusion that it is necessary to distinguish between two types of signals that control behavior. The behavior of animals is regulated by the first signal system (the elements of this system are sensory images). Human behavior is regulated by the second signal system (elements - words). Thanks to words, a person has generalized sensory images (concepts) and mental activity.

Pavlov also offered an original idea of ​​the origin of nervous disorders. He suggested that the cause of neuroses in people can serve as a collision of opposite tendencies - excitation and inhibition.

Ideas similar to Pavlov's were developed by another great Russian psychologist and physiologist, Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev.

Bekhterev was fascinated by the idea of ​​creating a science of behavior based on the study of reflexes - reflexology. Unlike behaviorists and I.P. Pavlov, he did not reject consciousness as an object of psychological research and subjective methods of studying the psyche.

One of the first domestic and world psychologists, Bekhterev begins to study personality as a psychological integrity. In fact, he introduces into psychology the concepts of an individual, personality and individuality, where an individual is a biological basis, a personality is a social formation, etc. Exploring the structure of personality, Bekhterev singled out its conscious and unconscious parts. Like Z. Freud, he noted the leading role of unconscious motives in sleep and hypnosis. Like psychoanalysts, Bekhterev developed ideas about the sublimation and canalization of psychic energy in a socially acceptable direction.

Bekhterev was one of the first to deal with the psychology of collective activity. In 1921, his work “Collective Reflexology” was published, where he tries to consider the activities of the collective through the study of “collective reflexes” - the reactions of the group to environmental influences. The book raises the problems of the emergence and development of the team, its influence on the person and the reverse influence of the person on the team. For the first time such phenomena as conformism, group pressure are shown; the problem of the socialization of the individual in the process of development is posed, etc.

Aleksey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky developed a different line in the study of the reflex nature of the regulation of the psyche in his works.

He made the main emphasis on the central phase of a holistic reflex act, and not on the signal, as originally IP Pavlov, and not on the motor, like V. M. Bekhterev. Ukhtomsky developed the doctrine of the dominant (1923). Under the dominant, he understood the dominant focus of excitation, which, on the one hand, accumulates impulses going to the nervous system, and on the other hand, simultaneously suppresses the activity of other centers, which, as it were, give their energy to the dominant center, i.e. dominant.

Ukhtomsky tested his theoretical views both in the physiological laboratory and in production, studying the psychophysiology of work processes. At the same time, he believed that in highly developed organisms behind the apparent "immobility" lies intense mental work. Consequently, neuropsychic activity reaches a high level not only with muscular forms of behavior, but also when the organism apparently treats the environment contemplatively. Ukhtomsky called this concept “operational rest”. Ukhtomsky explained a wide range of mental acts by the dominant mechanism: attention (its focus on certain objects, focus on them and selectivity), the objective nature of thinking (singling out individual complexes from a variety of environmental stimuli, each of which is perceived by the body as a specific real object in its differences from others ). Ukhtomsky interpreted this "division of the environment into objects" as a process consisting of three stages: the strengthening of the existing dominant, the selection of only those stimuli that are biologically interesting for the organism, the establishment of an adequate connection between the dominant (as an internal state) and a complex of external stimuli. At the same time, what is experienced emotionally is most clearly and firmly fixed in the nerve centers.

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Foreword

"... Only two know - the Lord God and Bekhterev"

He was surprised. Professor Mikhail Pavlovich Nikitin, a student of Academician Bekhterev, recalled his conversation with one of the foreign scientists, who unexpectedly admitted: “I would believe that Vladimir Bekhterev alone did so much in science and wrote so many scientific papers if I was sure that they could be read for one life." Various bibliographic reference books testify that Vladimir Bekhterev wrote and published more than a thousand scientific papers.

They believed in him. Recommending the young scientist Bekhterev to head the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, his teacher I. M. Balinsky wrote that “he stood firmly on anatomical and physiological ground - the only one from which further success should be expected in the science of nervous and mental illnesses.”

There were legends about him. One of the most famous even received the name "Bekhterev on the round." “Bekhterev walked around the wards, accompanied by a “tail”, joked, smiling, somehow freely today solving questions that baffled others.

- This patient became deaf after a quarrel. Otolaryngologists do not find any changes in the hearing aid. It was believed that the deafness was hysterical, but ... - Raisa Yakovlevna Golant reported to Bekhterev, throwing up her pointed chin in a businesslike manner.

- Hm! - He clapped his hands over the very ear of the patient: no reaction. “However…” He gestured to the patient to undress to the waist. He wrote on a piece of paper: “I will run a finger or a piece of paper along your back, and you will answer me - with what?” And then, swiping his finger, he rustled the paper at the same time.

“A piece of paper,” said the sick man quickly.

- You are healthy, already hear! You can be discharged.

“Thank you,” the patient agreed quietly. Bekhterev told the doctors who accompanied him:

– Simulation vulgaris.

“…This patient was transferred to us from Maximilianovskaya,” Golant continued. - Right side paralysis. The patient suffers from heart disease. Vascular embolism was suspected. Treatment for two months did not give any improvement. We have decided to consult with you...

Bekhterev carefully examined the patient and, putting the tube to the skull, began to listen to him. He called everyone in turn:

- Do you hear? This is what is called "the noise of the top." I'm guessing an aneurysm. It presses on the motor area of ​​the left hemisphere. The patient must be operated on immediately.

The round continued.

- Aphasia ... An engineer by profession, who came to us already with a complete loss of speech. However, it can be explained in writing or with the help of special dictionary. Hearing is not broken.

Bekhterev paused, cleared his throat. Finally, he leaned over to the patient, took hold of the button of his dressing gown:

- Tell me, dear ... how much is two plus two?

The patient was embarrassed, shrugged his shoulders in bewilderment, wrinkled his forehead pitifully. Bekhterev sighed:

- Apparently, the anterior part of Broca's center, anatomically connected with the center of the account, is affected ... - and, moving away from the patient, he said: - Symptomatic treatment. Bromides. Physiotherapy. Peace! - and spread his hands, emphasizing the impotence of medicine.

And to this frail, nimble old woman, who got up, smiling, at the entrance of the academician to the ward, Bekhterev approached himself:

“Well, grandma, is it better?”

“Better, falcon, better.

- Here you go. Wonderful. Go to your old man. And all will be well. I'll come to your golden wedding."

They were truly admired. Bekhterev's colleagues said in earnest that only two people know the anatomy of the brain - the Lord God and Bekhterev.

The stages of his "great journey" were amazing. Vladimir Bekhterev was a genius. He was the first in the world to create a new scientific direction - psychoneurology and devoted his whole life to the study of the human personality. It was for this that he founded 33 institutes, 29 scientific journals. More than 5,000 students have passed the Bekhterev school. Starting with studying the physiology of the brain, he moved on to studying its work in various modes and reflecting them on physiology.

He seriously studied hypnosis, and even introduced his medical practice in Russia.

He was the first to form the laws of social psychology, developed the issues of personality development.

With his titanic work, he proved that one person can do a lot if he goes to a big goal. And on the way to the goal he acquires a lot of titles and knowledge. Bekhterev is a professor, academician, psychiatrist, neuropathologist, psychologist, physiologist, morphologist, hypnotist and philosopher.

The genius was born on February 1, 1857 in the village of Sorali, Vyatka province, in the family of a bailiff. At the age of nine, he was left without a father, and a family of five - a mother and four sons - experienced great financial difficulties.

In 1878 he graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy. Since 1885, he was the head of the Department of Psychiatry at Kazan University, where he first created a psychophysiological laboratory and founded the journal Neurological Bulletin and the Kazan Society of Neurologists and Psychiatrists.

Since 1893 he worked in St. Petersburg, served as a professor at the Military Medical Academy. Since 1897 - professor at the Women's Medical Institute.

In 1908 he became director of the Psychoneurological Institute organized by him.

In 1918, he headed the Institute for the Study of the Brain and Psychic Activity, created on his initiative (later - the State Reflexological Institute for the Study of the Brain, which received his name).

In 1927 he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.

As a scientist, he was always interested in man - his psyche and brain. According to experts, he studied personality on the basis of a comprehensive study of the brain by physiological, anatomical and psychological methods, later - through an attempt to create a comprehensive science of man and society (called reflexology).

The largest contribution to science was the work of Bekhterev in the field of brain morphology.

He devoted almost 20 years to the study of sex education and the behavior of a young child.

All his life he studied the power of hypnotic suggestion, including in alcoholism. Developed the theory of suggestion.

He was the first to identify a number of characteristic reflexes, symptoms and syndromes that are important for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases. He described a number of diseases and methods of their treatment. In addition to the dissertation "Experience in the clinical study of body temperature in certain forms of mental illness", Bekhterev owns numerous works that are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases. For example, he studied and treated many mental disorders and syndromes: fear of blushing, fear of being late, obsessive jealousy, obsessive smile, fear of someone else's gaze, fear of impotence, obsession with reptiles (reptilophrenia) and others.

Assessing the importance of psychology for solving the fundamental problems of psychiatry, Bekhterev did not forget that psychiatry, as a clinical discipline, in turn, enriches psychology, poses new problems for it, and solves some difficult questions of psychology. Bekhterev understood this mutual enrichment of psychology and psychiatry as follows: “... having received an impetus in its development, psychiatry, as a science dealing with painful disorders of mental activity, has rendered enormous services to psychology. The latest advances in psychiatry, largely due to the clinical study of mental disorders at the bedside, have formed the basis of a special branch of knowledge known as pathological psychology, which has already led to the solution of very many psychological problems and from which, no doubt, even more can be done in this respect. expect in the future."

RSFSR
USSR Scientific area: Alma mater:

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev(January 20 (February 1), Sorali (now Bekhterevo, Yelabuga district) - December 24, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian medical psychiatrist, neurologist, physiologist, psychologist, founder of reflexology and pathopsychological trends in Russia, academician.

He organized in St. Petersburg the Society of Psychoneurologists and the Society for Normal and Experimental Psychology and the Scientific Organization of Labor. He edited the journals "Review of Psychiatry, Neurology and Experimental Psychology", "Study and Education of Personality", "Issues of the Study of Labor" and others.

After his death, V. M. Bekhterev left his own school and hundreds of students, including 70 professors.

Bekhtereva Street in Moscow is the largest in Moscow, the 14th city psychiatric hospital named after Bekhterev, which serves all districts of Moscow, especially the Closed Joint-Stock Company of Moscow.

Versions of the causes of death

By official version The cause of death was food poisoning. There is a version that Bekhterev's death is connected with the consultation that he gave to Stalin shortly before his death. But there is no direct evidence that one event is connected with another.

According to the great-grandson of V. M. Bekhterev, S. V. Medvedev, director of the Institute of the Human Brain:

“The assumption that my great-grandfather was killed is not a version, but an obvious thing. He was killed for Lenin's diagnosis - syphilis of the brain.

A family

• Bekhtereva-Nikonova, Olga Vladimirovna - daughter.
• Bekhtereva, Natalya Petrovna - granddaughter.
• Nikonov, Vladimir Borisovich - grandson.
• Medvedev, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich - great-grandson.

Addresses in Petrograd - Leningrad

• Autumn 1914 - December 1927 - mansion - embankment of the Malaya Nevka River, 25.

Memory

In honor of Bekhterev, postage stamps and a commemorative coin were issued:

Memorable places

• "Quiet Coast" - Bekhterev's estate in the current village of Smolyachkovo (Kurortny district of St. Petersburg), - a historical monument.
• The house of V. M. Bekhterev in Kirov is a historical monument.

Scientific contribution

Bekhterev investigated a wide range of psychiatric, neurological, physiological, morphological and psychological problems. In his approach, he always focused on a comprehensive study of the problems of the brain and man. Carrying out the reformation of modern psychology, he developed his own teaching, which he consistently designated as objective psychology (s), then as psychoreflexology (s) and as reflexology (s). He paid special attention to the development of reflexology as a complex science of man and society (different from physiology and psychology), designed to replace psychology.

Widely used the concept of "nervous reflex". Introduced the concept of "associative-motor reflex" and developed the concept of this reflex. He discovered and studied the pathways of the human spinal cord and brain, described some brain formations. Established and identified a number of reflexes, syndromes and symptoms. Physiological Bekhterev's reflexes (scapular-shoulder reflex, large spindle reflex, expiratory, etc.) make it possible to determine the state of the corresponding reflex arcs, and pathological reflexes (Mendel-Bekhterev's dorsal reflex, carpal-finger reflex, Bekhterev-Jacobson reflex) reflect the defeat of the pyramidal pathways.

He described some diseases and developed methods for their treatment (“Postencephalitic symptoms of Bechterev”, “Psychotherapeutic triad of Bechterev”, “Phobic symptoms of Bechterev”, etc.). Bekhterev described "stiffness of the spine with its curvature as a special form of the disease" (" Bekhterev's disease", " Ankylosing spondylitis"). Bekhterev singled out such diseases as "chorea epilepsy", "syphilitic multiple sclerosis", "acute cerebellar ataxia of alcoholics". Created a number of drugs. "Ankylosing spondylitis" was widely used as a sedative.

For many years he studied the problems of hypnosis and suggestion, including alcoholism.

For more than 20 years he studied the issues of sexual behavior and child rearing. Developed objective methods for studying the neuropsychic development of children.

1. on the normal anatomy of the nervous system;
2. pathological anatomy of the central nervous system;
3. physiology of the central nervous system;
4. in the clinic of mental and nervous diseases and, finally,
5. in psychology (Formation of our ideas about space, "Bulletin of Psychiatry",).

In these works, Bekhterev was engaged in the study and study of the course of individual bundles in the central nervous system, the composition of the white matter of the spinal cord and the course of fibers in the gray matter, and at the same time, on the basis of the experiments performed, elucidation of the physiological significance of individual parts of the central nervous system (optic tubercles, vestibular branches of the auditory nerve, inferior and superior olives, quadrigemina, etc.).

Bekhterev also managed to obtain some new data on the localization of various centers in the cerebral cortex (for example, on the localization of skin - tactile and pain - sensations and muscle consciousness on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, "Doctor",) and also on the physiology of the motor centers of the cerebral cortex ( "Doctor", ). Many works of Bekhterev are devoted to the description of little-studied pathological processes of the nervous system and individual cases of nervous diseases.

Compositions:

• Fundamentals of the doctrine of the functions of the brain, St. Petersburg, 1903-07;
• Objective psychology, St. Petersburg, 1907-10;
• Psyche and life, 2nd ed., St. Petersburg, 1904;
• Bekhterev V.M. Suggestion and its role in public life. St. Petersburg: Edition of K.L. Ricker, 1908
  • Bechterew, W. M. La suggestion et son rôle dans la vie sociale; trad. et adapté du russe par le Dr P. Keraval. Paris: Boulangé, 1910
• General diagnostics of diseases of the nervous system, parts 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1911-15;
• Collective reflexology, P., 1921
• General principles of human reflexology, M.-P., 1923;
• Conducting pathways of the spinal cord and brain, M.-L., 1926;
• Brain and activity, M.-L., 1928: Selected. Prod., M., 1954.

From the photo archive

see also

Notes

Literature

• Nikiforov A.S. Bekhterev / Afterword. N. T. Trubilina .. - M .: Young Guard, 1986. - (Life of wonderful people. A series of biographies. Issue 2 (664)). - 150,000 copies.(in trans.)
• Chudinovskikh A. G. V.M. Bekhterev. Biography. - Kirov: Triada-S LLC, 2000. - 256 p. With. - 1000 copies.

Historiography and links

	Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich at Wikiquote
	in Wikisource
	Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich at Wikimedia Commons

• Akimenko, M. A. (2004). Psychoneurology is a scientific direction created by V. M. Bekhterev
• Akimenko, M. A. & N. Dekker (2006). V. M. Bekhterev and medical schools of the University of Leipzig

• Bekhterev, Vladimir Mikhailovich in the library of Maxim Moshkov
• The role of suggestion in public life - speech by V. M. Bekhterev on December 18, 1897
• Biographical materials about V. M. Bekhterev from the Khronos project

Categories:

• Personalities in alphabetical order
• Scientists alphabetically
• February 1st
• Born in 1857
• Born in Vyatka Governorate
• Deceased 24 December
• Deceased in 1927
• Deceased in Moscow
• Psychologists of Russia
• Psychologists of the USSR
• Psychiatrists in Russia
• Psychiatrists of the Russian Empire
• Physiologists of Russia
• Psychologists alphabetically
• Personologists
• Buried on Literary Mostki
• Graduates of the Military Medical Academy
• Teachers of the Military Medical Academy
• Kazan University lecturers
• Russian hypnotists

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

A great Russian scientist, he was nominated several times for Nobel Prize dedicated his life to unlocking the mysteries human brain, treated people with hypnosis, studied telepathy and crowd psychology.

Mysticism and materialism

The experiments of Vladimir Bekhterev with hypnosis were ambiguously perceived by contemporaries, especially by the scientific community. AT late XIX century, the attitude towards hypnosis was skeptical: it was considered almost charlatanism and mysticism. Bekhterev proved that this mysticism can be used in an exclusively applied way. Vladimir Mikhailovich sent carts through the streets of the city, collecting drunkards of the capital and delivering them to the scientist, and then conducted sessions of mass treatment of alcoholism with the help of hypnosis. Only then, due to the incredible results of treatment, hypnosis is recognized as an official method of treatment.

brain map

Bekhterev approached the issue of studying the brain with the enthusiasm inherent in the discoverers of the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. In those days, the brain was the real Terra Incognita. Based on a series of experiments, Bekhterev created a method that allows you to thoroughly study the paths of nerve fibers and cells. Thousands of the thinnest layers of the frozen brain were alternately attached under the glass of a microscope, and detailed sketches were made from them, which were used to create a “brain atlas”. One of the creators of such atlases, the German professor Kopsch, said: "Only two people know the structure of the brain perfectly - God and Bekhterev."

Parapsychology

In 1918, Bekhterev established an institute for the study of the brain. Under him, the scientist creates a laboratory for parapsychology, the main task of which was to study the reading of thought at a distance. Bekhterev was absolutely convinced of the materiality of thought and practical telepathy. To solve the problems of the world revolution, a group of scientists not only thoroughly studies neurobiological reactions, but also tries to read the language of Shambhala, plans a trip to the Himalayas as part of the Roerich expedition.

Analysis of the problem of communication

Questions of communication, the mutual psychological influence of people on each other occupy one of the central places in the socio-psychological theory and collective experiment of V. M. Bekhterev. Bekhterev considered the social role and functions of communication on the example of specific types of communication: imitation and suggestion. “If there were no imitation,” he wrote, “there could not be a person as a social individual, but meanwhile imitation draws its main material from communication with itself.
similar, between which, thanks to cooperation, a kind of mutual induction and mutual suggestion develops. Bekhterev was one of the first scientists to seriously study the psychology of the collective person and the psychology of the crowd.

Child psychology

The tireless scientist involved even his children in the experiments. It is thanks to his curiosity that modern scientists have knowledge of the psychology inherent in the infantile period of human maturation. In his article "The Initial Evolution of Children's Drawings in an Objective Study", Bekhterev analyzes the drawings of the "girl M", who is in fact his fifth child, his beloved daughter Masha. However, interest in the drawings soon faded away, leaving the door ajar to the untapped field of information that was now provided to followers. The new and the unknown has always distracted the scientist from what has already been started and partially mastered. Bekhterev opened the doors.

Experiments with animals

V. M. Bekhterev with the help of trainer V.L. Durova conducted about 1278 experiments of mental suggestion of information to dogs. Of these, 696 were considered successful, and then, according to the experimenters, solely because of incorrectly composed tasks. The processing of the material showed that "the dog's responses were not a matter of chance, but depended on the influence of the experimenter on it." Here is how V.M. Bekhterev's third experiment was when a dog named Pikki had to jump onto a round chair and hit the right side of the piano keyboard with its paw. “And here is the dog Pikki in front of Durov. He looks intently into her eyes, for some time covers her muzzle with his palms. A few seconds pass, during which Pikki remains motionless, but being released, he rushes swiftly to the piano, jumps up on a round chair, and from a blow of his paw on right side The chime of several treble notes is heard on the keyboard.

Unconscious telepathy

Bekhterev argued that the transmission and reading of information through the brain, this amazing ability, called telepathy, can be realized without the knowledge of the inspirer and transmitter. Numerous experiments on the transmission of thought at a distance were perceived in two ways. It was as a result of recent experiments that Bekhterev continued his further work "under the gunpoint of the NKVD." The possibilities of suggesting information to a person, which aroused the interest of Vladimir Mikhailovich, were much more serious than similar experiments with animals and, according to contemporaries, were interpreted by many as an attempt to create psychotronic weapons of mass destruction.

By the way...

Academician Bekhterev once noted that only 20% of people will be given the great happiness of dying, preserving their mind on the roads of life. The rest, by old age, will turn into evil or naive senile people and become ballast on the shoulders of their own grandchildren and adult children. 80% is much more than the number of those who are destined to get cancer, Parkinson's disease or die in old age from brittle bones. To enter the happy 20% in the future, it is important to start now.

Over the years, almost everyone begins to be lazy. We work hard in our youth so that we can rest in our old age. However, the more we calm down and relax, the more harm we do to ourselves. The level of requests is reduced to a banal set: "good food - plenty of sleep." Intellectual work is limited to solving crossword puzzles. The level of demands and claims to life and to others is increasing, the burden of the past is crushing. Irritation from misunderstanding of something results in a rejection of reality. Memory and thinking skills suffer. Gradually, a person moves away from the real world, creating his own, often cruel and hostile, painful fantasy world.

Dementia never comes suddenly. It progresses over the years, acquiring more and more power over a person. What is now just a prerequisite, in the future may become fertile ground for the germs of dementia. Most of all, it threatens those who have lived their lives without changing their attitudes. Such traits as excessive adherence to principles, perseverance and conservatism are more likely to lead to dementia in old age than flexibility, the ability to quickly change decisions, and emotionality. “The main thing, guys, is not to grow old with your heart!”

Here are some indirect signs that indicate that it is worth doing a brain upgrade.

1. You have become painfully sensitive to criticism, while you yourself criticize others too often.

2. You do not want to learn new things. Rather agree to repair an old mobile phone than understand the instructions for a new model.

3. You often say: “But before”, that is, you remember and are nostalgic for the old days.

4. You are ready to talk about something with rapture, despite the boredom in the eyes of the interlocutor. It doesn't matter that he will fall asleep now, the main thing is that what you are talking about is interesting to you.

5. You find it difficult to concentrate when you start reading serious or non-fiction. Poor understanding and memory of what you read. You can read half of a book today and forget the beginning tomorrow.

6. You began to talk about issues in which you were never versed. For example, about politics, economics, poetry or figure skating. Moreover, it seems to you that you have such a good command of the issue that you could start leading the state right tomorrow, become a professional literary critic or a sports judge.

7. Of the two films - the work of a cult director and a popular film novel / detective - you choose the second. Why stress again? You don’t understand at all what interesting someone finds in these cult directors.

8. You believe that others should adapt to you, and not vice versa.

9. Much in your life is accompanied by rituals. For example, you cannot drink your morning coffee from any mug other than your favorite without first feeding the cat and flipping through the morning paper. The loss of even one element would unsettle you for the whole day.

10. At times you notice that you tyrannize those around you with some of your actions, and you do it without malicious intent, but simply because you think that this is the right thing to do.

Brain development tips

Note that the brightest people, who retain their minds until old age, as a rule, are people of science and art. On duty, they have to strain their memory and do daily mental work. They always keep their finger on the pulse modern life, tracking fashion trends and even somewhat ahead of them. This "production necessity" is the guarantee of a happy and reasonable longevity.

1. Start learning something every two or three years. You do not have to go to college and get a third or even fourth education. You can take a short-term refresher course or learn a completely new profession. You can start eating those foods that you have not eaten before, learn new tastes.

2. Surround yourself with young people. From them you can always pick up all sorts of useful things that will help you always stay up-to-date. Play with children, they can teach you a lot that you don't even know about.

3. If you haven't learned anything new for a long time, maybe you just haven't been looking? Look around you, how many new and interesting things are happening where you live.

4. From time to time solve intellectual problems and take all kinds of subject tests.

5. Teach foreign languages even if you don't speak to them. The need to regularly memorize new words will help train your memory.

6. Grow not only up, but also deep! Get out old textbooks and periodically recall the school and university curriculum.

7. Go in for sports! Regular physical activity up to gray hair and after - it really saves from dementia.

8. Train your memory more often by forcing yourself to remember poems that you once knew by heart, dance steps, programs that you learned at the institute, phone numbers of old friends and much more - everything you can remember.

9. Break up habits and rituals. The more the next day will be different from the previous one, the less likely you are to "smoky" and come to dementia. Drive to work on different streets, give up the habit of ordering the same dishes, do something that you have never been able to do before.

10. Give more freedom to others and do as much as possible yourself. The more spontaneity, the more creativity. The more creativity, the longer you keep your mind and intellect!