The theme of the victory of life over death in the lyrics. Collection of ideal social studies essays
Chapter 1. Life and death in various existential registers.
§ 1.1. "Duality" in life and poetic opposition to the work of A.A. Feta…………………. ………………………………………………………FROM. 13.
§ 1.2. Life and death in love lyrics, messages and dedications
A.A. Feta ..…………………………………………………………………………………….
Chapter 2. Philosophical understanding of the theme of life and death in the work of A.A. Feta.
§ 2.1. The Question of Human Existence in Philosophical Lyrics
A.A. Feta…………………………………………………………………………. S. 62.
§ 2.2. Philosophy of life and death in the artistic and autobiographical prose of A.A. Feta………………………………………………………………... P. 77.
Chapter 3. Life and death in the figurative-poetic system of A.A. Feta.
§ 3.1. Life in the figurative-poetic system of A.A. Feta…………………… S. 98.
§ 3.2. Death in the figurative-poetic system of A.A. Feta…………………. S. 110.
§ 3.3. Borderline images conveying attitudes towards life and death.…S. 125.
Conclusion………………………………………………………………….... P. 143.
List of used literature…………………………………………....С. 148.
Introduction
In Russian culture, rather close attention is paid to the issues of life and death, the understanding of which takes place within the framework of philosophical, religious and moral reflections. “The study of attitudes towards death can shed light on people's attitudes towards life and its basic values. Therefore, the perception of death, the afterlife, the connection between the living and the dead are topics, the discussion of which could significantly deepen the understanding of the socio-cultural reality of past eras.”
Over time, the surrounding reality forces a person to approach various ontological problems more and more seriously and consciously. “… one of the obvious trends late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century is guessed in the irresistible, to the point of self-forgetfulness and self-sacrifice, the desire of a significant part of the Russian intelligentsia to find some unconditional absolute ... ". This time is characterized as a period of denial of habitual life forms, an orientation to a wide variety of philosophical and esoteric teachings is revealed, special importance is attached to the general occult tradition, new possibilities for interpreting religious issues, all kinds of rituals, traditions, and more broadly, ideas about human existence are discovered. In the twentieth century, the multifunctional science of thanatology is developing, covering the medical, religious, philosophical and psychological aspects of death.
In literature, the problem of human existence is solved ambiguously, and the depiction of life and death in the works of many writers is as diverse as the interpretation of other "eternal" themes - love, friendship, nature or religious faith. It is possible to single out the metaphysical poems of F.N. Glinka, V.K. Küchelbecker, philosophical lyrics by D.V. Venevitinov, translations of the English "graveyard" poetry of Thomas Gray V.A. Zhukovsky. Particularly indicative are the searches of A.S. Pushkin, E.A. Baratynsky, N.V. Gogol, L.N. Tolstoy, N.A. Nekrasov, F.M. Dostoevsky, F.I. Tyutchev.
The opposition "living-non-living", "life-death" often acts as the basis of all knowledge, not only in works of scientific and philosophical, but also of a literary nature. L.N. Tolstoy writes: “If life is good, then good and death, which is necessary condition life." In the story "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" this situation clearly illustrates the state of the protagonist, who is on the verge of life and death. The writer demonstrates "one of the most striking descriptions of dying" in Russian literature, where the physical extinction of a person leads to his moral rebirth. Only realizing his death, he began to fully perceive spiritual phenomena that were inaccessible to him before. Tolstoy often explains the impossibility of knowing life and death by objective biological laws: “All human bodily life is a series of changes that are imperceptible to him, but subject to observation. But the beginning of these changes, which took place in the first childhood, and their end - in death - are inaccessible to human observation. In his "Confession", a work that is the result of a long ideological search, he already speaks of another opposition "meaningless life - meaningful life." Here the writer departs from the biological interpretation of the question of human existence, focusing on ethical issues.
Topics addressed to the fundamental properties of being are touched upon in almost every work of F.M. Dostoevsky. The question of the meaning of life is indicated by the author in the famous conversation between Ivan Karamazov and Alyosha, one of the key ones is the problem of human existence for Rodion Raskolnikov. In The Brothers Karamazov, the writer gives quite capacious descriptions that characterize the life of his heroes: only the scratching of rats reminds Fyodor Pavlovich of life in the dead silence of the night. Already from one gospel epigraph to this work, one can understand the author's ideas about the need for a human sacrifice made in the name of awareness of life and spiritual immortality: “Truly, truly, I say to you: if a grain of wheat, falling into the ground, does not die, it will bear much fruit.”
At the beginning of the 20th century, I.A. Bunin, V.S. Solovyov, a fairly wide range of poets of the Silver Age. The decadents' proud renunciation of the world leads them to general philosophical and social pessimism. The cult of the "foggy charm" of death is preached, which is conceived as the final liberation of the "I" from reality. Exploring the circle of the most frequent metaphors in the poetry of the early twentieth century, N.A. Kozhevnikova comes to the conclusion that "in the first place both in terms of prevalence and significance are variations on the theme life - death, death - birth, death - immortality ...":
I want white unfading light
(K. Balmont "Hymn to Fire").
I'm not expecting the extraordinary.
Everything is simple and dead.
Neither scary nor secret
(Z. Gippius "Deafness").
Consideration of the attitude of this or that writer to the problems of life and death allows us to trace the evolution of his work, philosophical and religious views, the degree of closeness to the spiritual sources of art. “When a writer often addresses the subject of death over a long period of his life, we can deduct a lot about himself from his writings.” At the same time, one of the key points is at what time and in connection with what events, consciously or unconsciously, the theme of death is addressed. So, being an aspiring poet and student Petersburg University, A. Dobrolyubov inspires friends with the idea of suicide, and in the book “Natura naturans. Natura naturata" sings of his loneliness and death. A.S. Pushkin creates ontological poems while still at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (“Unbelief”). They already feel a special authorial manner, but there is no truthfulness and depth that distinguishes Pushkin's later attempts to consider questions about human existence, where in the face of death he professes fidelity to life:
But I don't want, oh friends, to die;
I want to live in order to think and suffer;
And I know I will enjoy
Between sorrows, worries and worries ...
(A.S. Pushkin "Elegy")
In many cases, the artistic appeal to the theme of death occurs under the influence of intensifying life experiences. So, the works of A. Bely from the collections "Ashes" and "Urn", in which the tragedy of self-immolation and death sounds, were dictated to the poet by the time of serious dramatic events. The era of revolutions coincided for him with the period of unrequited love for L.D. Blok, therefore, the pessimistic moods and bitter conclusions of the author in these books seem completely justified:
Untraceable life. Unrealistic excitement.
You are from time immemorial in a strange, distant land ...
The untimely pain of disbelief
Timelessness will wash away tear current.
(A. Bely "Reassurance").
Among the poets of the 19th century, who demonstrate their own methods of conveying life impressions and having a special system of views on the issue of human existence, one can single out A.A. Feta. Contemporaries, successors and researchers of Fetov's creativity emphasize the idea of the life-affirming basis of his poetry. The closest friend of the poet N.N. Strakhov on the fiftieth anniversary of Fet's muse notes the characteristic features of his lyrics: “... we will not find in Fet a shadow of pain, no perversion of the soul, no ulcers that constantly ache in the heart. Any modern fragmentation, dissatisfaction, incurable discord with oneself and with the world - all this is alien to our poet. ... he himself is distinguished by a completely ancient health and clarity of spiritual movements, he nowhere crosses the line that separates the bright life of a person from all sorts of demonic areas. The most bitter and difficult feelings have in him an incomparable measure of sobriety and self-control. Therefore, reading Fet strengthens and refreshes the soul.
According to the symbolists, the poetry of A. Fet is valuable precisely for its life-affirming power. In the work “Elementary words of symbolic poetry”, K. Balmont writes that his favorite poet is truly “in love with life”. In the article “A.A. Fet. Art or life? V. Bryusov notes that Fet did not find any other purpose for poetry than “service to life”, but not the one that “makes noise in the markets and noisy bazaars”, but the one “when enlightened, it becomes a window to eternity, a window through which the light of the “sun of the world” streams. In a public lecture given in 1902, he speaks of Fet as a poet of the fullness and charm of life in its fleeting moments. As your own life credo on your fiftieth birthday in Russian Academy In the artistic sciences, the symbolist quotes the quatrain of his predecessor: “As long as I’m on the chest of the earth / Although I will hardly breathe, / All the thrill of a young life / I will be audible from everywhere.”
Task 16: In what works of Russian lyrics does the theme of life and death sound, and in what way do they echo Yesenin's poem “We are now leaving a little”?
Not only in Yesenin's poem, the theme of life and death can be traced, but also in other works of Russian poets.
First of all, I would like to note Pushkin's poem "Elegy", where optimism clearly prevails. Like Yesenin's lyrical subject, Pushkin's hero regrets the past and the present: “My path is dull. It promises me labor and grief. The similarity of the drawn images is expressed in the thoughts of the heroes about the impending death, they accept life with any difficulties. Pushkin, of course, wants to "live in order to think and suffer."
In addition, it is worth referring to Lermontov's poem "I go out alone on the road." The theme of life and death is typical for Lermontov's lyrics, there is a motive of disappointment here: "I don't expect anything from life." But unlike Yesenin's thought, Lermontov's hero prefers death, it is she who will bring the hero closer to harmony, "peace and freedom."
In Yesenin’s work, this topic is a cross-cutting one, and in the poem “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...” the hero understands that “he will no longer be young”, and he soberly comprehends the prospect of leaving for another world: “We are all perishable in this world ". In this work there is that humility that is absent in the lyric poem "We are now leaving little by little."
Interesting? Save it on your wall!In his work, A.S. Pushkin repeatedly addressed the theme of life and death. Many of his writings raise this issue; Like every person, the poet tries to understand and comprehend the world around him, to comprehend the secret of immortality.
The evolution of the worldview, the perception of Pushkin's life and death went on throughout the entire creative path of the poet.
During his lyceum years, Pushkin revels in his youth, his poems do not burden thoughts about death, about the hopelessness of life, he is carefree and cheerful.
Under the table of cold sages
We will take over the field
Under the table of scientific fools!
- the young poet wrote in the poem “Feasting Students”, 1814. The same motives are heard in the 1817 work “Krivtsov”:
Don't scare us, dear friend,
Coffin close housewarming:
Right, we are such idleness
Engage in leisure.
Youth is full of life – life is full of joy. The motto of all lyceum students is: “As long as we live, live!..” Pushkin's days seem to be passing in enthusiastic jubilation, joyful oblivion. And among these pleasures of youth, the poet writes “My testament to friends”, 1815. Where do thoughts of death arise in a poet who is still quite inexperienced, who has not known life? And although the poem is fully consistent with the Anacreontic mood of the lyceum students, Epicurean philosophy, which influenced the lyrics of that period, elegiac motifs of sadness and romantic loneliness also sound in it:
And let on the coffin where the singer
Disappear in the groves of Helikon,
Your fluent cutter will write:
“Here lies a young man - a sage,
Pet neg and Apollo.
Here, though still very indefinitely, the beginning of the creative path that will lead the poet to writing "Monument", and here, perhaps for the first time, Pushkin thinks about immortality.
But now the lyceum is behind, and the poet is entering a new life, he is already faced with more serious, real problems, a cruel world that requires tremendous willpower so as not to get lost among the “rushing” and “winding clouds” and “demons”, so that their “mournful lamentation” did not “tear the heart” so that the “evil genius” and his “stinging speeches” could not enslave, could not control the poet.
In 1823, during the southern exile, the poet is experiencing a deep crisis associated with the collapse of poetic hopes that “a beautiful dawn” will rise “above the fatherland of enlightened freedom”. As a result of this, Pushkin wrote the poem "The Cart of Life":
Though it is sometimes heavy in her burden,
The cart on the go is easy;
Dashing coachman, gray time,
Lucky, will not get off the irradiation.
The burden of life is heavy for the poet, but at the same time he recognizes the full power of time. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's poetry does not rebel against the "gray-haired coachman", so it will be in the poem "It's time, my friend, it's time", 1834.
Days fly after days, and every hour takes away
A piece of life. And we are together
We expect to live...
And look - just die.
Already in 1828 Pushkin writes: “A gift in vain, a gift accidental…”. Now life is not only a “heavy burden”, but a vain gift of “hostile power”. For the poet now life is a useless thing, his “heart is empty”, “an empty mind”. It is remarkable that life was bestowed upon him by a “hostile” spirit, which agitated the mind with doubt, filling the soul with passion. This is the result, a certain stage of life that the poet went through in his work, because the poem was written on May 26 - the poet's birthday, the day when the brightest thoughts should come to mind.
In the same year, Pushkin created "Do I wander along the noisy streets." The inevitability of death, constant thoughts about it follow the poet. He, thinking about immortality, finds it in the next generation:
I caress the sweet baby,
I'm already thinking: I'm sorry!
I give you a place:
It's time for me to smolder, for you to bloom.
Pushkin also sees immortality in merging with nature, in turning into an integral part of the “sweet limit” after death. And here again there is the idea of the inevitable power of time over a person, it is free to dispose of his fate at its discretion:
And where will fate send me death?
Is it in battle, in wandering, in waves?
Or the neighboring valley
My will take the cold dust? ..
Immortality ... Reflecting on this topic, the poet comes to the following conclusion: life ends, and death, perhaps, is only a stage of life. Pushkin is not limited to the earthly life of one person - the immortality of each in his grandchildren and great-grandchildren - in his offspring. Yes, the poet will not see the “powerful, late age” of the “young, unfamiliar tribe”, but he will rise from non-existence when, “returning from a friendly conversation”, “full of cheerful and pleasant thoughts”, the poet’s descendant will “remember” him, - so Pushkin wrote in the poem “I visited again”, 1835.
But the poet sees his immortality not only in procreation, but also in creativity itself, in poetry. In the "Monument" the poet predicts immortality for centuries:
No, all of me will not die - the soul in the cherished lyre will survive my ashes and run away from decay, And I will be glorious, as long as at least one piit is alive in the sublunar world.
The poet reflects on death and life, on the role of man in the world, on his fate in the world order of life, on immortality. The man in Pushkin's poetry is subject to time, but not pitiful. A man is great as a man - it was not in vain that Belinsky spoke of poetry “filled with humanism”, elevating a person.
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The writing
“His poems are captivating sweetness / The envious distance will pass for centuries,” Pushkin said about Zhukovsky. He considered himself a student of Zhukovsky, highly appreciated his poetic skill.
Konstantin Batyushkov in one of his letters remarked about this poet: "He has a heart in the palm of his hand." Zhukovsky brought into Russian poetry the intonation of a true lyricist. But is his work only painted in melancholy tones? No, it's varied. But this is a variety of soft, muted colors, subtle transitions that require vigilance and sensitive attention from readers.
Zhukovsky continued the traditions of Western European romanticism. For this direction, the presence of two worlds was typical: reality was intertwined with mysticism, fantasy. In the center was a man with his uneasy attitude to the world. The hero comes into conflict with others who do not satisfy him. Therefore, he is seized by pessimism, from which he finds two ways: going into mysticism, fantasy, or turning to the past, memories. At the same time, the hero Zhukovsky always has a rich spiritual world.
Zhukovsky wrote many poems on a philosophical theme. It is especially worth highlighting his elegies. On the example of one of them, one can understand Zhukovsky's ideas about life.
The works of romantics often have more than one meaning. In them, behind real phenomena and objects, something unspoken is almost always hidden. I would like (a) to consider Zhukovsky's elegy "The Sea".
The poet draws the sea in a calm state, during the storm and after it. The water element appears to him as a living, subtly feeling and thinking being, which is fraught with a "deep secret". The sea “breathes”, it is filled with “confused love, anxious thought”:
What moves your vast bosom?
How does your tight chest breathe?
In unraveling the "mystery" of the sea, views on the life of Zhukovsky the romantic are revealed. The sea is in captivity, like everything on earth. Everything on earth is constant, life is full of sadness, loss and disappointment. There, in heaven, everything is beautiful and eternal. Therefore, the sea stretches "from earthly bondage" to the "distant, bright" sky.
The theme of death in Zhukovsky's lyrics is deeper and more complex. A person, even after death, strives to leave at least a small part of himself on the land where he lived:
Oh! gentle soul, leaving nature,
He hopes to leave his flame to his friends.
But even death cannot destroy the highest feelings: love, faith, hope, friendship. Nobody knows what is beyond the line. But Zhukovsky does not perceive death as something terrible, terrible and destructive, although he says in the poem "Rural Cemetery" that no one wants to die:
And who parted with this life without grief?
Who betrayed his own ashes to oblivion?
Who in his last hour was not captivated by this world
And did you not look back languidly?
The veil of death is something mysterious, unsolved. But it does not prevent people from remaining with their dead friends and loved ones. Zhukovsky believes that all friends and lovers, all those who were bound by some especially strong bonds, are destined to meet after death.
Philosophical view on the topic of life and death, Zhukovsky is very ambiguous. On the one hand, death is both fear and horror of the unknown. On the other hand, a chance to meet those whom you once lost, a chance to find long-awaited peace. Life is both beautiful and scary in its own way. How many pleasant moments she gives, connecting the fates of people, sending good luck and inspiration. But how much grief and misfortune can she bring, at once taking away what she herself once brought as a gift.
Many Russian writers, in addition to Zhukovsky, tried to find an answer to the age-old question: what is life and what is death? Each of them managed to get close to the solution of this mystery from different angles. I think that Zhukovsky managed to come especially close to his goal. He managed to unravel this complex philosophical question in his own way.
In what works of Russian lyrics does the theme of life and death sound, and in what way do they echo Yesenin's poem?
Read the lyric below and complete the tasks.
We are now leaving little by little In the country where peace and grace. Maybe soon I will be on my way To collect mortal belongings. Lovely birch thickets! You earth! And you, plains sands! Before this host of departing I can't hide my anguish. I loved too much in this world Everything that envelops the soul in flesh. Peace to the aspens, which, spreading its branches, We looked into the pink water. I thought a lot of thoughts in silence, I composed many songs about myself, And on this gloomy earth Happy that I breathed and lived. Happy that I kissed women I crumpled flowers, rolled on the grass, And the beast, like our smaller brothers, Never hit on the head. I know that thickets do not bloom there Rye does not ring with a swan's neck. That is why before the departing host I always get trembling. I know that in that country there will be no These fields, golden in the mist. That's why people are dear to me that live with me on earth. |
S. A. Yesenin, 1924
Indicate the classical genre of lyrics, the features of which are present in Yesenin's poem (a sad philosophical reflection on the meaning of being).
Explanation.
This genre is called an elegy. Elegy is a lyrical poem that conveys deeply personal, intimate experiences of a person, imbued with a mood of sadness.
I thought a lot of thoughts in silence,
I composed many songs about myself,
And on this gloomy earth
Happy that I breathed and lived.
The lyrical hero reflects on the past as if his life has already come to an end. He is sad and dreary, but the very fact that he “breathed and lived” fills his soul with happiness.
Answer: elegy.
Answer: elegy
In the poem by S. A. Yesenin, aspens, looking into the “pink water”, are endowed with human properties. Give a name for this technique.
Explanation.
Personification - the image of inanimate objects as animate, in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings: the gift of speech, the ability to think and feel.
Aspens cannot look into pink water.
Answer: personification.
Answer: Personification
In the fourth stanza of the poem, adjacent lines have the same beginning:
A lot of I thought in silence A lot of
composed songs about himself,
What is the name of this stylistic figure?
Explanation.
This stylistic figure is called anaphora or monogamy. Monogamy, or anaphora, is one of the stylistic figures: a turn of poetic speech, consisting in the repetition of consonances of individual words or identical syntactic constructions at the beginning of poetic lines and stanzas or individual phrases in a prose work of art.
A lot of I thought in silence
A lot of composed songs about himself,
repeating word a lot of.
Answer: anaphora.
Answer: Anaphora
What is the name of the figurative definition, which serves as a means of artistic expression (“on the ground sullen»)?
Explanation.
An epithet is an artistic and figurative definition that emphasizes the most significant feature of an object or phenomenon in a given context; used to evoke in the reader a visible image of a person, thing, nature, etc.
Answer: epithet.
Answer: epithet
Indicate the size in which the poem by S. A. Yesenin “Now we are leaving a little ...” is written (give the answer in the nominative case without indicating the number of feet).
Explanation.
This poem is written in chorei size.
Chorey is a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the first syllable.
MANY SONGS ABOUT MYSELF.
Answer: trochee.
Answer: Chorey
How does the inner world of the lyrical hero appear in the poem by S. A. Yesenin?
Explanation.
The poem “Now we are leaving a little” is a monologue of the poet, who shares his most intimate thoughts and feelings. The main intonation of the poem is confessional, trusting, sad, farewell and at the same time grateful for the happiness of living on this earth. Life is fleeting, youth is gone forever - the poet regrets this. But life-affirming notes also sound in the poem: he had a chance to experience life with its joys and sorrows - and this is wonderful.
And on this gloomy earth
Happy that I breathed and lived. -
says the poet, and these words evoke a bright feeling.
Explanation.
In his work, A.S. Pushkin repeatedly addressed the theme of life and death. In the poem “Do I wander along the noisy streets”, the author reflects on the inevitability of death, constant thoughts about it follow the poet. He, thinking about immortality, finds it in the next generation:
I caress the sweet baby,
I'm already thinking: I'm sorry!
I give you a place:
It's time for me to smolder, for you to bloom.
Reflecting on this topic, the poet comes to the following conclusion: life ends, and death, perhaps, is only a stage of life. Pushkin is not limited to the earthly life of one person - the immortality of each in his grandchildren and great-grandchildren - in his offspring.
The theme of life and death - eternal in literature - is the leading one in Lermontov's lyrics and is refracted in a peculiar way. Thoughts of life and death, thoughts of the end human life permeated many of the poet's poems. In the poem "And boring and sad ..." the poet reflects on the fact that life is fleeting and will soon have to move into some other dimension. The lyrical hero, although he speaks of this with sadness, but without fear: death is a natural phenomenon, there is no need to regret a wasted life:
And life, as you look around with cold attention -
Such an empty and stupid joke...
The lyrical hero of Yesenin's poem "Now we are leaving a little" seems to look back before leaving and looks at what he leaves in this world. He regrets only two values of this world: about the unique beauties of nature, which, alas, are not in that fertile country, and about the people who live on the earth, cultivate it, making it even more beautiful (they sow bread, “golden in the darkness”). In nature, the death of one person is compensated by the continuation of the family, the emergence of new living souls: children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren. In Yesenin, the finiteness of human existence sounds doubly pessimistic: the process of leaving is inevitable, and life is fragile and short. The progressive movement of a person through life only brings him closer to the fatal end.
Having analyzed the poems of Pushkin, Lermontov and Yesenin, one cannot fail to notice their very similar attitude to the problem of life and death.