Essay about the merchant Kalashnikov for school.
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See also the work "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov"
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1) The history of the creation of the poem. In 1835 M.Yu. Lermontov graduated from the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers and was sent as a cornet to the Life Guards Hussars stationed near St. Petersburg in Tsarskoe Selo. During this period, the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov." It was then that the poet's views on the historical fate of Russia were formed. M.Yu. Lermontov is interested in the past of Russia as a stage in the development of the country's life.
Lermontov's first published poem was "The Song of Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, the Young Oprichnik and the Daring Merchant Kalashnikov" (1837, published in 1838). According to Belinsky's apt remark, Lermontov preferred the past to the present, poetizing it. From the rough reality of the past, according to Belinsky, Lermontov brought out "a fictitious true story, which is more reliable than any reality, more undoubted than any history." "Song ..." was written during Lermontov's stay in the Caucasus - "out of boredom, in order to have fun during an illness that did not allow him to leave the room" (testimony of A.A. Kraevsky). So, without leaving the room, Lermontov is transported in time, becomes a witness to bygone events, assimilates the warehouse of ancient speech, overhears the pulse of a different era. The "Song..." reflects Lermontov's reflections on the moral and political problems of his era, on the fate and rights of the human person, in particular, on the fate and tragic duel of Pushkin. Contemporaries highly appreciated the poem. Decembrist N.A. Bestuzhev wrote to his brother P.A. Bestuzhev on July 4, 1838 from the Petrovsky Plant: “Recently we read in the appendix to the Invalid, The Tale of the Merchant's Son Kalashnikov. It's an excellent little poem... that's how the nation and its history should be conveyed! If you are also familiar with this one ... въ (signature ¦ is an anagram for “Song ...” in a magazine publication) - tell us this literary secret. We also ask you to say: who and what Lermontov wrote the Borodino Battle? Belinsky rightly noted that “the poet entered the realm of the people as its complete ruler, and, imbued with its spirit, merging with it, he showed only his kinship with her ...”
2) Features of the genre of the work. Poem- a large form of lyrical epic poetry; a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot, based on a combination of the narrative characteristics of characters, events and their disclosure through the perception and evaluation of the lyrical hero, narrator. The poet calls his poem a song, as he sings of the people of the time of Ivan the Terrible, on the one hand, and shows the connection of his work with folklore, on the other. Already in the introduction, the connection of the “Song ...” with folklore is manifested; there are characteristic expressions for the song - “Oh, you are a goy ...”
3) The historical basis of the poem. The poem "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich, a young guardsman and a daring merchant Kalashnikov" M.Yu. Lermontov has a historical basis. Lermontov begins by describing a feast in the palace of Ivan the Terrible. The king sits at the table in a golden crown, in an embroidered precious stones, heavy, stiff brocade clothes, majestic and terrible. A man of exceptional education for his time, Ivan IV dreamed of the power of Russia. Like Peter I later, he wanted to "cut a window" to Europe. Historical conditions did not give him the opportunity to do this. Ivan the Terrible is a historical person.
From the petty, insignificant life of contemporary society, Lermontov takes readers to the heroic time of history - the time when the powerful Russian state was created and the strong-willed characters of people were forged. Three different, but strong and original people collide with each other. This collision determines the action of the poem. Oprichnik Kiribeevich, under the influence of the passion that gripped him, offends his dignity ordinary people. Kalashnikov fights for justice and kills Kiribeevich, and Tsar Ivan the Terrible executes Kalashnikov because he arbitrarily dealt with his favorite. The action takes place in the ancient Russian capital - Moscow.
The realist historicism of the "Songs ..." lies in the fact that Lermontov, having recreated the historical color of the era, showed the social contradiction of that time and gave the characters in their social conditioning. "Song ..." describes the terrible time for Russia of the oprichnina, the bloody reign of Ivan the Terrible, "the abyss of horrors of tyranny" (N.M. Karamzin). The 16th century is one of the brightest and most tragic periods in the history of Russia. During the years of the reign of Ivan IV, the country changed: its territory increased almost one and a half times, Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia were conquered, Russia strengthened its political influence in the world. But the price that the people had to pay for these transformations was great. Ivan the Terrible drowned Novgorod in blood, hundreds of people were executed or forcibly tonsured monks, the tyrant's wrath fell on entire families. The reign of Ivan the Terrible was gloomy, his life was also gloomy: Ivan IV was drowning in debauchery, constantly changed wives, killed his eldest son in a fit of rage, constantly suspected treason. Lermontov's poem does not reflect these facts, as well as information about the abductions of the beautiful wives of noble people, who were encouraged by Grozny. The historical Grozny confiscated the property of the executed, did not care about the well-being of their families, as happens in the "Song ...".
The 16th century in the image of Lermontov is a lofty heroic past: there is not a single pronounced negative character in the poem, the horrors of the oprichnina remain “behind the scenes”. At the same time, the permissiveness of Kiribeevich is reliable, the horror that seized Alena Dmitrievna at his words about his origin from the “glorious family from Malyutina”, the violation by the king of his oath to pardon the winner.
How does Tsar Ivan the Terrible feast? (“for the glory of God, for your own pleasure and joy”)
How are the guests at the royal table arranged? (Then at the meal he sits in a golden crown, / The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich sits. / Behind him are the stewards, / Opposite him are all the boyars and princes, / All the guardsmen are on his sides ...) Which indicates that such an arrangement of guests for table at the king - a long-established order?
4) The main conflict of the poem. Conflict - a clash of interests of characters, a struggle of ideas, motives; the basis for the development of the plot in a work of art; contradiction as a principle of interaction between the images of a literary (epic or dramatic) work. The conflict determines the ideological orientation and compositionally organizes a work of art at all levels, giving each image its qualitative certainty in opposition to other images. In the poem, the conflict between the daring, noble, independent Kalashnikov and the crook, the “crafty slave” of Tsar Kiribeevich, is certainly read in the context of the “fierce time”.
5) Characteristics of the heroes of the poem.
Image of Ivan the Terrible. The generalized image of Ivan IV was created by Lermontov in the spirit of the folk tradition - historical songs about Ivan the Terrible - and partly in the "History of the Russian State" by N.M. Karamzin. In the poem, the personality of Ivan the Terrible is depicted ambiguously: his greatness and suspicion, royal arbitrariness, cruelty and generosity are shown. He is a man of strong passions.
The image of Kiribeevich. Kiribeevich - an oprichnik who puts his own desires and interests above moral and moral standards, honor and dignity.
How does Kiribeevich behave at the feast of Ivan the Terrible? Why? (Kiribeevich does not have fun with everyone, because "there was a strong thought in his chest.")
What help does Ivan the Terrible offer to Kiribeevich? (Ivan the Terrible wants to personally woo the girl Kiribeevich has fallen in love with.)
What is Kiribeevich silent about at the tsar's table? What moral law is he breaking? (Kiribeevich is silent to the tsar that Alena Dmitrievna is married.)
How does Kiribeevich behave in a fistfight? How does this behavior characterize the oprichnik? (Kiribeevich goes to a fistfight for fun, to amuse the king, overly self-confident in his abilities.)
The image of the merchant Kalashnikov. The heroic beginning in the poem is associated with the image of the "brave merchant" Kalashnikov. In this image, Lermontov managed to create a character close in quality to the hero of the Russian epic. Consciousness of personal and social dignity, a thirst for justice, courage, selflessness, honesty, directness, lack of servility towards the tsar - these are the main features of Kalashnikov as a truly national hero. Kiribeevich, whose actions are guided by an egoistic feeling, Kalashnikov is opposed as a person acting in the name of duty and honor. Therefore, in the scene of the duel, without yet engaging in battle with Kiribeevich, he wins a moral victory over his opponent: Kalashnikov’s accusatory words made the “daring” Kiribeevich turn pale and shut up (“The word froze on his open lips”). The painting of the “nameless grave” concluding the “Song ...”, evoking a sympathetic response from the masses, inspiring the gusli to the song, gave the feat of Kalashnikov, who died “for the holy truth-mother,” a national significance. The bearer of honor in the "Song ..." is the Moscow merchant Kalashnikov, a man of an independent, free class. The vital and moral principles of Kalashnikov are expressed in his speech before the battle. Not afraid of Kiribeevich's threats, he replies with dignity:
And my name is Stepan Kalashnikov,
And I was born from an honest father,
And I lived according to the law of the Lord:
I did not dishonor someone else's wife,
Didn't rob in the dark night,
Do not hide from the light of heaven.
Kalashnikov contrasts his position in life, his origin, his independent occupation with robbery, baseness and debauchery of the guardsmen. He is ready to "stand for the truth until the last day." Before the battle, Stepan Paramonovich bows to the tsar, churches, "the Russian people", thereby expressing respect not so much for power as for God and people. Leaving for a duel, Kalashnikov fulfills his wife’s request for intercession: “You don’t let me, your faithful wife, be scolded by evil scoundrels!” Stepan Paramonovich acts here as a defender of the clan, family - in the event of his death, he punishes the brothers to stand up for his good name. This is not just revenge, the punishment of the “busurman son”, this is not the fear of “evil swindlers”: Kalashnikov is endowed with high moral consciousness, self-esteem. In an era of dishonor and terror, Kalashnikov defended the honorable name and inviolability of the family. For this, he was executed and buried not according to the Christian rite, but as a robber - between three roads. But, despite the shameful execution and burial in the "nameless grave", Kalashnikov left a good memory:
An old man will pass - cross himself,
A girl will pass - she will grieve /
And the harpists will pass - they will sing a song.
The royal court parted ways with the people's court. Kalashnikov, executed by the tsar and "slandered by rumors", becomes a folk hero.
Describe the merchant Kalashnikov. What is he? (The merchant Kalashnikov is at work all day, house-building orders reign in his family: his wife is waiting for her husband from work, the children are under her supervision. Kalashnikov is a believer who lives according to generally accepted laws.)
Why, not finding his young wife at home, was the merchant "at that time embarrassed by a strong thought"? (The wife, not coming home on time, violated the established order once and for all.)
How did Kapashnikov react to what happened to his wife? How does this characterize him? (Kalashnikov is outraged by Kiribeevich's act and stands up for the honor of his wife and the whole family, since the family is very important for the merchant.)
Where does the “daring merchant” look for help and support in difficult times? How does this fact characterize him? (The merchant Kalashnikov seeks help from his family and turns to his brothers.)
How does Kalashnikov behave during a fistfight? How does this behavior characterize the hero? (Kalashnikov goes to a fistfight to defend the honor of his family, he bows first to the tsar, then to the “holy churches”, “and then to all the Russian people.”)
6) Artistic features poems. Lermontov's poem is still a unique stylization of folklore in a large epic form, the verse "Songs ..." is close to folk poetry, it uses epithets characteristic of folklore, beginnings, "intercepts", repetitions. It was a heroic, gossip, drinking song, which in Lermontov's work coexisted with angelic "quiet songs", youthful "romances" and stylizations ("The bell groans", "I don't know if I was deceived", "The bright ghost of days gone by") . The famous critic of the early 19th century V.G. Belinsky wrote that here “the poet from the real world of Russian life that did not satisfy him was transferred to its historical past, overheard the beating of his pulse, penetrated into the innermost and deepest recesses of his spirit, became related and merged with him with his whole being, fanned himself with his sounds, learned to himself the warehouse of his old speech, the ingenuous severity of his morals, the heroic strength and the wide scope of his feelings ... "
Where the merchant Kalashnikov traded
At the Kremlin, the moat, where the Red Square is now, is the main market of Moscow.
The trade area was called "Fire", in memory of the fire that once devastated the interfluve of Moscow and Neglinka.
During the times of Kalashnikov and Kiribeevich, the square was densely built up with rows of tents, lockers, and semi-dark shops.
Each row had its own name.
In the “shoe” row, Moscow dandies, who cared about the “beauty of shoes”, bought soft boots made of multi-colored leather.
In the “caftan”, “string”, “female” tailors sold sashes, collars embroidered with gold, flowery sundresses, caftans and all other clothes of all colors and styles.
In the "iron" row, famous Moscow gunsmiths exhibited battle axes, chain mail, and swords.
There was also a "book" row. It sold handwritten books, goose and swan feathers, and for some reason sugar, which was brought to Moscow by Persian merchants.
There was also a special row of low benches covered with birch bark. Muscovites' ancestors of hairdressers used to cut their hair here. A clay pot was put on the client's head and hair was cut along its edge with scissors.
Then came “oil”, “honey”, “herring” and two fish rows - “fresh” and “salted”.
Among the wooden sheds, lockers and benches, a long vaulted gallery seemed to have grown into the ground. Its massive pillars and flattened arches surrounded a vast, rectangular structure.
It was Gostiny Dvor.
"Guests" in Ancient Russia were called merchants. The word "visit" meant to trade, so the trading yards where overseas merchants brought and stored their goods were called "living rooms". The visiting "guests" not only kept their goods in the vaulted pantries of Gostiny Dvor, but also lived right there - some in the same pantry, and some in separate room more comfortable. Merchants' horses stood in the spacious stables of the Gostiny Dvor, and carts in the sheds.
Semi-dark shops overlooked the gallery that surrounded the Gostiny Dvor from the outside. It was profitable for foreign merchants to sell their goods in bulk in order to return home faster. Therefore, in many shops of the Gostiny Dvor, Russian merchants traded in imported goods.
Merchant Kalashnikov traded in silk in his shop at Gostiny Dvor. Russia did not yet have its own silk in the 16th century. He was brought to Moscow from distant Central Asia.
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Option 1
1. Why was Kiribeevich sad during the meal?
A) he was tired of serving the king B) he had no money
C) was defeated in a fistfight D) the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov did not pay attention to him
2. What did the merchant Kalashnikov decide to do when he found out what the guardsman had done to his wife?
A) decided not to do anything B) decided to challenge the enemy to a duel
C) decided to fight with the oprichnik in a fistfight D) decided to complain to the king
3. Who does the merchant Kalashnikov turn to for advice?
A) to his wife B) to his younger brothers
C) to older brothers D) to father
4. How did Kiribeevich behave when he found out who wanted to fight him in a fistfight?
A) laughed B) asked the merchant for forgiveness
C) refused to fight D) got scared, turned pale
5. To whom did Kalashnikov not bow before the fight?
A) Kiribeevich B) "Russian people"
C) "white churches" D) terrible tsar"
6. What did Kalashnikov do before the fight?
A) put on gloves B) took off gloves
C) put on chain mail D) took off his hat
7. What medium does M. Lermontov use to create a portrait of the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov?
Walks smoothly - LIKE A SWAN;
Looks sweet - LIKE A DOVE ...
A) metaphor B) personification
C) comparison D) epithet
8. How did the king react when he saw the result of the duel?
A) decided to invite the merchant to his service
B) ordered to send gifts to the wife and children of the merchant Kalashnikov
C) ordered to cut off the head of the merchant Kalashnikov D) ordered to imprison him
9. What did Ivan the Terrible promise to the merchant's brothers after his execution?
A) deprive the merchant rank B) execute
C) allow to trade everywhere without tribute and without duty D) take to your army
10. Which road did not pass near the grave of the merchant Kalashnikov?
A) Vladimir B) Riga
C) Ryazan D) Tula
Varian
t 21. The events referred to in the poem refer to the reign of:
A) Prince Yaroslav the Wise B) Prince Vladimir Monomakh
C) Ivan the Terrible D) Boris Godunov
2. Indicate whose portrait is presented? “... in a golden crown; black eyebrows; sharp eyes; said ... a terrible word ... "
3. Indicate which hero's portrait is presented? “a daring fighter, a violent fellow; dark eyes; shoulders heroic; crafty slave; from a glorious family from Malyutina ... "
A) Kiribeevich B) Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov
C) Matvey Romodanovsky D) Ivan Vasilyevich
4. What tool does M. Lermontov use to create a portrait?
He lowered his DARK eyes into the ground,
He lowered his little head on a WIDE chest -
And in his chest was a thought STRONG.
A) metaphor B) personification
C) comparison D) epithet
5. What is the name of the nobleman in the poem who was in the army, which was created by Ivan IV to fight the boyars?
A) merchant B) prince
C) oprichnik D) boyar
6. What is the name of the wife of the merchant Kalashnikov?
A) Alena Paramonovna B) Alena Dmitrevna
C) Alena Eremeevna D) Alena Ivanovna
7. After the blow of Kalashnikov Kiribeevich:
A) began to beg for mercy B) hit in turn
C) fell dead D) remained standing
8. Where did the merchant's wife go in the evening?
A) to a merchant's shop B) to visit
C) on a date D) to church
9. What happened to the merchant's wife when she returned home?
A) met a priest with a priest B) saw her crying children on the porch
C) met Kiribeevich D) she was attacked by "sons of the boyars"
10. What is the merchant's wife most afraid of?
A) people's rumors B) the power of the king
C) fierce death D) husband's disfavor
- What period of Russian history is reflected in the "Song ..."? Why did the poet turn to the distant past?
- What do you know about the era of Ivan the Terrible (about his reign, about the oprichnina)?
- How do Ivan the Terrible and Kiribeevich appear in the first picture of the poem (a feast at Ivan the Terrible)?
- Is the tsar guilty of Kiribeevich's criminal attempt to destroy the Kalashnikov family?
- How do you see the Kalashnikov family in the second picture of the poem?
- Why is the “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich-cha ...” usually called a poem?
- How do you explain such a long and detailed title of this work?
- There are three characters in the title. In the story, there is a collision of only two rivals. What role does Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich play in this work?
- Highlight the most important events of the plot of this work. Find the opening, climax and denouement. Does this poem have an exposition and an epilogue?
- How did the connection with folklore manifest itself in the poem? Write out examples from the text that illustrate the artistic techniques of folklore.
- Compare the image of Ivan the Terrible in the historical song Pravezh with the same image in Lermontov's poem. What do you see as the main differences between these images? Confirm your answer with text.
- Prepare to read by heart one of the most important episodes of the poem.
- Many artists illustrated the poem. What illustrations caught your attention? Which of the artists, in your opinion, most accurately conveyed the atmosphere of the poem?
- On the plot of "Songs ...", the opera "The Merchant Kalashnikov" by A. G. Rubinshtein was written. Many passages from the poem have also been set to music. How could you explain such a choice of passages: “Over Great Moscow…”, “Dawn over Moscow”, “Oh, you goy…”?
- The events of Lermontov's "Songs about ... the merchant Kalashnikov" and Gogol's "Taras Bulba" take place at approximately the same historical time. Did you remember this when you got acquainted with the texts of the works, or did you not even think about it? Justify the answer. material from the site
You know that the events of these works belong to approximately the same time - the 16th-17th centuries. But this circumstance is quickly forgotten, since the plots of the works unfold in different places and do not include any common historical figures. The memory remains a general idea of the Middle Ages with its way of life, customs, system of relations. However, the feeling of a meeting with a heroic time remains firmly, as heroic destinies and strong characters pass before us.
- In the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “The Song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov” and in the works of A. K. Tolstoy “Vasily Shibanov” and “Prince Silver”, one of the heroes is Ivan the Terrible. Try to create a collective image of the king or point out the differences in his characteristics.
- How does the third part of the poem begin - a picture of a fistfight? What is the meaning of the description of the morning, the scarlet dawn?
- Do opponents behave the same way? For what purpose does each of them go to a fistfight?
- Why didn’t Kalashnikov deceive the tsar, didn’t say that he killed Kiribeevich “reluctantly” (after all, by doing this he would have saved his life)? Can his behavior be called a feat?
- Who owns the final and correct assessment of the tragedy that has unfolded?
- What brings Lermontov's poem closer to a folk song? What artistic techniques of folk poetry did the author use? Give examples of metaphors, comparisons, constant epithets.
- What is the main idea of M.Yu. Lermontov?
The poem reflects the 16th century, the time of the despotic rule of Ivan the Terrible. The work sounded like a deeply modern one: A. S. Pushkin, who defended the honor of his wife and his family, had just died in a duel with the “tsarist guardsman”. The poem, written after the defeat of the Decembrists, taught perseverance and courage in the fight against despotism, brought up respect for a person, his honor and dignity, supported faith in ideals. Not seeing heroes in the present, the poet looks for them in the past.
There is no direct fault of the king in this. But the tsar is guilty of making such behavior of his favorite possible, protecting the guardsmen from the anger of the people, putting them above the law, of encouraging their arbitrariness and impunity.
Life is harsh, people are harsh, relations between them are harsh. Suspecting his wife of infidelity, Kalashnikov threatens to hide her "behind an iron lock behind a chained oak door." For Alena Dmitrievna, her husband is “sovereign”, “red sun”; his disfavor for her is worse than human rumor, worse than death. The younger brothers, who are ready to support him in everything, consider the merchant to be the “second father”. The power of Kalashnikov in the family is undeniable, but under the cover of severity, kindness lives in him, care for loved ones, for the honor and dignity of the family.
A poem is one of the genres of the lyrical-epic kind of literature, a poetic plot narrative. At the heart of Lermontov's lyrical narration is a story about the conflict between the merchant Stepan Paramonovich Kalashnikov and the young guardsman Ivan the Terrible - Kiribeevich.
In the full title of the poem, Tsar Ivan the Terrible and his oprichnik (without mentioning the name) are in the first place, which accurately indicates the era reflected in the poem, its realities. The name shows the influence of these characters on the fate of the protagonist - the merchant Kalashnikov, a fictional hero, but reflecting the moral ideas, lifestyle, characteristic of the Russian merchant class.
Ivan the Terrible embodies the idea of despotic, tyrannical power. In the era of Nicholas's despotism, Lermontov's interest in the figure of Ivan the Terrible is understandable: the poet compares Russia from the time of the ancient tyrant with Russia ruled by the "enlightened" sovereign Nicholas I. The clash between Kiribeevich and Kalashnikov goes beyond personal relations, it becomes the cause of a collision -th person and the entire state machine, the personification of which is Ivan the Terrible. Preparing to take revenge on the offender, Kalashnikov enters into an open conflict with the sovereign, for he is fighting against his institutions, will, against the permissiveness of the tsar's close associates.
The plot is a feast at Ivan the Terrible.
The climax is the fight between Kalashnikov and Kiribeevich.
The denouement is the execution of Kalashnikov.
A peculiar exposition can be called the beginning of the poem.
The work is written in a special genre - songs. Lermontov sought to bring the poem closer to epic folklore tales. Guslars play an important role in the structure of the poem. The reader does not hear the author's voice; in front of him is, as it were, a work of oral folk art. Consequently, the moral positions from which the heroes are evaluated are not authorial, but generalized folk.
The artistic structure of the poem brings it closer to the works of oral folk art: traditional epithets (sweet overseas wine, keen eyes, violent fellow, strong thought, scarlet dawn, red girls, blond braids, violent little head, clouds blue, the sun is red, etc.); comparisons (walks smoothly - like a swan, says the word - the nightingale sings); inversions (heroic shoulders, a formidable word, etc.); numerous cases of syntactic repetitions and direct and negative parallelism:
The red sun does not shine in the sky, The blue clouds do not admire it: Now at the meal he sits in a golden crown, The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich sits ...
In folk songs, the image of Ivan the Terrible is idealized; they embodied the faith of the people in a harsh but just tsar. In folk tradition, the king appears before us as fair, formidable and merciful at the same time. In Lermontov's poem, the Terrible is convinced of his power not only over life and death, but also over the souls of his subjects. The will of the king was considered a manifestation of the will of God on earth, the king stood above any court and investigation. But the tsar's mercy is manifested in the fact that, having executed Kalashnikov, the tsar spares his family and frees his brothers from paying taxes to the tsar's treasury. He executes Kalashnikov both out of ignorance and because he directly refused to reveal the reason for the murder; about this he will say "only to God alone."
The most intense and important for the development of the action of the poem are the battle between Kalashnikov and Kiribeevich and the conversation between Kalashnikov and Ivan the Terrible.
The captivating plot of Lermontov's "Songs ...", its deep penetration into the spirit of the era, more than once attracted many Russian artists of the 19th-20th centuries. In 1862-1864, the poem was illustrated by V. G. Schwartz. His drawings are distinguished by the expressiveness of the characteristics of the characters, the accuracy of everyday details. In 1865, illustrations for the work were created by A. I. Charlemagne. His interpretation of images is more superficial, but one cannot fail to note the artist's high drawing technique and successful arrangement with the text of the poem. In 1868, expressive illustrations for "The Song ..." were drawn by I. E. Repin, in 1888 - by M. V. Nesterov. At the beginning of the 20th century, the images of the poem were reproduced by B. M. Kustodiev, in the 30s of the same century I. Ya. Bili-bin created an elegant stylization. The decorativeness of the artist's drawing does not contradict the realistic interpretation of the images of Lermontov's work.
The theme of the excerpts is the glorification of Moscow, the heart of Russia, and their closeness in structure to the folk song determine such a choice.
In these three works, Ivan IV is a formidable and cruel tsar. But still at general characteristics and evaluation of the image that is created by the reader is different. In Lermontov's "Song..." Ivan the Terrible only shows his affection for the oprichnina, in "Vasily Shibanov" - cruelty, in "Prince Serebryany" a more detailed description of the king is given, it is shown how he changes over time and how in his character are the sinister features of a despot and a petty tyrant.
Although the events of the “Song ...” are historical, the meaning of the work is relevant: in conditions of despotism, a person must defend his honor and dignity by any means.
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On this page, material on the topics:
- a song about a merchant Kalashnikov why a song?
- personification in a song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich
- Kochubey and Ivan the Terrible Lermontov's work
- song about tsar ivan vasilyevich beginning
- the main characters of the song about ... the merchant Kalashnikov
The writing
Many poets and writers turned to the historical past of their people in search of heroic characters, in an effort to tell about the tragic fate of people. "A song about Tsar Ivan Vasilievich, a young opponent and a daring merchant Kalashnikov", written by M. Yu. Lermontov, takes us back to the era of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The desire to show exactly the spirit of that time, the characters and relationships of the people who lived then was reflected even in the title of the work. In the first place there is Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible, as he was called by the people.
Lermontov called his poem "Song..." because it was written in the spirit of folk song poetry. Due to this, the author's attitude to the characters and events taking place in the poem is mixed with the people's assessment.
Not PUMfin nc NILF sun crysnog. Not lyOtsnnt "I give them blue clouds: That da / npanejou sits in a golden crown. The formidable Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich sits.
Indeed, the king is formidable. People do not dare to complain and grumble about the arbitrariness and lawlessness of the tsar's opponents, although they inflicted many troubles and insults on the common people. Suffered and, ҹ-: the young guardian Kiribeevich and the main mountain; we are a daring merchant Stepan Paramonoviҹ Kalashnikov. A brave and honest merchant. He prides himself on:
... I was born from a noble father, And I lived according to the law of the Lord.
Kalashnikov's wife, Alena Dmitrevna, unwittingly became the cause of great misfortune. In the image of Alena Dmitrev-na, the poet embodied the ideal of a Russian woman: she is a good mother and a faithful, loving wife.
Walks smoothly like a swan; Looks sweet as a dove; The nightingale sings the word...
Alena Dmitrievna fell in love with the royal guard Kiribe Evi. He could not cope with the strength of his feelings, he turned out to be weak and dishonest. In the evening he met someone else's wife, confessed his love to her, and detained her by force. He offered Ki-ribeevich riches and fame for his love to Alena Dmitrievna, kissed her in front of neighbors and strangers. About himself he said:
I am not a thief, a forest murderer, I am a servant of the king ...
but in fact he wanted to steal not only someone else's wife, but also someone else's love, someone else's happiness. However, Alena Dmitrevna did not succumb to vile persuasions, escaped, ran home to ask for protection from her beloved husband and faithful defender. She is not afraid of "the cruel death", she is not afraid of "people's rumors", she is afraid of what her husband does not understand, accuses her of sin.
The merchant Kalashnikov was indignant at the treachery of his opponent. He boldly stands up to defend the honor of his wife, his family.
Disgraced our honest family The evil foe of the tsar Kiribeevich; But such an insult cannot be endured by the soul, Yes, the brave heart cannot endure,
he explains to his brothers. He decides to engage in a fist fight with the offender in order to "fight to the death", and asks the brothers to continue the fight if he himself dies.
The merchant was proud. Self-esteem did not allow him to ask for help from the king, so that he would punish the vile opponent. The merchant did not share his grief with anyone but his brothers.
The next day, Kalashnikov went out to fight against Kiribeev. Many people had to watch their duel, and the king in that number.
Hearing the name of his opponent and realizing that he went out "to a terrible battle, to the last battle," Kiribeevich "turned pale in his face, like autumn snow."
He has a restless soul, a bad conscience. Kiribeev got scared:
His bright eyes clouded over, Frost ran between his strong shoulders, On his open lips the word froze...
The daring merchant Kalashnikov enters the battle not only for his own honor. Behind his mighty shoulders are all the people, offended by the arbitrariness of the royal servants. Therefore, the merchant won in a terrible duel, having avenged the shame and insult. However, the troubles did not end at this, the tsar got angry, ordered to bring the unauthorized merchant, and threateningly asked: "by free will or reluctantly" did Kalashnikov kill the tsar's servant?
Courageously and with dignity, the merchant keeps himself in the presence of the king and his servants. copying is forbidden He understands that, even after learning the truth, Ivan the Terrible will not forgive him for the death of Kiribeev. However, the merchant is also not going to deceive the king:
I killed him at will,
And for what, about what I will not tell you,
I will only tell God.
Kalashnikov asks the tsar only that he not "leave by his grace" the wife, children and brothers of the merchant.
Ivan the Terrible appreciated the courage and honesty of the merchant and, sending him to his death, promised him to fulfill his request. However, by executing Stepan Kalashnikov, the tsar takes revenge on him in this way for his speech against violence and arbitrariness.
And they executed Stepan Kalashnikov with a cruel, shameful death.
The people appreciated the merchant's act as a feat, they will not forget that a man who was not afraid to speak out for the truth is buried in the "nameless grave". That's why:
... good people pass by: An old man will pass, cross himself, A fine fellow will pass, he will sit down, A maiden will pass, he will mourn, And the harp will sing a song.