The spelling of compound nouns and especially adjectives is one of the tense points of modern orthography. This guide in this matter is based on the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation of 1956", as well as on the normative "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language". There is a slightly different approach to writing these words, for example, in the book “Together or Separate?” (experience of the reference dictionary) B.3. Bukchina and L.P. Kalakutskaya (see appendix at the end of the book).

Consolidated spelling

1. Complex nouns are written together with elements of auto-, agro-, aero-, bio-, bicycle-, helio-, geo-, hydro-, zoo-, iso-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro- , mono-, moto-, neo-, paleo-, radio-, stereo-, tele-, photo-, electro-, etc. regardless of the number of named elements or other words in the stem. For example: car business, automotobicycle racing, agricultural technology, snowmobiles, biostation, cycling, heliotherapy, geobotany, hydromechanics, hydropower resources, zoo veterinary station, zoohygiene, isophoto reportage, film script, macroworld, weather report, microradio waves, monoculture, motor parts, neopositivism, Paleo-Asians, radio show, stereo cinema, TV movie, combined heat and power plant, thermohydrodynamics, photographic art, electrical wire, electric light therapy facility.

Note 1. When fluctuating between hyphenated and continuous spelling of words of foreign origin, the second is preferred, if in the Russian language the components with their inherent meaning are not distinguished in the word, for example: blitz krieg - blitzkrieg, water machine - water machine, water polo - water polo, gummi- arabic - gum arabic, maitre "o-tel - maitre d', tabld" from - tabldot. Wed also: crepe de chine, fide chine, fildekos, fildepers (two components with a French preposition between them are not distinguished in the words) - crepe georgette, crepe maroquin, crepe satin, crepe chiffon. Or the continuous spelling of inflected words padegras, padekatre, padepatiner, padespan and hyphenated spelling of non-inclined words of the same semantic group pas de deux, pas de trois.

2. Complex nouns are written together with the verb first part on -and, for example: spinner, adonis, dzhimorda, hoarder, daredevil, noise head. Exception: tumbleweed.

3. Compound abbreviated words of all types are written together, for example, state committee, trade union committee, Uralmash, Central Bank.

Hyphen

4. As a rule, complex nouns are written with a hyphen without a connecting vowel, denoting the names of mechanisms, as well as scientific, technical, socio-political terms, for example: automatic stacker, automatic leveler, vacuum apparatus (vacuum pump, vacuum dryer, vacuum shield, etc.), diesel-electric ship, dynamo, cable crane, beam crane, motor generator, stop valve, filter press, syringe machine; chair-bed, raincoat-tent; saw-fish; prime minister, lieutenant general, captain engineer, lord chancellor.

Note 1. Compound words are written together:

• a) with the first part board-: flight engineer, flight mechanic;

b) with the second part -meter: vacuum gauge, dosimeter, millivoltmeter.

Note 2. Words with the first part are written through a hyphen block- and press-: block apparatus, block diagram, block mechanism, block signal, block system (but notepad, blockhouse); press attache, press secretary, press conference, press center; press cliché, press conveyor, paperweight.

5. Complex units of measurement are written with a hyphen, for example: gram-atom (gram-calorie, gram-molecule, etc.), kilogram-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day, man-bed.

Exceptions: workday, labor hour.

6. Compound names of political movements, as well as their supporters, are written with a hyphen, for example: anarcho-syndicalism, national socialism, radical socialist, social revolutionaries, social democrats.

7. The names of intermediate countries of the world are written with a hyphen, for example: southeast, northwest, south-southeast.

8. Hyphenated words with foreign language elements vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned, headquarters, ex- in the first part, for example: vice admiral, life guard, chief conductor, non-commissioned officer, staff doctor, ex-champion, ex-deputy prime minister (with two hyphens).

9. Complex plant names are written with a hyphen that have a verb in a personal form or a conjunction, for example: love-don't-love, don't-touch-me, Ivan-da-Marya, mother-and-stepmother.

10. Compound words are written with a hyphen, in which a word with an estimated value is added to the main word, for example: boy-woman, gop-company, unfortunate leader, good boy, miracle fish, cheers-patriotism.

11. Scientific and technical terms are written with a hyphen, which include the names of letters or letters (most often the Greek and Latin alphabets), for example: alpha particle, gamma radiation, x-rays (x-rays), k-particle, pi meson.

12. Adjectives formed from geographical names with hyphenated writing retain a hyphen in their spelling, for example: Alma-Ata - Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuyevo - Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Los Angeles - Los Angeles. Puerto Rico is Puerto Rican, and nouns formed from this chain are written together, for example: New York - New York, New Yorkers, Costa Rica - Costa Rican, Costa Ricans, Kurgan-Tyube - Kurgan-Tube, Kurgan-Tube . The chain Ku Klux Klan - Ku Klux Klan - Ku Klux Klan is subject to the same rule.

13. When combined with the help of a union and two or more complex nouns with the same second part, this part can only be given with the last word, and with the preceding words, the so-called hanging hyphen is written instead. For example: gas and electric welding (cf. gas welding and electric welding); water and gas supply; radio and television broadcasts; auto, motorcycle and bicycle races (but in the absence of a union and- continuous spelling, see above, paragraph 1).

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Spelling compound words

The basic principle of continuous and separate writing is the selection of words in writing. Parts of words are written together, words are separated by spaces. The application of this rule is hampered by the fact that word combinations and whole words are not always clearly opposed in the language (for example, combinations with the particle not and words with prefix not?, combinations of nouns with prepositions and adverbs formed from such combinations).

There is a third type of spelling - hyphenated, or semi-fused. A hyphen can separate a word into parts (for example, firebird, light green, in a new way, because of, all-in, first, someone) and, conversely, combine parts of a phrase (for example, science fiction writer, cunning-cunning, out of the blue, out of the blue, two or three).

The main rules of this section are divided into general and related to individual parts of speech.

General rules

The following digits of words are written together

1. Words with prefixes , for example:

a) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, cashless, alongshore, extracurricular, intraspecies, appeal, run out, finish reading, scream, interlibrary, interregnum, the largest, non-specialist, unpleasant, not without interest, untalented, subhuman, misunderstand, depose, deforest, weaken, near-literary, stepson, stronger, post-perestroechny, ancestral home, prehistory, overtone, resist, superhuman, ultra-distant, co-editor, mediterranean, loam, striped, excessive;

b) with prefixes of foreign origin: illogical, avantitul, anticyclone, ahistorical, archival, hyperinflation, dismantling, disintegration, disproportion, immoral, international, infrastructure, irrational, counteroffensive, metalanguage, parapsychology, post-Soviet, protohistory, re-evacuation, offal, superliner, transcontinental, ultra-left, extraterritorial, extraordinary.

Words with a prefix the ex- in the meaning of ‘former’ ( ex-champion, ex-soviet etc.) are written with a hyphen. The same word is written rear admiral, where is the prefix counter- is of particular importance.

Compound words are also written together with initial parts, Russian and foreign, close to prefixes, for example: forgiveness, all-encompassing, monthly, extraterrestrial, alien, pseudoscience, pseudosocialist, nationwide, universally recognized, half-moon, half-sweet, half-lying, half-jokingly, self-sufficient, self-healing; pan-American, quasi-scientific, pseudo-gothic, pseudo-folk.

2. Compound words, the first part of which coincides with the form of the numeral (two, three, five etc.), as well as words with first parts two-, three-, many-, little-, for example: two-month, three-ton, four-percentage, pentagonal, six-story, seven-mile, octahedron, nine-point, decathlon, eleven-year-old, twelve-hour, twenty-ton, thirty-degree, forty-bucket, fifty-year-old, ninety-year-old, centenary, two-hundred-ruble, one-and-a-half-year-old, one-and-a-half-year-old, dual power, three-finger; bilateral, tripod, polynomial, multi-stage, few people, little snow, unattractive .

3. Compound words with the first foreign (international) part ending in a vowel . The list of the main such parts of compound words:

With the final about : auto-, agro-, astro-, audio-, aero-, baro-, benzo-, bio-, velo-, vibro-, video-, hecto-, helio-, geo-, hetero-, hydro-, homo -, dendro-, zoo-, iso-, kilo-, cinema-, cosmo-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, moto-, neuro-, neuro-, neo-, ortho-, paleo-, pyro-, pneumo-, porno-, psycho-, radio-, retro-, seismo-, socio-, spectro-, stereo-, thermo-, turbo-, phyto-, phono-, photo-, evaco-, exo- , eco-, electro-, endo-, energy-;

With finite a, e, and : air-, deca-, mega-, media-, tetra-; tele-; deci-, milli-, poly-, centi- .

Examples: autobiography, automobile plant, agro-soil, astrophysics, audio engineering, aerovisual, hyperbaric chamber, gas engine, biosphere, cycle track, vibration measuring, video equipment, hectowatt, heliogravure, geopolitics, heterotransplantation, hydroturbine, homosexual, arboretum, veterinarian, isobars, isothermal, kilometer, film, cosmic vision, macrocosm, meteorological service, microbiology, microcomputer, monoculture, motorcycle racing, neuropathologist, neuropsychic, neorealism, orthocenter, paleo-asian, pyrotechnics, pneumosclerosis, porno film, psycholinguistics, radioactive, radio receiver, retro fashion, seismic-resistant, socio-cultural, spectro-projector, stereo effect, heat-resistant, turbogenerator, phytoplankton, phonochrestomathy, camera, evacuation hospital, exothermic, ecosystem, electrically intensive, endothermic, energy intensive;

airmail, aerochemical, decameter, megarelief, media company, tetra-substituted; telephoto lens, telefilm, teleKVN, remote-controlled; decigram, millivolt, polyvalent, multivitamin, centigram;

With two or more of these parts: aerial photography, hydrogeochemical, meteoradiosonde, radiotelecontrol, spectroheliogram, photographic filming, electrical and radio equipment; motorbike racing, astrospectrophotometry, paleophytogeographical.

4. Compound words that end in i , for example: time-calculation, time-pulse, name-creativity, cotyledon, seed-cleansing, selfishness, selfish.

The following bits of words are written with a hyphen

1. Combinations that represent the repetition of a word (often for the purpose of reinforcement), for example: blue-blue, strong, strong, much, much, barely, very, very, very, very, just, just a little bit, ah-ah, woof-woof, pah-pah, just about, they go- go, ask, ask; the combination is also spelled zero zero .

This includes repetitions of pronominal words. all, all, who, what(in different cases) where, where and others, for example: Everyone has arrived! She is happy with everything. Someone who just did not visit him! Already someone, and she is happy with them. There is nothing here! Something, but this will not happen! Where, where, and in this house is always fun. Somewhere, but he will not refuse to go to Moscow.

2. Combinations-repetitions of expressive (often amplifying) nature, in which one of the parts is complicated by a prefix or suffix, as well as combinations of elements that vary in sound composition, for example: beauty-beauty, clever-reason, wolf-wolf, tower-teremok, grief-grieving, day-to-day, flour-torment, darkness-darkness, blue-blue, washed-over-washed, glad-radyoshenek, one-alone, white- white, early, early, a long time ago, little by little, little by little, firmly, firmly, crosswise, willy-nilly, some kind of no, after all, just, jump-jump, wait-wait, full-full, sick-sick, insofar as(adverb), sikkos-nakos, passions-muzzles, focus-pocus, things-dryuchki, shurum-burum, tyap-blunder, containers-bars, trali-vali, not khukhry-mukhry, shakher-makher, shura-mura.

3. Pair constructions consisting of words with the first part semi-, for example: half-city-half-village, half-German-half-Russian, half-fairy-tale-half-life, half-sleep-half-real; half-military-half-civilian, half-mocking-half-sympathetic, half-jokingly-half-seriously, half-lying-half-sitting.

Between parts of such paired constructions, a comma is also possible (in some syntactic conditions: when enumerating, separating), for example: Accept the collection of colorful chapters, / Half funny, half sad ...(P.); Her eyes are like two fogs / Half smile, half cry(Ill.).

4. Combinations correlative or close in meaning words, for example: sadness-longing, path-road, life-life, geese-swans, vegetables-fruits, bread-salt, fir-trees-sticks, cats and mice(the game), spoons, forks, arms and legs, one and only, alive and well, good health, unexpectedly, at the very least, any-expensive, sewn-covered, walks-wanders, lived-were, drink-eat, drink- feed, this and that, this and that, back and forth.

5. Combinations that have the meaning of an approximate indication of the amount or time of something , for example: a day or two, a week or two, write a letter or two, a year or two, two or three hours, three or four times, twelve or fifteen people, two or three boys, two or three; He will be back in March/April .

If in such constructions the quantity is indicated by numbers, not a hyphen is placed between them, but a dash, for example: people 12–15; she is 30–35 years old; rubles 200–300; it was a year in 1950-1951.

6. Compound words with the first part - a letter or sound abbreviation, for example: VHF transmitter, MW oven, HIV infection, DNA containing .

Nouns

Common names

The following categories of nouns are written together

1. Nouns whose continuous spelling is determined general rules: words with prefixes and initial parts like false-, semi-, self- , compound words with the first part coinciding with the form of the numeral, compound words with initial parts like auto, air , compound words with the first part ending in -I , for example: superman, pseudoscience, three-ton, airstrike, biosphere, cotyledons .

2. compound words, for example: shelling, military doctor, state trade, foreign passport, spare parts, cyberspace, communist party, machine bureau, payment in kind, teacher's institute, political emigrant, socialist realism, special issue, special vocational school, wall newspaper, dance floor, transagency, household goods; collective farm, trade union organization, Komsomol, trade mission, destroyer.

3. Compound nouns with connecting vowels o and e, for example: plumbing, farmer, forest-steppe, poultry farm, vegetable store, new building, South Americans, sound image, syllabotonics; with two or more initial components: forest peat extraction, steam and water supply, glass-reinforced concrete, gas-water-oil saturation.

4. Compound nouns with the first part in -иili -ъ , coinciding with the form of the imperative mood of the verb: hemlock, flirtatious, spiny, vyrviglaz, adonis, keep a tree, dzhimorda, kosiseno, hoarder, daredevil, noise head, robber army. Exception: Tumbleweed.

5. Nouns derived from hyphenated proper nouns (consisting of two parts with initial capital letters), for example: Addisabebians, Almaty residents(from Addis Ababa, Almaty), Buenosairesians, Yoshkarolinians, Costa Ricans, Los Angelesans, New Yorkers, Nutcrackers, Ulanudens, Ust-Kamenogorsks(names of residents of cities and states); Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonist(from Saint Simon).

6. (as well as ordinal numbers in the function of nouns), if these forms begin with a consonant letter, except l , for example: half a bottle, half a bucket, half a house, half a meter, half an hour; half past two, half past nine, half past five etc.

The following categories of nouns and combinations of nouns are written with a hyphen.

1. Combinations of two nouns in which the first part has an independent declension :

a) combinations-repetitions different type, pair constructions, combinations of correlative or similar words, for example: smart-reason, wolf-wolf, unfortunate misfortune, half-asleep-half-awake, friend-buddy, name-patronymic, purchase and sale;

b) combinations with single-word applications following the word being defined, for example: baba yaga, roly-poly, hero city, flying carpet, fiber flax, mother heroine, hornbill, hermit crab, parrot fish, self-collected tablecloth(stable combinations); new building, international journalist, emigrant writer, medical student, bloodhound dog, rookie soldier, amateur gardener, first-year student, old mother, beautiful girl, Masha the frolic(free combinations); with the second part unchanged: parade-alle, lottery-allegri, maximum program, minimum program.

c) combinations with single-word applications preceding the word being defined, for example: old father, beautiful daughter, clever son, hero-pilot, sage-writer, naughty-monkey, tyrant-stepmother, hard worker-investigator, layman-editor, rogue-manager. Such applications are evaluative in nature.

Combinations of this type with proper names usually written separately: old man Derzhavin(P.), baby Tsakhes(character of Hoffmann's story of the same name), simpleton Vanya etc.; but: Mother Russia(Nekr.).

2. Combinations with applications in which the first part is an indeclinable noun , for example: cafe-machine, single canoe, mezzo-soprano, cape-coat, operetta revue, relay-station, free-carriage.

They also include:

a) combinations of note names with words sharp, flat, becar: C-sharp, G-sharp, E-flat, A-flat, A-becar etc.;

b) combinations with the first parts gross, net, solo: gross weight, net balance, solo bill etc.;

c) names of production brands and products of the type Tu-104, Il-18 .

3. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular with the ending , for example: aga-khan, unfortunate hunter, amusement park, miracle hero, echo-impulse .

This also includes terms with the names of Greek letters as initial elements, for example: alpha particle, beta decay, gamma radiation, delta wood, kappa factor, lambda characteristic, sigma function, theta rhythm .

4. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in the nominative singular without an ending (with null ending), for example: address-calendar, mizzen-mast, business class, boy-woman, fire-girl, major general, jazz orchestra, diesel engine, doping control, firebird, Internet project, caravanserai, march throw, online survey, PR campaign, cape, Rh factor, rock ensemble, sex bomb, transfer agent, tsar fish; unit names, e.g.: ampere-second, watt-second, hectowatt-hour, kilowatt-hour, kilogram-force; foreign names of intermediate countries of the world: southwest, southeast, northwest, northeast.

There are many exceptions to this rule. Traditionally, all the names of chemical compounds of such a structure are written together, for example: bromoacetone, butyl rubber, vinylacetylene, methylbenzene, methyl rubber, chloroacetone, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, ethylcellulose. Examples of other fused spellings: vimpelfal, kostutil, lotlin, plankart, falzapparat, quarter-final, stormtrap, yalbot .

5 . Words with disco first parts - (music), maxi, midi, mini , for example: disco club, disco music, maxi fashion, midi skirt, mini dress, mini tractor, mini football, mini computer.

6. The following groups of nouns formed with connecting vowels :

a) the names of complex units of measurement, for example: bed-place, car-place, passenger-kilometer, ton-kilometer, plane-departure, machine-hour, man-day;

b) Russian names of intermediate countries of the world: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, as well as north-northeast, north-northwest, south-southeast, south-southwest.

7. A group of words denoting mainly positions and titles, with the first parts vice-, camera-, counter-, life-, chief-, states-, non-commissioned, wing-, headquarters, staff-, as well as ex- (meaning ‘former’), for example: Vice Governor, Vice Chancellor, Vice Consul, Vice President, Vice Premier, Vice Champion; chamber junker, chamber page; rear admiral; Life Guards, Life Hussar, Life Dragoon, Life Medic; chief burgomaster, chief master, chief officer, chief prosecutor; lady of state, secretary of state; non-commissioned officer; adjutant wing; headquarters, headquarters physician, headquarters officer, headquarters captain; staff captain; ex-president, ex-minister, ex-director, ex-champion, ex-deputy prime minister .

The words extraterritorial and expatriation, where is the prefix the ex- has a different meaning, are written together. The same is true for musical terms. overtone and undertone.

8. Names in the form of phrases with a function word (since they consist of three parts, they are written with two hyphens): Ivan da Marya, coltsfoot, don't touch me(plants), love-not-love(the game).

9 . Combinations with gender forms genus. case of nouns (as well as ordinal numbers in the function of nouns), if these forms begin with a vowel or a consonant l, for example: half a turn, half a window, half an orange, half a knot, half a hut, half a diocese, half a Christmas tree, half a screen, half a yurt, half an apple, half a lemon, half a leaf, half a eleventh .

10. Nouns formed from hyphenated common nouns , for example: vice presidency, general government, chamber junkers, privatdocentura, trade unionism, non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned officer(from vice president, governor general, chamber junker, privatdozent, trade union, non-commissioned officer).

Exceptions : southwester, pingpongist, flip-flop, miner, yacht club member.

In all other cases, the continuous or hyphenated spelling of nouns is regulated in dictionary order.

Groups of nouns of similar structure, written both with a hyphen and together.

1. Compound nouns , in which the first part represents:

a) the full stem of a self-used noun that has nominative singular the ending (nonzero);

b) truncated stem of a self-used noun or adjective .

Examples of hyphens:

a) admiralty board, wardroom, manufactory board, post director, press officer, yacht club ;

b) audience hall, ordinary doctor, CD, commerce board, conference hall, assistant professor, legal board; the names of political parties and trends and their supporters are also written, for example: social democracy, social democrat, national socialism, national socialist, radical extremism .

Examples of fused spellings:

a) watch parade, sixth chord, seventh chord;

b) bulwark.

2. Compound nouns, the first part of which occurs only in compound words.

Examples of hyphens: art-salon, beat-group, berg-collegium, braid pennant, web page, grand hotel, dalai lama, dancing hall, content analysis, cruise bearing, lawn tennis, music hall, pop music, subaltern officer, top model, tryn grass .

Examples of fused spellings: arcsine, backstage, mezzanine, bildapparat, bundeschancellor, water machine, uniform uniform, marshal u quintessence, cold cream, cabinet of curiosities, leitmotif, landlord, reich chancellor, field marshal, schmutztitul .

3. Nouns consisting of two or more elements, separately in Russian (as independent words or repeating parts of compound words) not being used.

Examples of hyphens: alma mater, beef breze, boogie-woogie, jiu-jitsu, lend-lease, kebab, know-how, papier-mache, ping-pong, Turkish delight, tete-a-tete, weekend, fife-o-clock, fata morgana, happy ending, cha-cha-cha .

Examples of fused spellings: underground(and underground), rear guard, bel canto, beef stroganoff, bibabo, blancmange, beau monde, bonmeaux, bundestag, verliebr, child prodigy, judo, dixieland, ginseng, quipro quo, kickapoo, crossword, landwehr, meistersinger, headwaiter, notabene, sedan chair, price list, tom-tom, theremin, backgammon, orange blossom, hula hoop, chainword, sharivari.

Spelled differently words with the first part pa- (correlative with a separately used indeclinable noun): cf. pas de deux, pas de trois and padegras, padekatre, padepatiner, padespan .

1. Complex nouns are written together with elements auto-, agro-, aero-, bio-, velo-, helio-, geo-, hydro-, zoo-, iso-, cinema-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, moto-, neo- , paleo, radio, stereo, TV, photo, electric and others, regardless of the number of named elements or other words in the stem. For example: auto a business, automotovelo race, agro technique, aero sled, bio station, velo sport, helio therapy, geo botany, hydro Mechanics, hydro life resources, zoo vetpoint, zoo hygiene, isophoto reportage, screenplay, macrocosm, weather report, microradio waves, mono culture, moto parts, neo positivism, paleo Asians, radio staging, stereo movie, body movie, thermoelectric central, thermohydro dynamics, a photo art, electro the wire, electro phototherapy clinic.

Note 1. When fluctuating between hyphenated and continuous spelling of words of foreign origin, the second is preferred, if in the Russian language the components with their inherent meaning are not distinguished in the word, for example: blitz krieg - blitzkrieg, water machine - water machine, water polo - water polo, gum arabic - gum arabic, maitre "o-tel - maitre d', tabled "from - table d'hôte Wed also: crepe de chine, fide chine, fildekos, fildepers (two components with a French preposition between them are not distinguished in the words) - crepe georgette, crepe maroquin, crepe satin, crepe chiffon. Or continuous spelling of inflected words padegras, padekatre, padepatiner, padespan and hyphenated spelling of indeclinable words of the same semantic group pas de deux, pas de trois.

Note 2. About spelling words with element air see § 41, paragraph 4.

2. Complex nouns are written together with the verb first part on - and, for example: vert and neck, mountains and color, keep and snout, osprey and house, wreck and head, noise and head. Exception: roll and-field.

3. Compound abbreviated words of all types are written together, for example state committee, trade union committee, Uralmash, Central Bank.
Hyphen

4. As a rule, complex nouns are written with a hyphen without a connecting vowel, denoting the names of mechanisms, as well as scientific, technical, socio-political terms, for example: stacking machine, leveling machine, vacuum machine (vacuum pump, vacuum dryer, vacuum shield etc.), diesel-electric ship, dynamo machine, cable crane, beam crane, motor generator, stop cock, filter press, syringe machine; chair-bed, raincoat-tent; saw-fish; prime minister, lieutenant general, captain engineer, lord chancellor.

Note 1. Compound words are written together:
a) with the first part board-: flight engineer, board mechanic;
b) with the second part - meter: vacuum meter, dosi meter, millivolt meter.

Note 2. Words with the first part are written through a hyphen block- and press-: block apparatus, block- diagram, block- mechanism, block- signal, block- system(but block notes, block gauz); P ress- attache, press- secretary, press- conference, press- center; P ress- cliche, press- conveyor, press- papier.

5. Complex units of measurement are written with a hyphen, for example: gram atom (gram-calorie, gram-molecule etc.), kilogram-hour, ton-kilometer, man-day, man-bed.
Exceptions: workday, workday

6. The compound names of political movements, as well as their supporters, are written with a hyphen, for example: anarcho-syndicalism, national socialism, radical socialist, social revolutionaries, social democrats.

7. The names of intermediate countries of the world are written with a hyphen, for example: southeast, northwest, southeast.

8. Words with foreign language elements are written with a hyphen vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned, headquarters, ex- in the first part, for example: vice admiral, label- guard, ober- conductor, non-commissioned Officer, headquarters- doctor, the ex- champion, ex-vice prime minister(with two hyphens).

9. Complex names of plants are written with a hyphen, having in their composition a verb in a personal form or a union, for example: love-don't- love, not- touch-me, Ivan- Yes Mary, mother and-stepmother.

10. Complex words are written with a hyphen, in which a word with an estimated value is attached to the main word, for example: the battle-woman, gop- company, grief- supervisor, good-bye- boy, miracle- fish, Hurrah- patriotism.

11. Scientific and technical terms are written with a hyphen, which include the names of letters or letters (most often the Greek and Latin alphabets), for example: alpha- particle, gamma- radiation, X- rays ( X- rays), to- particle, pi- meson.

12. Adjectives formed from hyphenated place names retain the hyphen in their spelling, for example: Alma-Ata - Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevo - walnut-zuevsky, Los Angeles - los angeles. Puerto Rico - puerto rican, and nouns formed from this chain are written together, for example: New York - New Yorker, New Yorkers, Costa Rica - Costa Rican, Costa Ricans, Kurgan-Tyube - kurgan-tyubinsky, Kurgan-Tube people. The chain obeys the same rule. ku klux klan - ku klux klan- Klansman.

Note 1. For hyphenated complex proper names of persons, see § 13, paragraphs 2–5, geographical names § 17, paragraph 4.
Note 2. About writing complex words like truth-truth, sale-purchase, name-patronymic see § 83, para. 1, note. 2.

13. When combined with the help of a union and two or more complex nouns with the same second part, this part can only be given with the last word, and with the preceding words, the so-called hanging hyphen is written instead. For example: gas- and electric welding(cf. gas welding and electric welding); water- and gas supply; radio- and TV shows auto, moto and cycling(but in the absence of union and - continuous spelling, see above, paragraph 1).

The spelling of compound nouns and especially adjectives is one of the tense points of modern orthography. This guide in this matter is based on the "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation of 1956", as well as on the normative "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language". There is a slightly different approach to writing these words, for example, in the book “Together or Separate?” (experience of the reference dictionary) B.3. Bukchina and L.P. Kalakutskaya (see appendix at the end of the book).

1. The complex names of beings are written together

1) with elements of auto-, agro-, aero; bio-, bicycle-, hydro;

zoo-, cinema-, macro-, micro-, meteo; moto, neo: radio,

body; stereo-, photo-, electro-regardless of the number of

the quality of the named elements: tire cover, agricultural

nickname, aerial photography, biosphere, microorganism, meteorological

summary, neo-fascism, radio station, TV show, photo

studio, electric shaver, car and bike racing, hydro-

energy resources;

2) with the first part of the verb in -i: verticek,

daredevil. Exception: tumbleweed;

S) compound words: trade union committee, city council.

2. They are written with a hyphen:

1) complex names of mechanisms, scientific, technical

scientific and socio-political terms: stop-

crane, vacuum dryer, dynamo, raincoat,

major general, prime minister;

2) complex units of measurement: watt-hour. Human

co-day. Exceptions: workday, labor hour;

3) complex names of political parties and

boards, as well as their supporters: the social democrats

tiya. radical socialist;

4) names of intermediate countries of the world: southwest,

northeast, northeast;

5) complex plant names that have in their

composition of the verb in the personal form or union: love-not-

love, ivan-da-marya, coltsfoot;

6) words with foreign elements vice-, leib;

ober; non-commissioned, headquarters; ex-: Vice-President, Life Guards-

Diya, Lieutenant. non-commissioned officer, headquarters,

ex-champion.

§ 48. Spelling of compound adjectives

It is written fluently:

nouns that are written together: iron-bearing

ton (reinforced concrete), forest-steppe (forest-steppe);

2) adjectives formed from two words, one

of which is subordinated to another: national economic

(national economy), machine-building (construction

machinery), the above (the above

3) adjectives, the first part of which is -

the adverbs are high; low; acute, little; deep-, chalk-

co-, hard-, forever-: highly educated, low-paid

chivalable, acutely scarce, little used,

easily soluble. These compound words are used

as terms. They must be distinguished from phrases

in which adverbs are a separate member

sentences and have independent stress. On the-

example: underdeveloped countries - underdeveloped in

economic relation of the country.

Adverbs in -ski, -more, -more are written separately from

adjectives: practically pure oxygen,

teasingly black;

4) adjectives formed from two heterogeneous

native adjectives between which it is impossible to

put a coordinating union: High German (Upper

German) dialect, Old Church Slavonic (ancient

Church Slavonic) language, compound

(complex composed) sentence;

5) adjectives, one of the parts of which is self-

not used properly: empty-headed, fast-

Write with a hyphen:

1) adjectives formed from complex su-

nouns that are written with a hyphen: north-

eastern (northeast), social democratic

(Social Democrat), Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata):

2) adjectives formed from two one-

native adjectives, between which you can

put a coordinating union: English-Russian, report-

elective, educational and auxiliary;

3) adjectives denoting a combination of colors

or color with a tint: gray-blue, yellow-red,

pale green, deep purple;

4) adjectives denoting quality with additional

nuance: bitter-salty, good-natured

cunning ^ piercingly sharp;

5) adjectives starting with north- (se-

vero-), south- (south-), east; western and included in

composition of geographical or administrative names

ny: East European Plain. North Ossetian

kaya ASSR. In a nominal sense, these pralaga-

bodies are written together: Eastern European rivers,

decade of North Ossetian art;

6) adjectives formed from two or more

adjectives indicating heterogeneous prizes

naki, which characterize the subject from different angles.

These words are part of the terms: officially-

business style, financial and economic department, compare-

nitelno-historical method. adjectives of this

types often begin with the basis of the military (military

aviation), mass- (mass-sports), on-

native (people's democratic), scientific (scientific)

technical). educational (training and auxiliary);

7) adjectives, the first part of which ends

waetsya on -iko (except for great-): dialectical-material-

leafy. historical and archival (Yao: Great Russian,

overgrown);

8) adjectives formed from a combination of ad-

noun and noun, but with a rearrangement

these elements: literary and artistic (artistic

literary literature), vocabulary and technical (technical

technical dictionary).

Let's consider other cases of continuous writing, which are not described in the above paragraphs.

Continuous spelling of compound nouns

It is written fluently:

• compound nouns with a second part on -grad , -city , for example: Leningrad, Belgorod;
• compound nouns with a verb part in and : adonis, hold the tree, dzhimorda, daredevil(but: percat field);
• compound nouns with the first part consisting of foreign elements air (part of a word aviation, so it is written a ), auto- , agro- ,aero- , bio- , velo- , hydro- , zoo- , movie- , weather , micro- , neo- , motorcycle , tele- , a photo- etc., for example: air communication, tank truck, agrominimum(but: agriculture), snowmobile, biomechanics, seaport, pet Shop, studio etc.
  

  Note

  If in complex nouns with the same last word, the first two parts are connected by a union and , then a hyphen is placed after the first element, for example: radio and TV studio; same way: ball and roller bearings, auto, motorcycle and bicycle racing(motorcycle racing).

• compound nouns of various types, for example: ATS, technical college, local committee, party meeting, head of department. (Dots are not put inside complex abbreviated words).

Writing compound nouns with a hyphen

Write with a hyphen:

• compound nouns denoting political parties, their members (or supporters): social democracy, social democrat etc.;
• compound nouns denoting units of measurement: man-day, gram-molecule, kilowatt-hour etc. (but: workday);
• compound nouns denoting intermediate cardinal points: northeast, southwest;
• nouns with foreign language elements in the first part vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned, headquarters, ex-, for example: vice president, chief master, life guard, non-commissioned officer, headquarters, ex-champion. A noun is written with a hyphen rear admiral(here counter- does not mean "against");
• compound nouns formed from whole, separately used nouns, for example: prime minister, diesel engine, raincoat, miraculous heroes, unfortunate hunters, corresponding member. Also compound surnames: Saltykov-Shchedrin, Shchepkina-Kupernik.

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