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Where does the tap water come from. Where does hot water come from? Do I need to drain the water?

Where does the tap water come from. Where does hot water come from? Do I need to drain the water?

Municipal budgetary educational institution

Secondary school No. 24

municipal formation Temryuk district

Approved:

Director of MBOU Secondary School No. 24

N.N. Kravtsevich

Head: Sereda E.Yu., primary school teacher

Goal of the work :

Investigate the quality of drinking water.

Research objectives:

1. Study the places in the house where you need to use water.

2. Find out where and how water gets into the house.

3. Find out how much water is needed for a particular purpose.

4. Should the water be prepared before use?

5. Study the operation of filters for water purification.

6.Suggest ways to save water at home.

Water is an ancient universal symbol of purity, fertility and the source of life itself. There are about 1330 types of water in nature. They differ in origin (spring, rain, soil, snow

by the quantity and nature of substances dissolved in it. 3/4 of the entire surface of the globe is covered with water in the form of seas, oceans, rivers, and lakes.

A person can live only 7-8 days without water.

The origin of life on Earth is due to water.

How water gets into our house.

Water is taken from a river or lake or reservoir.

Then it goes to special water treatment plants, where, with the help of complex filters, it is cleaned of dirt, sand, and various microbes.

And only after this does water enter our homes through a water tap.

Use of water in the home.

In our At home, water is found in the kitchen, outside, in the bathroom and toilet.

Every day the whole family uses water. In the bathroom we wash ourselves, take a shower, brush our teeth, use the toilet, do laundry, and use water to clean the house. In the kitchen - washing dishes, preparing food and drinks.

Outside, water is used for watering flowers and gardens, and for drinking animals. All these needs require large amounts of water.

Is the water in our homes clean?

Often the water in the tap does not have a clear color, does not have a pleasant smell, and has sediment when it settles. Therefore, water must be further purified before use, since it contains bacteria, harmful substances, and microbes that negatively affect our body.

Common inhabitants of water are: saprophytes, sulfur and iron bacteria, filamentous and yeast-like fungi; microscopic algae; protozoa bacteria (zooplankton, phages, actinomycytes, etc.).

To do this, use ultraviolet light or water filters.

Purifying water in the house.

There are such methods of water purification: settling - when settling in water, a sediment of mechanical impurities is formed, while chemical impurities and microbes remain in the water. It is better not to use such water for drinking.

Boiling - with this method, a large number of harmful bacteria and viruses die in water, but beneficial substances also die. This water can be used for drinking and cooking.

Freezing is the most troublesome and time-consuming cleaning method. At low temperatures, harmful microorganisms and viruses die in water. Then it takes a long time to defrost. This water is suitable for drinking.

Filtration is the most effective method of water purification. It makes the water clearer without any unpleasant tastes. But not all filters purify water equally.

Let's consider the operation of the Geyser Prestige filter - it passes water through 6 degrees of purification (mechanical filter, 2 activated carbon filters, mineralizer) and through a reverse osmosis membrane, the size of which is comparable to the size of a water molecule.

The filter itself is supplied with a 12 liter storage tank and a tap for clean water. As a result, we obtain water purified from hard salts, the quality of the water is comparable to the quality of melt water and glaciers, and the mineralization of water with natural components.

Experience with water

Let's take three glasses with clean water, and contaminated with garbage and soil. Water with garbage looks dirty and does not make you want to use it. Tap water has an unpleasant odor. Let's try to clean it using a paper napkin and a funnel. Fold the napkin in four and put it in a funnel, pass water and debris through it. As a result, the water looks clean, and the debris remains on the napkin.

Let's pass water and soil through a napkin - particles of clay and sand remain on the napkin, the water looks cleaner.

Let's pass the tap water through a napkin - the water still has the smell of chlorine, which means more thorough cleaning is needed.

So, water for cooking and drinking must be purified.

Water consumption in the house

Water consumption was monitored for a week.





					Morning routines
					Washing dishes
					Wet cleaning
					Food and drink
					For animals

Our house uses water moderately, but we can save a little more.

How to save water.

You can use the following methods to save water resources:

Firstly, all leaking plumbing needs to be repaired, as up to 2000 liters can leak from a leaking tap. water per year.

When washing dishes by hand, fill a sink or basin with water and detergent. Then rinse in a container with clean water. Savings can be up to 60l. water per day. Wash vegetables and fruits in a container of water with the tap closed.

Do not use water to defrost food. Leave them in the refrigerator overnight or use the microwave.

Use a toilet with a special fill level, and in the shower, turn off the water more often when soaping.

Water costs will decrease, and the money saved will definitely come in handy.

Interesting facts about water

The cleanest water in Finland.

You can get ice faster from hot water.

A person drinks about 35 tons of water during his life.

Despite the fact that our planet is 80% covered with water, only 1% is drinkable.

Most of the fresh water is in glaciers.

Conclusion:

Water is not only the most common, but also the most important liquid in nature. Life exists only where there is water. Without water, humanity, agriculture and industry will not be able to exist and develop.

In the words of Academician V.I. Vernadsky: “There is no such component that could be compared with it in terms of its influence on the course of the main processes, the most grandiose geological processes. And there is no earthly substance - a mineral, a rock, a living body, which would not include it.

Literature:

1.A. Merkulov "The most amazing liquid in the world." Moscow 1978 "Owls. Russia." Kyiv 1982 "Budivelnik".

2. S. K. Kolobanov, E. S. Kolobanova, L. M. Bely “Water in nature and technology”.

Opening a faucet with cold or hot water in the morning, none of us thinks about the fact that a hundred years ago this level of comfort was absolutely inaccessible for the overwhelming population of our planet.

Only wealthy owners of comfortable apartments in big cities could afford to use water supply and sewerage.

The vast majority of the population, like thousands of years ago, had to carry water in buckets from the nearest well, stream, or at best from a standpipe.

The twentieth century radically changed the way people live. It was a century of revolutionary changes in many spheres of life, including the public sector.

Water supply and sewerage came to literally every home and from a luxury item became an essential necessity of both urban and rural life. However, not all residents of city apartments understand how the water supply system of their home works, where water comes from into the house and where it goes from the sink, bathtub or toilet.

Water purification

We all know that today drinking water collected from a river or lake without first filtering and boiling it is dangerous to health. But the water that fills our water pipes is usually drawn from the nearest large body of water. Of course, it first goes through a complex purification system at a water intake station.

Water purification is carried out in several stages. First, river water is pumped from the river into the station's storage tank using powerful pumps. There it passes through several filter pipes with grates, cleaning itself from large debris - wood fragments, algae and other contaminants.

Then small particles of sand, silt, and pieces of algae should be caught and deposited. To do this, water is passed through several filters filled first with coarse gravel, then with finer ones. The water is purified from the smallest particles of dirt by passing through a filter made of washed river sand.

The next stage is disinfection, which is performed either by adding a disinfectant to the water or by ultraviolet irradiation. The second method is more modern and completely harmless to human health. However, in some regions, water is still disinfected by chlorination.

City water supply

The water supply system of a modern large city is a complex engineering structure consisting of several main lines and numerous branches suitable for individual houses and apartments.

In the past, a water tower with a reservoir located at a high altitude was used to keep water flowing through pipes. Water was pumped into a reservoir, and from there it flowed through pipes into houses and apartments.

In a modern city, this system would not be able to meet the needs of even one microdistrict. And how tall would the tower be required to create enough pressure to supply water to the 25th floor? Therefore, the necessary pressure in the pipes is created by powerful electric pumps located in the most important nodes of the water supply network.

True, in the event of a major power failure, an urban area may be left not only without electricity, but also without water. To avoid this, pumping stations are equipped with independent or backup power sources.

In order to reach your home, water from the river must overcome a filter system, pass through several powerful pumps and through a labyrinth of pipes. And if it is hot water, then through the boiler of the boiler station that provides heat to your area.

Sewer system

Bringing water to every house and apartment is only half the problem. When you turn on the tap to wash your face or wash dishes, the used water flows into the sink hole. But where does it go afterwards?

Wastewater from the kitchen sink, bathtub, shower and toilet drains enters the sewer pipe, and from there goes into the central sewer main sewer. Wastewater from many apartments and houses is collected there.

With the help of special sewage pumps designed for pumping dirty, clogged water, wastewater is removed from residential neighborhoods and industrial enterprises.

Unfortunately, it is by no means possible to simply dump wastewater into the river. They contain a lot of harmful and poisonous pollution, which, once in the river, will quickly poison all living things in it, turning it into the same sewer, only on a larger scale. Therefore, waste water must be treated without fail.

Each city has a special treatment station (and in large cities there are usually several of them), where the water is completely freed from dirt and becomes suitable for discharge into the river or for reuse.

Cleaning is carried out, as in the case of tap water, in several stages. But even purified water is not suitable for drinking - it is discharged into the irrigation systems of nearby agricultural enterprises.

In order for us to use the things familiar from childhood - a water tap and a bathroom - utilities do a great job every day. Do not forget about it and do not waste water in vain, because it is our wealth!

Municipal budgetary educational institution

basic secondary school

named after the Hero of the Soviet Union V.F. Tarasenko

Sharovka village of the municipal district Belebeevsky district

Republic of Bashkortostan

Project work

How does water get into our house?

Completed:

Pavlov Alexey,

2nd grade student

MBOU secondary school in the village of Sharovka

Supervisor:

primary school teacher

MBOU secondary school in the village of Sharovka

Logona I.M.

Table of contents

Introduction ___________________________________________________ 3

History of water supply in Russia_________________________________________ 4-6

Water supply system of the village of Sharovka _________________________________7-8

Practical work

Experimental part ______________________________9

Modeling ________________________________________ 10

Conclusions _____________________________________________________ 11

References _________________________________________________ 11

Introduction

Among all the benefits given to us by nature, water occupies a special place. Water is a unique wealth of living nature. There is no person who does not know what water looks like. Every day we wash our faces, brush our teeth, wash our hands, and take a shower.It is so habitual that we do not think at all about the question, where does the water come from to our house?Why does it happen that there is no water in the tap?In the first grade, they explained a little to us how this happens, but then I did not think about this issue. Now I became interested in understanding and constructing a model of a water pipeline myself that would clearly show the movement of water through it.

Objective of the project:

Find out where the water comes from to our house.

Object of study:

Plumbing system.

Subject of study:

Movement of water through the plumbing system

Problem Statement

What path does water take and why does it move through pipes?

Hypothesis : Having studied the material about the water supply system, I will understand how it works and will be able to construct its working model

Methods:

Studying popular science literature

Conversations with adults

Searching for information on the Internet

Observation

Experiences

Modeling

Project work product: Model of a plumbing system.

History of water supply in Russia

The settlements of the ancient Slavs were usually located on elevated, safe places located near a source of water - a river; stream or spring.PThere was no problem with clean drinking water. True, herI had to carry it from afar by hand. Then people came up with wells. So the path to the water became noticeably shorter. Cities also used spring, river and well water.

But the population of the cities grew rapidly. There was not enough water. They began to use imported water. It was transported around the city in barrels by water carriers. It is not surprising that with such poor availability of clean water, epidemics of terrible diseases often occurred: cholera, plague. If a fire broke out, many houses burned out, because there was nothing to put it out, and the houses then were mostly wooden. Often the city burned down completely.

The first water supply system was built back in 1491 by order of the Grand DukeIvan III. The water pipeline served exclusively the Kremlin and was intended in case of an enemy invasion or, as the chronicle indicated, "siege for the sake of sitting." The source of water was a spring in the dungeon of one of the towers, from which water flowed by gravity through a brick pipe towards the other towers.

In the 17th century Pressure water pipelines were installed for the Kremlin palaces in Moscow. Water was taken from the Moscow River by a horse-drawn machine and supplied under pressure to a tank on the tower, and from there it flowed through lead pipes to the palace.

At the same time, a prototype of a water supply system for residents was built. He was completely different from what he is now. A canal was built from the river, through which the water moved on its own along the path that people needed. The bottom of the canal was lined with stone. Slopes were built for people where they could get water. INIn some places along the canal, water-filling wells were installed.

However, by that time the city had grown beyond the Kremlin. And most of the population continued to take water from clogged rivers.

This, of course, contributed to the rapid spread of diseases, epidemics of plague and cholera, and simply did not provide aesthetic pleasure to the residents of the city. One of these epidemics hit Moscow in 1771 and claimed the lives of almost half of the townspeople.

Catherine II ordered the construction of the first city water supply system in the empire, allocating 1 million 100 thousand rubles and 400 soldiers for construction work every day. The Empress entrusted such a responsible task to the talented engineer Lieutenant General Friedrich Wilhelm Bauer. Members of the commission examined many springs in Moscow and its environs. It was decided to stop at the springs near the village of Bolshie Mytishchi, north of the city. The water in them was of excellent quality. It was also taken into account that the water could reach its destination by gravity. The construction of the water pipeline was slow - more than 25 years! Bauer did not have time to finish the construction, and the work he started was completed by others. However, his name remained in the history of Russia as the name of the first builder of a city water supply system.

To collect spring and groundwater in Mytishchi, many pools about 2 m deep were built, fenced with brick walls and covered with wooden roofs. The water flowed by gravity along a brick gallery about 20 kilometers long, where a special water intake pool was built. From it, cast iron pipes delivered water to water wells.

It's hereXIX century.Moscow continued to grow steadily, and so did the need for water.The city water supply system was truly rebuilt by railway engineer Baron Andrei Ivanovich Delvig. He was one of the most educated engineers of his time. A huge number of bridges and roads were built in Russia based on his designs. And it is not surprising that it was this talented and energetic person who was assigned to head the Moscow water supply system in the middle of the last century. Baron Delvig managed to do a lot: he built drilled wells, pumping stations, cast iron pipelines (instead of brick galleries), reservoirs, 26 fountains and water intakes. They even began to bring water inside houses and make special wells for firefighters.

INIn the 19th century, the construction of water supply systems in cities began everywhere using water towers, into which water was supplied from wells by steam engines. These were not just service buildings, but real architectural works that are still historical monuments.

In 1936, engineer Rozhnovsky A.A. proposed a designall-metal unheatedwater towers that were easy and inexpensive to install everywhere. At the beginningthe towers were used for railway transport. Subsequently, they became widespread in transport during the war and post-war years, when the conditions of the time required the production of such structures in a factory, installation on site within a few days and, most importantly, a refusal to use fuel, which was scarce at that time, for heating them.

In the villages there are Rozhnovsky towers (residents call them water pumps)is still in use today.

Water supply system of the village of Sharovka

The water supply system of our village consists of: an artesian well, an electric pump, a water tower, a network of water pipes, and standpipes. We went on a tour to the water tower. It is located on the northern outskirts of the village. Its height is 16 meters. BThe tower consists of a cylindrical steel tank with a volume of 15 cubic meters and a support, also filled with water. When there is enough water in a water tower, pressure builds up and forces the water down the pipes into our homes.

The container also creates a reserve supply of water, which is consumed when the power supply is cut off.

Responsible for the water supply of the settlement Vasilyeva M.E. told us that in the village of Sharovka, a water supply system using a water tower was built in 1979. The source of water supply is groundwater, which is pumped out by an electric pump from an artesian well. The depth of the well is 80 meters.

We went to the pumping station. We did not see the pump because it is located in a special closed well. It pumps out 36 cubic meters per day. water.

Vasilyeva M.E. said that the water supply network in the village is in unsatisfactory condition. In summer, people use a lot of water for irrigation. For this reason, water does not accumulate in the tower, and it does not reach houses located on a hill at all. There is often a shortage of water due to losses in damaged sections of pipes. It is necessary to introduce a regime of alternately turning off the streets from the water supply.

We also visited an old abandoned well. According to the stories of old-timers, there were once about 15 such wells in the village. Now he is the only one left. They hardly ever use it.

Water in wells is collected from precipitation that falls in the area. Seeping through several layers of earth, it enters a waterproof clay layer. There it accumulates.

Currently, due to interruptions in the water supply in the summer, some residents have begun to build wells with an electric pump in their yards.

There are only two functioning water pumps left in the village. They are used by residents who do not have a centralized water supply at home. Water enters the pump the same way as into our houses, through pipes. In winter, the column has to be insulated because it can freeze.

Experimental part

Why does water move through pipes? We decided to carry out experiments with communicating vessels.

Experience 1. If you pour water into one of the containers of communicating vessels, it will quickly fill the second vessel. The water will stop at the same level in both vessels.

Experience 2. If you lift one vessel with water, then the water will flow through the connecting tubes into another vessel, which is located a level lower. This happens because pressure is created, the pressure of the liquid.

Experience 3. If you press on a plastic container with water located below, the water will flow through the connecting tubes into a container located a level above.

Modeling

In order to design the model correctly, it was first necessary to think over where the objects would be located, where the plumbing system would run, how to connect. We drew a diagram. Construction began on it.

Models of a water tower, a pumping station, houses, etc. were made from improvised materials. These objects were connected to the plumbing system with tubules.

We were very worried when we tried the model for the first time. Water came into the toy house. But it turned out that it was dripping at the joints. I had to dry the model parts and carefully coat them with special glue.

The very last stage of the work was the decorative design of our work.

conclusions

The goal of the project has been achieved. We learned that water comes to our house through the plumbing system from groundwater, with the help of a water tower. It became clear to us that water moves through the pipes due to the water pressure in the tower.As a result, we constructed a working model of the water supply system.

The model can be used to show the world around in class 1 students. The guys will find it interesting and useful.

I enjoyed working on the project. I learned to look for the necessary information in books and on the Internet. I learned some things from adults, and some things from friends. I liked conducting experiments, observing, comparing, and drawing conclusions.

In the course of collective work, we learned to work in a group and help each other.

List of used literature

Internet resource:Water pipelines of Russia. History of water supply

Moscow

Internet resource:Water museums

Physics reading book. 6-7 grade. Comp. I.G.Kirillova. M.: “Enlightenment”, 1986, pp. 67-71

Encyclopedia for children: T. 3 (Geography). – Comp. S.T. Ismailova. M.: Avanta+, 1994. P. 583-585

From childhood, each of us was told by our parents that drinking tap water is harmful and dangerous. Is the water from our taps really undrinkable, or is the tradition of boiling it before drinking it just a habit? Where does the water that enters our apartments come from, what purification processes does it go through and can it be drunk without boiling?

Water treatment begins with removal of fish, debris and other objects, then it is sent to treatment facilities, where the water is treated with all kinds of reagents, such as: activated carbon, coagulants, sodium hypochloride, flocculants, ammonia water. After settling, the water is enriched with ozone, improving its smell, color and taste. The water is then passed through sand filters. Many people think that everyone has long given up disinfecting drinking water with bleach, but this is not so. After settling, filtration and clarification, chlorine-containing substances are added to the water. So good old bleach still cleans our water, except now you don’t feel it.
After the water has gone through all the stages of purification, it is collected in special tanks, which are located under the treatment stations, and only from there it is supplied to the city, to the apartments of the citizens, using powerful pumps.

If anyone is interested in which reservoirs the water that flows from their taps is collected from, here is a list of them: Volga, Moscow River (yes, yes), Mozhaiskoye, Istrinskoye, Ozerinskoye and Ustinskoye reservoirs. By the way, there are dams that contribute to the creation of reservoirs. All dams are automated and have different heights. The most important task is to regulate the discharge of water into the Moscow River; this is done to prevent the river from overflowing its banks and becoming flooded during dry times.

According to the head of the city's water supply department, Moscow residents have nothing to fear and tap water is absolutely safe to drink without pre-treatment. But most city residents prefer to use filters and boil water, they are probably right, because experts have different opinions on this matter, but most of them believe that it is safe to drink, but still recommend purifying it with the help of filters. And if it is not possible to filter it, experts advise leaving it in an open container for 2-3 hours to allow the free chlorine in it to evaporate, or boiling it - then the organochlorine will also evaporate

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The average city dweller uses up to several hundred liters of water per day for personal needs. To meet the needs of a multimillion-dollar metropolis, a huge amount of work needs to be done. Let's figure out where Moscow gets its water from.

Moscow water supply sources

Moscow receives more than 99% of its water from surface sources, which are river water resources. The capital's water supply system is usually divided into three parts:

Moskvoretsky water source– the Moscow River basin above the village of Rublevo. It includes: Ruzskoye, Verkhne-Ruzskoye, Ozerninskoye, Mozhaiskoye and Istrinskoye reservoirs. The system is capable of delivering at least 29 cubic meters per second.
Volzhsky water source– Vyshnevolotsk reservoir system with a guaranteed water yield of 80 cubic meters per second. The largest reservoir, Ivankovskoe, stores about half of the system’s reserves. The Volga water source also includes: the Moscow Canal, Klyazminskoye, Pyalovskoye, Ikshinskoye, Uchinskoye, Khimkinskoye and Pestovskoye reservoirs. 90% of the volume is pumped by the capacities of the Moscow Canal.
Vazuz hydraulic system– was put into operation in the late seventies of the last century, intended to create a reserve and additional recharge of the Moskvoretsk and Volzhskaya systems. Guaranteed water yield of at least 17 cubic meters per second. The main reservoir is the Vazuz reservoir. The natural flow through the Vazuzu River is directed to the Volga and further to the Ivankovskoye Reservoir. It is possible to pump it into the Moskvoretskaya system through the Ruzskoe reservoir - thus replenishing the water supply sources of the city of Moscow.

Water treatment stations

Water for Moscow is prepared by four stations with a total capacity of 6.7 million cubic meters per day.

The share of drinking water from the Moscow River is 60%, it is produced by stations:

Rublevskaya— provides the west and north-west of the city, as well as some cities near Moscow, for example Odintsovo.
Western– provides southwest, southeast, and south of the city

Water from the Volga makes up 40%, it is purified by stations:

Eastern— provides the east and southeast of the capital, some cities of the Moscow region, such as Reutov and Balashikha.
Northern— provides the northern part of the capital and the cities of the nearest Moscow region, such as Mytishchi, Dolgoprudny, Khimki, Zelenograd.

So, we have dealt a little with the question of where the water in the tap comes from, now we need to say a few words about how river water is converted into drinking water.

Drinking water preparation technology

Moscow water treatment plants produce water in accordance with the requirements of safety standards. To meet existing requirements, classical cleaning technology is used. Natural water is treated with reagents, settled and filtered.

In addition, the classical cleaning technology is supplemented by ozonation and activated carbon sorption methods. Ozone sorption purification makes it possible to significantly better eliminate organic contaminants, reduce the concentration of organochlorine substances and metals, and reduce odors.

Since 2007, the use of membrane filtration began at the southwestern station for the first time in the history of Russian water supply. This technology allows you to maintain high water quality that meets the highest international standards, even with severe contamination of water supplies.

In 2012, the use of liquid chlorine was stopped at all water treatment stations; currently only a new reagent is used - sodium hypochlorite.

Is it possible to drink hot tap water?

Regarding hot water, we can say unequivocally - hot water is not recommended for consumption. There are several reasons for this: hot water washes lead out of pipes more intensively and it contains formally harmless substances that prevent the formation of scale in boilers.

After drinking a whole kettle of anti-scale, you, of course, will not die, you may not even feel anything, but regular use can negatively affect the condition of the body.

Do I need to drain the water?

You can drink cold tap water in Moscow, but the quality of the water depends on the condition of the pipes. Therefore, it is recommended that before pouring water for use in food, drain some water, especially in the morning.

Is it necessary to boil water?

In Moscow, water has a sufficient degree of purification for drinking in its raw form - this is guaranteed by Mosvodokanal. The organization regularly checks the quality of its products at all stages, including control from the consumers' tap.

Boiling does not guarantee getting rid of all pathogens, nor does it provide for an improvement in the chemical composition - the water definitely tastes worse.

Do I need to filter water for drinking?

Everyone must answer this question for themselves. The supply of portable and stationary filters for the home, using various cleaning principles, is now huge. In addition to the financial issue and ease of use, the following factors may influence the decision to purchase a filter:

Water quality control results
The condition of pipes in your home or area
Unpleasant smell of water
Your passion for a healthy lifestyle or tendency towards certain diseases

If you decide to use a filter, you must remember that filters require replacement or maintenance - otherwise you may get the opposite result, and the filter will pollute the water instead of cleaning it.