Foxtail - description, photo, growing from seeds. Green bristleweed (mice green) bristle grass (mice green) (Setaria viridis, S
Synonyms.
Setaria weinmannii Roem.& Schult.
Systematic position
Family Poaceae Barnhart (Graminea Juss.), genus Setaria Beauv.
Biological group.
Late spring annual.
Morphology and biology.
The plant is 10-50 cm tall, branched, multi-stemmed. The root system is fibrous, well developed, penetrates the soil to a depth of 50 cm. The stems are erect, bare, rough under the inflorescence. The leaf blades are green, 2-12 mm wide, the tongue is ciliated. The inflorescence is cylindrical, dense, 2-12 cm long. The 2.5 mm long spikelets are surrounded by long green or purple bristles, 2-3 times the size of the spikelets. Shoots appear in April-May. Seeds germinate from a depth of up to 10 cm. It blooms and bears fruit from July. Propagated by seeds. It produces up to 10-12 thousand seeds on one plant. The weight of 1000 seeds is less than 1 g. Seeds are distributed by water, with manure, bird excrement, and to a lesser extent by wind. The seeds remain viable for 3-4 years and germinate at a temperature of 15-20°C.
Spreading.
A common species (weed and ruderal) throughout Russia (except for the Arctic regions). It is more abundant in the south of the country; it is less common north of the forest-steppe zone. Reaches the northern border of agriculture.
Ecology.
It grows along sandy and pebbly shores of reservoirs, in fallow lands and fields, along roads, in weedy places in populated areas. Drought resistant. On rich soils - abundantly.
Economic importance.
Weeds in the fields, more often and in greater quantities in row crops, in irrigated alfalfa, less often in grains, in gardens, parks, vineyards, and on plantations of subtropical crops. Severely dries out the soil. Control measures: soil peeling, harrowing, inter-row tillage in row crops, chemical weeding.
Literature:
Grinko N.I., Titov A.Kh., Kvartin V.N., Semernikova A.I., Lapchenkov G.Ya., Dyatlenko V.A. Weeds and their control in the Rostov region. Tutorial. Persianovka: Donskoy Agricultural Institute, 1987.102 p.
Gubanov I.A., K.V. Kiseleva, V.S. Novikov, V.N. Tikhomirov. Illustrated guide to plants of Central Russia, vol. 1. M: Partnership of Scientific Publications KMK, Institute of Technological Research, 2002. P. 301.
Korchagina V.A., Penchukov V.M. Morozov N.A., Smashevskaya G.A., Kolomiytsev F.B., Trubeeva A.I., Baranova M.M. Weed control in the Far East. Khabarovsk: Khabarovsk Book Publishing House, 1972. P. 18
Nikitin V.V. Weeds of the Flora of the USSR. Leningrad: Science, Leningrad branch, 1983. 454 p.
Ramensky L.G., Tsatsenkin I.A., Chizhikov O.N., Antipin N.A. Ecological assessment of forage lands based on vegetation cover. Moscow: State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, 1956. P. 409.
Systematic position (belonging to a family).
Bluegrass (Cereal) (Russian)
Tonkonogovi (Cereals) (Ukrainian)
Poaceae (Gramineae) (lat.)
Biological group.
An annual late spring plant (also called green mouse).
Morphology.
In adult plants The stem is ascending, smooth below, rough above. The root is fibrous, well developed. Leaves are linear-lanceolate, pointed; on top, along the edge and at the base, very rough, below - slightly rough. Leaf sheaths are free, bare, smooth. The inflorescence is a cylindrical, dense, complex spike with green, sometimes dark purple, long, numerous bristles under the spikelets. The spikelets are oval on short stalks. The whole plant is green.
Fetus- oval-ovate, one-sided convex membranous caryopsis. Flower scales are hard. A white film often remains at the base of the outer scale. The surface is transversely wrinkled, smooth and shiny in the middle towards the edges. The color is yellow-brown, most often spotted. The length of the membranous grain is 2.0 - 2.5, width 0.7 - 1.5, thickness 0.7-1.0 mm. The caryopsis, free from flower scales, is oval, ovoid. The embryo is poorly developed. The surface is slightly pinpointed. The color is light green, light brownish. Length 1.5-1.7 mm.
At the shoots the first and second leaves are broadly linear, 8 - 16 mm long, 2 - 3 mm wide, subsequent ones are larger in size, pointed at the apex, the sheath is 2 - 5 mm long, flattened, open, reddish-green. Venation is parallel - there are five main parallel veins on the leaf. The tongue is in the form of a filmy edge. Along the edge of the vagina there are short ciliated hairs, further on the shoots are bare, only rough along the edge of the plate. The mesocotyl is thin-cylindrical, sometimes reddish in the upper part, especially if it extends to the soil surface.
Biology.
Propagated by seeds. Seeds begin to germinate at soil temperatures of +8...10°C, mass seedlings appear when the soil warms up to +20...24°C from a depth of no more than 5 - 6 cm. Blooms in June-July, bears fruit in July-August . A well-developed plant produces up to two thousand seeds or more. When ripe, the spikelets fall off easily; Freshly ripened seeds have low germination; most of them germinate next year. They remain viable in soil for up to five years. It primarily infests row crops, millet, and grows in orchards and vineyards. How a stubble weed develops after harvesting the stubble. Grows abundantly in gardens. Quite drought-resistant.
Economic importance.
Contaminates row crops, vegetables and heavily sparse grain crops. A young plant is good food for animals, but after flowering it becomes very rough and even harmful, since the bristles surrounding the spikelets become hard and affect the mucous membranes of the mouth.
Control measures.
Thorough cleaning of millet seeds and other crops removed from areas infested with bristle grass. The weed is destroyed by peeling the stubble immediately after harvesting and plowing. During the growing season - timely harrowing and cultivation. Uprooted plants can take root again. The weed is significantly resistant to most chemicals, so only those that are anti-cereal are used. In uncultivated areas, where necessary, the weed is destroyed by mechanical means before flowering.
List of used literature and photographs.
- Vereshchagin L.N. Atlas of herbaceous plants.-K.: Univest Marketing, 2002.-384p.
Systematic position
Family Poaceae Barnhart (Graminea Juss.), genus Setaria Beauv.Biological group.
Late spring annual.Morphology and biology.
The plant is 10-50 cm tall, branched, multi-stemmed. The root system is fibrous, well developed, penetrates the soil to a depth of 50 cm. The stems are erect, bare, rough under the inflorescence. The leaf blades are green, 2-12 mm wide, the tongue is ciliated. The inflorescence is cylindrical, dense, 2-12 cm long. The 2.5 mm long spikelets are surrounded by long green or purple bristles, 2-3 times the size of the spikelets. Shoots appear in April-May. Seeds germinate from a depth of up to 10 cm. It blooms and bears fruit from July. Propagated by seeds. It produces up to 10-12 thousand seeds on one plant. The weight of 1000 seeds is less than 1 g. Seeds are distributed by water, with manure, bird excrement, and to a lesser extent by wind. The seeds remain viable for 3-4 years and germinate at a temperature of 15-20°C.Spreading.
A common species (weed and ruderal) throughout Russia (except for the Arctic regions). It is more abundant in the south of the country; it is less common north of the forest-steppe zone. Reaches the northern border of agriculture.Ecology.
It grows along sandy and pebbly shores of reservoirs, in fallow lands and fields, along roads, in weedy places in populated areas. Drought resistant. On rich soils - abundantly.Economic importance.
Weeds in the fields, more often and in greater quantities in row crops, in irrigated alfalfa, less often in grains, in gardens, parks, vineyards, and on plantations of subtropical crops. Severely dries out the soil. Control measures: soil peeling, harrowing, inter-row tillage in row crops, chemical weeding.Or Setaria, or Mice(lat. Setaria ) is a genus of annual plants from the Poaceae family. Some species of this genus are very ancient food and forage plants; they have many varieties, for example: gomi, mogar, chumiza.
Representatives of the genus are weeds in millet crops and have grains similar in size and shape to millet grains. Therefore, these types of bristles are also called millet grass. Millet grains can serve as a food source, for example, for making porridge.
Morphology
In adult plants the stem is ascending, geniculate, smooth, rough only under the inflorescence. The root is fibrous, penetrating deeply into the soil and to the sides of the stem. The leaves are linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, ciliated at the base and along the edge. The leaf sheaths are smooth and free. The tongue is in the form of a tuft of hairs. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical dense complex spike with yellowish-brown, reddish short bristles at the base of the spikelets. The spikelets are ovoid, gray-green. Glumes and flower glumes with clear transverse wrinkles. The plant is bluish-green in color. These characteristics differ from the green bristlecone.
Fetus- ovoid-oval, one-sided convex transversely wrinkled lemon-green or dark-brown membranous caryopsis. The flower scales are leathery, shell-like, the outer one covers the inner one with its edges. The caryopsis is free from flower scales, elongated-oval, compressed. The embryo is wide and clearly visible. The surface is finely pinpointed and slightly rough. The color is grayish-greenish. Length 1.7 - 2.2, width 1.5 - 1.7, thickness 0.9 - 1.0 mm.
At the shoots the first leaf is 12 - 30 mm long, 2 - 3 mm wide, broad-linear, subsequent ones are larger in size, pointed at the apex. The leaf sheath is flattened, 4–15 mm long, colored with a reddish pigment, especially in seedlings grown in good light. Venation in the form of three to five whitish or light green veins. At the base of the blade of the second and subsequent leaves there are long white hairs, which turn into a membranous edge closer to the sheath. The leaves are rough along the edges, otherwise the shoots are bare. Starting from the second leaf, the blades are bluish above and green below. The mesocotyl is well developed, thin-cylindrical with a whitish bar.
Biology
Propagated by seeds. Shoots appear in April-May, mass shoots - when the soil warms up to +20...24°C, individual shoots - throughout the summer. Blooms in June-August, bears fruit until autumn. A well-developed plant produces up to 3 thousand or more seeds.
They are much larger - this is why they differ from the seeds of the green bristlecone. Seeds often fall onto the soil and only a small part of them ends up in the grain. Freshly ripened seeds have low germination, germinate the next year, have long-term viability, and do not lose their germination in the soil for more than ten years.
Economic importance
Contaminates row crops, vegetables and heavily sparse grain crops. It is especially harmful in millet and sudanese crops, since young weed plants are difficult to distinguish from cultivated plants. It develops after harvesting crops along the stubble as a stubble weed. Gray bristlecone is a more moisture-loving plant than green bristlecone. The young plant is good food for animals, but after flowering it becomes very coarse.
Control measures
The weed is effectively destroyed by agrotechnical methods: peeling and plowing after harvesting crops, harrowing and cultivation during the growing season of crops. Of the chemical preparations, the most effective are herbicides with an anti-cereal focus, applied before sowing or before crop emergence.
Or bluegrass. The grass has a small fibrous root. It can quickly deplete and clog soil covers. Many members of the family act as They were known to people in ancient times; there are many varieties in the plant world such as Chumiza, Gomi, Mogar. The genus of grass has about 120 species, one of which is bristle grass.
Appearance
Gardeners and gardeners are trying in every possible way to get rid of the green bristle grass. The description of this herb is known to everyone who wants to grow a good harvest of vegetables. The weed has dense spike-shaped flowers of a cylindrical (less often lobed) shape. Spikelets in the form of panicles are located on shortened stalks. Closer to the base they have jagged bristles.
Green foxtail blooms in July and August. The plant's seeds ripen in late summer and have amazing vitality. The ability of seed germination is retained in the plant for 10 years.
Preferred habitat
The grass is able to take first place in survival rate among its fellow spring weeds, spreading to millet crops and being similar to millet grains. Due to this similarity, the plant is also known as millet. You can see green bristle grass almost everywhere: in beds, vegetable gardens, along roads. It contaminates varieties of late crops with its seedlings. The plant is resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions and tolerates dry periods well. Grass propagation occurs through seeds.
Agrotechnical weed control measures
Agrotechnical measures to prevent weed proliferation include:
- Autumn processing, in which the seeds are not able to sprout.
- Technologically correct care of planted crops.
Green bristleweed is capable of clogging with its sprouts:
- Grain plantings.
- Grain legume plantings.
- Technical plantings.
- Vegetable crops.
- Plantings of forage crops.
Beneficial properties of green foxtail
The chemical composition of the plant has not been thoroughly studied, but the leaves of the grass contain magnesium oxalate. Chinese and Tibetan medical practices use the plant as a diuretic.
In folk medicine, green bristle is not often used, the medicinal properties of which some people use to relieve bruises and bruises, making compresses from its infusion. The seeds are used to treat eye diseases.
- When harvesting hay forage, grass entering the feeder can cause diseases in animals. The disease is expressed in inflammatory processes of the oral mucosa. Spreading into the animal's respiratory tract, the bristlecone provokes purulent inflammatory formations. Cows that eat grass lose their milk yield, and their mouths develop ulcers and cheesy plaques caused by grass bristles.
- Cats love this herb. Some owners of furry creatures specially plant bristlecone seeds on the windowsills for their pets in order to pamper their pets with green vitamins in winter. In the summer, cats like to rest in weed thickets.
- If a cat or dog is sick, they independently find grass and eat its green leaves.
- In agriculture, the fight against the plant is carried out using herbicides. In vegetable beds it is pulled out by the roots. The land is also treated with special herbicides.