1.1. Metal removable load-handling devices and containers are used in the process of lifting and moving cargo using lifting machines (cranes, pipe-laying cranes, manipulator cranes, hoists, towers and other machines and mechanisms). Slinging, tying and hooking solid loads for lifting, moving and lowering them when performing construction, installation, loading and unloading and other work using lifting machines is carried out using removable load-handling devices. To lift and move liquid and bulk cargo, special containers are used (tubs, trays, boxes, containers, buckets, etc.).

1.2. Depending on the conditions of work, the geometric dimensions and weight of the load, lifting devices of different designs are used (slings, traverses, grips, etc.). Slings are among the simplest lifting devices in design and are flexible elements with end fastenings and gripping elements of various designs. As a rule, steel wire ropes are used as a flexible load-bearing element, and less often – chains and tapes.

1.3. Steel ropes are less labor-intensive to manufacture, have a high specific load-bearing capacity and flexibility, are much more convenient to work with and more durable than ropes made from organic plant fibers or steel load chains. A steel wire rope smoothes out dynamic loads and is reliable, since the destruction of the rope does not occur suddenly, like a chain, but the number of broken wires increases gradually, which allows you to monitor the condition of the rope and reject it long before the break.

1.4. The advantages of steel chains compared to steel ropes are their high flexibility, simplicity of design, manufacturability and ability to bend around sharp edges without the use of pads. Significant disadvantages of steel chains are their large mass, the possibility of sudden rupture due to the rapid opening of formed cracks and the need for careful daily monitoring of the condition (wear) of chain links. In addition, steel chains do not allow the application of dynamic loads, and defects in the metal of the chain links are difficult to detect.

1.5. According to the number of branches, slings are divided into single-branch rope (1SC), two-branch (2SC), three-branch (3SC), four-branch (4SC) and universal (USK), single-branch chain (1SC), two-branch (2SC), three-branch (3SC), four-branch ( 4SC) and universal (USC). Simple slings (SC and STs) are used for hanging loads that have special devices (loops, hooks, eyes, bolts, etc.), universal slings are used for slinging loads with a harness. A single-leg sling with a hook or other load-grasping device is usually used to grab and move loads equipped with mounting loops or eyes, brackets, etc.

1.6. Multi-leg slings are used for lifting and moving building parts and structures that have two, three or four attachment points. They are widely used for slinging building elements (panels, blocks, trusses, etc.) equipped with loops or eyes. When using a multi-leg sling, the load must be transferred to all branches evenly, which is ensured by auxiliary connections.

1.7. Universal slings are used when lifting loads that cannot be tied with ordinary slings (pipes, boards, rolled metal, apparatus, etc.).

1.8. Traverses are used for lifting and moving long or large-sized structures or equipment (columns, trusses, beams, apparatus, pipes, etc.). Crossbars are designed to withstand compressive or tensile forces. They protect the load from the compressive forces that occur when the load is tilted and ensure safety when it is moved by a crane. Traverses are hung on the crane hook using a gusset with an eye (ring) or flexible or rigid rods that are hinged, which completely frees them from bending moments. Hanging traverses on a crane hook using rigid and flexible rods leads to loss of useful lifting height. Rope slings at the free end end with hooks of various designs that interact with product staples or pin locks mounted on a traverse with thimbles inserted into the sockets of the lock body. The pin is pulled out manually by the rope attached to it (remote control).

1.9. Grips are the most advanced and safe load-handling devices, the main advantage of which is the reduction of manual labor costs when grabbing a load and placing it in the designed position by a crane. It is advisable to use grippers in cases where it is necessary to move structures of the same type, for example, in factories of reinforced concrete products, metal structures factories, warehouses and a number of other enterprises. With grips installed on the slings, you can quickly secure the sling to the rails, channels and beams being lifted. Using connecting links and rigging shackles, the grippers are quickly secured to the slings. The slings can also be used to attach hooks, sheet clamps, and other accessories.

1.10. The most common types of steel technological containers for lifting and moving piece, packaged, semi-liquid and liquid cargo, as well as cargo classified as explosive and fire hazardous, are boxes, tubs, containers, bunkers, containers, pallets and other packaging devices.

2. Safety requirements.

2.1. Load-handling devices and containers belong to the category of the most critical devices, which are subject to the requirements of safety rules and regulatory documents of Rostechnadzor of Russia.

2.2. The design of load-handling devices and containers must be carried out by specialized organizations licensed by Rostechnadzor in accordance with Federal Law dated September 25, 1998 No. 158-FZ “On licensing of certain types of activities” and regulatory documents.

2.3. The main requirements for the design and manufacture of lifting devices and containers are:

strength and reliability of the design of the load-handling device and container;

minimum dead weight compared to the weight of the lifted load;

ease of maintenance and handling;

simplicity of design;

ensuring the safety of captured cargo;

compliance with the peculiarities of technological processes and work projects, further automation of the process of capturing and releasing cargo (work according to a given program without the participation of service personnel).

2.4. The design and manufacture of general-purpose cargo slings must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of RD 10-33-93 “General-purpose cargo slings. Requirements for the device and safe operation." Calculation of slings made of steel ropes should be made taking into account the number of branches of the ropes and their angle of inclination to the vertical. When calculating general purpose slings that have several branches, the calculated angle between them should be taken equal to 90°. When calculating slings intended for a specific load, the actual angle can be assumed. When calculating slings, the safety factor of the ropes must be taken to be at least 6. The design of multi-branch slings must ensure uniform tension on all branches.

2.5. The manufacture of removable load-handling devices and containers must be carried out by enterprises and specialized organizations that have a license from Rostechnadzor authorities, issued in accordance with Federal Law No. 158-FZ of September 25, 1998 “On licensing of certain types of activities.”

2.6. The manufacture of removable load-handling devices and containers must be carried out in accordance with regulatory documents and technological maps. If welding is used, the manufacturing documentation must contain instructions for its implementation and quality control.

2.7. Removable lifting devices (slings, chains, traverses, grips, etc.) after manufacture are subject to testing at the manufacturer, and after repair - at the enterprise where they were repaired. Removable lifting devices must be inspected and tested with a load equal to 1.25 times their rated lifting capacity.

2.8. Information about manufactured removable lifting devices must be entered in a journal, which must indicate the name of the device, load capacity, number of the regulatory document (technological map), number of the certificate for the material used, for the rope or chain, results of welding quality control, test results of the lifting device.

2.9. Removable lifting devices must be equipped with a brand or firmly attached metal tag indicating the number, load capacity and test date. Removable load-handling devices made for third-party organizations, in addition to the stamp (tag), must be provided with a passport (Appendix A to RD 220-12-98).

3. Operation.

• Industrial safety requirements for the operation of load-handling devices, including maintenance, repair, reconstruction, must be no lower than the industrial safety requirements for the operation of the substations with which they are used for their intended purpose.
• Owners of lifting machines, containers and removable lifting devices are obliged to ensure that they are kept in good condition and safe working conditions by organizing proper surveys, inspections, repairs, supervision and maintenance in accordance with the requirements of safety rules.
• The specialist responsible for maintaining lifting structures in working order is obliged to supervise the technical condition and safe operation of lifting structures, removable lifting devices, production containers and take measures to prevent violations of safety rules.
• The specialist responsible for maintaining lifting structures in working condition is obliged to ensure that removable lifting devices and production containers are maintained in good condition (if maintaining them in good condition is not entrusted to other services) by conducting periodic inspections, maintenance and repairs within the time limits established by the schedule, systematic monitoring of the correct maintenance of the inspection log and timely elimination of identified faults, as well as personal inspection of lifting devices and containers within the established time frame.
• The specialist responsible for the safe performance of work using lifting structures must not allow the use of removable lifting devices and production containers that are unmarked, faulty, or inappropriate for the load-carrying capacity and nature of the load.
• Personnel assigned to carry out hooking work, incl. for hanging a PS on a hook, slinging and tying loads moved by a PS using load-handling devices, must have a level of qualifications corresponding to the profession of “slinger”.
• The same requirement applies to personnel of the main working professions, whose duties include hanging cargo on a hook without preliminary strapping (load that has loops, eyes, pins, located in buckets, tubs, containers or other containers), as well as in cases when the load is grabbed by semi-automatic gripping devices.
• The safe use of load-handling devices includes the performance by the operating organization of the following functions:
• development of PPR, TC and other technological regulations (the latter if necessary), including slinging diagrams, indicating methods of tying parts, assemblies and other elements of equipment, the lifting and moving of which during installation, dismantling and repair is carried out by the PS using lifting devices, as well as methods for safe tilting of equipment components, indicating the load-handling devices used;
• providing personnel associated with slinging, lifting and moving cargo with technological regulations, PPR and TC, which should contain diagrams of slinging, storing and tilting cargo, loading and unloading of vehicles, rolling stock or ships, as well as a list of used load-handling devices;
• familiarization (against signature) with the PPR and TC of specialists responsible for the safe performance of work using PS, as well as slingers and crane operators;
• providing slingers with distinctive signs, tested and marked removable load-handling devices corresponding to the weight and nature of the cargo being handled;
• placing in the PS work area a list of the main loads it moves, indicating their weight. Crane operators (operators) and slingers servicing jib-type cranes, manipulator cranes and pipe-laying cranes during construction and installation work should be given a list in hand;
• Calculation of slings made of steel ropes before use in operation must be carried out taking into account the number of branches of the ropes and their angle of inclination to the vertical.
• The design load of an individual branch of a multi-branch sling is assigned based on the condition of uniform tension on each of the branches and compliance (in the general case) with a design angle between the branches equal to 90 degrees.
• For a sling with more than three branches carrying the design load, no more than three branches are taken into account in the calculation.
• When calculating slings intended for transporting a previously known load, actual angles are taken as the calculated angles between the branches of the slings.
• When replacing individual branches of slings in operation, they must satisfy the following safety factors:
• at least 6, made of steel ropes;
• at least 4 made of steel chains;
• at least 7, made of tapes or threads (round strand slings) on a polymer base. For branches of special slings (transporting, packaging), used as “disposable”, used for no more than 5 reloading of packages of long cargo (rolled metal, pipes, lumber) in one operating cycle from the manufacturer to the end consumer, after which they are disposed of, safety factors are assigned at least 5;
• ensuring cargo slinging is carried out in accordance with slinging diagrams.
• Owners of lifting structures and operating organizations must develop methods for proper slinging and hooking of loads, which slingers must be trained to use. A graphic representation of slinging and hooking methods should be handed out to slingers and crane operators or posted at work sites.
• The owner of lifting structures or a specialized organization must develop methods for tying parts and assemblies of machines moved by lifting machines during their installation, dismantling and repair, indicating the devices used, as well as methods for safely tilting loads when such an operation is performed using a lifting machine .
• Lifting structures, removable lifting devices and containers that have not passed inspection and technical certification are not allowed to work. Faulty load-handling devices, as well as devices that do not have tags (stamps), should not be located in the work areas.
• Removable load-handling devices and containers recognized as unsuitable for use in work, including due to the lack of necessary markings, as well as load-handling devices whose safe operation (service) period has expired, should not be located in the work areas.
• Loading and unloading operations and storage of cargo at bases, warehouses, sites must be carried out according to technological maps, which provide a list of used load-handling devices and graphic images (diagrams) of cargo slinging.
• Loads must be slinged in accordance with slinging diagrams. To sling a load intended for lifting, slings must be used that correspond to the weight and nature of the load being lifted, taking into account the number of branches and their angle of inclination; General purpose slings should be selected so that the angle between their branches does not exceed 90°.
• The connections between the hook of the lifting machine and the suspensions, loops and thimbles of the slings must be reliable. The sling suspension must be secured with a hook latch. The mounting loop must be secured with a latch in the hook link of the sling.
• In order to prevent loads from falling during lifting and moving them by cranes, the following slinging rules should be observed:
• when tying the load, the slings must be applied without knots or twists;
• Under sharp corners of metal weights (channels, angles, I-beams) it is necessary to place pads. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the location of the center of gravity of the load. The sling should be placed under the load in such a way as to prevent it from slipping while lifting the load. The load must be tied in such a way that during its movement, the fall of its individual parts is prevented and a stable position of the load is ensured during movement. To do this, slinging of long loads (poles, logs, pipes) must be done in at least two places;
• The ends of the multi-leg sling that are not used for hooking must be strengthened so that when moving the load by crane, the possibility of these ends touching objects encountered along the way is excluded.
• To make supports for sharp corners of metal loads, a wide variety of materials and production waste can be used (Fig. 1): wood, rubber pipes and bent angles, waste rubber-fabric hoses, flat belts, conveyor belts.
• The movement of small-piece cargo must be carried out in containers specially designed for this purpose; In this case, the possibility of individual loads falling out must be excluded.
• When moving a load, load-handling device or container horizontally, it should first be lifted 500 mm above equipment, building structures and other objects encountered along the way.
• It is allowed to lower the transported load only to the place intended for this purpose, where the possibility of falling, tipping over or sliding of the installed load is excluded. At the place where the load is installed, pads of appropriate strength must first be laid so that the slings can be easily and without damage removed from under the load.
• When operating a lifting machine, lifting a load covered with earth or frozen to the ground, laid down by other loads, as well as releasing pinched slings, ropes, and chains using a lifting machine are not allowed.

Rice. 1. Types of sling pads:

a – made of wood; b – from cut pipes; c – from cut pipes and bent angles;

d – from waste rubber-fabric hoses; d - from belts

4. The procedure for inspection and rejection of removable load-handling devices and containers

4.1. According to the requirements of safety rules, slingers and crane operators (operators) must inspect lifting devices before using them, and the rejection indicators given in their operating manual (instructions) should be used.

4.2. During the operation of removable lifting devices and containers, the operating organization, represented by a specialist (or specialists) appointed by order, must periodically inspect them at least:

• traverse, pincers, grippers and containers - every month;
• slings (except for rarely used ones) - every 10 days;
• rarely used removable lifting devices - before starting work.

Monitoring of the technical condition of elements, assemblies and connections of load-handling devices (pincers, traverses, grips), the technical condition of which cannot be determined in assembled form, is carried out according to the schedule. When monitoring the technical condition, their partial disassembly, inspection and revision are carried out. If signs of cracks are detected on the bushings, in the design elements of the metal structures of the traverses and grips, non-destructive testing methods are used.

When inspecting removable lifting devices and containers, the rejection indicators given in their operating manual (instructions) from the manufacturer must be used. In the absence of a standard or manufacturer's rejection indicators, the inspection of removable load-handling devices is carried out in accordance with the requirements of this instruction, approved by the administrative act of the operating organization.

Damaged removable load-handling devices identified during the inspection must be removed from work.

4.3. When inspecting rope slings, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the ropes, thimbles, hooks, hangers, locking devices, clips, carabiners and their attachment points.

4.4. To assess the safety of using ropes, the following criteria are used:

the nature and number of wire breaks, including the presence of wire breaks at the end seals, places where wire breaks are concentrated, the intensity of the increase in the number of wire breaks;

strand break;

surface and internal wear;

surface and internal corrosion;

local reduction in rope diameter, including core rupture;

deformation in the form of waviness, basket-like shape, extrusion of wires and strands, crushing of strands, creases, etc.;

damage due to temperature effects or electrical arcing.

4.5. The rope sling is subject to rejection if the number of visible breaks in the outer wires exceeds that indicated in the table.

Note. d – rope diameter, mm.

4.6. Rejection of sling parts (rings, loops and hooks) should be carried out:

in the presence of cracks;

when the surface of elements wears out or local dents lead to a decrease in cross-sectional area by 10%;

in the presence of residual deformations leading to a change in the original size of the element by more than 5%.

4.7. The following slings are not allowed for use:

having the defects specified in paragraphs. 4.4-4.6 of this instruction;

if the marking tag is missing or damaged;

with deformed thimbles or their wear with a reduction in cross-section by more than 15%;

having cracks on pressed bushings or when their size changes by more than 10% from the original;

with signs of rope displacement in the braid or bushings;

with damaged or missing braids or other protective elements in the presence of protruding ends of the wire at the braiding point;

with hooks without safety locks.

4.8. The chain sling is subject to rejection if the following defects are found:

broken link;

bending or wear of the hook in the link is more than 10% of the original size;

chain link elongation of more than 3% of the original size (Fig. 2);

reduction in the cross-sectional diameter of a chain link due to wear of more than 10% (Fig. 3).

4.9. When inspecting grippers, it is necessary to check the condition of the working surfaces in contact with the load. If they have a notch, then blunting or chipping of the teeth is not allowed. The gripper must be rejected if bends, breaks in the arms or wear and damage to the connecting links are detected. Metal traverses consisting of beams, struts, frames and other elements are subject to rejection if deformations with a deflection of more than 2 mm per 1 m of length are detected, cracks in places of sharp bends or changes in the cross-section of welded elements, as well as damage to fastening and connecting links.

4.10 When inspecting polymer-based textile slings, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the tapes, seams, hooks, brackets, locking devices, clips, carabiners and places of their fastenings. Slings should not be allowed to work if:

• there is no mark (tag) or the information about the sling, which contains information about the manufacturer and load-carrying capacity, is not readable;
• there are knots on the load-bearing tapes of the slings;
• there are transverse cuts or tears in the tape, regardless of their size;
• there are longitudinal cuts or tears in the tape, the total length of which exceeds 10 percent of the length of the tape of the sling branch, as well as single cuts or tears more than 50 millimeters in length;
• there are local delaminations of the sling tapes (except for places where the edges of the tapes are sealed) over a total length of more than 0.5 meters on one extreme seam or on two or more internal seams, accompanied by a break in three or more seam lines;
• there are local delaminations of the sling tapes in the place where the edges of the tape are sealed for a length of more than 0.2 meters on one of the outer seams or on two or more internal seams, accompanied by a tear in three or more lines of the seam, as well as peeling of the edge of the tape or stitching of the tapes at the loop along the length more than 10 percent of the length of the sealing (stitching) of the ends of the tapes;
• there are surface breaks of the belt threads with a total length of more than 10 percent of the belt width, caused by mechanical action (friction) of the sharp edges of the load;
• there is damage to the belts from exposure to chemicals (acid, alkali, solvent, petroleum products) with a total length of more than 10 percent of the belt width or sling length, as well as single damage of more than 10 percent of the belt width and a length of more than 50 millimeters;
• there is bulging of threads from the sling tape at a distance of more than 10 percent of the tape width;
• there are through holes with a diameter of more than 10 percent of the width of the tape from the impact of sharp objects;
• there are burnt through holes with a diameter of more than 10 percent of the width of the tape from exposure to splashes of molten metal or the presence of three or more holes with a distance between them of less than 10 percent of the width of the tape, regardless of the diameter of the holes;
• there is contamination of the belts (petroleum products, resins, paints, cement, soil) of more than 50 percent of the sling length;
• there is a combination of all of the above defects in an area of ​​more than 10 percent of the width and length of the sling;
• there is loosening or wear of more than 10 percent of the width of the sling loops.

It is prohibited to use slings with the following defects and damage to metal elements (rings, loops, staples, pendants, clips, carabiners, links):

• cracks of any size and location;
• wear on the surface of elements or the presence of local dents, leading to a decrease in cross-sectional area by 10 percent or more;
• the presence of residual deformations leading to a change in the original size of the element by more than 3 percent;
• damage to threaded connections and other fasteners.

4.11. When inspecting containers, you must especially carefully check:

the appearance of cracks in gripping devices for slinging;

serviceability of actual devices and lid locking devices;

absence of defects in welded joints, integrity of markings.

The container is rejected in the following cases:

the container is not marked;

the purpose of the container is not indicated;

there are faulty sling units;

the sides are dented or torn;

there are cracks and other defects in welded joints.

4.12. The results of inspection of removable lifting devices and containers must be recorded in a special journal. The recommended form of the logbook for recording and inspection of slings (containers) is given in Appendix B to RD 220-12-98.

5. Repair.

5.1. Restoration repairs involving welding of load-handling devices, containers and their elements must be carried out in organizations that have technical means and qualified specialists who provide repairs in full compliance with the requirements of safety rules, regulatory documents, technical specifications, technological maps and have permission (license) from Rostechnadzor authorities .

5.2. Materials used in the repair of lifting devices and containers must comply with state standards and other regulatory documents. The quality of the material used during repairs must be confirmed by a certificate from the company that supplied the material and by incoming inspection.

5.3. Welding of critical elements (rings, hinges, grips, levers, etc.) of lifting devices, containers and quality control of welded joints must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of repair documentation developed by a specialized organization.

5.4. Routine (minor) repairs of elements of lifting devices and containers without the use of welding (straightening parts, sealing ends of ropes, replacing fasteners, etc.) must be performed by highly qualified mechanics in accordance with repair documentation and under the guidance of engineering and technical workers responsible for the maintenance of lifting machines in good condition, or other responsible specialists.

5.5. Information about the quality of individual repair work must be entered in the repair log or repair sheet. When accepting a lifting device or container from repair, it is necessary to inspect and test it in order to determine the degree of reliability.

5.6. Removable load-handling devices (slings, chains, traverses, grips, etc.) after repair are subject to testing at the enterprise where they were repaired. Lifting devices must be inspected and tested with a load equal to 1.25 times their rated load capacity.

5.7. Containers for moving small-piece, bulk, liquid and other cargo using lifting machines must be inspected after repair. Testing the container with a load is not necessary.

Figure 1.1 – Steel rope design

The wires are intertwined with each other and form a strand. Several strands, also intertwined with each other and located on the central core, form the rope itself. To protect against corrosion, ropes are lubricated during the manufacturing process with rope lubricants Elascon, Torsiol, Nirasten, etc.

The rope core, made in most cases from hemp, gives it greater elasticity and serves as a lubricant accumulator. Ropes intended for work in hot shops have a core in the form of an asbestos cord or strands of steel wires. The core serves as an internal support and shock absorber for the strands and the rope itself as a whole. It must resist the radial pressure of the strands when the rope is loaded, preventing its transverse deformation. The manufactured ropes are lubricated on the outside with an anti-corrosion protective lubricant and wound onto drums or laid in coils.

Classification of steel ropes

Steel ropes have a large number of types and designs and differ in purpose, type of strand laying, and combination of laying directions. Not all ropes produced by industry can be used on cranes. As research and operating experience show, the number of crane rope designs can be limited to 8-10. Special treatment of rope wire ensures its high mechanical properties. Thus, the marking group (temporary tensile strength) of the wires varies in a wide range of 1372...2352 MPa. Depending on the number of wires in a strand, strands in a rope, their design and shape, the combination of lay directions of rope elements, the presence and type of core and other factors, a variety of structural forms of steel wire ropes () are possible.

Table 1.1 – Classification of steel ropes

Signs by which ropes are divided	Designation
1. By purpose:
cargo-human	GL
freight	G
2. According to the brevity of the lay:
single - the rope is made of a central wire, around which the wire is wound along a helix in several layers
double - made from single lay strands twisted around a core
triple - made from double lay strands twisted around a core
3. By core type:
hemp
asbestos
steel (used at high temperatures, to increase the breaking force - strand or double lay rope)
4. According to the mechanical properties of wires:
highest grade - for GL type ropes	IN
first grade - for all ropes	I
second brand (with consumer consent)	II
5. According to the type of wire surface coating:
made of light-colored uncoated wire – for light working conditions	–
made of galvanized wire for aggressive working conditions	WITH
made of galvanized wire for harsh aggressive working conditions	AND
made of galvanized wire for particularly harsh aggressive operating conditions (corrosion-resistant, but more expensive)	coolant
6. In the direction of curl of the strands:
right – preferential (lay from right to left down)	–
left - left to right down	L
7. According to the combination of laying directions of wires in strands and rope strands:
cross - mainly used: the laying directions of wires in strands and strands are different, they do not unwind	–
one-sided - the laying directions of wires in strands and strands are the same, more flexible	ABOUT
8. According to the laying method:
non-unwinding – with strand compression	N
unwinding	R
9. By type of lay:
with point contact of wires of the same diameter - the winding angles of the wires in different layers are not the same, which increases the pressure between the wires and increases their wear, but they do not unwind under load	TK
with linear contact of wires - the winding angles of wires in different layers are the same, more flexible, durable, service life is 30-40% higher than TC	OK
with linear contact of wires of the same diameters in the upper layer of the strand	LK-O
with linear contact of wires of different diameters in the upper layer of the strand - have better cross-section filling	LK-R
with linear contact of wires of different and identical diameters along individual layers of the strand	LK-RO
with point and linear contact of wires in strands	TLC

Only double lay, six-strand, and cross ropes are used at the PMG. Externally, a cross lay rope differs in that the wires on its surface are located parallel to the axis of the rope. The wires of a one-way lay rope are located at an angle to its axis.

Rope markings

The following structural diagram of the symbol for steel ropes has been established:

Where:

1. Product name.
2. Rope diameter, mm.
3. Designation of the purpose of the rope (GL, G).
4. Designation of the brand (mechanical properties) of wires (B, I, II).
5. Designation of the type of wire surface coating.
6. Designation of the direction of laying of strands (-, L).
7. Designation of the combination of laying directions of rope elements (-, O).
8. Designations for the rope laying method (H, P).
9. Marking group, MPa.
10. Designation of the standard for the selected type of rope.

If there is no designation of any feature of the rope, then in the record of the rope characteristics the symbol of this feature is omitted.

In addition, ropes differ in rope diameter, marking group (1372, 1470, 1568, 1666, 1764, 1862, 1960, 2156, 2254, 2352 MPa), the number of wires in the strands and the number of strands in the rope.

An example of the designation and characteristics of a steel rope with a diameter of 11.5 mm, cargo, made of grade I material with a light-colored surface of the wires, with right-hand lay of strands, cross lay of rope elements, non-unwinding, from wires of the marking group 1568 MPa, according to GOST 3077-80:

Rope 11.5-G-I-N-1568 GOST 3077-80

In this entry, indications that the surface of the wires is light, the lay of the strands is right-handed, and the combination of the lay of the wires in the strands is cross-shaped are omitted as not having a designation. This means that the rope is ordered from light wire, right-hand cross lay.

Methods for fastening rope ends

The loop at the end of the rope when attaching it to the crane, as well as the loop of the sling associated with rings, hooks or other parts, must be made:

Figure 1.3 – Methods for making a loop at the end of a rope: a – braiding the free end; b – use of a wedge bushing; c – installation of screw clamps; d – filling in the conical bushing; 1 – thimble; 2 – wedge; 3 – wedge bushing; 4 – screw clamp; 5 – working branch; 6 – bracket; 7 – bar; 8 – nut

Housings, bushings and wedges should not have sharp edges on which the rope can rub. The wedge bushing and wedge must be marked according to the diameter of the rope.

The number of rope punctures with each strand during braiding must correspond to those indicated in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 – Number of rope punctures by strands during braiding

The last puncture of each strand should be made with half the number of its wires (half the cross-section of the strand). It is allowed to make the last puncture with half the number of strands of rope.

The design of the clamps must comply with regulatory documents.

The number of clamps is determined during design taking into account the diameter of the rope, but must be at least three. The spacing of the clamps and the length of the free end of the rope behind the last clamp must be at least six rope diameters. The clamping brackets must be installed on the side of the free end of the rope.

2. Round link load chains

For the manufacture of removable load-handling devices, round-link load chains are used.

They are made from structural steel grades StZ and steel 20 by forge-forge or resistance welding.

To splice chains, welding or special connecting links are used. The chain is characterized by the diameter of the bar d, from which it is made and the chain pitch R ().

Figure 2.1 – Load chain: P – pitch; d – diameter; b – outer width

3. General information about lifting devices

Removable (hinged) load-handling devices(GU) are used to connect the transported cargo with the load body of the crane. They are not an accessory of the faucet and are an independent reusable product; such GIs are called inventory.

The technological operation of connecting a load with a crane hook is called slinging cargo, and its inverse operation is slinging.

Modern removable GIs must satisfy the following basic requirements:

• simplicity of design with high operational reliability;
• high manufacturability and practical application;
• high strength with small dimensions and weight;
• strict compliance with the parameters of the transported cargo;
• low cost;
• convenience and speed of cargo slinging.

Slings They are among the simplest lifting devices in design and are flexible elements with end fastenings and gripping elements of various designs.

Slings come in the following types (Figure 3.1):

• rope, made from steel ropes;
• chain, made from round link chains;
• textile, made from synthetic ropes and tapes.

All of these slings have their advantages and disadvantages.

Currently in Russia rope slings- the most common. For the manufacture of rope slings, double lay, cross lay ropes with an organic core (OC) of the following structures are used: 6×19(1+6+6/6)+1 OS LK-R, 6×36(1+7+7/7+14)+1 OS LK-RO.

To move loads with temperatures up to 400 °C, ropes with a steel core are used.

Advantages of rope slings:

• high strength;
• ease of manufacture, low cost;
• ease of operation;
• are not destroyed instantly;
• are not afraid of dynamic load.

• if slinging is incorrect, the surface of the load can be damaged; it is necessary to install chocks under the sharp edges or ribs of the load;
• with a large rope diameter, the slings are relatively rigid, have quite a lot of weight and, as a result, are inconvenient to use;
• ropes are lubricated and may contaminate the cargo;
• broken ends of the wires damage your hands.

Figure 3.2 – Disadvantages of rope slings

Steel thimbles must be installed in the loops of rope slings ( thimble– round or oval steel cage with a groove on the outer surface) (Figure 3.3).

They produce single- and multi-branch rope slings equipped with hanging and load-handling links. The hanging links are used to hang the sling on the crane hook, and the load-handling links are used to attach the slings to the load.

Based on the number of branches, slings are divided into rope slings:

• single-branch (1SC);
• two-branch (2SC);
• three-branch (ZSC);
• four-branched (4SC).

There are universal rope slings: straight, type USK1, and closed(ring) type USK2, which do not have gripping devices and are used, as a rule, for slinging loads that are not equipped with special gripping devices (loops, brackets, eyes, eye bolts, bosses on the body, etc.) (). In these cases, slinging of the load is performed in a girth or “boa constrictor” manner. These slings are classified as lightweight, so thimbles are not placed in rope loops.

Table 3.1 – Types of rope slings

Name	Designation	Appearance
	USK1
	USK2
	SK1
	SK2
Three-legged rope sling	SK3
	SK4

The designation of the sling indicates its type, load capacity and length. For example, 2SK-1.6/1000 stands for two-branch rope sling with a lifting capacity of 1.6 tons and a length of 1000 mm.

Chain slings are made from chains and chain components of strength class 8. It is possible to manufacture chain slings with various end elements (hooks, staples, etc.).

Area of ​​application: metallurgical and chemical enterprises, when transshipping dangerous goods and on portal cranes.

Advantages of chain slings:

• workable at high temperatures;
• are not afraid of sharp edges of the load;
• compact, easy to fold;
• durable;
• performance in aggressive environments.

Essential disadvantages of steel chains are:

• large mass;
• the possibility of sudden rupture due to the rapid opening of formed cracks;
• the need for careful daily monitoring of the condition (wear) of chain links.
• do not allow the application of dynamic loads;
• Defects in the metal of chain links are difficult to detect.

Similar to rope slings, there are single-branch chain slings (1SC), two-branch (2SC), three-branch (ZSC), four-branch (4SC) and universal (USC) ().

Table 3.2 – Types of chain slings

Name	Designation	Appearance
	1SC
Double chain sling	2SC
Three-legged chain sling	3SC
	4SC
	USC

Textile slings there are ():

• branch:
  • 1ST;
• universal:
  • STP (textile loop sling);
  • STK (textile ring sling);
  • STKk (round-strand textile ring sling).

Table 3.3 – Types of textile slings

Name	Designation	Appearance
	STP
	STK
	1ST
	2ST
Three-branch textile sling (ribbon)	3ST
	4ST
	STS

Synthetic materials are used to make textile slings: polyester, nylon, polypropylene. Textile tape slings are sewn from flat woven tape. Round strand slings STKk consist of many endless circular polymer fibers enclosed in a protective casing (sleeve). In addition to the most common types listed, textile slings and other structures are produced.

Advantages of textile slings:

• textile slings are much lighter than metal slings of similar load capacity;
• flexibility and absence of deformation;
• personnel safety when working with textile slings;
• high wear resistance;
• compactness, ease of storage and use;
• ease of operation;
• due to the fact that textiles are much softer than metal, it guarantees complete safety of the goods being moved without the use of special protective devices (at the same time, round-strand textile slings make it possible to move loads not only of large load-bearing capacity, but also quite fragile ones).

Disadvantages of textile slings:

• cannot be used in open fire;
• without a special coating, they are not suitable in alkaline and acidic environments;
• cannot be exposed to ultraviolet radiation (open sun) for a long time, since artificial fibers lose their qualities (therefore, textile slings should be stored in a room protected from light).

Multi-leg slings used for lifting and moving building parts and structures that have two, three or four attachment points. They are widely used for slinging building elements (panels, blocks, trusses, etc.) equipped with loops or eyes. When using a multi-leg sling, the load must be transferred to all branches evenly, which is ensured by auxiliary connections.

Universal slings used when lifting loads that cannot be tied with conventional slings (pipes, boards, rolled metal, apparatus, etc.).

Used for the manufacture of slings hanging links following types ():

• RT (detachable triangular);
• T (triangular);
• O (ovoid);
• Ov (oval).

Figure 3.4 – Sling links: a) RT type; b) type T; c) type O; d) Ov type; e) hooks; e) carabiner; g) bracket: 1 – lock; 2 – pin

Hooks are usually used as grips, but staples, carabiners and other products can be used. Sling hooks must have a safety lock that prevents the hook from falling out of the loop when hooking a load. The bracket for connecting to the sling and slinging parts of the load has a removable pin.

4. Tara

Tara are various types of containers and packaging in which goods are transported. The purpose of the container is to make the cargo convenient for movement and to ensure conditions for its qualitative and quantitative safety.

The container must be designed for the cargo for which it is intended to be transported. The container capacity must prevent the possibility of overloading the crane. After production, the containers are carefully inspected.

If the container is found fit for use after manufacturing, it must be provided with a plate or an inscription indicating the number, dead weight, load capacity, name of the workshop, test date, and purpose of the container.

Frequency of inspections of lifting containers:

• the person responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods by cranes - every shift;
• the person responsible for the good condition – once a month;
• slinger - before use.

During inspection, special attention should be paid to the integrity of welded and riveted joints, as well as to the serviceability of fastening of towbars, hooks, loops, and axles.

The container is considered unusable, if it has:

• deformation of sheets, walls, bottoms;
• violation of the integrity of welded and riveted joints, cracks and tears in the walls;
• wear of trailers more than 10% of the original diameter;
• there is no marking (data plate), even if the container is intact.

If at least one sign of rejection is detected, the container must be freed from the load and delivered to the repair site.

It is prohibited to use containers that are faulty or for purposes other than their intended purpose.

Let's consider types of containers:

What are the requirements for the manufacture and labeling of containers?

The containers must be manufactured in accordance with technological maps or individual drawings.

After manufacturing, the container must be subject to technical certification (inspection); the container is not subject to testing with a control load.

On containers, with the exception of special technological ones, must be indicated ():

• purpose of the container;
• number;
• dead weight;
• the largest mass of cargo for which it is intended to be transported.

Figure 4.5 – Container marking

How to fill containers correctly?

The container should be filled only with the material for which it is intended. Filling containers with material with a higher specific gravity may cause overload of the crane or destruction of the container.

Bulk and small-piece cargo should be located no higher than 100 mm from the level of the sides (). To prevent overloading of the container, a fill line must be marked on its side.

Figure 4.6 – Rules for filling containers

Semi-liquid and liquid cargo should fill no more than 3/4 of the container volume.

5. Safety requirements

The main requirements for the design and manufacture of lifting devices and containers are:

• strength and reliability of the design of the load-handling device and container;
• minimum dead weight compared to the weight of the lifted load;
• ease of maintenance and handling;
• simplicity of design;
• ensuring the safety of captured cargo;
• compliance with the peculiarities of technological processes and work projects, further automation of the process of capturing and releasing cargo (work according to a given program without the participation of service personnel).

The manufacture of load-handling devices and containers must be carried out by enterprises and specialized organizations that have permission from Rostechnadzor authorities.

The production of load-handling devices and containers must be carried out in accordance with regulatory documents and technological maps; after production, they are subject to testing at the manufacturer, and after repair (except for slings) - at the enterprise where they were repaired. Slings cannot be repaired.

Load-handling devices must be inspected and tested with a load that is 25% greater than their rated load-carrying capacity.

Information about manufactured lifting devices must be entered in “Logbook of records of load-handling devices”, which must indicate the name of the device, the certified lifting capacity, the number of the regulatory document (technological map), the certificate number for the material used, the results of welding quality control, and the test results of the load-handling device.

Load-handling devices must be equipped branded or firmly attached metal tag indicating:

• numbers;
• nameplate carrying capacity;
• test dates.

Figure 6.1 – Lifting a load using traverses

The use of inclined slings for lifting long structures and heavy equipment - beams, trusses, frames, apparatus, etc. – leads to a loss of useful lifting height of the crane, as well as to the occurrence of significant tensile forces in the sling itself, compressive forces in the lifted element and bending forces in the mounting loops. Slings combined with traverses do not have these disadvantages and are used for slinging loads 12 m or more in length.

There are many different modifications of traverses, which is due to the wide variety of building structures and technological equipment.

Lifting crossbeams have a design determined by the geometry of the load, the technical capabilities of the crane and the operating conditions of the device itself. Traverses are made of steel. According to their design, they are divided into planar () and spatial ().

Figure 6.3 – Spatial traverses

The former are produced in the form of a beam, the latter can be T-shaped, H-shaped, in the form of a triangular or rectangular truss.

Used to handle a range of loads balancing beams, with holes for brackets hung on the hooks of cranes and providing changes to the arms ().

Figure 6.4 – Universal beam crossbar: 1 – suspension; 2 – tension rope; 3 – earring; 4 – bracket; 5 – rope (balance) sling; 6 – roller; 7 – beam

Balancer beams are used when working with loads whose attachment points are located unevenly or at different levels.

Grips are the most advanced and safe load-handling devices, the main advantage of which is the reduction of manual labor. Grippers are used in cases where it is necessary to move loads of the same type. Due to the wide variety of loads being handled, there are many different gripper designs available. Most of them can be classified into one of the following types.

Table 9.2 - Rope rejection standards depending on surface wear or corrosion

Reduction in wire diameter as a result of surface wear or corrosion, %	Number of wire breaks, % of the standards specified in
10	85
15	75
20	70
25	60
30 or more	50

• absence of a label (tag) or inability to read information about the sling;
• knots on the sling;
• transverse cuts or tears in the tape;
• seam rupture at the base of the loop;
• through damage or burns to the supporting layer;
• damage to more than 10% of the cross-sectional area of ​​the tape;
• delamination of tape threads, etc.

Figure 9.4 – Signs of rejection of textile slings

Signs of rejection seizures:

• absence of a brand or tag;
• dullness or chipping of notch teeth on working surfaces in contact with the load;
• bends and kinks of levers;
• wear of hinges.

Metal traverses, consisting of beams, struts, frames and other elements, are subject to rejection if deformations with a deflection of more than 2 mm per 1 m of length are detected, cracks in places of sharp bends or changes in the cross-section of welded elements, as well as damage to fastening and connecting links.

Heads of organizations operating cranes are obliged to ensure that they are kept in good condition and safe working conditions by organizing proper inspection, inspection, repair, supervision and maintenance.

For these purposes there should be appointed(from PB 10-382-00):

1. Engineering and technical personnel supervision for the safe operation of cranes, lifting devices and containers;

2. Engineer responsible for content lifting cranes in good condition;

3. person responsible for safe production works with cranes.

Exploitation SGZP that have not passed technical examination, not allowed.

· Rejected SGPPs should not be located at work sites.

· It is prohibited to repair slings by the owner.

· Forced drying of slings by any means is not allowed.

· It is prohibited to use slings in environments containing abrasive materials - cement, concrete.

Storage.

· SGPP should be stored in special rooms and under sheds.

· Individual gas supplies with large overall dimensions are allowed to be stored in open storage areas with fencing.

· Storage must be in accordance with the manufacturer's operating instructions.

Care:

· inspection;

· cleaning of cargo residues and dirt;

· lubrication (if necessary);

· replacement of faulty fasteners;

· adjustment;

· painting or galvanizing (if necessary) in accordance with the requirements of technical documentation.

BASIC POINTS OF THE INSTRUCTIONS

FOR SLINGERS SERVICING GZP CRANES

General provisions

1. It is allowed to carry out slinging and tying of loads faces,

· not younger than 18 years of age;

· have passed a medical examination;

· trained and passed qualification exams;

· received a certificate.

2. The slinger must have with him while working certificate , which should contain:

· photograph of the owner;

· signatures of the chairman of the qualification commission and the Rostechnadzor inspector.

3. Permission to work independently is issued by order by enterprise.

4. A repeated test of the slinger’s knowledge by the qualification commission is carried out (from PB 10-382-00):

periodically, at least 1 time V 12 months;

· when an employee transfers to other place of work;

· on demand Engineers to supervise the safe operation of cranes or an inspector from the State Mining and Technical Supervision Authority.

Repeated knowledge testing should be carried out within the scope of the production instructions. Participation of the State Mining and Technical Supervision Inspector in repeated testing the knowledge of service personnel not necessary, in the work of the qualification commission at primary certification of slingers Necessarily.

5. The slinger obeys in his work the person responsible for the safe operation of cranes.

7. Slinger and crane operator together service the crane, make decisions independently and carry responsibility each for his own plot: crane operator - for operating the crane, slinger - for slinging the load, but the instructions from the crane operator to the slinger are mandatory.

8. To give signals The crane operator must be assigned senior slinger

Added to the site:

1. General information

1.1. Removable load-handling devices and containers are used in the process of lifting and moving goods using lifting structures. Slinging, tying and hooking of solid loads for lifting, moving and lowering them when performing construction, installation, loading and unloading and other work using lifting structures is carried out using removable load-handling devices. Moving small-piece cargo is allowed only in special containers designed for this purpose in order to exclude the possibility of individual parts of the cargo falling out.

Bricks are moved on pallets without fencing only when unloading (loading) vehicles onto the ground (and from the ground), unless otherwise specified in the operating manual (instructions) and other operational documents for the container or in the PPR. To lift and move liquid and bulk cargo, special containers are used (tubs, trays, boxes, containers, buckets, etc.).

1.2. Depending on the conditions of work, the geometric dimensions and weight of the load, lifting devices of different designs are used (slings, traverses, grips, etc.). Slings are among the simplest lifting devices in design and are flexible elements with end fastenings and gripping elements of various designs. As a rule, steel wire ropes, less often chains and tapes, are used as a flexible load-bearing element.

1.3. Steel ropes have a high specific load-bearing capacity and flexibility, are much easier to work with and more durable than ropes made from organic plant fibers or steel load chains. A steel wire rope smoothes out dynamic loads and is reliable, since the destruction of the rope does not occur suddenly, like a chain, but the number of broken wires increases gradually, which allows you to monitor the condition of the rope and reject it long before the break.

1.4. The advantages of steel chains compared to steel ropes are their high flexibility, simplicity of design, manufacturability and ability to bend around sharp edges without the use of pads. Significant disadvantages of steel chains are their large mass, the possibility of sudden rupture due to the rapid opening of formed cracks and the need for careful daily monitoring of the condition (wear) of chain links. In addition, steel chains do not allow the application of dynamic loads, and defects in the metal of the chain links are difficult to detect.

1.5. According to the number of branches, slings are divided into single-branch rope (1SC), two-branch (2SC), three-branch (3SC), four-branch (4SC) and universal (USK), single-branch chain (1SC), two-branch (2SC), three-branch (3SC), four-branch ( 4SC) and universal (USC). Simple slings (SC and STs) are used for hanging loads that have special devices (loops, hooks, eyes, bolts, etc.), universal slings are used for slinging loads with a harness. A single-leg sling with a hook or other load-grasping device is usually used to grab and move loads equipped with mounting loops or eyes, brackets, etc.

1.6. Multi-leg slings are used for lifting and moving building parts and structures that have two, three or four attachment points. They are widely used for slinging building elements (panels, blocks, trusses, etc.) equipped with loops or eyes. When using a multi-leg sling, the load must be transferred to all branches evenly, which is ensured by auxiliary connections.

1.7. Universal slings are used when lifting loads that cannot be tied with ordinary slings (pipes, boards, rolled metal, apparatus, etc.).

1.8. Traverses are used for lifting and moving long or large-sized structures or equipment (columns, trusses, beams, apparatus, pipes, etc.). Crossbars are designed to withstand compressive or tensile forces. They protect the load from the compressive forces that occur when the load is tilted and ensure safety when it is moved by a crane. Traverses are hung on the crane hook using a gusset with an eye (ring) or flexible or rigid rods that are hinged, which completely frees them from bending moments. Hanging traverses on a crane hook using rigid and flexible rods leads to loss of useful lifting height. Rope slings at the free end end with hooks of various designs that interact with product staples or pin locks mounted on a traverse with thimbles inserted into the sockets of the lock body. The pin is pulled out manually by the rope attached to it (remote control).

1.9. Grips are the most advanced and safe load-handling devices, the main advantage of which is the reduction of manual labor costs when grabbing a load and placing it in the designed position by a crane. It is advisable to use grippers in cases where it is necessary to move structures of the same type. With grips installed on the slings, you can quickly secure the sling to the rails, channels and beams being lifted. Using connecting links and rigging shackles, the grippers are quickly secured to the slings. The slings can also be used to attach hooks, sheet clamps, and other accessories.

1.10. The most common types of steel technological containers for lifting and moving piece, packaged, semi-liquid and liquid cargo, as well as cargo classified as explosive and fire hazardous, are boxes, tubs, containers, bunkers, containers, pallets and other packaging devices.

2. Safety requirements

2.1. Removable lifting devices must be equipped with a passport, brand or firmly attached metal tag indicating the number, load capacity and test date.

3. Operation

3.1. The specialist responsible for maintaining lifting structures in working condition is obliged to ensure that removable lifting devices and production containers are maintained in good condition (if their maintenance in good condition is not entrusted to other persons by order) by conducting periodic inspections, maintenance and repairs within the time limits established by the schedule, systematic monitoring of the correct maintenance of the inspection log and timely elimination of identified faults, as well as personal inspection of lifting devices and containers within the established time frame.

3.2. The specialist responsible for the safe performance of work using lifting structures is obliged not to allow untested, unmarked or damaged removable lifting devices and containers into work, and to provide slingers with distinctive signs.

3.3. Personnel assigned to carry out cargo hooking work, incl. in hanging lifting structures on hooks, slinging and tying loads moved by lifting structures using load-handling devices, must have a level of qualifications corresponding to the profession of slinger.

The same requirement applies to personnel of the main working professions, whose duties include hanging cargo on a hook without preliminary strapping (load that has loops, eyes, pins, located in buckets, tubs, containers or other containers), as well as in cases when the load is grabbed by semi-automatic gripping devices.

3.4. For lifting structures controlled from the floor, hooking a load onto a hook without preliminary strapping is permitted to be performed by personnel of basic working professions who have undergone testing of their skills in hooking loads and training at the workplace.

3.5. A graphic representation of slinging and hooking methods should be handed out to slingers and crane operators or posted at work sites.

3.6. Faulty load-handling devices, as well as devices that do not have tags (stamps), should not be located in the work areas. Unmarked and damaged containers are not allowed in the work areas.

3.7. Loads must be slinged in accordance with slinging diagrams. To sling a load intended for lifting, slings must be used that correspond to the weight and nature of the load being lifted, taking into account the number of branches and their angle of inclination; General purpose slings should be selected so that the angle between their branches does not exceed 90°.

3.8. The connections between the hook of the lifting machine and the suspensions, loops and thimbles of the slings must be reliable. The sling suspension must be secured with a hook latch. The mounting loop must be secured with a latch in the hook link of the sling.

3.9. In order to prevent loads from falling during lifting and moving them by lifting structures, the following slinging rules should be observed:

when tying the load, the slings must be applied without knots or twists;

Under sharp corners of metal weights (channels, angles, I-beams) it is necessary to place pads. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the location of the center of gravity of the load. The sling should be placed under the load in such a way as to prevent it from slipping while lifting the load. The load must be tied in such a way that during its movement, the fall of its individual parts is prevented and a stable position of the load is ensured during movement. To do this, slinging of long loads (poles, logs, pipes) must be done in at least two places;

The ends of the multi-leg sling that are not used for hooking must be strengthened so that when moving the load by crane, the possibility of these ends touching objects encountered along the way is excluded.

3.10. When moving a load, load-handling device or container horizontally, it should first be lifted 500 mm above equipment, building structures and other objects encountered along the way.

3.11. It is allowed to lower the transported load only to the place intended for this purpose, where the possibility of falling, tipping over or sliding of the installed load is excluded. At the place where the load is installed, pads of appropriate strength must first be laid so that the slings can be easily and without damage removed from under the load.

3.12. When carrying out work with the use of PS, lifting a load covered with earth or frozen to the ground, laid down by other loads, as well as releasing pinched slings, ropes, chains using a lifting machine is not allowed.

4. The procedure for inspection and rejection of removable lifting devices and containers

4.1. According to the requirements of the “Safety Rules for hazardous production facilities where lifting structures are used” (approved by order of Rostechnadzor dated November 12, 2013 N 533), slingers and crane operators (operators) must inspect lifting devices before their use, and acceptance indicators should be used, given in their manual (instructions) for their operation.

4.2. Specialists responsible for maintaining lifting structures in working condition and specialists responsible for the safe performance of work using lifting structures inspect lifting devices within the following periods:

traverse, pincers, grippers and containers - every month;

slings (except for rarely used ones) - every 10 days;

rarely used removable lifting devices - before starting work.

4.3. When inspecting rope slings, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the ropes, thimbles, hooks, hangers, locking devices, clips, carabiners and their attachment points.

4.4. To assess the safety of using ropes, the following criteria are used:

the nature and number of wire breaks, including the presence of wire breaks at the end seals, places where wire breaks are concentrated, the intensity of the increase in the number of wire breaks;

strand break;

surface and internal wear;

surface and internal corrosion;

local reduction in rope diameter, including core rupture;

deformation in the form of waviness, basket-like shape, extrusion of wires and strands, crushing of strands, creases, etc.;

damage due to temperature effects or electrical arcing.

4.5. The rope sling is subject to rejection if the number of visible breaks in the outer wires exceeds that indicated in the table.

Note. d is the diameter of the rope, in millimeters.

4.6. Rejection of sling parts (rings, loops and hooks) should be carried out:

in the presence of cracks;

when the surface of elements wears out or local dents lead to a decrease in cross-sectional area by 10%;

in the presence of residual deformations leading to a change in the original size of the element by more than 5%.

4.7. The following slings are not allowed for use:

having defects;

if the marking tag is missing or damaged;

with deformed thimbles or their wear with a reduction in cross-section by more than 15%;

having cracks on pressed bushings or when their size changes by more than 10% from the original;

with signs of rope displacement in the braid or bushings;

with damaged or missing braids or other protective elements in the presence of protruding ends of the wire at the braiding point;

with hooks without safety locks.

4.8. The chain sling is subject to rejection if the following defects are found:

broken link;

bending or wear of the hook in the link is more than 10% of the original size;

chain link elongation of more than 3% of the original size;

reduction in the cross-sectional diameter of a chain link due to wear of more than 10%.

4.9. When inspecting grippers, it is necessary to check the condition of the working surfaces in contact with the load. If they have a notch, then blunting or chipping of the teeth is not allowed. The gripper must be rejected if bends, breaks in the arms or wear and damage to the connecting links are detected. Metal traverses consisting of beams, struts, frames and other elements are subject to rejection if deformations with a deflection of more than 2 mm per 1 m of length are detected, cracks in places of sharp bends or changes in the cross-section of welded elements, as well as damage to fastening and connecting links.

4.10. When inspecting containers, you must especially carefully check:

the appearance of cracks in gripping devices for slinging;

serviceability of actual devices and lid locking devices;

absence of defects in welded joints, integrity of markings.

The container is rejected in the following cases:

the container is not marked;

the purpose of the container is not indicated;

there are faulty sling units;

the sides are dented or torn;

there are cracks and other defects in welded joints.

4.11. When inspecting polymer-based textile slings, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the tapes, seams, hooks, staples, locking devices, clips, carabiners and places of their fastenings. Slings should not be allowed to work if:

there is no mark (tag) or the information about the sling, which contains information about the manufacturer and load-carrying capacity, is not readable;

there are knots on the load-bearing tapes of the slings;

there are transverse cuts or tears in the tape, regardless of their size;

there are longitudinal cuts or tears in the tape, the total length of which exceeds 10 percent of the length of the tape of the sling branch, as well as single cuts or tears more than 50 millimeters in length;

there are local delaminations of the sling tapes (except for places where the edges of the tapes are sealed) over a total length of more than 0.5 meters on one extreme seam or on two or more internal seams, accompanied by a break in three or more seam lines;

there are local delaminations of the sling tapes in the place where the edges of the tape are sealed for a length of more than 0.2 meters on one of the outer seams or on two or more internal seams, accompanied by a tear in three or more lines of the seam, as well as peeling of the edge of the tape or stitching of the tapes at the loop along the length more than 10 percent of the length of the sealing (stitching) of the ends of the tapes;

there are surface breaks of the belt threads with a total length of more than 10 percent of the belt width, caused by mechanical action (friction) of the sharp edges of the load;

there is damage to the belts from exposure to chemicals (acid, alkali, solvent, petroleum products) with a total length of more than 10 percent of the belt width or sling length, as well as single damage of more than 10 percent of the belt width and a length of more than 50 millimeters;

there is bulging of threads from the sling tape at a distance of more than 10 percent of the tape width;

there are through holes with a diameter of more than 10 percent of the width of the tape from the impact of sharp objects;

there are burnt through holes with a diameter of more than 10 percent of the width of the tape from exposure to splashes of molten metal or the presence of three or more holes with a distance between them of less than 10 percent of the width of the tape, regardless of the diameter of the holes;

there is contamination of the belts (petroleum products, resins, paints, cement, soil) of more than 50 percent of the sling length;

there is a combination of all of the above defects in an area of ​​more than 10 percent of the width and length of the sling;

there is loosening or wear of more than 10 percent of the width of the sling loops.

It is prohibited to use slings with the following defects and damage to metal elements (rings, loops, staples, pendants, clips, carabiners, links):

cracks of any size and location;

wear on the surface of elements or the presence of local dents, leading to a decrease in cross-sectional area by 10 percent or more;

the presence of residual deformations leading to a change in the original size of the element by more than 3 percent;

damage to threaded connections and other fasteners.

4.12. The results of inspection of removable lifting devices and containers must be recorded in a special journal.

5. Repair

5.1. Restoration repairs involving welding of load-handling devices, containers and their elements must be carried out in specialized organizations that have technical means and qualified specialists.

5.2. Routine repair of elements of lifting devices and containers without the use of welding (straightening parts, sealing ends of ropes, replacing fasteners, etc.) must be performed by mechanics for the repair and maintenance of hydraulic lifting equipment, in accordance with the repair documentation and under the guidance of a specialist responsible for the maintenance of lifting structures in working condition

5.3. Information about the quality of individual repair work must be entered in the repair log. When accepting a lifting device or container from repair, it is necessary to inspect and test it in order to determine the degree of reliability.

STANDARD SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
OPERATION OF METAL GRIPING HANDLINGS
DEVICES AND CONTAINERS

RD 220-12-98

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1. Metal removable lifting devices and containers are used in the process of lifting andmovement of goods using lifting machines (kranew, pipe-laying cranes, manipulator cranes, lifts, towers and other machines and mechanisms). Slinging, strapping andhooking solid loads for lifting, moving and lowering themwhen performing construction, installation, loading and unloading nal and other works using lifting machines are removed using removable load-handling devices.For lifting and moving liquid and bulk cargo usingThere are special containers (tubs, trays, boxes, containers, ladles and so on.).

1.2. Depending on the conditions of work, geometricallyDepending on the size and weight of the load, lifting devices of different designs are used (slings, crossbars, grips, etc.).Slings are among the simplest in constructive use. load-handling devices and are flexible elements with end fastenings and gripping organs we have various designs. As a flexible carrier element ment, as a rule, steel wire ropes are used, less often - chains and tapes.

1.3. Steel ropes are less labor-intensive to manufacture and havehigh specific load-bearing capacity and flexibility, significant but more convenient to use and more durable than organic ropesChinese plant fibers or steel load chains. Steel wire rope smoothes out dynamic loads and is reliable,since the destruction of a rope does not occur suddenly, like a chain, but the number of broken wires increases gradually, which makes it possible to monitor the condition of the rope and reject it long before the break.

1.4. Advantages of steel chains compared to steelropes are their high flexibility, ease of installationstructure, manufacturability and the ability to bend around sharp edges without the use of pads. Significant disadvantages of steel chains are their large mass, the possibility of sudden rupture due to the rapid opening of formed cracks and the need for careful daily monitoring of the condition(wear) of chain links. In addition, steel chains do not allow application of dynamic loads, and defects in the metal of the links circuits are difficult to detect.

1.5. Based on the number of branches, slings are divided into rope slings and single-branch slings.high (1SK), two-branch (2SK), three-branch (3SK), four-branchwinding (4SK) and universal (USK), single-branch chain (1SC),two-branch (2SC), three-branch (3SC), four-branch (4SC)and universal (USC). Simple slings (SK and STs) are usedfor hanging loads with special devices (loops, hooks, eyes, bolts, etc.), universal slings - forslinging loads with strapping. Single leg sling with hook oranother lifting device is usually used to grab and movement of cargo equipped with mounting loops or eyes, brackets, etc.

1.6. Multi-leg slings are used for lifting and movingconstruction of building parts and structures having two, threeor four attachment points. They are widely used for slingski of building elements (panels, blocks, trusses, etc.), equippedloops or eyes. When using multi-branchthe sling load must be transferred to all branches evenly, so thatprovided with auxiliary connections.

1.7. Universal slings are used when lifting loads, aboutwhich cannot be tied with ordinary slings (pipes, boards,rolled metal, apparatus, etc.).

1.8. Traverses are used to lift and move lengthsnumbered or large-sized structures or equipment(columns, trusses, beams, apparatus, pipes, etc.). Crossbars are designed to withstand compressive or tensile forces. They protect the load from compressive forces, fiddling when tilting the load, and ensure safety when it moving by crane. Traverses are hung on the crane hook when using a gusset with an eye (ring) or flexible or rigid rods, hingedly attached, which completely frees them from bending moments. Hanging the traverse on the crane hookusing rigid and flexible rods leads to loss of usefullifting height. End the rope slings at the free endhooks of various designs interactingwith product staples or pin locks mounted on traverse with thimbles inserted into the sockets of the lock body. Pin pull out manually by the cord attached to it (distant tion management).

1.9. The grips are the most advanced and safeload-handling devices, the main advantage of which is the reduction of manual labor costs when grabbing the load and itslaying by crane in the designed position. It is advisable to usegrippers in cases where you have to move the same typestructures, for example, in reinforced concrete factories, metal structures factories, warehouses and a number of other enterprises. With grips installed on the slings, you can quickly secure the sling to the rails, channels and beams being lifted. With help connecting links and rigging brackets are quickly secured to the slings. You can also attach hooks, clamps to the slingswe are for sheets as well as other fixtures.

1.10. The most common types of steel technologygical containers for lifting and moving piece, container-piecessolid, liquid, semi-liquid and liquid cargo, as well as cargo classified as explosive and fire hazardous, are boxes,tubs, containers, bunkers, containers, pallets and other packaging devices.

1.11. It is impossible in one instruction or regulatory documentyou can reflect all types and designs of cargocotton devices and containers, as well as set out the requirements without dangers presented to them. Therefore, based on thisStandard instructions for enterprises (organizations) operating lifting machines, lifting devices andpackaging, are required to develop and approve production instructions Tips for the safe use of metal devices and metal technological containers in accordance with the requirements niami Rules for the design and safe operation of load-lifting cranes , Rules for the design and safe operation of the crane new pipelayers , Device rules and safe operation tations of load-lifting cranes and other rules safety and regulatory documents.

2. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

2.1. Load-handling devices and containers belong to the categorythe most critical devices that are subject to the requirements of safety rules and regulatory documents of the StateGortechnadzor of Russia.

2.2. Design of lifting devices and containers should be produced by specialized organizations that havelicense from state mining and technical supervision authorities in accordance with the FederalLaw of September 25, 1998 No. 158-FZ “On licensing of individual activity" and regulatory documents.

2.3. The main requirements for design and manufacture The definition of lifting devices and containers are:

strength and reliability of the load-handling device design collections and containers;

minimum dead weight compared to the weight under carried cargo;

ease of maintenance and handling;

simplicity of design;

ensuring the safety of captured cargo;

compliance with the features of technological processes andwork production projects, further automation of the processcapturing and releasing cargo (work according to a given program without participation of service personnel).

2.4. Design and production of general cargo slingsappointments must be made in accordance with the requirements yami RD 10-33-93 “General purpose cargo slings. Requirements for the device and safe operation." Calculation of slingsfrom steel ropes must be made taking into account the number of windsthe weight of the ropes and their angle of inclination to the vertical. When calculating general purpose slings with several branches, the calculated angle between them should be taken equal to 90°. When calculating the pov intended for a specific cargo may be whenno actual angle. When calculating slings, the safety factor rope strength should be taken at least 6. Design multi-leg slings should ensure uniform tensionthe life of all branches.

2.5. Manufacturing of removable lifting devices andcontainers should be produced by enterprises and specialized organizationsorganizations licensed by state mining and technical supervision authorities, issuednew in accordance with Federal Law of September 25, 1998 No.158-FZ“On licensing of certain types of activities.”

2.6. Manufacturing of removable lifting devices andcontainers must be produced in accordance with regulatory documentscops and technological maps. If welding is used, the manufacturing documentation must contain instructionsfor its implementation and quality control.

2.7. Removable lifting devices (slings, chains, traverses, grips, etc.) are subject to testing after manufactureat the manufacturer, and after repair - at the enterprise tiya on which they were repaired. Removable lifting bars devices must be inspected and tested forload 1.25 times their rated load capacity.

2.8. Information about manufactured removable load-handling devicesabilities must be entered in a journal in which they mustthe name of the device, load capacity, number of the regulatory document (technological map), numbercertificate for the material used, for the rope or chain, the resultwelding quality control data, load-bearing test resultsa lot of equipment.

2.9. Removable lifting devices must be equipped withpressed with a brand or firmly attached metal tagindicating the number, load capacity and test date. Removable load-handling devices manufactured for third-party organizations, in addition to the stamp (tag), must be equipped with passport (to this Standard Instruction).

3. OPERATION

3.1. Owners of lifting machines, containers and removable loadsgripping devices are required to ensure that they are maintained ingood condition and safe working conditions by organizingtion of proper examination, inspection, repair, supervisionra and maintenance in accordance with the requirements of safety regulations.

3.2. Engineering and technical worker for safety supervision he is obliged to carry out the operation of lifting machinessupervision of technical condition and safe operationlifting machines, removable lifting devices tions, production containers and take preventive measures violations of safety rules.

3.3. Engineering and technical worker responsible formaintaining lifting machines in good condition, is obligedensure that removable cargo is kept in good conditioncotton devices and production containers (if containingkeeping them in good condition is not the responsibility of other services)through periodic inspections, technical maintenanceliving and repairs within the time limits established by the schedule, the system technical control over the correct maintenance of the inspection log andtimely elimination of identified faults, as well aspersonal inspection of lifting devices and containers within the established time limits.

3.4. The person responsible for the safe performance of workus, pipe-laying cranes, loader cranes andother lifting machines, is obliged to prevent use of unmarked, defective or non-conforming removable loads that have different load capacity and the nature of the load cotton devices and production containers.

3.5. For hooking, strapping (slinging) cargo and hanging iton the hook of a lifting machine, except in cases whereincluded in paragraph . of this Standard Instruction, in accordance with the requirementsSlingers must be appointed in accordance with safety rules.

Rice. 1.Types of sling pads:

A- made of wood; b- from cut pipes;
V - from cut pipesand bent squares;
G- from waste rubber-fabric hoses;
d- from belts

3.16. Cargo, load-handling device or container when they arehorizontal movement should first be lifted by 500 mm higher than equipment encountered in the path, construction structures and other items.

3.17. Lowering the transported load is only permitteda designated place for this purpose, where the possibility of falling is excludedbending, overturning or sliding of the installed load. Onthe place where the cargo is installed must be pre-stacked withadequate strength of the lining so that the slings cancan be easily and without damage removed from under the load.

3.18. When the lifting machine is operating, lifting is not allowed.eating cargo covered with earth or frozen to the ground, loaded with other cargo, as well as releasing pinched slings, ropes, chains using a lifting machine.

4. PROCEDURE FOR INSPECTION AND REJECTION OF METAL
DEVICES AND CONTAINERS

4.1. According to the requirements of slinger safety rules ki must inspect removable lifting devices solutions and production containers before using them for lifting and moving cargo using lifting machines.

4.2. Engineering and technical workers responsible for maintaining lifting machines in good condition, and personsresponsible for the safe performance of work with cranes, cranesmi-pipelayers, manipulator cranes and other grulifting machines must inspect the loads cotton devices in the following periods:

slings (except for rarely used ones) - every 10 days;

traverse, grips and containers - every month;

rarely used removable lifting devicesniy - before issuing them for work.

4.3. When inspecting rope slings, it is necessary to pay attentionmania for the condition of ropes, thimbles, hooks, pendants, locksmounting devices, clips, carbines and places of their attachment.

reduction in the cross-sectional diameter of a chain link due to wear of more than 10% ().

Rice. 2.Increasing chain link length:
L o- initial link length, mm;L 1- increased link length, mm

Rice. 3.Reducing the cross-sectional diameter of a chain link:
d 0 -initial diameter, mm;d 1, d 2- actual cross-section diametersnia
links measured in mutually perpendicular directions, mm

4.9. When inspecting the grips, it is necessary to check the condition of theside surfaces in contact with the load. If they haveIf there is a notch, then dulling or chipping of the teeth is not allowedrepents. The gripper must be rejected if bends, breaks in the arms or wear and damage to the connecting links are detected.Metal traverses consisting of beams, struts, frames, etc.These elements are subject to rejection if deformations are detected with a deflection of more than 2 mm per 1 m of length, cracks in places of sharp bends or changes in the cross-section of welded elements, as well asif fastening and connecting links are damaged.

4.10. When inspecting containers, it is necessary to take special care believe:

the appearance of cracks in gripping devices for slinging;

serviceability of actual devices and locking devices covers;

absence of defects in welded joints, integrity of mars picks.

The container is rejected in the following cases:

the container is not marked;

the purpose of the container is not indicated;

there are faulty sling units;

the sides are dented or torn;

there are cracks and other defects in welded joints.

4.11. Results of inspection of removable load-handling devicestions and containers must be entered in a special journal. RecommendedThe required logbook form for recording and inspection of slings (containers) is givento this Standard Instruction.

5. REPAIR

5.1. Refurbishment using cargo weldinggripping devices, containers and their elements must be producedwork in organizations that have technical meansand qualified specialists providing reinstallation in full compliance with the requirements of safety regulations,regulatory documents, technical specifications, technological maps and authorized (licensed) authorities Gosgortekhnadzor.

5.2. Materials used in the repair of load-handling equipmentdevices and containers must comply with state regulationsnal standards and other regulatory documents. Quality the material used during repairs must be confirmed but the certificate of the enterprise - the supplier of the material and the entrance control.

5.3. Welding of critical elements (rings, hinges, grips,levers, etc.) lifting devices, containers and control the quality of welded joints must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of repair documentation developed by a specialized organization.

5.4. Routine (minor) repairs of load-handling elements whendevices and containers without the use of welding (editing parts, for cutting rope ends, replacing fasteners, etc.) mustcarry out repairs by highly qualified mechanicsnal documentation and under the guidance of engineering and technical rabotniks responsible for maintaining lifting machines inin good condition, or other responsible specialists.

5.5 Information on the quality of individual repairswork must be recorded in the repair log or statementrepair. When accepting a lifting device or containerfrom repairs, it is necessary to inspect and test them at the centerto determine the degree of reliability.

5.6. Removable lifting devices (slings, chains, traverses, grips, etc.) after repair are subject to testing for the company where they were repaired. Load-handling devices must be inspected and tested for load 1.25 times their rated lifting capacity

№ __________________________

from "__" __________ 200 _____ g.

Name and address of the authority that issued permission to manufacture the sling

Appendix 2

Sling registration and inspection log form