Presentation on the topic of the formation of Stalin’s personality cult. Political system of Stalinism

Epigraph: “That the king or leader is the main
the villain,
They came up with low foreheads.
Kings killed no more people
What different kinds of slaves..."
I.Guberman.

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin

Types of political regimes:

Democratic
-
Antidemocratic
- lack of political
freedoms;
freedom of speech and press;
- one-party system;
variety of parties;
democratic elections; - splicing
state and
immunity
party apparatus;
personality and private
- repressions against the individual;
property.
- control over the population.

Monopoly on media
Constitution of the winner
socialism 1936
Dictator leader
Cult of personality
Stalin
Repressive
punitive
organ
Massive
repressions 3.8 million
30-40 years
Processes
internal party
opposition
One ideology
Ideologization of public
life. Marxism-Leninism
Totalitarianism
Control over the economy
One batch
One-party political
system

Party hierarchy

Secretary General
Politburo
Party Central Committee
Regional committees, regional committees,
district committees, city committees
Primary organizations and
ordinary communists

The role of the party in the life of the state

members of the CPSU(b) occupied all state
posts;
The All-Russian Central Executive Committee could not pass a single law without
Politburo;
party symbols (red banner and anthem
"International") became state-owned;
within the party, all issues were resolved by the Politburo;
the ideology of the party (Marxism-Leninism) became
state

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RSDLP - RSDLP (b) - RCP (b) - CPSU (b) - CPSU - Communist Party of the Russian Federation

General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RSDLP - RSDLP (b) - RCP (b) All-Union Communist Party (b) - CPSU - Communist Party of the Russian Federation

Children's and youth organizations

Stalin's personality cult. Causes

Organizational skills
Promotion to key positions in the center and on
places of their comrades
Control by party organs
state security
Tactics of disunity and competition in
regarding your opponents
Russian centuries-old tradition
paternalism was embodied in leaderism.
Bureaucratic deification of authority
served as a breeding ground for the cult
Stalin's personality.
By the beginning of the 30s. the totalitarian regime has become
harsh political reality.

Manifestation of the cult of personality - exaltation of the role of one person

Manifestation of the cult of personality, exaltation of the role of one person
Stalin is a faithful successor of the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin
(the idea of ​​building socialism in a single country)
The victory of the Bolshevik Party in October and the Civil War began
possible to the “wise leadership” of Stalin
Any criticism of the General Secretary is counter-revolutionary
CONSPIRACY
Soviet propaganda created a semi-divine figure around Stalin
the halo of an infallible “great leader and teacher.” In the name of Stalin
and his closest associates were called cities, factories, collective farms,
military equipment
Stalin is deeper than the ocean, higher than the Himalayas, brighter than the Sun. He is a teacher
Universe
Great leader, Lenin's first student, outstanding commander,
leader of the world proletariat, wise, father of nations, brilliant

Organizers and perpetrators of terror

N.I.Ezhov
G.G.Yagoda

Theoretical justification for repression - Stalin’s thesis about the inevitability of an exacerbation of the class struggle in the process of building socialism

1928-1930 “Mining Case”, “Industrial Party”, “Academic” managers, prominent engineers, scientists were repressed
Campaign against the kulaks. In 1932, the “Law of Three Spikelets”
. In 1934, the Special Meeting of the NKVD received the right to extrajudicial
order to send “enemies of the people” to the colonies.
The reason for the deployment of mass repressions was the murder
01.12.34 S. M. Kirova - after him a decision was made to
conducting investigations into “terrorist cases” in an abbreviated form
order, within 10 days, the prosecutor and lawyer at the trial
were absent, pardons were prohibited, and death sentences
were carried out immediately
Repressions 1936-1938 - trials of the internal party opposition
ELEPHANT
GULAG

Murder of S.M. Kirov December 1, 1934

Political trials 1936-1938
August 1936
1937
March 1938
1938
Trotskyist-Zinovievsky
terrorist center:
Zinoviev, Kamenev
Pyatakov, Radek
Bukharin, Rykov
"The Tukhachevsky Case"
Preparation of terrorist attacks
against managers
Soviet state and
party, the murder of Kirov,
espionage. Sabotage
Anti-Soviet
activities, espionage,
sabotage
Espionage, accusations of
murder of Kirov,
assassination attempt on Lenin,
Stalin
Undermining combat power
Red Army, connections with
German intelligence
preparation of state
coup

Repressed in 1937

out of 5 marshals - 3
out of 9 commanders of rank 1 – 5
out of 10 commanders of rank II – 10
out of 57 corps commanders - 50
out of 186 division commanders - 154
out of 16 army commissars of ranks I and II - 16
out of 26 corps commissars - 25
out of 64 divisional commissars - 58
out of 456 regiment commanders - 401

Stalin's repressions fell on the Red Army because:

A) there were strong supporters in the army
Trotsky;
B) army personnel opposed measures to
mechanization of the army, based on experience
Civil War;
C) it was a real force representing
potential danger for Stalin's
dictatorship.

Repressions 1936-1938 - trials of the internal party opposition

1938
Bukharin
1937
Tukhachevsky
1936
Zinoviev
1936
Kamenev
1938
Radek

The repressions of the 30s were directed against the “Leninist Guard”, since they:

A) had a negative attitude towards the individual
Stalin and his construction methods
socialism;
B) realized that the construction of socialism -
an impossible dream;
B) tried to implement Lenin’s advice about
the need to move Stalin from
positions of Secretary General.

Construction of the White Sea Canal

The Troika pronounces its verdict
"Black Raven" taking away
arrested

Repressions against the Volga Germans

Constitution of victorious socialism December 5, 1936

The formation was proclaimed
socialism
Councils are the highest authorities
The leadership role belongs to
CPSU(b)
Basic
democratic freedoms - speech,
press, meetings
State and
collective farm-cooperative property
for means of production
State ideology Marxism-Leninism

Thus,

The USSR in the 30s was totalitarian
state with a republican form
government, powerful repressive
device where there were no
democratic rights and freedoms.

“The History of Stalin” - Stalin’s first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze. I.V.Stalin. 1879 – 1953 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin is such a person, about whom I would like to tell you... The guards went to bed, and Khrustalev remained at the dacha until 10 in the morning. From his first wife, Joseph had a son, Jacob. Death How did you understand the text? What is the real name of I.V. Stalin?

“USSR under Stalin” - Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (STALIN). Results of the war: Goals of industrialization: Cult of personality. Collectivization. After the war. "Cultural Revolution". Features: Plan: December 21, 1879 – March 5, 1953 General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Main results: Main directions of policy: In 1894 he graduated from the Gori Theological School.

“Stalin” - After the war, the country embarked on a course of accelerated economic revival, Foreign Policy of Peter I. The international authority of the country rose. Church reform. Hardworking and very energetic. In the liberated states of Eastern Europe, pro-Soviet communist regimes were established, and a new system of government emerged.

“Stalin’s political system” - General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the RSDLP - RSDLP (b) - RCP (b) - All-Union Communist Party (b) - CPSU - Communist Party of the Russian Federation. A manifestation of the cult of personality is the exaltation of the role of one person. Political processes 1936-1938. Political system of Stalinism. Children's and youth organizations. Causes. Constitution of victorious socialism December 5, 1936. Hierarchy of the party.

“Hitler and Stalin” - Personal qualities that influenced the mark left by a person in history. Foreign policy. (A. Hitler, I. Stalin) Conclusions (A. Hitler, I. Stalin). The situation in the state. The quality of a person’s influence on the course of history (using the example of A. Hitler and I. Stalin). Entered the war with the leading European powers: England, France.

“Stalin biography” - Komsomol and Stalin. A brochure was published in honor of the fiftieth anniversary, entitled “Comrade Stalin”. Rise of I.V. Stalin. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. Results. Repressions and punitive policies. In total, over 6.5 million people suffered at the hands of the “Leader of the Peoples”. Goals: Biography of I. Stalin. Formation of a cult of personality.

There are a total of 33 presentations in the topic

“Collectivization in the USSR” - Is collectivization a tragedy for the peasant worker? Measures to combat the kulaks. H. Formation of conviction in the value of each individual person. USSR by 1929: (peasant question) Population about 160 million people. 80% - peasantry 26 million households. - 8.5 million poor households. - 15 million middle peasant households. - over 1 million kulak households.

“The History of Stalin” - English writer J. Computer textbook. Lesson topic: The people not only suffered, but also built a new socialist society. At that time there was something to live for. The purpose of the lesson: generalization and systematization of knowledge about the Soviet model of totalitarianism. Textbooks “History of the Fatherland” Notebooks on history CD – disc “History of Russia, 20th century.

“Mass repressions in the USSR” - What is repression? Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich. BUKHARIN Nikolai Ivanovich. “Mass repressions in the USSR 20-50s. Yankev, Sternberg and Shloime. Statistics of prisoners of Gulag camps in the 30s. Person 1919 - 4.5 thousand were shot. Mass repressions in the USSR 20-50. What is dictatorship? Repressions 1936 – 1938

“Industrialization in the USSR” - Memoirs. Stakhanovites. 1930 October 25. Sources of industrialization. He worked four shifts in the mine, at the face. From the memoirs of V.Yu. Steklov. The first five-year plan (1928-1932). 1933-1937 Industrialization. 1925 XIV Congress of the CPSU (b). Reasons for industrialization. Magnitogorsk Kuznetsk. 1928-1937 Tractor factories in Stalingrad and Kharkov.

“Lessons of the NEP” - Contents of the NEP. Soviet country during the NEP years. Reserves have dried up; foreign investment or domestic savings could be attracted. . Contradictions of the NEP. Socio-economic policy of the Soviet Republic in the 20s. Lesson plan. Check yourself. Results of the NEP (positive, negative). NEPman at a reception with the financial inspector.

“Collectivization of agriculture in the USSR” - By 1938, 93% of peasant farms and 99.1% of the sown area were collectivized. "The Year of the Great Turning Point." From the history of agriculture. On January 30, 1930, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution “On measures to eliminate kulak farms in areas of complete collectivization.” Kulaks classified in the third category, as a rule, were resettled within the region or region, that is, they were not sent to a special settlement.

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The socio-political meaning of establishing the personality cult of Stalin Prepared by: 11th grade student A Milykh Daria Teacher Mikhailova Z.K.

Definition The cult of Stalin's personality is the exaltation of the personality of I.V. Stalin by means of mass propaganda, in works of culture and art, government documents, laws, the creation of a semi-divine aura around his name. The expression “cult of personality” became widespread after appearing in 1956 in N. S. Khrushchev’s report “On the cult of personality and its consequences” and in the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences.”

Reasons for the emergence of the cult The emergence of the personality cult of Stalin is associated both with the directed activities of the top leadership of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and I.V. Stalin himself, and with the historical and cultural features of the development of the state in that period. After Stalin gained full power, the titles “great leader”, “great leader and teacher”, “father of nations”, “great commander”, “brilliant scientist” were often used and were almost obligatory in official journalism and rhetoric. Stalin was the only Generalissimo of the Soviet Union.

The formation of a cult of personality in a country where there were no democratic traditions was largely determined by the atmosphere of fear of repression. The textbook “History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)” played a major role in the ideological justification of Stalin’s personality cult. A Short Course,” published in 1938. In it, Stalin was portrayed as the leader of the party from the moment of its formation. The personality cult of Stalin was also widespread in most socialist countries of the world. After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, the Stalinist orientation of state policy and the associated personality cult of Stalin were preserved in Albania (until the death of Enver Hoxha in 1985), China and the DPRK.

The “cult of personality” consisted of: - creating the image of I. Stalin as a legendary and supernatural personality to whom the whole country owes its prosperity (“the great leader of all times and peoples”). - construction of I.V. Stalin to the rank of the greatest thinkers along with K. Marx, F. Engels and V.I. Lenin; - total praise of I.V. Stalin, with a complete lack of criticism; - absolute prohibition and persecution of any dissent; - widespread dissemination of the image and name of Stalin; - persecution of religion.

The following large Soviet settlements were named in honor of Stalin: Stalingrad (Volgograd, 1925-1961; one of the first renamings - Stalin participated in the Civil War in the defense of Tsaritsyn) Stalino (Donetsk, 1924-1961) Stalinsk (Novokuznetsk, 1932-1961) and other.

Name I.V. Stalin is also mentioned in the anthem of the USSR, written by S.V. Mikhalkov in 1944: Through the thunderstorms the sun of freedom shone for us, And the great Lenin illuminated our path, Stalin raised us to be loyal to the people, Inspired us to work and to exploits!

Conclusion: The cult of personality acquired such monstrous proportions mainly because Stalin himself in every possible way encouraged and supported the exaltation of his person. This is evidenced by numerous facts. One of the most characteristic manifestations of Stalin’s self-praise is the publication of his “Brief Biography”, published in 1948. This book is an expression of the most unbridled flattery, an example of the deification of man, turning him into an infallible sage, the most “great leader” and “unsurpassed commander of all times and peoples.” There were no other words to further praise the role of Stalin.

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Russian literature of the 20s. Prepared by: Student 11th grade “A” MBOU Secondary School No. 12 Surgut Smogarzhevskaya Maria Teacher Mikhailova Z.K.

For many years, the image of October 1917, “the ten days that shook the world,” was very one-dimensional, one-dimensional, and simplified: the revolution was seen as “a holiday of the working people and the oppressed.” Recently, the view of the October Revolution as an event that was clearly destructive for Russian spirituality has taken root.

Features of the literature of the 20s In the field of literature, the split in society, which ended with the revolution and civil war, was expressed in the fact that after 1917 the literary process developed in three opposite and often almost non-overlapping directions.

Emigrant literature In the early 20s, Russia experienced the emigration of millions of Russian people who did not want to submit to the Bolshevik dictatorship. I. Bunin, A. Kuprin, V. Nabokov, I. Shmelev, M. Tsvetaeva. Finding themselves in a foreign land, they not only did not succumb to assimilation, did not forget the language and culture, but created - in exile, in a foreign linguistic and cultural environment - the literature of the diaspora, the Russian diaspora.

“Hidden” literature was created by writers who did not have the opportunity or fundamentally did not want to publish their works. A. Platonov “Chevengur” and “The Pit” M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita” A. Akhmatova “Requiem”

Soviet literature was created in our country, published and found its way to the reader. This branch of Russian literature experienced the most powerful pressure from the political press.

The struggle of two opposing tendencies: 1) the desire of the authorities to bring literature to ideological monolithicity and artistic uniformity. Letter of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) “On Proletkults”, 1920 Resolution “On the party policy in the field of fiction”, 1925 Resolution “On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations” 1932 2) the trend of multivariate literary development. Polyphony, variety of author's manners, abundance of groups, literary associations, salons, groups

Literary groups RAPP LEF Imagists "Pass" OBERIU Constructivists "Serapion Brothers"

RAPP - Russian Association of Proletarian Writers 1925-1932. Print organ – magazine “On Post” Representatives – Dm. Furmanov, Al. Fadeev. Ideas: support for proletarian literary organizations, development of communist criticism, denial of romanticism, fight against new bourgeois influence in literature, Akhmatova, Khodasevich, Tsvetaeva, Bunin - “class enemies”, Mayakovsky, Prishvin, K. Fedin - “fellow travelers”, theory of “living person” "

LEF - left front of the arts 1922-1929. Printing organ – magazine “LEF”, “New LEF”. Representatives: Mayakovsky V., B. Pasternak, O. Brik. Ideas: the creation of effective revolutionary art, criticism of passive “reflective psychologism”, the theory of “literary fact”, which denies artistic fiction, requiring illumination in art of the facts of the new reality.

Imagism 1919-1927 Printing organ - “Soviet Country” Representatives - S. Yesenin, N. Klyuev, V. Shershenevich. Ideas: “eating the image of meaning”, which was expressed in the violation of grammatical forms that determine the meaning

“Pass” End 1923-early 1924 – 1932 The printed organ is the magazine “Krasnaya Nov”. Representatives: V. Kataev, E. Bagritsky, M. Prishvin, M. Svetlov. Ideas: opposed “wingless everydayism”, advocated for maintaining a continuity with the artistic mastery of Russian and world classical literature, put forward the principle of sincerity, intuitionism, humanism

OBERIU - association of real art 1927-1928. Representatives: D. Kharms, N. Zabolotsky, A. Vvedensky. Ideas: the basis of creativity is “the method of concrete materialistic sensation of things and phenomena”, they developed certain aspects of futurism, turned to the traditions of Russian satirists of the late 19th century. 20th century

“Serapion Brothers” 1921 representatives – K. Fedin, V. Kaverin, M. Slonimsky. Ideas: “search for methods of mastering new material” (war, revolution), search for a new artistic form, goal - mastering writing techniques

The revolution contributed to the awakening of creative energy among the broad masses and the influx of many new talents into literature. With the advent of young authors in literature, the number of writers of a new type increased - active social activists, direct participants in cultural construction. Most of them were soldiers of the revolution before becoming writers.

The significance of the events of the 20s for literature The revolution released the powerful creative energy of the masses. October 1917 became an important milestone in the work of most artists: someone's talent developed, someone experienced a creative crisis, but almost everyone began to write differently. Many new writers and poets appeared, whose talent might not have been able to develop so much in other social conditions.

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Slide 1

The cult of personality of J.V. Stalin and mass repressions in the USSR
Municipal educational institution of secondary school No. 93 with in-depth study of individual subjects in Tolyatti
Prepared by: Nikitishina I.V. Completed by: students of class 11 “A” Blokhina Sofya, Ozhiganova Galina.

Slide 2

Lesson Plan
The battle for power in the 20s. The rise of J.V. Stalin; Leader's personality cult; Political terror; Stalinist system of government and the Constitution of 1936.

Slide 3

Repetition of what has been learned
- What was Vladimir Ilyich afraid of when he recommended that Comrade Stalin should not be trusted with serious government positions?
The third is a discussion with the “united opposition”, which gathered in 1926-28. into their ranks Trotsky, Zinovy, Kamenev and opponents of Stalin’s “general line”.
After the death of V.I. Lenin in January 1924, the struggle for personal leadership, which had begun in the autumn of 1923, flared up in full force.
The first stage of the battle for power over the party occurred in 1923-1924, when the leadership group of the Central Committee (I.V. Stalin, E.G. Zinoviev, L.B. Kamenev, N.I. Bukharin) came out with his like-minded people L.D. Trotsky.
The second stage resulted in a discussion in 1925 with the “new opposition”, already headed by Kamenev and Zinoviev.

Slide 4

Question for discussion
What true tasks did the opposition representatives set for themselves?
Behind these internal party fights were not only the ambitions of the contenders for Lenin’s legacy, but also their different visions of the theory and practice of building socialism in the USSR.
All oppositionists opposed what Stalin put forward in the mid-20s. the thesis about “the possibility of building socialism in a single country.”

Slide 5

Opponents of the Secretary General demanded to restore the freedom of factions and tried to take control of the party apparatus - right up to the Central Committee and the Politburo.
Zinoviev and Kamenev opposed concessions to the kulaks and Nepmen.
At each new round of the struggle, Stalin and his comrades received the support of the overwhelming majority of the old Bolshevik guard.
Trotsky advocated a “dictatorship of industry” over agriculture, and “forced industrialization.”

Slide 6

Think and answer:
- What, in your opinion, was the main paradox of the socio-political development of the USSR during the period of formation and strengthening of the totalitarian regime?
If in 1924-1925. Stalin himself advocated deepening market principles in the agricultural sector of the economy, and the “united opposition” was defeated due to this contradiction.
At the end of 1925, when a grain procurement crisis arose, the Stalinist leadership resorted to violent methods of confiscating grain, and opponents of the ruin of the village - N.I. Bukharin, A.I. Rykov, M.P. Tomsky and others found themselves in opposition.

Slide 7

At the end of 1927, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev and other opposition leaders were removed from leadership positions and expelled from the ranks of the CPSU (b).
Thus, Stalin achieved his main goal, managing to push his main rivals in the struggle for Lenin’s legacy out of the political arena. A regime of personal power by I.V. was established in the country. Stalin.

Slide 8

Political terror
In the spring of 1928, Soviet newspapers published a report from the OGPU about the discovery of a “sabotage organization” of local engineers and technicians in the Shakhty region of Donbass. This was the first political case against “pests”.
From the beginning of 1928, persecution of the “old intelligentsia” began.
At the July (1928) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, I.V. Stalin put forward his infamous thesis that “as we move forward, the resistance of the capitalist elements will increase, the class struggle will intensify.”

Slide 9

In Moscow, open trials (massive judicial falsification) took place against the leaders of these organizations: V.G. Groman, N.D. Kondratyev, V.A. Larichev, L.K. Ramzin, N.N. Sukhanov, L.N. Yurovsky and others.
In 1930, the liquidation of “sabotage centers” was announced: the Industrial Party, the Union Bureau of the Menshevik Central Committee, and the Labor Peasant Party.
After moral, psychological and physical pressure, these people publicly repented of their activities “in the collapse of the Soviet economy” and “preparation for the overthrow of Soviet power.”

Slide 10

The total number of employees brought under the vigilant control of the authorities in the late 20s - early 30s. amounted to 1.2 million people. Of these, 138 thousand were fired, 23 thousand were deprived of their civil rights, and several thousand were arrested for “anti-Soviet activities.”
About 140 thousand communist workers were promoted to vacant positions of responsibility.
From 1929 to 1936 A series of general purges took place in the CPSU(b). As a result, about 40% of the communists were removed from the party ranks, raising doubts among the leadership about their “reliability” and “stability.”

Slide 11

On December 1, 1934, S.M. was killed. Kirov.
On the same day, a resolution was adopted by the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on the conduct of cases in the preparation of “terrorist acts” in an expedited manner and sentences to be carried out immediately.

Slide 12

Draw your own conclusions about the consequences of this ruling.
The very fact of the murder of S.M. Kirov and the resolution of the Central Election Commission freed the hands of I.V. Stalin and the people who wanted to please the leader for the physical elimination of people who interfered with him, in the fight against whom any means were now used.
This contributed to the spread of lawlessness, violation of the rights and civil liberties of citizens of the USSR.

Slide 13

In the 30s Trials took place against prominent party figures: in 1936 – over G.L. Pyatakov, K.B. Radek and others, in 1937 - over Marshal M.N. Tukhachevsky, N.I. Bukharin, A.I. Rykov and others.
Arrests of “enemies of the people” increased exponentially from the beginning of 1935 and reached their climax in 1937.
During this period, more than 1 thousand prominent communists and about 40 thousand command personnel of the Red Army were repressed. 90% of all churches were closed. The total number of repressed people then reached 2 million people.

Slide 14

What political purpose did the show trials have?
These show trials were intended to give ideological shape to the growing repressive wave, to arm the organizers of terror with appropriate slogans, and thereby ensure the scale and direction of arrests in the party, society and the army.

Slide 15

What do you think was the main goal of the mass repression?
Mass repressions should have (and dealt) a blow to those communists who refused to recognize the correctness of Stalin’s methods of building socialism.
Through repression, the best, free-thinking part of the nation, capable of critically assessing reality, and, by the mere fact of its existence, representing the main obstacle to the final establishment of Stalin’s personal power, was eliminated from the socio-political and cultural life of the country.

Slide 16

Stalinist control system
- Why do you think the Soviet people, who knew, if not the scale, then the very fact of mass repressions in the USSR, did not condemn these methods of management?
The Soviet people unanimously expressed support for the policies of the party and government. Some are afraid of reprisals, others sincerely believe in its correctness.
Stalin's leadership could not, at the same time, not fear an unfavorable impression of the USSR abroad.
Taking this into account, on December 5, 1936, a new Constitution of the USSR, formally more democratic than the previous one, was adopted.

Slide 17

Constitution of 1936
Stalin's leadership was aware that repressions were creating an unfavorable impression of the USSR abroad
Video
On December 5, 1936, a new, more democratic Constitution of the USSR was adopted.
It proclaimed the construction of socialism in the country.
The Constitution abolished all restrictions on voting rights and proclaimed basic democratic freedoms - speech, press, assembly, equality of citizens before the law.

Slide 18

What principles did the new Constitution proclaim? 2. How did the Constitution of 1936 resolve the issue of power in the USSR? 3. Why did international law specialists rate the Soviet Constitution quite highly?
Class assignment
- In your notebook, briefly (abstractly), using textbook materials, give answers to the questions and assignments:

Slide 19

Lesson summary
The main contradiction in the social development of the USSR during the period of Stalinism was that, despite the mass repressions, the deprivation of Soviet citizens of basic rights and freedoms, the Stalinist leadership managed to maintain in the minds of people faith in the ideas of communism, the correctness of the course the party was taking, respect for its leaders, especially the leader - I.V. Stalin.

Slide 20

Homework
Based on materials from the textbook, additional literature and other sources, carry out research work on materials from Stalin’s repressions in the USSR.

Slide 21

Test
1) Who was Stalin's main political rival in the 20s? a) N.I. Bukharin; b) G. E. Zinoviev; c) L. D. Trotsky.
2) Why did Stalin manage to remove all rivals in the struggle for power from his path? a) The opposition did not have broad social support; b) the struggle was waged only in the upper echelons of power, and its meaning was incomprehensible to ordinary party members; c) Stalin enjoyed considerable popularity in the country; d) Stalin turned out to be a more sophisticated tactician than his rivals.
3) Who developed the project for creating a unified Soviet state on the principles of an autonomous structure of its territories? a) V. I. Lenin; b) G. K. Ordzhonikidze; c) J.V. Stalin.
Trotsky
Lenin
Bukharin

Slide 22

5) Which party leader did V.I. Lenin give the following description: “... not only the most valuable and largest theoretician of the party, he is also legitimately considered the favorite of the entire party”? a) N.I. Bukharin; b) I.V. Stalin; c) L. D. Trotsky.
4) What recommendations were given by Lenin in his “Letter to the Congress”? a) Remove Stalin from the post of General Secretary; b) appoint L. D. Trotsky as general secretary; c) remove Stalin and Trotsky from the Politburo.
6) When was the first Constitution of the USSR adopted? a) December 30, 1922 at the First Congress of Soviets of the USSR; b) April 25, 1923 at the XII Congress of the RCP (b); c) January 31, 1924 at the II Congress of Soviets of the USSR.

Slide 23

Slide 24

STALIN (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich (1879 1953) Soviet statesman and party leader, Hero of Socialist Labor (1939), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (1945). From a shoemaker's family. In 1906-07 he led the expropriations in Transcaucasia. In 1907, one of the organizers and leaders of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP. A zealous supporter of V.I. Lenin, on whose initiative in 1912 he was co-opted into the Central Committee and the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1917, he was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper Pravda, the Politburo of the Bolshevik Central Committee, and the Military Revolutionary Center. In 1917-22, People's Commissar for Nationalities. In 1922-53, General Secretary of the Party Central Committee.

Slide 25

TROTSKY Lev Davidovich (1879-1940), Russian political figure. From 1904 he advocated the unification of the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. During the revolution of 1905-07 he proved himself to be an extraordinary organizer, speaker, and publicist; the de facto leader of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, editor of its Izvestia. In 1917, chairman of the Petrograd Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, one of the leaders of the October armed uprising.
In 1917-18, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs; in 1918-25, People's Commissar for Military Affairs, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic; one of the founders of the Red Army, personally led its actions on many fronts of the Civil War, and made extensive use of repression. At the end of 1936 he left Europe, finding refuge in Mexico, where he settled in the house of the artist Diego Rivera, then in a fortified and carefully guarded villa in the city of Coyocan. In May 1940, the first attempt on Trotsky's life, which ended in failure, was made, led by the Mexican artist Siqueiros. On August 20, 1940, Ramon Mercader, an NKVD agent who infiltrated Trotsky's entourage, mortally wounded him. On August 21, Trotsky died.

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ZINOVIEV (Avsembaum) Grigory Evseevich (1883-1936), Russian Soviet politician. A participant in the Revolution of 1905-07, in October 1917 he opposed the armed uprising. Since December 1917, Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. In 1919-26, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. In 1923-24, together with I.V. Stalin and L.B. Kamenev, he fought against L.D. Trotsky.
In 1925, at the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks, he made a co-report in which he criticized the political report of the Central Committee made by Stalin; since 1928 rector of Kazan University. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1907-27; member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in October 1917 and in 1921-26. In 1934 he was arrested in the falsified case of the “Moscow Center”; in 1936 he was sentenced to death in the case of the “Anti-Soviet United Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center” and executed.

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KAMENEV (Rozenfeld) Lev Borisovich (1883-1936), Russian and Soviet politician, revolutionary; in October 1917 he opposed the armed uprising. In November 1917, Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In 1918-26 chairman of the Moscow City Council. In 1923-26, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1923-26 director of the Lenin Institute, then in diplomatic and administrative work. In 1925-27 he was a member of the “new” (Leningrad) opposition. Since 1933 director of the publishing house "Academia", in 1934 director of the Institute of World Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1935 he was sentenced to 15 years in the Moscow Center case, then to 10 years in the Kremlin case; shot in 1936; rehabilitated posthumously.

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BUKHARIN Nikolai Ivanovich (1888-1938), Soviet politician, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1928). Participant in the Revolution of 1905-07 and the October Revolution of 1917. In 1917-18, leader of the “left communists”. In 1918-29 he was editor of the newspaper Pravda, and at the same time in 1919-29 a member of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. In 1934-37 editor of Izvestia. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1917-34. Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in 1924-29. Candidate member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee in 1923-24. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In the end 20s opposed the use of emergency measures during collectivization and industrialization, which was declared “a right deviation in the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).” 1937 - shot.

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In April 1917, having arrived in Petrograd, Lenin set out a course for the victory of the socialist revolution. After the July crisis of 1917, he was in an illegal position. At the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets, he was elected Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense; member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
LENIN (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich (1870-1924), Russian politician. Born into the family of an inspector of public schools, who became a hereditary nobleman. In 1895, Lenin participated in the creation of the St. Petersburg “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class”, then was arrested. In 1897 he was exiled to the village for 3 years. Shushenskoye, Yenisei province. At the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), Lenin led the Bolshevik Party. Since 1905 in St. Petersburg; in exile since December 1907.

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KIROV Sergei Mironovich (1886-1934), (real name Kostrikov) Soviet politician. Since 1921, 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan. Since 1926, 1st Secretary of the Leningrad Provincial Committee and City Party Committee and the North-Western Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks; at the same time in 1934 Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. Member of the party's Central Committee since 1923 (candidate since 1921). Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee since 1930 (candidate since 1926). Killed by a terrorist.
N.V. Tomsky “Portrait of S.M. Kirov". Marble 1949.

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RYKOV Alexey Ivanovich (1881-1938), Russian politician. Participant in the Revolutions of 1905-07 and the October 1917. In 1918-21 and 1923-24, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), at the same time since 1921, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) and the Council of Labor and Defense (STO). In 1924-30, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, at the same time in 1924-29, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In 1926-1930 chairman of the STO. In the end 20s opposed the curtailment of the NEP, the sharp acceleration of collectivization and industrialization, which was declared “a right deviation in the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (VKB(b)).” In 1931-36 People's Commissar of Communications. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1905-07, 1917-34 (candidate in 1907-1912, 1934-37); member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in 1922-1930, member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee in 1920-24. Repressed; rehabilitated posthumously.

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TOMSKY (Efremov) Mikhail Pavlovich (1880-1936), Soviet statesman and political figure. In 1919-21 and 1922-29, Chairman of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1921, Chairman of the Turkestan Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In the end 20s opposed the use of emergency measures during collectivization and industrialization, which was declared “a right-wing deviation in the CPSU (b).” In 1929-30, Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR. Since 1932, head of OGIZ. Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in 1922-30. In an atmosphere of mass repression, he committed suicide.

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TUKHACHEVSKY Mikhail Nikolaevich (1893-1937), Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). During the Civil War, commander of a number of armies in the Volga region, the South, the Urals, and Siberia; troops of the Caucasian Front and Western Front in the Soviet-Polish War. In 1921 he participated in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising, commanded the troops that suppressed the peasant uprising in the Tambov and Voronezh provinces. In 1925-28, Chief of Staff of the Red Army. In 1937 commander of the Volga Military District troops. Tukhachevsky's works had a significant influence on the development of Soviet military science and the practice of military development. Repressed; rehabilitated posthumously.