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Features of monuments of artistic culture of the Incas presentation. Inca Civilization

Features of monuments of artistic culture of the Incas presentation. Inca Civilization

The Incas were an Indian tribe that lived in Peru and created a vast empire in the Peruvian Andes. The Inca Empire stretched from north to south from Colombia to central Chile and included what is now Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, northern Chile and northwestern Argentina. The Indians called only the emperor Inca, but the conquistadors used this word to designate the entire tribe. INCA EMPIRE

ANCESTORS OF THE INCAS Chavin culture -12th–8th centuries. BC – 4th century AD Mochica - ca. 1st century BC – 8th century AD Paracas culture - ca. 4th century BC – 4th century AD OK. 8th century -great culture of Tiahuanaco centuries. the state of Tiahuanaco subjugated most of the neighboring peoples

STATE OF TAUANTINSUYU The name of the Inca Empire - Tahuantinsuyu - literally means "four connected cardinal directions." From the capital of the empire, Cuzco, four roads left in different directions, and each bore the name of the part of the empire to which it led. Antisuya included all the lands east of Cuzco - the Eastern Cordillera and the Amazonian jungle. Continsuyu united the western lands of Collasuyu, the most extensive part of the empire, stretching south from Cusco, covering Bolivia with Lake Titicaca and parts of modern Chile and Argentina. Chinchasuyu ran to the north. Each of these parts of the empire was ruled by an apo, related by blood to the Inca and answerable only to him.

ART However, the main art of the Incas was casting of precious metals. Almost all of the currently known Peruvian gold deposits were mined by the Incas. The best works of Incan jewelers perished at the hands of the conquerors. Some buildings were covered with gold plates that imitated stonework.

ARCHITECTURE In the field of material culture, the Incas achieved the most impressive achievements in architecture. Inca monuments, even those in ruins, are amazing in their number and size. An idea of the high level of Inca urban planning is given by the Machu Picchu fortress, built at an altitude of 3000 m in the saddle between two peaks of the Andes.

ARCHITECTURE Inca architecture is distinguished by its extraordinary plasticity. The Incas built buildings on processed rock surfaces, fitting stone blocks together without mortar, so that the structure was perceived as a natural element of the natural environment.

MEDICINE Trepanation, that is, the removal of certain parts of the human skull, was performed on living Incas using anesthesia. Later studies of other trepanned Peruvian skulls led to the discovery of a whole range of diverse surgical techniques. Half of these patients were completely cured after trepanation. Many centuries before the arrival of modern medicine in Peru, neurosurgery originated here.

REASONS FOR THE FALL OF THE TAUANTINSUYU EMPIRE: The weakness of the power of the Supreme Inca. Internecine wars and lack of unity in the fight against the conquistadors. Lack of understanding of the real danger. Culture shock: the Incas had never seen horses and considered riders and horses to be one fantastic creature. Weakness of the Incas' weapons compared to the Spaniards.

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Religion Art. Incan art gravitated towards severity and beauty. Weaving from llama wool was distinguished by a high artistic level. Carving from semi-precious stones and shells, which the Incas received from coastal peoples, was widely practiced.

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However, the main art of the Incas was casting of precious metals. Almost all of the currently known Peruvian gold deposits were mined by the Incas. Gold and silversmiths lived in separate city blocks and were exempt from taxes. The best works of Inca jewelers were lost during the conquest. Some buildings were covered with gold plates that imitated stonework. In the legendary Coricancha, the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco, there was a garden with a golden fountain, around which life-size stalks of maize with leaves and cobs, made of gold, “grew” from the golden “ground” and twenty llamas made of gold “grazed” on the golden grass.

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Architecture In the field of material culture, the Incas achieved the most impressive achievements in architecture. Inca monuments, even those in ruins, are amazing in their number and size. An idea of the high level of Inca urban planning is given by the Machu Picchu fortress, built at an altitude of 3000 m in the saddle between two peaks of the Andes. Inca architecture is distinguished by its extraordinary plasticity. The Incas built buildings on processed rock surfaces, fitting stone blocks together without mortar, so that the structure was perceived as a natural element of the natural environment. In the absence of rocks, sun-baked bricks were used.

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The fortress (pucara) of Saskahuaman, which defended Cuzco, is undoubtedly one of the greatest creations of fortification art. 460 m long, the fortress consists of three tiers of stone walls with a total height of 18 m. The walls have 46 projections, corners and buttresses. In the cyclopean foundation masonry there are stones weighing more than 30 tons with beveled edges. The construction of the fortress took at least 300,000 stone blocks. The fortress has towers, underground passages, living quarters and an internal water supply system. The Incas began building in 1438 and finished 70 years later, in 1508. According to some estimates, 30 thousand people were involved in the construction.

Inca Civilization

Khodakovskaya Lyudmila Vasilievna

History teacher

State educational institution "Zaslonovskaya secondary school of Lepel district"

The emergence of civilization

The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru at the beginning of the 13th century.

Legend

The history of the Incas begins with a legend. One day, the first Inca - Manco Capac and his sister-wife Mama Ocllo, fulfilling the sacred will of their great father the Sun-Inca, came out of the waters of the protected Lake Titicaca to create a huge country where they would worship their divine father. Their father gave them a magic wand, which was supposed to find the best place to build a city . This city will have to become the capital of a new great empire. Empire of the Sun.

Term Incas, or rather Inca, has a variety of meanings. Firstly, this is the name of the entire ruling class in the state of Peru. Secondly, it is the title of the ruler.

Chavin culture -12th–8th centuries. BC – 4th century AD
Mochika - ok. 1st century BC – 8th century AD
Paracas culture - ca. 4th century BC – 4th century AD
OK. 8th century -the great culture of Tiahuanaco.
10th - 13th centuries the state of Tiahuanaco subjugated most of the neighboring peoples

The Incas dominated the territory now called Peru for a long time. During the period when the empire's territory reached its greatest size, it included part of South America and extended over almost a million square kilometers. In addition to present-day Peru, the empire included most of present-day Colombia and Ecuador, almost all of Bolivia, the northern regions of the Republic of Chile and the northwestern part of Argentina.

Machu Picchu is often called the lost city of the Incas

Machu Picchu is often called the city in the sky; it is located on a mountain ridge at an altitude of 2,450 meters.

The city was built entirely of stone. It has 2 sectors: the urban zone, where temples, palaces, external staircases and water sources are located, and the agricultural zone, where the Andenes are built - huge stepped terraces for farming.

The city is not big. It has only 200 buildings. These are mainly temples, residences, warehouses, and buildings for public use. All the buildings were built with very high quality, all the stones from which the buildings are made were polished and sharpened to each other.

Cusco - capital of the Inca Empire

According to Inca legend, the founder of the city was the first Inca Manko Qhapaq. ... Where he stuck the staff, the city of Cusco appeared.

Inca Temple

Inca Highway Network

Just as remarkable as the stone towns, royal shelters and warehouses, and other administrative buildings, was the network of highways that connected it all together. Any Inca ruler could easily cover all his possessions from Ecuador to Chile, and, with the exception of a few cases when he had to cross large rivers, his porters had no need to leave the well-maintained roads.

Tawantinsuyu's stone-paved roads are often compared to those of the Roman Empire. Both were used to exercise strict control over various peoples living far from the capital. But the Romans did not have to constantly travel through dense, vine-tangled jungles, over mountains over 20,000 feet high, and across roaring rivers and mountain streams up to several hundred feet wide.

In order to transport people and cargo across mountain streams, the Incas built suspension bridges. They are rightfully considered an outstanding achievement of their engineering art. On each side of the stream, a stone pylon was erected, to which strong thick ropes were attached, rolled from tough ichu grass, “as thick as a boy’s torso.”

The coastal road, part of a road system of at least 15,000 miles of stone-paved highways, crosses Chile's Atacama Desert with minimal detours. The Spaniards were simply dumbfounded by the Incas' ability to transmit orders and messages throughout their vast possessions. "Chaskis", runners or royal couriers, connected the four sides of the empire, covering short distances at high speed, and delivering dispatches. Sometimes along the way, on the way back, they brought fresh fish to the emperor's table. These couriers had to travel a total of up to 250 miles a day. The main northern axis highway alone, running from north to south, was 3,600 miles long.

The state cult established by the Incas was in the hands of the priests. There were also priestesses, led by the high priestess. There were also fortunetellers, healers, and black sorcerers.

The Incas tried to connect this god of theirs with a local, more ancient deity, known under different names; the most common of them is Viracocha. In legends, he was portrayed as an ancient leader who, at the end of his career, went somewhere to the west, overseas.
The Incas also had other great gods: the married couple Pachacamac and Pachamama - personifications of the fruit-bearing land, gods of thunderstorms, rain, sea, etc.
The founder of the Inca dynasty, the legendary Manco Capac, was also considered a demigod: according to myth, he is a descendant of the sun, came out of the ground, from a cave, along with his three brothers and four sisters.

Sacrifice

The cult of the gods in Peru also included human sacrifices. People (usually captives or from conquered tribes) were sacrificed to the gods on the occasion of the accession of a new Inca king to the throne or before a military campaign, when it was led by the Inca himself.

There were obvious remnants of totemism. Each locality had its own god - in the form of an animal, tree, stone, etc.; they honored sacred places where the ancestors of the tribe allegedly emerged from the ground. The spirits of ancestors were highly revered, they were called huaca; this word, however, generally meant everything sacred.

The central place in the state cult of the Incas was occupied by the sun deity - the patron saint of the Incas. The Sun Temple in Cusco (the capital of the kingdom) was the main state sanctuary. The deity was depicted as a large golden disk with rays and a human face (a sign of his personification). The Inca himself - the head of state - was considered the son of the sun and the high priest of this deity.

Mother Moon"; Moon goddess; Mother of the Incas; her symbol was a silver disc

Gods

Tiwanaku stone. Idol of the Inca deity.

Viracocha - ruler of all things
Inti - sun god
Ilyapa - god of thunder and lightning
Pachamama is the goddess of the earth.
Mama Kilja - goddess of the moon
Huaca - holy place (river, lake, mountain, temple, stones collected from the fields)

Inca writing quipu

In 1923, the historian Locke was able to prove that the nodular plexuses of the Incas were indeed writing.

Colored bundles of laces with knots tied on them were used by the Indians to convey information

The Incas used 13 colors of thread and three types of knots. It has been estimated that one quipu, made up of three threads and nine knots of different types, can produce many billions of different combinations. Meanwhile, a pile weighing 6 kilograms was found in the Pachacamac Temple. If you unwind such a skein in length, you will get the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg. In such a pile you can store as much information as will fit into several book volumes.

Weaving
Stone carving
Jewelry
Pottery
Working with metal
Architecture and urban planning

Inca monuments, even those in ruins, are amazing in their number and size. An idea of the high level of Inca urban planning is given by the Machu Picchu fortress, built at an altitude of 3000 m in the saddle between two peaks of the Andes.

The basis of the Incan economy was terrace farming.

Agriculture in the Inca country reached a high level of development - in any case, it was not inferior to Europe at that time. The Peruvians knew about forty crops. The main ones were corn and potatoes - in contrast to the wheat, barley and rice of the ancient civilizations of Asia and Africa.

Trephination, that is, the removal of certain parts of the human skull, was carried out on living Incas using anesthesia
Later studies of other trepanned Peruvian skulls led to the discovery of a wide variety of surgical techniques.
Half of these patients were completely cured after trepanation.
Many centuries before the arrival of modern medicine in Peru, neurosurgery originated here.

. Incan art gravitated towards severity and beauty. Weaving from llama wool was distinguished by a high artistic level. Carving from semi-precious stones and shells, which the Incas received from coastal peoples, was widely practiced.

Music The Incas played mainly on wind instruments (ken flutes) and percussion instruments.

A siku flute consisting of several pipes arranged lengthwise relative to each other in such a way as to create a range of sounds from high to low.

Inca gold

Ceremonial knife

Image of God

Army

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, it was the strongest and most numerous army in South America. Every man between the ages of 25 and 50 had to serve military service for five years. The Incas could quickly assemble an army of tens of thousands of people. On the territory of the empire there were warehouses with weapons and food, and good roads could ensure high speed of movement.

The army had a clear structure. At the very bottom of the hierarchy there was a unit of ten soldiers, headed by a foreman, who was responsible for the state of discipline and the timely provision of his soldiers with everything they needed. The next unit in hierarchy consisted of five such groups, and ten such groups (100 people) were commanded by an officer of a higher rank, etc. At the very top of the hierarchy was the commander-in-chief - Sapa Inca.

During the battle, slings were the first to be used. Clutching in his hand the two ends of a sling loaded with a stone the size of a chicken egg, the warrior sharply released one of them, and the stone, which had picked up speed, flew into enemy ranks at a distance of up to 30 meters. When approaching the enemy, a warrior could use a dart.

Also in close combat, warriors used a club-club with a stone, bronze or copper pommel. The pommels were in the form of a hexagonal star. Sometimes they were equipped with a sharp hatchet blade.
When the Spaniards invaded their country, the horses, swords, and small arms they had forced the Incas to resort to different tactics. To hit new, moving targets, they used "bolas" - three stones attached to the long tendons of the llamas. This projectile was sent with force through the air towards the enemy. The tendons wrapped around the legs of the horse, which fell at full speed, dragging the rider with it.

Inca mummies

A teenage girl of 14-15 years old, who was sacrificed about 500 years ago, spent all the past centuries in the ice at the top of a six-thousander, which contributed to excellent preservation.

1502 - F. Pissaro arrived in America in search of gold.
1524 - F. Pissaro equips the first expedition, which ended in failure.
1526 – second expedition of F. Pissaro, E. de Almagro and E. de Luque.
1527 - they end up in the city of Tumbes.
F. Pissaro goes to Spain to take soldiers to plunder the city.

In 1532, the city of Tumbes was plundered.
F. Pissaro sends the priest as ambassador to Cusco with a proposal to pay a visit to the city of Cajamarca.
Simultaneously in Tawantinsuyu

There are internecine wars between Huayna Capac's sons Huascar and Atahualpa.

Atahualpa comes to power
Atahualpa arrives in Cajamarca, where he awaits capture.

Atahualpa is brought to Cuzco, where he is killed.
Before his death, Atahualpa gives the Spaniards a lot of gold as a ransom for his life.
The Inca leaders manage to escape from prison and organize resistance, which is ultimately defeated.
1572 - Fall of the Tawantinsuyu Empire.

The weakness of the power of the Supreme Inca
Internecine wars and lack of unity in the fight against the conquistadors.
Lack of understanding of the real danger.
Culture shock: the Incas had never seen horses and considered riders and horses to be one fantastic creature.
Weakness of the Incas' weapons compared to the Spaniards

Francisco Pizarro y Gonz á forest

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

Thank you for your attention!

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Inca Civilization

The work was done by class 6A student Katya Vyshegorodtseva

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Art. Incan art gravitated towards severity and beauty. Weaving from llama wool was distinguished by a high artistic level. Carving from semi-precious stones and shells, which the Incas received from coastal peoples, was widely practiced.

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Architecture

In the field of material culture, the Incas achieved the most impressive achievements in architecture. Inca monuments, even those in ruins, are amazing in their number and size. An idea of the high level of Inca urban planning is given by the Machu Picchu fortress, built at an altitude of 3000 m in the saddle between two peaks of the Andes. Inca architecture is distinguished by its extraordinary plasticity. The Incas built buildings on processed rock surfaces, fitting stone blocks together without mortar, so that the structure was perceived as a natural element of the natural environment. In the absence of rocks, sun-baked bricks were used.

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Statue of the god Chac Mool.

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Mayan Fortune Teller Pyramid

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Art Incan art gravitated towards severity and beauty. Weaving from llama wool was distinguished by a high artistic level, although it was inferior in the richness of decoration to the fabrics of the peoples of Costa. Carving from semi-precious stones and shells, which the Incas received from coastal peoples, was widely practiced. However, the main art of the Incas was casting of precious metals. Almost all of the currently known Peruvian gold deposits were mined by the Incas. Gold and silversmiths lived in separate city blocks and were exempt from taxes. The best works of Inca jewelers were lost during the conquest. According to the testimony of the Spaniards who first saw Cusco, the city was blinding with golden glitter. Some buildings were covered with gold plates that imitated stonework. The thatched roofs of the temples were flecked with gold, simulating straws, so that the rays of the setting sun lit them up with a brilliance, giving the impression that the entire roof was made of gold. In the legendary Coricancha, the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco, there was a garden with a golden fountain, around which life-size stalks of maize with leaves and cobs, made of gold, “grew” from the golden “ground” and twenty llamas made of gold “grazed” on the golden grass - again - life-size.