Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich Message about Przhevalsky

The message about Nikolai Przhevalsky briefly, about the Russian geographer and traveler, is set out in this article. You can supplement the report on Przhevalsky with interesting facts from the life of the famous explorer of Asia.

Nikolai Przhevalsky short biography

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was born in the village of Kimborovo on April 12, 1839 in the family of a small landowner and officer. The boy was raised by an uncle who passionately loved hunting. The young man in 1863 graduated from the Academy of the General Staff. Around this time, he published his first works, Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory and Memoirs of a Hunter. At the end of his education, he was sent to the Siberian Military District for military service. It was here that the geographical research of Nikolai Mikhailovich began, which was supported by the scientist P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. Przhevalsky walked along the Ussuri to the village of Busse, headed to Lake Khanka. In the winter of 1867, he was engaged in the study of the South Ussuri region, having overcome 1060 miles. In the spring of the next year, the traveler went to Lake Khanka. After the pacification of the Chinese robbers in Manchuria, he was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the troops in the Amur region. At the end of the expedition, the researcher wrote the works "Journey to the Ussuri Territory" and "On the foreign population in the southern part of the Amur region."

Traveler Nikolai Przhevalsky in 1871 makes the first expedition. It covered the Beijing - Dalai Nor Lake - Kalgan route. In the field of it, he wrote an essay "Mongolia and the country of the Tunguts." The geographer set off on a new journey in 1876 from the village of Kulji. His path passed through the Ili River - the Tien Shan - the Tarim River - Lob-Nor Lake. Scientists discovered the Altyn-Tag ridge.

Nikolai Mikhailovich in 1879, with a detachment of 13 people, set out from the town of Zaisansk on his third journey. The scientist's route passed through the Urungu River, the Sa-Cheu and Khali oases, the Nan-shan ranges and Tibet. However, on their way, the local population created many obstacles, so the detachment was forced to return, and reached the capital of Tibet.

In 1883, the fourth expedition began from a detachment of 21 people. From the city of Kyakhta, they set off by the old, proven route to the Tibetan Plateau. The geographer explored the source of the Yellow River and the watershed between the Blue and Yellow rivers. After the detachment went to Lob-Nor through Tsaidam and to Karakol. After processing the data that were collected during the trip, Nikolai Mikhailovich began preparations for the fifth expedition. In 1888 he went to the Russian-Chinese border through Samarkand. Here, while hunting, he caught a cold and, after a protracted illness, died in Karakol on November 1, 1888.

Nikolai Przhevalsky interesting facts

• Since childhood, the scientist was sure that he was guarded by a guardian angel. Therefore, he carried out every dream with enviable courage. To get money for travel and expeditions, Przhevalsky began to play cards for money. Once he managed to win a large sum of money, which allowed him to prepare the first Central Asian campaign. After this incident, the geographer no longer played cards.
• He had the rank of intelligence general.
• He belonged to the nobility, which had its own family coat of arms - a silver bow and arrow on a red field.
• Thanks to the research of the scientist, Europe learned about the life and social relations of the Lob Nors, northern Tibetans, Tanguts, Machins, Dungans.
• Przhevalsky was very attached to his nanny Olga Makarievna. He loved her like his own mother.
• Geographer found 218 species and 7 new genera of plants.

We hope that the "Nikolai Przhevalsky" report helped to learn the main thing about the life of a Russian traveler and explorer of Asian regions. And you can leave a short story about Nikolai Przhevalsky through the comment form below.

Mikhail Vladimirovich wrote this search work about the Przhevalsky family until the last minutes of his life. Many things are seen differently today. But in the late 90s, this was our guideline.

GENUS OF PRZHEVALSKII

The Przhevalskys are descended from the Zaporizhian Cossack Kornily Anisimovich Paravalsky. Having risen to the rank of captain of the Cossack banner (detachment), Kornila Przhevalsky took part in the battles near Polotsk and Velikie Luki; for his courage and bravery, King Stefan Batory granted him the Polish nobility and coat of arms in 1581. For valiant service, Kornila Przhevalsky received five villages (Shishtsenka, Yudunevskaya, Ostrovskaya in the Vitebsk Voivodeship, Pustovskaya, Bobovaya Luka in the Velizh Volost) from the Vitebsk governor and headman of Velizh and Surozh Nikolai Sapieha, which were approved for him by King Sigismund III. Kornila Przhevalsky was married to Maria Mitkovna (i.e. Dmitrievna) and had two sons - Bogdan and Gabriel, and the latter also left two sons - Leonty and Grigory.

Grigory Przhevalsky married in 1666 Kristina Gostilovich and received for her dowry half of the estate Skuratovo, Romanovo, Zamerzino in the Vitebsk region. They had three sons: Leon, Jan (Ivan) and Lawrence. Children were brought up in the spirit of the Orthodox religion. Lawrence also had three sons: Martin, Dmitry and Anton. Martyn had sons Anthony and Tomash (Thomas).

Tomas (Foma) Przhevalsky was married to Marfa Petrovna and had five children: Nikolai, Franz the Greater and Franz the Lesser, daughter Maria and son Casimir. Franz the Great was a major, distinguished himself in the war of 1812 near Tarutino, for which he was awarded the Order of Anna, 3rd class (later it was the 4th degree). He participated in the battles near Maly Yaroslavets and Vyazma, was wounded near Dorogobuzh, after being cured he participated in foreign campaigns and was wounded again in 1813.

Kazimir (Kuzma) Przhevalsky (another son of Foma) was brought up in the Jesuit college in Polotsk, but, without completing the course, he fled from the school, converted to Orthodoxy, taking the name of Kuzma. Orthodoxy was preserved for a long time in the Przhevalsky family. It is possible that Kuzma's parents converted to Catholicism, but we do not know for sure. In his younger years, Kuzma lived in the Skuratov family estate in the Vitebsk Voivodeship, married Varvara Terentievna Krasovskaya, had sons Jerome, Mikhail, Alexei and daughters Elena and Agrafena.

Kuzma Przhevalsky in 1818 was in the service in Staritsa as a supervising assistant, then he was awarded the rank of clerk and transferred to the same position in Vyshny Volochok, and in 1822 - in Vesyegonsk, in the same year he retired. In 1824 he was appointed to the office of the Tver Noble Assembly, where he remained until 1826. In 1825, he was included in the 6th part of the genealogical book of the Tver province, had the rank of collegiate registrar. In 1835, Kuzma Fomich was the manager of the estate of the landowner Palibin in the Elninsk district. Kuzma Fomich died in 1842.

BRANCH "MIKHAILOVICH"

Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky was born in 1803. At the age of fourteen, he entered the former 4th Carabinieri Regiment as a cadet, was promoted to a junker harness in the same year, and after 3 years (at 17) he retired. In January of the following 1821, he again entered the service, first in the Borodinsky, then in the Belevsky infantry regiments. In 1824 he was promoted to warrant officer with a transfer to the Estonian regiment. In 1834, already in the rank of lieutenant, he was transferred to the Nevsky Marine Regiment. Participating in 1831 in the suppression of the Polish uprising, he fell ill with eye inflammation and lung disease. He was treated at the clinic at the Vilna Medical and Surgical Academy. The treatment was unsuccessful, and it became impossible to remain in military service. Dismissed on May 10, 1835, with a pension of 2/3 of the salary, Mikhail Kuzmich, having only 32 years of age, settled with his father in the Palibins' estate in the Yelninsky district.

Not far from the estate was the village of Kimborovo, which belonged to Alexei Stepanovich Karetnikov, whose daughter Mikhail Kuzmich fell in love with.

At first, the Karetnikov family did not like Mikhail Kuzmich very much. He was not good-looking: tall, thin and pale, his eyes cloudy and cloudy. Elena's parents for a long time did not agree to marry their daughter to a retired infantry officer, considering such a marriage a misalliance compared to the marriage of older daughters. But in 1838 the marriage took place. They got married in the church of the nearest village of Lobkov, and celebrated the wedding in Kimborovo. Here in Kimborovo, on March 31, 1839, the first son Nikolai was born - later a famous traveler, and on June 6, 1840 - the second son Vladimir - a well-known lawyer in the future. The third son Eugene was born on January 15, 1844 - in his mature years he would become a famous mathematician. Daughter Elena was born on May 17, 1846. After the birth of his second son, Karetnikov allocated a farm with the villages of Malanyina (Tserkovishchi also) and Rakovichi for his daughter from the Kimborovsky estate. A farm was the name of a solitary building that stood in the middle of the forest and was located a mile and a half from Kimborovo. It was difficult to live in such a house with young children. The position of the young Przhevalskys was extremely difficult, until Elena Przhevalskaya (nee Karetnikova) received 2,500 rubles under the will of her deceased sister (who was married to Zavadovsky). With this money, a manor was built, called Otradnoye. The Przhevalskys moved here in 1843. Three years later, in October 1846, Mikhail Kuzmich died at the age of 42. The eldest son was seven years old, the youngest daughter was five months old. All the brothers loved their little sister very much, and it happened that if she began to cry, all three would run to her and, as best they could, tried to calm her down. Even as teenagers, the boys told their mother: “Don’t be afraid that she is poor. We will all learn and serve and work, and if she gets married, we will all come together and make her a dowry.”

For most of his life, Evgeny Mikhailovich taught mathematics and mechanics at the 3rd Alexander Military School. He was a military man and went from ensign to lieutenant general. He was a holder of the orders of St. Anne of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, St. Stanislav of the 2nd and 3rd degrees. He had a medal in memory of the sacred coronation of Their Imperial Majesties (1884).

Yevgeny Mikhailovich was born on January 15, 1844 in the Otradnoye estate of the Smolensk province. Evgeny received his military education in the Alexandrinsky Orphan Moscow Cadet Corps. At the age of 26, he married the daughter of the provincial secretary, the noblewoman of the Moscow province, Maria Fedorovna Panteleeva, a year later their daughter Elena was born. Evgeny Mikhailovich did not have his own house in Moscow, he and his family lived in apartments for hire in the Arbat area.

Yevgeny Mikhailovich had the estate of Podosinki in the Vereisky district, from this district he was a deputy of the Moscow noble assembly. Like his brothers Vladimir and Nikolai, Evgeny Mikhailovich was a member of many societies and committees. Until the last days of his life, he was engaged in social activities. Yevgeny Mikhailovich died at the age of 81 on September 10, 1925 and was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery. There is no information about Evgeny Mikhailovich's wife. Little is known about the daughter of Evgeny Mikhailovich Elena Evgenievna. In the letters of Sofya Alekseevna to her son there are references to Elena Evgenievna (Lyala), relating to the period of her forthcoming marriage (November 1892 - May 1893). The wedding was May 17, 1893.

The groom - Gardner - "a sedate gentleman of 31, a zemstvo chief. Lives in the Ryazan province ... When they blessed Lyalya, letting him go from home, then his uncle (i.e., her father Evgeny Mikhailovich) cried so much that I too (Sofya Alekseevna Przhevalskaya ) could not resist, and after seeing Lyalya off, uncle walked along the platform, sobbing and not understanding anything. Elena Evgenievna lived with her husband for a short time, separated and returned to Moscow to her parents. Children at E.E. did not have. Elena Evgenievna died on March 4, 1945 at the age of 73, she was buried, like her father, at the Vagankovsky cemetery.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (senior) (1869-1919).

Vladimir Vladimirovich is the only son of the famous lawyer Vladimir Mikhailovich and the only nephew of the great traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich. Of the three sons of Mikhail Kuzmich (Nikolai, Vladimir and Evgeny), only Vladimir Mikhailovich continued the Przhevalsky family.

Vladimir Vladimirovich was born on October 6, 1869 in Moscow. In 1880 he entered the first class of the 1st male gymnasium and graduated from it in 1887. After graduating from the gymnasium, he entered the Faculty of Law at Moscow University. In 1891 he graduated from the full course of legal sciences with a diploma of the 1st degree and was left at the university "to prepare for a professorship in the department of criminal law." Soon he was sent abroad for academic purposes, and for three years Vladimir Vladimirovich lived abroad, attending lectures at European universities.

His mother Sofya Alekseevna regularly sent parcels to her son (sweets, chocolate, caramel, caviar, white salmon, prunes) and gave advice on how to behave and what to buy.

Abroad, Vladimir Vladimirovich studied the criminal legislation of Switzerland, about which, upon his return, he made a report at a meeting of the Moscow Law Society. He published a number of legal essays, passed the "established tests", and in 1893 he was awarded the title of senior candidate. At the end of 1894, he was granted the right to independently conduct investigative actions in the 5th district of Moscow and was promoted to titular advisers. Then Vladimir Vladimirovich was a district judge in Moscow, an honorary justice of the peace in the Moscow City Duma and in the Podolsk district. His ranks "grew" from a collegiate assessor in 1899 to a real state councilor in 1903.

Since 1900, Vladimir Vladimirovich, like his father, is a barrister and has a free bar practice. For many years (from 1903 to 1917) V.V. did a lot of work as a member of the Moscow City Duma. He was in the following commissions at the City Duma: organizational (chairman), financial, on general issues of urban organization, on consideration of complaints, was a member of the Meeting of public lawyers.

Vladimir Vladimirovich gave a lot of his spiritual energy and time to charitable activities, and was also a member or chairman of many societies and committees.

V.V. Przhevalsky was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree (1913), a light bronze medal in memory of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty (1913), the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree (1915), a silver breastplate badge in memory of the 50th anniversary of provincial and district institutions (1914), anniversary badge of the Imperial Humanitarian Society (1914).

Vladimir Vladimirovich married at the age of 38 to the daughter of a manufacturer Lyubov Nikolaevna Lukutina. The wedding took place on January 21, 1907 in the church of the Eye Hospital on Tverskaya. After the wedding, there was dinner in Vladimir Vladimirovich's own house (B. Molchanovka 14), and then the young people went abroad on their honeymoon. Lyubov Nikolaevna was 21 years old (she was born in Moscow on October 20, 1886). From marriage with Lyubov Nikolaevna V.V. had four sons: Vladimir (born in 1907), Nikolai (1909), Mikhail (1912) and Evgeny (1916). The latter died in infancy. The family lived in a house on B. Molchanovka, then in an apartment at house number 3 on Malaya Dmitrovka. V.V. there was an estate Sloboda in the Smolensk province, and Lyubov Nikolaevna had an estate in the village. Danilkovo, Moscow province (Savyolovsky direction).

The life of Vladimir Vladimirovich changed dramatically after the October Revolution of 1917. He was a member of the Constitutional Democrats (Cadet) Party. During their meeting in May 1918, members of the Kadet Party were arrested, as a large conspiracy against the Bolshevik government had allegedly been discovered. Among those arrested was V.V. Przhevalsky. He spent about two months in the Butyrka prison, then was released and went to the Danilkovo estate. All this can be read in the diaries of V.A. Mikhailovsky, a friend of V.V. in the literary circle. In September 1918 V.V. left Moscow, there is evidence of his stay in Kiev ("Power of Attorney" in the name of his wife Lyubov Nikolaevna dated October 10, 1918, certified by a Kiev notary). From the same document it follows that he left Moscow after September 19, 1918, since the certificate issued to him by the Ukrainian Consul General in Moscow under No. 15058 is dated September 19, 1918. In 1919 V.V. - in Rostov, where he suddenly died of typhus on May 14, 1919, and was buried there in the local cemetery (report from acquaintances of V.V. Alevtina's sister, who buried him). Official document on the death of V.V. was received by his eldest son Vladimir in 1937.

In September 1919, prominent members of the Cadet Party were arrested in Moscow, among those arrested was the wife (now a widow) V.V. Przhevalsky Lyubov Nikolaevna. 20 days after the arrest, more than 40 people were shot: the famous teacher A.D. Alferov with his wife, former member of the Moscow City Duma N.N. Shchepkin, the Aristarkhov family - all Muscovites. Lyubov Nikolaevna, after a three-week imprisonment in the Butyrka prison, was fortunately released. She was 33 years old, and at that time she had three sons - the eldest was 12 years old, the youngest - 7. The house where the Przhevalskys' apartment was located was occupied by the Communist University, and Lyubov Nikolaevna and the children were evicted without providing any premises. Wanderings around Moscow began.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (junior) (1907-1956).

Vladimir was the firstborn in the family of Vladimir and Lyubov Przhevalsky. He was born on November 15 (November 28, New Style) in Moscow. After graduating from high school in 1924, he entered the law faculty of Moscow University, but failed to graduate from the university. As early as 1926, he worked in various cities in survey railway parties. From 1927 he lived and worked as an engineer in the design and survey group of the Ryazan-Ural Railway in Saratov. In this city in 1930 he married Olga Petrovna Ukhanova and in 1935 their daughter Elena was born. Vladimir Vladimirovich died, like his father, at the age of 49, and was buried in Saratov.

His daughter, Elena Vladimirovna Przhevalskaya, married Ilyin and in the 60s they had a daughter, Ekaterina. This branch of the Przhevalsky family in the male line was interrupted.

Nikolai Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (1909-2000).

Of the three sons of Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (senior), only Nikolai inherited from the explorer of Central Asia N.M. Przhevalsky passion for travel. At 16, he left for two years together about P.K. Kozlov (a student of N.M. Przhevalsky) on an expedition to Mongolia. Upon returning to Moscow, he entered the Polytechnic School, after graduating from it, he left for Vologda. Nikolai Vladimirovich, having a specialty as a builder of highways and bridges, often changed his place of residence: the north of Russia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Tajikistan. From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he was in the road troops of the Western and 2nd Belorussian fronts. Nikolai Vladimirovich went through the entire war, after it he served another 10 years in the army and retired in 1956 with the rank of engineer lieutenant colonel. He graduated from the Correspondence Civil Engineering Institute and for 20 years worked as the chief engineer of the Kazdorstroy road construction trust in Kazan. From 1969 to 1971 as part of a group of specialists, he designed roads in Cuba. In 1975 he retired. Nikolai Vladimirovich - Honored Builder of the Tatar SSR, honorary road builder.

Married N.V. at the age of 41 on Irina Nikolaevna Shlyaeva, and in 1951 their son Vladimir was born. The marriage soon broke up. After 9 years, N.V. married Nina Ivanovna Surchenko and adopted her daughter Elena from her first marriage. The son of the adopted daughter Vadim (born in 1976) also bears the surname Przhevalsky. Died N.V. Przhevalsky February 19, 2000, buried in Kazan.

The son of Nikolai Vladimirovich from his first marriage, Vladimir Nikolayevich, is a physicist by profession, in 1973 he graduated from Kazan University. Has a daughter, Irina (born in 1977), lives in Moscow.

Mikhail Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (1912-1997).

Mikhail was the third son in the family of Vladimir and Lyubov Przhevalsky. He was born on October 23 (November 5, according to the new style), 1912 in Moscow. In 1927 he graduated from a seven-year school, then a two-year drawing and design course, and in 1929 he began working as a draftsman. In April 1930, Mikhail, his brother Nikolai and their mother Lyubov Nikolaevna were arrested, they spent three months in Butyrka prison, then they were expelled from Moscow for three years without the right to live in six large cities. They were charged under article 58-10 (anti-Soviet agitation). Mikhail and his mother left for the city of Gorky, where Mikhail worked as a technician at the construction of the Automobile Plant. They returned to Moscow after 3 years, then Mikhail was in the army for 2 years, and after returning from it, he entered the Moscow Engineering and Construction Institute in 1938, from which he graduated in 1944.

"I worked all my life at construction sites, and each new construction site brought me great satisfaction," Mikhail Vladimirovich said in an interview with the correspondent of Narodnaya Gazeta (dated March 21, 1992, No. 157). He went from a foreman to the head of the production and technical department. He was considered a good specialist. For many years he built objects in the system of the Academy of Sciences and the former 4th Directorate under the Ministry of Health. He was awarded medals for his work. After retiring in 1975, he worked for another 8 years (temporarily, in the SMU of the 4th Directorate), but his main activity in retirement was collecting materials for writing genealogies on the side of his father - the Przhevalskys, and on the side of his mother - the Lukutins. Pedigrees were written in 1987-1988, but until his death (August 3, 1997). Mikhail Vladimirovich searched and found new documents and facts related to these births. He published a number of articles in newspapers and magazines. Like his father and grandfather, Mikhail Vladimirovich was actively involved in social activities, was a member of several societies.

In 1943 M.V. married Princess Evfalia Sergeevna Kropotkina (b. 1918), who came from an old Russian princely family (the middle branch of the younger branch of the Kropotkin princes, 33rd generation from Rurik). They had two children: son Nikolai (b. 1943) and daughter Tatyana (b. 1945). They, like their grandfather and great-grandfather, graduated from Moscow State University. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky - Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev. In 1966, he married his classmate Lyudmila Konstantinovna Korkunova, and their sons Vsevolod (1970) and Konstantin (1979) were born. They are the youngest representatives of the Przhevalsky family in the male line known to us (13th generation from Kornila).

Vsevolod Nikolaevich Przhevalsky in 1989 he married Elena Alekseevna Pronina, they have a daughter, Anastasia (b. 1995).

The offspring of the Przhevalskys continued along the female line. Tatyana Mikhailovna, nee Przhevalskaya, married to Komarov, is a chemist, she has two children: Irina (b. 1968) and Mikhail (b. 1976). Irina Yurievna, nee Komarova, married Shalaev, has two sons: Anton (b. 1990) and Sergey (b. 1995).

BRANCH "JERONIMOVICHI"

Let's go back to the turn of the 18th-19th centuries and trace the branch of the "Jeronimoviches" coming from the eldest son of Kuzma (Kazimir) Fomich Przhevalsky.

Ieronim Kazimirovich (1802-1863) .

He went from ensign to lieutenant colonel of the Caucasian 17th line battalion. He participated in the Russo-Persian War (1827-1829) and was awarded a silver medal. He took part in expeditions related to the subjugation of the Caucasus to Russia (in battles on the rivers Big and Small Zelenchuk with Nogais, on the Labe River with Circassians, in Tabasaran with Tabasarans). He defended the fortress of Derbent, besieged by Kazi-Mulla in 1831. Ieronim Kazimirovich was a holder of the orders of St. George 4th class, St. Anna 3rd degree, St. Stanislav 3rd degree, had a distinction of impeccable service for 30 years and bronze medal in memory of the Crimean War 1853-1956 Died at 61.

Ieronim Kazimirovich was married for the second time to the daughter of an Orthodox priest, Raisa Ivanovna Klyucharyova; they had sons: Vladimir (b. in Derbent in 1837), Alexander (b. 1841), Vsevolod (b. 1846), Evgeny (b. 1846), Evgraf (b. 1957 .) and daughters: Claudia (b. 1854) and Eugene (b. 1859). Vladimir was brought up in the 1st Moscow, Alexander - in Voronezh, Vsevolod and Evgeny - in the Tambov cadet corps.

Vladimir Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1837- 1880) .

The eldest son of Ieronim Przhevalsky, Vladimir, served in the artillery. Being an ensign and moving from Petrovsk to Mozdok, he was captured by Shamil's highlanders, and a year later he was released on exchange. Vladimir was in skirmishes during the storming of the Michikal blockages, during the movement of the detachment from Michik-Kalek to Burtupai and from the city of Lushet to the village of Kmilak, but was not wounded or shell-shocked. He was an assistant commander of the Gunib fortress artillery. Like his father, he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was a holder of the orders of St. Anne of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, St. Stanislav of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, had a medal for the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (1857-1859), a cross for service in the Caucasus. He died at age 43 in 1880.

Vladimir Ieronimovich was married to the daughter of Major Lyudmila Ivanovna Svishcheva. They had children: Vladimir (b. 1861), Natalia (b. 1867), Lydia (b. 1869).

Vladimir Vladimirovich (1866-?) .

He was educated in the Tiflis Cadet Corps, then in the Tiflis Infantry Junker School. He served in the Caucasian, Avar, Temir-Khan Shura reserve battalions. With the rank of lieutenant, he was retired at the age of 41. At the age of 48 (in August 1914) he was called up for mobilization. It was under enemy fire from November 1914, when it was part of the 3rd Quadruple Hire Transport. He was in the foot 597th Stavropol squad, in the foot 552nd Simbirsk squad. In 1916 he was dismissed from service.

Vladimir Vladimirovich was married for the third time to the widow of the assistant pharmacist Natalia Alexandrovna Fomina, from this marriage he had daughters Tamara (b. 1908) and Olga (b. 1909). We do not know anything about their fate. From his first marriage he had a son, George (Yuri) (b. 1900), about whose fate we also do not know anything.

Evgeny Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1846-?) .

Eugene was the fourth son of Jerome. He was educated at the 3rd Alexander School, after graduating from which in 1865 he was sent to the Caucasian Grenadier Rifle Battalion as an adjutant, a year later he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1869 he filed a petition for dismissal from the service. Yevgeny Ieronimovich had a son, Yevgeny (b. 1889), and a daughter, Olga.

Evgeny Evgenievich was married by his first marriage to Lidia Vladimirovna Pashinsky and they had children: Tamara (b. 1907), Zoya (1909) and Viktor (b. 1915). Yevgeny Evgenievich died in 1939.

The son of Evgeny Evgenievich, Viktor Evgenievich Przhevalsky, died in 1941 during the defense of Odessa. With the death of Victor, the branch of the "Jeronimovichi" in the male line was cut short, but descendants in the female line remained.

The daughter of Evgeny Evgenievich, Zoya Evgenievna Przhevalskaya, married Vasily Batechko, they had a daughter, Zoya. Zoya Evgenievna died in 1975. Zoya Evgenievna's daughter, Zoya Vasilyevna Batechko (b. 1937), in the marriage of Titov, lived in Saratov. Her son Valery Borisovich Titov (b. 1956) is the author of the handwritten collection Przhevalskys in the Russian Army quoted here, lives in Stavropol.

Evgraf Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1857-?) .

Evgraf - the fifth son of Jerome - was also a military man. Evgraf was an excellent shooter: almost every year he received monetary awards for competitive shooting, and in 1899 - the imperial prize. Over the years, he was the chairman of the battalion and regimental courts, the commander of the battalion, and the head of the economy. In 1909 (at the age of 52) he was dismissed from service, but in January 1915 he was again appointed to her position as head of the economic unit of the 117th infantry reserve battalion of the Caucasian Military District. He ended his military career as a colonel, commandant of the Caravanserai point. By June 1917, he was in the reserve of the ranks of the stage and transport department of the directorate of the Head of Military Communications of the Caucasian Front. He was married to the widow of a Tiflis citizen Maria Nikolaevna Kharebova. Didn't have children.

About the other two sons of Jerome - Alexandra and Vsevolod - and also about his two daughters - Claudius and Evgenia - we don't know anything.

BRANCH "ALEKSEEVICH"

Once again, let's go back to the 20-80s of the XIX century, and follow the family branch coming from the youngest son of Kuzma Fomich - Alexei.

Alexei Kuzmich was 20 years younger than his brothers Jerome and Mikhail. Of the three sons of Kuzma Fomich, only he had a family estate in the Tver province, in the Staritsky district.

Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky (1824-?) .

Alexei Kuzmich entered military service as an ensign in the 1st battery of the artillery brigade in 1842. In 1849, Russian troops, defending the power of the Austrian emperor, suppressed an uprising in Hungary. Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky, a 25-year-old lieutenant of an artillery battery, distinguished himself in battles near the village. Tiga, Borgoprunde, Rousseau-Borgo, was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 4th degree, with the inscription "For Courage". For differences in the battles of the city of Bystrica and the city of Galicia, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna 3rd degree with swords, received a silver medal for the Hungarian campaign ("pacification of Hungary and Transylvania"). Alexey Kuzmich participated in the second campaign against the Turks (from March to September 1854) and entered Moldavia with the Russian troops, and then fought in the Crimean War against the united troops of Turkey, England and France from September 1, 1854 (i.e. from the first campaign, which began with the appearance of enemy fleets near Evpatoria) until March 20, 1856 (this is the third campaign). He was in the Russian army during the period when she tried to help the besieged Sevastopol (the battle of Inkerman, the battle of the Black River), but was not successful. For courage and courage shown in the battle at the Black River and in the defense of Sevastopol in the "recent times", he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav 2nd degree with swords, a silver medal for the defense of Sevastopol 1854-1856. and bronze on the St. Andrew's ribbon in memory of the war of 1853-1856.

Alexei Kuzmich participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, and was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree, for his distinction in the battle of Eski-Zagra and the village of Juranly. He rose to the rank of major general, and in 1878 was dismissed from service due to illness with a uniform and a full salary pension.

Alexei Kuzmich had 9 children from three marriages. Children from his first marriage: Alexandra (b. 1846), Vladimir (b. 1847), Nikolai (b. 1850), Konstantin (b. 1855). Children from the second marriage: Elizabeth (b. 1858), Michael (b. 1859). Children from a third marriage: Varvara (b. 1867), Ekaterina (b. 1868), Alexei (b. 1870). His third wife was the daughter of Major General Sofya Fedorovna Likhacheva.

Vladimir Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1847-1907) .

Vladimir Alekseevich is the eldest son of Alexei Kuzmich from his 1st marriage. He graduated from a military school, was sent to the Kuban Cossack regiment in the village of Ust-Labinskaya. He rose to the rank of general. He was married to the daughter of a Cossack, Anna Davydovna Kotlyarova, had three sons: Vladimir, Boris (b. 1887) and Alexander, who died as a teenager, and three daughters: Elena (b. 1875), Lydia (b. 1876) , Lyudmila (b. 1877). Vladimir Alekseevich died in 1907 and was buried in Krasnodar.

Vladimir Vladimirovich graduated from a real school, served in the Caucasus in the Cossack troops in Erivan. There is no other information about him.

Boris Vladimirovich (1887-?) .

He studied at the Kuban Alexander Real School, then at the Konstantinovsky Artillery School, after which in 1908 he was appointed to serve in the 1st Kuban Cossack cornet battery. All that is known about his further fate is that he served in Maikop, was married to a Russian girl, Irina, and they had a son.

Now about the descendants of Vladimir Alekseevich through the female line. Both daughters, Elena (1875-1956) and Lydia (1876-1950), had no children. The youngest daughter Lyudmila (b. 1877) graduated from a dental school in Moscow in 1909, worked as a dental technician in Essentuki, Krasnodar, Ust-Lab. During the First World War, she was a nurse at the front. In 1918, in a "civil marriage" she gave birth to a daughter, Alevtina, died in 1951. The daughter of L.V. Przhevalskaya, Alevtina Aleksandrovna, in the marriage of Khoroshavkina, graduated in 1942 from the Kuban Medical Institute, went to the front. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. served with the rank of military doctor of the 3rd rank in a field surgical hospital. Has a daughter Lyudmila (b. 1945), a son Sergei (b. 1949) and grandchildren: from the daughter of Lyudmila (married Eremenko) - Marina (b. 1966) and Oleg (b. 1970), and from the son of Sergei - Alevtin (b. 1973) and Irina (b. 1976).

According to Alevtina Alexandrovna Khoroshavkina, Alexei Kuzmich Przhevalsky had a daughter, Elena, although there is no daughter with that name on his track record. According to the same data, this Elena Alekseevna Przhevalskaya, in the marriage of Klendo, lived in Moscow, she has a daughter, Maria Semyonovna, in the marriage of Golovanova, and her daughter has sons Sergey and Yuri.

Konstantin Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1855-?) .

Konstantin Alekseevich, the youngest son of Alexei Kuzmich from his first marriage, like his father, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Konstantin Alekseevich was a lieutenant of the 1st, then the 3rd battery of the 3rd Grenadier Artillery Brigade. With this battery, he participated in the campaign of the Grenadier Corps from Plevna to Gabrov and further to Hermada. When crossing the Balkans, he was in the "Shipka crossing" for 9 days (a total of three times he crossed the Balkans). He received his first award, the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree with the inscription "For Courage", for distinction in the battle with the Turks on November 28, 1877, he was also awarded a light bronze medal in memory of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. and the Romanian Iron Cross. For distinction in the last Pleven battle, he received the highest award - the Silver St. George Trumpets.

Konstantin Alekseevich was married to the daughter of the widow of the captain Anna Pavlovna Brodovich. They had a son, Konstantin, who was born in 1881. This is information for December 1881, when Konstantin Alekseevich was 26 years old. We do not know anything about his further fate.

Mikhail Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1859-?) .

Mikhail Alekseevich was the son of Alexei Kuzmich from his second marriage. He studied at the Petrovsky Poltava Military Gymnasium, the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, then at the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. Everywhere was the first student. He graduated from the course at the Nikolaev Academy in April 1888 (Twenty-five years earlier, in May 1863, his cousin traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky graduated from this academy). After graduating from the academy, Mikhail Alekseevich was assigned to the General Staff and assigned to serve in the Caucasian Military District. He was the commander of the 155th Kuban Infantry Regiment (1903), the head of the military headquarters of the Kuban (1905), then the Terek (1906) Cossack troops in the city of Vladikavkaz. In the civil service for 9 years he was the secretary of the Russian Imperial Consulate General in Erzurum. In 1914, Mikhail Alekseevich received the rank of lieutenant general, from 1915 he served as commander of the 2nd Turkestan Army Front, which operated in the Caucasus direction. In 1917 he was the commander of the Caucasian army. He was awarded the Orders of St. Vladimir of the 4th degree, St. Anna of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, a silver medal in memory of the reign of Alexander III.

Mikhail Alekseevich was married to the priest's daughter Olga Mikhailovna Vinogradova, they had two children: Varvara (b. 1889) and Alexei (b. 1895). We do not know anything about the fate of Mikhail Alekseevich after 1917.

Alexei Mikhailovich (1895-?) .

Little is known about the son of Lieutenant General Mikhail Alekseevich Przhevalsky, Ensign Alexei. He was born in Erzurum, graduated from the Tiflis Real School, was a student at the Tomsk Technological Institute, then completed a 6-month course at the Tiflis Military School. After graduating from college, he was transferred to the head of the radiotelegraph of the front of the Caucasian army. Participated in the battle against the enemy on October 24, 1916.

Alexey Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1870-1902) .

Alexey Alekseevich is the youngest son of Alexei Kuzmich Przhevalsky from his 3rd marriage. His life was short - 32 years. He was educated at the Nikolaev Cavalry School, studied "sapper, demolition, railway and telegraph business", was in charge of a regimental sapper team. Then he was appointed regimental adjutant in the 49th Arkhangelsk Dragoon Regiment, managed to rise only to the rank of staff captain.

We know a representative of another branch of the Przhevalsky family, coming from Nikolai Fomich, brother of Kuzma Fomich (who is the common ancestor of the described branches of the "Jeronimovichi", "Mikhailovichi" and "Alekseevichi"). This is Iosif Flavianovich Przhevalsky, whom the authors of this essay met in the village of Przhevalsky, Smolensk Region, at a celebration
150th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky in 1989. Iosif Flavianovich is the great-grandson of Nikolai Fomich (11th generation from Kornila). He was born in 1914 and lived in Bogushevsk, Vitebsk region. The male line of this branch was interrupted on it.

The death of Mikhail Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (August 3, 1997) prevented him from completing this essay. We hope that this publication will be the best memory of a person who has done so much to preserve and describe the traditions of the ancient Przhevalsky family.

LITERATURE

1. The certificate (pedigree) was issued by the Vitebsk noble assembly in 1823 to Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky [extract from the protocol book of the Vitebsk assembly of deputies on March 8, 1818].

2. Testament of Christina Przhevalskaya, drawn up on March 10, 1701 [Case of the Vitebsk noble deputy assembly, 1834, No. 66].

3. Chernyavsky I. Genealogy of gentlemen of the nobles, included in the genealogical book of the Tver province from 1787 to 1869. Tver. 1869. Lithographed edition. P.178.

4. Dubrovin N.F. "Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky". SPb., 1890.

5. Bibliography of books about N.M. Przhevalsky see in the book: Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. Ed. "Moscow worker", Smolensk branch, 1989, 143 p.

7. Lyakhovitsky L.F. Characteristics of famous Russian judicial orators. SPb., 1902. S.59-84.

8. City Duma 1897-1900, ed. Alex. Odintsova, pp. 90-91.

9. Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1906.

10. Moscow archive (local history almanac). M., 1996, p.430.

11. Metric book of the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa [CIAM F.4. Op.8. D.1130. L.27ob., No. 1260]. Now on the site of the former church is the Novokuznetskaya metro station.

12. The metric book of the Church of Nikita the Martyr on Staraya Basmannaya for 1868 - (Vera died at the age of 12).

13. Register of births of the Moscow Nikolaevskaya church for 1869: court adviser Mikhail Fedorovich Krapiventsev and wife of the titular councilor Vera Sergeevna Tarasova were godparents [CIAM. F.4. On.8. D.PZO. P.28. No. 7128]. The church was located on the corner of 2nd Nikoloshchepovsky per. and 1st Smolensky per., 20. Rebuilt, occupied by a foundry.

14. The metric book of the Church of St. Nicholas the Apparition on the Arbat for 1873: the candidate of law Vladimir Alekseevich Andreev and the widow of the court counselor Nadezhda Gustavovna Krapiventseva were the godparents.

16. 0 to the service of a full member of the Elizabethan charitable society in Moscow and the Moscow province of the active state councilor Vladimir Przhevalsky. Formulary list, dated July 23, 1903 [RGIA. F.114. Op.2. D.314].

17. Dzhunkovsky V.F. Memoirs, vol. 1,2. M., 1997.

18. Russia on the edge. Diaries of V. A. Mikhailovsky for 1917-1920. In the magazine "Moscow", 1993, No. 1,2,3.

19. RGVIA. F.400. Op.14. D.14676. L. 6-12.

20. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.7751. L. 15-21.

21. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.100478. L. 1-6.

22. RGVIA. F.400. Op.9. D.5415. L. 2.4.5.

23. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.177132. L. 18-23.

24. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.5547. L. 22-32.

25. From the letters of Alevtina Alexandrovna Khoroshavkina to N.V. Przhevalsky.

26. RGVIA. F.409. Op.11. D.23439. L. 390-392 rev.

27. RGVIA. F.400. Op.12. D.9739. L. 5-8.

28. RGVIA. F.409. Op.2. D.343712. L. 1-7.

29. RGVIA. F.409. Op.1. D.332612. L. 1.

30. RGVIA.F.400. Op.17. D.13556. L. 140-144.

The surname Paravalsky meant a brave man - "the ferry is coming down." In Polish, “prze” means “through”, and “to bring down” means to fight. From here, the surname was changed from Paravalsky to Przhevalsky.

Jerome was born in 1802, Mikhail in 1803, and 20 years later Alexei (1823) and Elena (1824) were born; The dates of Agrafena's life are unknown.

Originally from the Tula province, A.S. Karetnikov served as a private, shop-watchman, in the courier corps, in the suite of the Sovereign (1805, 1807, 1808). In 1809 he was dismissed with the rank of collegiate registrar. He entered the customs service as a caretaker of one of the warehouses in St. Petersburg. He was married to the daughter of a Tula merchant Ksenia Efimovna Demidova, had 4 sons and 3 daughters, of whom the youngest Elena was born on April 17, 1816.

The eldest daughter Elizaveta Karetnikova married Colonel Zavadovsky, later a well-known figure in the Caucasus. Alexander's second daughter was married to Lieutenant Commander Pavel Nikolaevich Potemkin.

In the metric church book of the village of Lobkov, Smolensk district, it is recorded that Nikolai was born on April 1, 1839; Aleksey Stepanovich Karetnikov and Elizaveta Alekseevna Zavadovskaya were successors.

In 1854, Elena Alekseevna Przhevalskaya remarried to the nobleman Ivan Demyanovich Tolpygo. They had three children: daughter Alexandra, born in 1855, son Nikolai, born in 1856, later a railway engineer, and son Ippolit, who was born in 1858, a future doctor, lived in Moscow.

She was lucky enough to achieve this only for her third son, Eugene, who was brought up in the Moscow Alexander Corps.

The main milestones of the military career of N.M. Przhevalsky and the awards he received:

1855 g. - non-commissioned officer in the consolidated reserve Ryazan infantry regiment.

1856 g. - Ensign in the Polotsk Infantry Regiment.

1860 Mr. Nikolai writes in his drafts: "After serving 5 years in the army, he clearly realized the need to change this way of life and choose a wider field of activity where one could spend labor and time for a reasonable purpose."

1861 - admission to the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff in St. Petersburg.

1863 d. - early graduation from the academy with the right of the second category, subject to return to his regiment, which went to Poland to suppress the Polish uprising of 1863. Appointed as regimental adjutant.

1864 d. - election as a full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society for the manuscript "Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory".

December 1864 - November 1866 - platoon officer and teacher of history and geography at the cadet school in Warsaw.

1867 January - departure of staff captain N.M. Przhevalsky from Warsaw to Irkutsk. Assigned to the General Staff in the East Siberian District with the appointment "for (scientific) studies."

1868 - During Przhevalsky's stay in Siberia, Chinese unrest began. Nikolai Mikhailovich was cut off from scientific studies and appointed chief of staff. He commanded detachments operating on the Suchan River. In one month, the excitement was "pacified." For the Suchansky expedition, Przhevalsky was introduced (a year after the events described) to the captain and transferred to the General Staff of the Primorsky Region as a senior adjutant. In Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, he worked at the headquarters, and also described his journey through the Ussuri region. In his spare time he liked to play cards. “He played briskly and very happily, he was given the nickname “golden pheasant.” When he won 1000 rubles, he always stopped playing, he did not have more than 500 rubles with him. The money was kept by Stepanov M.P., who was strictly forbidden to give them out during games. Played with local merchants and naval officers." "I play," he said, "to win my independence," and indeed achieved my goal. In the winter of 1868, he won 12,000 rubles in cards, after which he threw the cards into the Amur.

1870 - after a two-year stay in Siberia, he arrived in St. Petersburg. "Always friendly and cheerful, he bribed with his appearance. Tall, slender, with a beautiful and intelligent face, he made an impression at the first meeting. Hot-tempered in character, he was extremely kind and generous. Strong physically and morally, N.M. could not endure the tears of others, and many took advantage of this. Easy to handle, he easily became the soul of society. He could not stand city life, he avoided ladies' society. He did not like gossip."

1874 - the rank of lieutenant colonel and a life pension of 600 rubles a year.

1878 - the rank of colonel and a pension of 1200 rubles a year.

1881 - acquires a small estate Sloboda on Lake Sapsho in the north-west of the Smolensk region. “Here in Sloboda there will be my nest, from where I will fly deep into the Asian deserts,” said N.M. friends.

1883 - just before the departure of Nikolai Mikhailovich from St. Petersburg to the 2nd Tibetan expedition, the Tsarevich's heir presented him with an aluminum spotting scope (this gift served the entire expedition). And when Przhevalsky arrived at the starting point of the journey, the city of Kyakhta, he received a letter from the educator of the royal sons, Adjutant General G.G. Imperial Highness and His August Brother. Fulfilling this through the General Staff, I wish from the bottom of my heart that this package will find you before you leave for the expedition." N.M. thank you for the precious gift.

1886 - rank of major general, life pension of 1800 rubles and presentation to the Sovereign Emperor.

1888 - before the last journey, he was introduced to the Sovereign and treated kindly by him. Przhevalsky presented the Sovereign with his book "The Fourth Journey to Central Asia".

Cavalier of orders: St. Vladimir 3rd and 4th degree, Stanislav 3rd degree, Austrian Cavalier Cross of the Order of Leopold. He had medals: bronze "In memory of the war of 1853-1856." and "For the suppression of the Polish rebellion in 1863-1864." He was awarded the following gold medals: "The first explorer of the nature of Central Asia", Konstantinovsky (and small silver) of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, the Humboldt Medal of the Berlin Society of Geosciences, Geographical Societies: London, Paris and Italian, Vega Medal of the Swedish Anthropological and Geographical Society, French Palme d'Academie.

1866-1870 - entered the 2nd branch of the 6th department of the Senate, served as chief secretary. After the closing of the Senate in Moscow, he was seconded to Chief Prosecutor Gazanvikel to revise the cases of the Moscow Chamber of Criminal and Civil Courts.

1870-1900 - sworn attorney.

In 1897, the vowel V.M. Przhevalsky was nominated as a candidate for the post of head of the Moscow City Duma. “He enjoyed universal respect, but the merchant I.A. .Lyamin categorically stated: "The Moscow mayor should end in -ov, -in, -tsyn." “These categorical words, or other considerations, eliminated the question of Przhevalsky,” wrote the vowel of the Moscow City Duma V.I. Guerrier, - most likely, the reason was the refusal of Vladimir Mikhailovich himself, since it was impossible to bear the significant costs that the title of head entailed. At that time, a significant amount introduced into the budget under the column "for city representation" actually remained inviolable, and the expenses under this item were not covered by the head's salary ". From a letter from Vladimir Mikhailovich's wife to his son: "Father was offered to run for the head, but he refused. My father said that they would not be able to exist on 12,000 rubles, and if we sell Sloboda and the Arbat house, we will have another 10,000 rubles a year, but this is not enough. My father said I won't go.

1. Member of the Board and Secretary of the Society of Lovers of Proper Hunting.

2. Member of the board of the society of former university students.

3. Full member of the society of lovers of natural science, anthropology and ethnography.

4. Full member of the Imperial Russian Musical Society.

Alevtina Przhevalskaya (married Zagoskin) studied music with Professor Konyus of the Moscow Conservatory. She transcribed one of Tchaikovsky's romances for the orchestra, and the author (P.I. Tchaikovsky) said that it was well orchestrated, thanked and asked to transcribe for the orchestra a few more of his compositions [from Sofya Alekseevna's letters to her son]. Alevtina was engaged in transcribing the works of Konyus for the children's choir. She played the piano beautifully and composed music herself, mostly romances.

"No matter how strict Przhevalsky was with himself, no matter how he thought about his speeches, there were hobbies in his activities that he himself could later regret. He was sometimes very fond of the role of a defender."

The Alekseevsky cemetery was located in the Alekseevsky convent - along Verkhne-Krasnoselskaya street. 17 and 2nd Krasnoselsky per. 3, 5, 7. Now this place is a regional park.

"Elementary Algebra" (1867). He presented this book to Emperor Alexander II, for which he received the highest gift from him - a diamond ring. "Initial Geometry" (1878), "Rectangular Geometry" (1884), "Analytic Geometry on the Plane and in Space", collection of problems (1924), "Collection of Analytical Problems" (1870), "Collection of Geometric Problems and Theorems" (1869 ) and etc.

1862 - released from the Alexandrinsky Cadet Corps as an ensign to the cavalry, sent to the Novorossiysk Dragoon Regiment.

1863-1865 - retired due to illness; probably, during these years he was a free student at Moscow University (Mathematics Department).

1865 - determined again to serve with an appointment to the former 3rd Dragoon Regiment with secondment to the 2nd Moscow Military Gymnasium.

1866 - transferred to the 3rd military Alexander school as a full-time teacher. Lieutenant.

1869 - for distinction, he was transferred to the Life Guards Dragoon Regiment as an ensign, leaving at the school.

1873 - staff captain, 1875 - captain, 1878 - lieutenant colonel, 1898 - colonel-teacher, 1907 - major general, 1910 - lieutenant general, 1912 - retired general -lieutenant [Full track record of a full-time teacher, lieutenant colonel E.M. Przhevalsky dated October 22, 1886; reference books of Moscow].

He married in the Moscow Alexandrian church at the Alexander Military School on June 1, 1870. "I took a 20-year-old girl M.F. Panteleev for myself" [Metric book for 1870: TsIAM f4, op. 19464].

Metric book of the Church of St. Nicholas on Chicken Legs for 1871 [CIAM. F.4. Op.8. D.PZO. P.21. ZhM65]. Elena was born on November 14, 1871. The recipients were: retired captain Fedor Fedorovich Panteleev and the daughter of the provincial secretary Fedor Fedorovich Panteleev Kapitolina Fedorovna Panteleeva. The church was located on the corner of B. Molchanovka and Rzhevsky Lane. Now there is a school and foreign language courses: B. Molchanovka, 26-28.

1. Member of the economic council of the Petrovsky-Alexandrovsky shelter-boarding school of the nobility of the Moscow province.

2. Member of the Committee of the Moscow Metropolitan Guardianship of People's Sobriety.

3. Member of the Council for the Academic Department of the Moscow School of the Order of St. Catherine and the Alexander Institute.

4. Vice President of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture.

5. Honorary guardian of the Moscow Presence of the Board of Trustees and the Institute of the Moscow Nobility for Children of the Noble Title. Emperor Alexander III in memory of Empress Catherine II.

A graduate of this institute, Natalia Arkadyevna Malyutina, more than 70 years after graduation, recalled: “I was lucky in my life: I knew so many great people. How great they were mentally and morally and, at the same time, simple and accessible. Evgeny Mikhailovich ( Przhevalsky) I knew closely, and he even called me "my favorite". I remember the horror of the head of the Catherine's Noble Institute (O.A. Talyzina), when she saw Yevgeny Mikhailovich not in the first row (where the institute's guardian should have been), but sitting far away with me. She asked him to move, but the kindest Yevgeny Mikhailovich flatly refused to take a seat in the front row... me a mazurka; but how beautifully he did it, the environment applauded him.

6. Member of the Moscow House of Scientists.

7. Member of TsEKUBU (central commission for improving the life of scientists) under the SEC of the RSFSR.

Almost nothing is known about the daughter of Mikhail Kuzmich, Elena Mikhailovna, except that she was born on May 17, 1846 ["Appeal" by Elena Alekseevna, the widow of Mikhail Kuzmich, to include sons and daughters in the genealogical book. The decision was positive and approved by the Governing Senate on February 12, 1853, No. 1094 (CIAM. F.4. Op.8. D.PZO. S.2,8)] and was married to a man named Golm, lived in Dorogobuzh. Elena was in correspondence with her brother Nikolai [Private communication by the head of the N.M. Przhevalsky Museum in the village of Przhevalsky, Smolensk Region, E.P. Gavrilenkova].

From a letter to S.A. to his son in Paris: "I would like you to move to Lyon as soon as possible. It is still warmer there. If your feet are cold, buy yourself warm socks at the Louvre" (December 1892). From a letter to Italy: "In Italy, be afraid of swindlers, especially in Naples, also have a revolver with you in the carriages."

Some details about the work in the Duma of Vladimir Vladimirovich in 1905-1908. were found in the book of V.F. Dzhunkovsky, who was at that time the vice-governor, and then the Moscow governor. It was the time of Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. “At that time,” Dzhunkovsky wrote, “a very oppositional mood reigned among some of the vowels of the Moscow City Duma, and speeches with a revolutionary tinge began to be made in the meetings of the Duma ... So, the vowel V.V. Przhevalsky demanded the removal from Moscow of the Cossacks who arrived to help the police, he said that if they were not removed, the population of Moscow itself would be able to withdraw them (because the population is 1,600,000 people, and there are only 1,000 Cossacks)" . At another meeting, V.V. with 12 more vowels, he made a statement of a revolutionary (according to Dzhunkovsky) character on the organization of the Public Security Committee to protect the liberation movement, to ensure freedom of meetings, to protect the inviolability of the person, homes and property of Moscow citizens. It was proposed that the organization of the Moscow militia be started immediately. At the subsequent meeting of the Duma V.V. Przhevalsky and other vowels insisted on the transfer of the outer police to the city government. When other vowels objected, saying that this was a violation of the legal order, then V.V. answered: "in a revolutionary era, one should not think about form." The decision passed by majority vote, but when V.V. raised the issue of abolishing the Gendarme Corps, he did not meet with sympathy. At a meeting of the Duma on October 14, 1905, the issue of establishing a city militia, regardless of the existing police, was considered. Przhevalsky spoke "for", a number of vowels - "against". After much debate, arguments and even insults, this question was rejected. On November 16, 1905, a riot of sailors took place in Sevastopol under the leadership of Fleet Lieutenant Schmidt. On this occasion, a statement was received from vowels, including VV, with a proposal to the government "to show mercy in the form of exemption from the death penalty." V.V. made another proposal to abolish the death penalty in general, 19 more vowels joined him. The Duma rejected the last proposal (with a margin of one vote), and the proposal to mitigate the fate of the rebellious sailors was accepted. When the December armed uprising took place in Moscow in 1905, Duma meetings were held daily from December 13 to 16. From the vowel V.V. a statement of an "alarming" nature was received, written in a rather harsh form (according to Dzhunkovsky), which spoke of the execution of civilians, Red Cross detachments, and nothing was said about the uprising of the workers. All the vowels were divided into two camps: some defended the actions of the governor-general, others condemned. In his speech, V.V., denying that Moscow was experiencing an uprising, said: “I am not afraid of the triumph of His Majesty the proletariat. In Russia, the proletariat will never triumph over the mass of the people. .000 proprietors, and it is impossible to say that the proletariat can triumph."

1. Trustee of the Firsanov Home for Widows and Orphans in Moscow.

2. Member, and later chairman, of the city guardianship of the poor in the Arbat part.

3. Honorary member of the Shchuchey rural guardianship of the Porechsky district of the Smolensk province of the orphanage.

4. Member of the Brotherly-loving Society for the Supply of Poor Apartments.

5. Member of the Society for the Assistance of Former Pupils of the Rukavishnikovsky Orphanage.

6. Full member of the Elizabethan charitable society.

7. Member of the Moscow men's and women's charitable prison committee.

1. Member, later Chairman, Supervisory Committee of the City Mutual Fire Insurance Society.

2. Chairman of the Supervisory Committee in the Moscow City Credit Society. On October 30, 1912, this society celebrated the half-century anniversary of its existence. A solemn meeting took place. The chairmanship was taken by the representative of the Ministry of Finance D.I. Nikiforov, next to him was the chairman of the board of the Credit Society N.M. Perepelkin and Chairman of the Supervisory Commission V.V. Przhevalsky. The meeting opened with a short speech by V.V. Przhevalsky. In the evening, a banquet was held in the Yara Napoleonic Hall. The first toast to the Sovereign and the royal family was proclaimed by the Minister of Finance, after which V.V. Przhevalsky proclaimed the health of V.N. Kokovtsev (Chairman of the Council of Ministers) and A.A. Makarov (Minister of the Interior). Mayor Adrianov talked about how easy and pleasant it is to work with the Credit Society. Everyone felt at ease.

3. Member of the Moscow Branch of the Imperial Russian Technical Society.

4. Vice President of the Moscow Society of Agriculture.

5. Full member of the Russian Geographical Society.

6. Member of the literary and artistic circle (V.Ya. Bryusov was the chairman).

7. Member of the Imperial Humanitarian Society.

8. Member of the Russian Red Cross Society.

Since that time, her career began: an employee of the Historical Museum (1919-1921), a saleswoman in the Mostorg department store (1921-1926), a supernumerary employee in the Historical Museum (1927-1928), head of a subscription in the library them. IN AND. Lenin (1928-1941), bibliographer and senior editor in the library of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1941-1957). Lyubov Nikolaevna died on May 3, 1965 at the age of 79. She was buried in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.

Documents (track records), from which the facts cited here and below are taken, were found in the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) by a descendant of the "Jeronimoviches" on the female line, Ph.D. Valery Borisovich Titov and are described in his manuscript "The Przhevalskys in the Russian Army", Stavropol, 1989.

In marriages where at least one of the spouses was Orthodox, until 1905, children were required to profess Orthodoxy.

A. Kolesnikov

genius traveler

On October 20 (according to the old style), 1888, in Karakol, far from St. Petersburg, in the barracks of a field infirmary, Major General of the General Staff of the Russian Empire Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was dying painfully. Before their death, they were given the last orders: to bury on the high bank of Issyk-Kul, to cover a wooden coffin with iron and lower it into a crypt lined with stones to a depth of three meters, to put a traveler without a uniform in marching clothes, and briefly knock out on a stone slab - the traveler Przhevalsky.

A handsome 49-year-old man almost two meters tall, who delighted the entire scientific world with his discoveries, was dying. To this day, the colossal material brought by Nikolai Mikhailovich from his travels is the pride of Russian science and is hardly equal to itself in terms of scientific significance and an abundance of the rarest exhibits. At the end of the 19th century, there was no other such scientist and traveler in the world as N.M. Przhevalsky. Evidence of this is the opinion of world authorities in geographical science: Baron Richthofen called the discoveries of the Russian officer "most amazing", and Nikolai Mikhailovich himself - "a brilliant traveler"; the president of the London Geographical Society believed that Przhevalsky's research was far superior to "everything that had been made public since the time of Marco Polo."

The expeditions of N.M. Przhevalsky, especially those in Central Asia, raised the scientific prestige of Russia to an unattainable height. The first of them lasted three years (1870-1873) and covered the vast territory of Inner Asia. The second (1876–1877) - included the exploration of the western regions of Central Asia. The third journey (1879-1880) led explorers to the Tibetan Plateau. The purpose of the fourth expedition was to study the inaccessible territory of Lake Lopnor and the southern outskirts of the Takla-Makan desert.

During the years of expeditions, Przhevalsky covered more than 30 thousand kilometers. Nikolai Mikhailovich explored the highest Tibetan Plateau, the Tien Shan and Kuen Lun ranges, made a detailed description of such areas as Ordos, Dzungaria, Kashgaria. He discovered the ridges of Burkhan-Buddha, Humboldt, Ritter, Columbus, Zagadochny, Moskovsky and others, described the upper reaches of the largest rivers in Asia - the Yangtze, Huanghe, Tarim. In addition to the well-known Przewalski's horse, the zoological collection of the scientist included 702 specimens of mammals, 5010 birds, 1200 amphibians, 643 fish. He also described 1,700 plant species from 16,000 collected herbariums. Nikolai Mikhailovich studied the life, customs and social relations of peoples unknown to Europeans: Lob Nors, Tanguts, Dungans, Magins, northern Tibetans.

N.M. Przhevalsky’s work “How to Travel in Central Asia”, which has not yet been reflected in either scientific or military literature, can be considered a kind of methodological guide to the field trips of Russian officers in Central Asia. Meanwhile, this, in fact, an independent study absorbed the experience of all the travels of the famous traveler in Central Asia. To a certain extent, the material cited by General Przhevalsky can be regarded as a solid methodological guide for organizing and conducting not only military statistical research, but also scientific expeditions. Let us dwell on the most important moments of this unique work, which reflected the features of all the expeditions of Russian travelers in Central Asia.

Przhevalsky emphasizes the need for scientific training and knowledge of various branches of upcoming research. Important qualities for a traveler are “to be an excellent shooter, even better a passionate hunter, not to shy away from any menial work, in a word, in no case should you keep yourself white-handed, not have spoiled tastes and habits, because on a trip you will have to live in mud and eat than God sent."

Much depends on the successful choice of companions and their attitude towards the leader. According to Przhevalsky, “the composition of an expedition for a long-term scientific reconnaissance of unknown and hard-to-reach areas in the depths of Central Asia from civilians is hardly possible. Trouble will inevitably reign in such a detachment, and the matter will soon collapse of itself. Moreover, a military detachment is necessary to guarantee the personal safety of the researchers themselves and sometimes achieve by force what cannot be achieved by peaceful means. A non-military person can only be accepted as a special researcher, but with the condition of complete submission to the head of the expedition. This latter and his assistants will also be the most reliable of the men of the military, provided, of course, that they are fit for the journey. The convoy should consist of serving soldiers and Cossacks. Discipline in the detachment should be introduced inexorable, next to the brotherly treatment of the commander with his subordinates. The entire detachment must live as one family and work for one purpose under the leadership of its leader.

For the organization of travel from the state treasury, funds were specially allocated. It follows from the work of Przhevalsky that all members of the expedition received maintenance two years in advance, and in “gold coin”. The fare and transportation of expeditionary luggage from St. Petersburg to the starting point of the journey and back were also paid. With the money allocated by the treasury, instruments for "astronomical and hypsometric observations, scientific instruments, preparations for collections, part of weapons, a pharmacy, a camera, etc." were purchased.

Based on personal experience, Przhevalsky warns against the intrigues of the Chinese authorities: “The Chinese authorities will certainly try to slow down the traveler’s scientific research with secret intrigues, especially if they recognize him as a master of his craft. At the same time, as was already the case with me, they will try in every possible way to obstruct the path at first, and if this fails, they will erect a stronger barrier in the form of inflamed ignorance and fanaticism of the wild masses.

Przhevalsky considers in detail the issue of equipment for the expedition. The list of equipment needed for research indicates the serious scientific work that was carried out by each expedition sent to Central Asia. Among the things necessary for traveling, a special place was occupied by gifts, without which, as you know, one could not take a step in Asia. Przhevalsky names the gifts that he always had with him for local authorities and the population: small folding mirrors; iron things: knives, scissors, razors, needles; silver pocket watches, especially large ones and keyless; music boxes; weapons - mostly revolvers; stereoscopes; binoculars; magnesium; magnets; perfumes, soap, cigars; caskets; carnelian rings; colorized photographs of women; red and yellow cloth; at the same time, the traveler notes that “gifts should not be given particularly generously, and in no case should they litter with money.”

Much attention was paid to expeditionary animals. Among them, of course, camels were in the first place. Przhevalsky in his works sang the hymn to the "ship of the desert". According to the scientist, a camel is capable of performing a long and reliable service for a traveler, if only he knows how to properly handle such a peculiar animal. The traveler needs to immediately acquire not only good, but even excellent camels, without worrying about their high cost. The whole course of the trip will depend on the quality of these animals. A camel can go without food for eight or ten days, and without drinking in autumn and spring for seven days, while in summer, in the heat, a camel cannot stand without water for more than three or four days. With camels, you can go everywhere in Central Asia, through waterless deserts and giant mountain ranges.

For the next generation of travelers, Przhevalsky offers a well-developed system for organizing and conducting a comprehensive study of the region. An important place is given by Przhevalsky to the relations of travelers with the local population. Possessing colossal personal experience with the natives, the researcher warns: “The scientific purpose of the journey will nowhere be understood by the local population, and through this the traveler will everywhere be a suspicious person. This is at best. At worst, hatred of the stranger will join the suspicion.”

According to General Przhevalsky, proven by practice, three guides were needed for the success of distant and risky travels in Central Asia: money, a rifle and a whip. Money - because the local people are so mercenary that, without hesitation, they will sell their own father; a rifle - as the best guarantee of personal security, all the more so with the extreme cowardice of the natives, many hundreds of whom will scatter from a dozen well-armed Europeans; finally, the whip is also necessary because the local population, brought up for centuries in wild slavery, recognizes and appreciates only brute force.

The advice and recommendations of an eminent traveler on how to behave with representatives of different nationalities and what can be expected from them while on long expeditions are very instructive. Przhevalsky warns novice travelers: “Do not confuse sincere greetings with that itch of curiosity that for a while makes an Asian even forget his hostility to a foreign alien in order to stare at an unprecedented person. But as soon as such ardor flares up, it also soon disappears. Usually we were "interesting" only for a few hours, many for a day; then the feigned cordiality disappeared and we were still met with unfriendliness and hypocrisy.

The most vital issue of the expedition N.M. Przhevalsky considered the system of scientific works, which was divided into observation, description, collecting collections. In the foreground, the traveler put geographical, then natural-historical and, finally, ethnographic research. Regarding the latter, Przhevalsky noted that it was very difficult to collect them when they did not know the local language and were suspicious of the population.

Among the methods of scientific research, he singled out the following: route-eye survey; astronomical definitions of latitude; barometric determination of absolute heights; meteorological observations; special studies on mammals and birds; ethnographic research; keeping a diary; collecting collections - zoological, botanical and partly mineralogical; photographing.

A special scientific study of Central Asia, according to the scientist, will undoubtedly bring huge material benefits to Russia. The united efforts of the pioneers of science, on the one hand, and pioneer travelers, on the other, “will finally remove in the near future the dark veil that so recently covered almost all of Central Asia, and add several new brilliant pages to the history of the progress of our century.”

Russian military researchers carried out a triune mission in Asia: military-diplomatic, intelligence and research. They had to conduct the most difficult diplomatic negotiations with the rulers of Asian states, conclude agreements, and make reconnaissance trips, associated with a constant risk to life. Russia's military penetration into Asia, the protection and defense of new borders - all these issues were resolved in parallel with the scientific study of the region, and often by the same structures, bodies and personalities.

It must be said that the entire military system of Russia worked productively to ensure advancement in Asia. The best military minds developed a unified approach to the problems of comprehensive study and development of new frontiers, strengthening Russia's position in the world. Among the military thinkers of that time, D.A. Milyutin occupied a prominent place. The organization of large-scale research work in Asia is closely connected with his name. Being for many years a professor at the Nikolaev Military Academy of the General Staff, D.A. Milyutin had a great influence on the formation and direction of the activities of the officers of the General Staff in the study of geography, economics and ethnography of foreign countries, especially Asia. In fact, he was the founder of Russian military geography and military statistics as a branch of science. A worthy successor to D.A. Milyutin was General N.N. Obruchev, a prominent liberal military and statesman. Later becoming chief of the General Staff, he paid special attention to the study of Asia.

Russia of that time knew how to be grateful to those who glorified the state with worthy deeds. The track record of N.M. Przhevalsky included: “Lifetime pension of 600 rubles (1874)<…>An increase of 600 rubles to the previous life pension (1880)”. The ranks of lieutenant colonel, colonel and major general were granted as the highest award. St. Petersburg and Smolensk elected him their honorary citizen, and Moscow and St. Petersburg universities - honorary doctors. The Russian Geographical Society awarded the traveler with its highest awards, the Russian Academy of Sciences knocked out a gold medal in his honor with the inscription "To the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia." Here we say that N.M. Przhevalsky was awarded the highest awards of the Berlin, London, Stockholm, Italian and Paris geographical societies.

The imperial family favored Nikolai Mikhailovich. After his first trip in 1874, N.M. Przhevalsky was introduced to Alexander II, who personally examined all the collections and ordered that they be transferred to the Russian Academy of Sciences. After the third expedition, the emperor, according to the memoirs of P.P. Semenov, “wanted to see also the companions of N.M. Przhevalsky from the lower ranks and deigned to grant them the St. George Crosses.” Alexander III donated significant amounts from his own funds to organize subsequent travels. The royal family wanted to see N.M. Przhevalsky as a teacher and educator of Tsarevich Nicholas, who literally admired the fascinating stories of N.M. Przhevalsky. Young Nicholas II granted 25 thousand rubles for the publication of the results of the fourth expedition. The traveler and the heir to the throne were in correspondence. Nikolai's tutor, General Danilovich, asked N.M. Przhevalsky to write to his pupil more often: "Do not think at all about the edition of your letter, for His Highness all the news written or even scratched by your hand will be interesting." Just before Przhevalsky left for his third journey, the heir to the throne sent him his photograph and presented him with a telescope, which Nikolai Mikhailovich always carried with him and was buried with it.

It seemed that the great traveler was widely known for his work and deeds during his lifetime, but many of the circumstances of his life, and even death itself, leave many mysteries, the answers to which have not been answered to this day. Przhevalsky's great-grandfather and father were military men, and even in his youth he took a vow of celibacy, as he could not afford to doom his loved one to loneliness. This kind of manifestation of the nobility of the soul was often encountered among officers, it is enough to recall General M.D. Skobelev.

“I will go on an expedition,” Nikolai Mikhailovich told his relatives, “and my wife will cry. When I stop traveling, I will live in the countryside. My old soldiers will live with me, who are no less devoted to me than a legal wife would be. Contemporaries characterized the young officer Przhevalsky as a cheerful, affable, kind person who impresses those around him. It must have been all the more difficult for him to avoid the company of ladies. Every visit to St. Petersburg of Nikolai Mikhailovich, who had already become famous, was accompanied by new attempts to marry him. Rumor attributed to him "insidious charms", it was said that some persons, being passionately in love with him, even tried to commit suicide. The traveler, however, was adamant. They tell a funny incident when one of the next fans persuaded Przhevalsky to give her geography lessons at home - it ended with the tutor giving her textbook to the student on the second day of classes and that was it. In his youth, Przhevalsky was known as a gambler, played smartly and happily, for which he received the nickname Golden Pheasant. When he won 1000 rubles, he stopped the game and ordered his friend to take money from him. After the largest jackpot of 12,000 rubles, he threw the cards into the Amur and did not play anymore.

The strong nature of N.M. Przhevalsky attracted both friends and enemies. His death came as a complete surprise to everyone, except, perhaps, those who had long and diligently called it to the traveler. According to the version prevailing for a long time, N.M. Przhevalsky contracted typhoid fever by drinking water from a ditch during a hunt in the vicinity of Pishpek. However, there are no eyewitness accounts that he actually drank water from the ditch. And could such an experienced traveler, who prepared more than one instruction on the rules for drinking water and food in the field, do so. From a letter from N.M. Przhevalsky's constant companion V. Roborovsky, addressed to Lieutenant General Feldman, it is known that upon returning from the city of Verny on October 5, Nikolai Mikhailovich was hunting all day, "came tired, drank cold water and went to bed." Note that there is no talk of any ditch. The traveler stayed in Pishpek until October 7 and only on October 10 reached Karakol. He started complaining about being unwell on October 15 after spending the night in a yurt outside the city. Only three days later Przhevalsky moved from the yurt to the infirmary. At the same time, the doctor of the 5th linear West Siberian battalion Kryzhanovsky assured everyone of a successful outcome of the disease. However, on the night of October 19, the patient became very ill: a high temperature rose, severe bleeding from the nose and abdominal pain began. This went on until the morning of October 20. During this time, Przhevalsky was examined by doctors only twice, other doctors, as Roborovsky writes in his letter, “were late with their knowledge” and no longer caught the patient alive. An autopsy was not performed, the explanation of death by typhoid fever looked very presumptuous. This circumstance allows us to put forward another hypothesis of the death of the great traveler, which today can neither be confirmed nor denied - poisoning with a slowly acting poison. The following speaks in favor of this assumption. The main goal of the fifth Central Asian expedition was to establish contacts between Russia and Tibet, which could significantly affect the change in the geopolitical situation in the region. Opponents of this rapprochement, realizing that the expedition led by N.M. Przhevalsky would certainly have achieved its goals, could well go for the physical elimination of its leader. General Pevtsov, who led the expedition after the death of N.M. Przhevalsky, as you know, could not complete the task and did not reach Tibet.

The significance of the personality of N.M. Przhevalsky for Russia was noted by a special rescript of Emperor Alexander III, who ordered to erect monumental monuments in St. Petersburg and on the traveler's grave, and also to rename Karakol to the city of Przhevalsk. In 1893, a majestic memorial was erected on the banks of Issyk-Kul. In the same year, in the Alexander Garden opposite the Admiralty in St. Petersburg, with a large gathering of people, a monument to N.M. Przhevalsky was solemnly opened. Nicholas II paid tribute to the merits of the great traveler, widely celebrating in Russia the 25th anniversary of his death. Streets in St. Petersburg and other cities were named after N.M. Przhevalsky.

The past century, as it turned out, was not enough to fully comprehend the unique personality of this great man and appreciate all his deeds. N.M. Przhevalsky, in addition to his scientific merits, was known in the military-political circles of the empire as a consistent supporter of Asian priorities in Russia's foreign policy. He was directly involved in the development of the conceptual provisions of Russian geopolitics. His analytical materials, published at that time exclusively classified as "secret", dealt with relations with China and India and contained the idea of ​​strengthening the Russian presence in Asia. Nikolai Mikhailovich very impartially, for example, spoke about the policy of the Chinese authorities and did not even rule out an armed confrontation between the empires. He also had his own ideas about the geopolitical fate of East Turkestan until the moment when it became Chinese Turkestan. It is noteworthy that in Soviet times this part of the activities of the general of the Russian General Staff continued to remain unknown. A huge array of the traveler's manuscripts rested and continues to rest on archival shelves. Meanwhile, the publication of the unique works of N.M. Przhevalsky, his analytical works, travel notes and rough sketches could present the personality of an outstanding scientist in a new way.

In the archives of the Russian Geographical Society, for example, the materials of the fundamental reports of N.M. Przhevalsky "The experience of statistical description and military review of the Amur region" (1869),

"On the present state of Eastern Turkestan" (1877). Five chapters of the manuscript of the secret note "New Considerations on the War with China" should also be included here. The unfinished manuscript of N.M. Przhevalsky “Our Priorities in Central Asia” is very curious. The archive funds preserved a huge number of letters both from N.M. Przhevalsky himself and addressed to him. There are 334 recipients in total. Among them were prominent people of that time: Vice-President of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society P.P. Semenov, Chief of the General Staff N. Obruchev, Field Marshal D. Milyutin, Generals G. Kolpakovsky, L. Dragomirov, Russian Consul N. Petrovsky and others. In addition to 18 diaries and 16 notebooks of N.M. Przhevalsky, some of which were published during his lifetime, of great interest, of course, are the numerous sketches, notes and notes of the traveler relating to various branches of knowledge. It will probably take another hundred years to master the colossal scientific heritage of N.M. Przhevalsky and to feel its significance as a national treasure of Russia.

There is something symbolic in the fact that the Kyrgyz land, the outskirts of the once mighty empire, became the last refuge of the great traveler. The majestic monument on the hill, towering above the hitherto mysterious Issyk-Kul, has also become legendary. It is a rock built from large blocks of local Tien Shan granite. At its top is a bronze eagle holding an olive branch in its beak. In his claws he has a bronze map of Central Asia marked with the travel routes of the scientist. On the front side of the rock there is an Orthodox cross and a large bronze medallion with a bas-relief of a traveler. Eleven steps cut in granite lead to it - the number of years Przhevalsky spent in Central Asia. The general design of the monument belongs to the artist A.A. Bilderling, a traveler's friend, cavalry general, director of the Nikolaev Cavalry School in St. Petersburg. The sculptural parts of the monument were made by I.N. Schroeder. The results of their creative collaboration were a bust of N.M. Przhevalsky in the northern capital, monuments in Sevastopol to the defenders of the city, Admirals Kornilov and Nakhimov, and General Totleben.

The fate of the great wanderer is to be buried on the way. Probably, there is a higher meaning in the fact that, like a fabulous Russian hero, Przhevalsky rests at a crossroads, as if showing the successors of his work the way to unknown lands, the veil over which he opened before humanity.

From the correspondence of N.M. Przhevalsky with Ya.P. Shishmarev

P<ост>Zaysansky

The expedition interrupted last year continues... My health is now good. If happiness serves, as in the past, then perhaps we will visit Tibet.

The composition of my expedition is very extensive: in addition to Eklon, ensign Roborovsky travels with me as a draftsman, Kalomeytsov, a nirelarator, who traveled with Severtsov around Turkestan and with Potanin to Northwestern Mongolia. With us are 5 Transbaikalian Cossacks (including the newly recovered Princhinov), three soldiers (two of them are good marksmen brought from St. Petersburg) and the translator Tarancha from Kulja.

So there are 12 of us; such an expedition is heavy, especially for crossing shallow deserts. However, there are no such areas before Hami. From Hami, if I see the need, I will send some of my companions back. Most memorable of all is Kalomeytsov, a retired non-commissioned officer, a simple and hard-working man. Eklon and Roborovsky together are not worth half of Poltsov, as he was with me in Mongolia. It is difficult, extremely difficult, to find a suitable comrade; he needs to be brought up - not otherwise. There is deep snow in the Zaisan steppe today, which slowed down our journey.

However, tomorrow we are going to Bulun-Tokhoy; from here up the river. Urunchu and under the spurs of the Southern Altai directly to Barkul, without entering Tuchen. From Barkul to Hami; from here to girab Sha-Chinsu (not Su-Chinsu), further to Tsaidam and Khinsau. The most difficult thing will be to go through the desert between Hami and Sha-Chinsu. I expect to get to Hinsau in November of this year; if this does not happen, then I will spend the winter in Tsaidam, or rather in Tan-Su.

I am now equipped very extensively: in the caravan there are 35 camels and 5 riding horses. Money was again given 20 thousand (half of them in gold) and in addition 9,300 rubles. left over from the Lobnor expedition. By the way, congratulate me on this new, high award: I have been elected an honorary member of our Academy of Sciences.

Now let's move on from the expedition to the affairs of everyday life.

I was in Talpeki for the last time in September last year. Everything is in excellent condition there; only the house must be heated in winter - otherwise it will deteriorate. You can't build a house like this even for 10,000 rubles. Azar is a very good host - you won't find a better manager. A simple man, but practically knowledgeable, like Kalomeitsov of my expedition. I don't know how true it is, but Golovkin told me that you want to sell the Talpeks. I don’t know what your motives are for this, but I will only say that there are such estates in the Smolensk province. not much: it is always worth the paid 25 thousand; especially close to the railroad. Under such conditions, the value of land increases every year.

Sorry it's messed up. There is no free time to rewrite the letter again.

If possible, send trusted representatives to Hinsau this spring.

Next year will be too late. Just choose reliable people. Better no one than a rogue or a fool. The expedition will last two years. Then I think about buying myself a small estate, settling in a village. It would be nice to be next to you. Don't sell Talpeks.

The other day I received your letter; thank you for the good memories. See you in two years, God willing. Give my deep regards to Marya Nikolaevna.

Dear Yakov Parfentievich!

A whole year has passed since I left Zaisan on the expedition. Since then, we have traveled 4,300 miles through the wildest deserts of Asia: we were in Tibet, not far from Chlossa, but we did not get into it.

I'll start in sequential order.

Having set out on March 21 last year from the post of Zaisansky, we arrived at the end of May in Hami, where, probably as a result of suggestions from Peking, we met with a very good reception from the Chinese authorities. From Hami we were given guides to the Sha-Chinsu oasis, where, on the contrary, we were received badly and were not given guides to Tibet at all. It was also forbidden to hire local residents. Then we went forward without a guide, searching for a way by siding. After spending July in the Nan Shan mountains, in early September we reached the Burkhan Buda mountains in Tsaidam, where we set off on our old (1873) path. Here, almost by force, we got ourselves a guide to Chlossu, but this guide near the Blue River deliberately led us into difficult mountains. We whipped the Mongol for this and drove him away: we ourselves went forward alone, again searching for the way by patrols. So we got to the Tan-La mountains, on the top of which, at an absolute height of 16,800 feet, they were attacked by the nomadic Tangut tribe of Egrais, who constantly rob Mongolian caravans here. Only this time, the Egrai made a mistake in the calculation. Since we met the villains with volleys from Berdanok. In one minute a quarter of the robbers were killed, a few were wounded: the rest fled into the mountains. It happened on November 7th. The next day, the Egrai, having gathered in a larger number, occupied the gorge through which our path lies. Again a volley of Berdans - and again the cowardly bastard fled anywhere.

Having cleared our path, we descended to Tan-La and moved to Khlossu: but near the village of Napchu, the Tibetans met us and announced that they could not let us go further without the permission of their government. A messenger was sent to Chlossu, but we remained to wait. After 20 days, the envoy of the Dalai Lama came and with him 7 officials, who begged us in the most humiliating way not to go to the capital of the Dalai Lama. There at that time there was a great commotion: old and young shouted that the Russians were coming to steal the Dalai Lama and destroy the Buddhist faith. With such a mood of the whole people it was impossible to go forward - and I was forced to return. Moreover, from a scientific point of view, a visit to Chlossa alone would not bring much booty. Our return journey through northern Tibet for 800 versts, in January and December, was very difficult. Nevertheless, we all remained healthy, but out of 34 camels taken to Tibet, 21 died. My health, both then and now, is excellent. In Tibet we hunted: we killed only 120 animals. We have an excellent collection. Yesterday I came to Xining to see the local alibon and tell him that I intend to devote this spring and summer to the exploration of the upper course of the Miltai River. Alibon at first said that he did not want to let me go there, but then he agreed with the condition that I should not cross to the right side of the Miltai River. I promised, but still I will go to the source of the Huang He, and then I will go to the East or Southeast, depending on the time and circumstances.

I will probably visit you in October. Please, please, so that during our journey from Alashani to Urga we are given guides in Khalkha.

Give my heartfelt regards to Marya Nikolaevna. God willing, see you soon. Perhaps you will go this winter to Russia - then the path will be together.

It's been a whole year now that I don't know anything about what's going on in the world.

Sincerely devoted to you N. Przhevalsky

If there are letters to me, keep them until my arrival in Urga.

My companion, Roborovsky, painted 150 pictures, Eklon bows to you.

With. Sloboda

My address: in Porechie

Smolensk lips. to the village of Sloboda

Dear Yakov Parfentievich!

For a long time, even a very long time, I did not write to you; - in St. Petersburg there is real turmoil, and in the village the daily writing about the IV journey is endlessly boring. In November, the manuscript of this book will be ready, and in February or March the book itself will be published.

Since the beginning of March I have been living in my settlement. Works on writing an abyss. In my spare time I hunt and fish. Regarding both, I have freedom. The garden in Sloboda is being improved every year. Built a new house here. In addition, he destroyed the winery to make it quieter. In fact, there is no better place for me than Sloboda. One thing is bad - the people, as elsewhere in Russia, are terrible - drunkards, thieves, lazybones. From year to year it gets worse and worse, also because now a younger generation is growing up, not born in the era of “general Russian stupefaction”.

I am still happy that I have an excellent manager, it is a pity that I hardly interfere in the field economy. Makarievna runs the household, she has become very old by the ears; though still quite healthy.

My associates are sitting at the science: Roborovsky at the Academy of the General Staff, Kozlov at the cadet school. The latter, however, has already finished his course the other day and will be an officer by Christmas. Whether I will get back to Tibet or not, I don't know yet.

As for your case, I telegraphed you in the winter. There is absolutely no possibility of getting into St. Petersburg, where there are dozens of candidates even for cheap places. I recently received a tearful letter from Kyakhta from one of my companions, police officer Chebiev. His position is now unenviable. Asks for postal service from Kyakhta to<нрзб.>or Beijing. Can't you sort this out somehow. Chebiev is a smart, efficient man, he knows the Mongols. You would oblige me a lot with the definition of Chebiev in the mail. Or is it possible to take him as a senior in the escort of the consulate in Urga?

Be healthy.

Sincerely devoted to you N. Przhevalsky.

Chebiev now lives in Troitskosavik.

Publication by A.A. Kolesnikov



Przhevalsky, Nikolai Mikhailovich

N.M. Przhevalsky (1839-1888)

- Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia; honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1878), major general (1886). He led an expedition to the Ussuri region (1867-1869) and four expeditions to Central Asia (1870-1885). For the first time he described the nature of many regions of Central Asia; discovered a number of ridges, basins and lakes in and on. Gathered valuable collections of plants and animals; first described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), a pika-eating bear or a Tibetan bear, etc.

Przhevalsky was born in the village of Kimbory, Smolensk province, on April 12 (March 31 according to the old style), 1839. His father, a retired lieutenant, died early. The boy grew up under the supervision of his mother in the Otradnoye estate. In 1855, Przhevalsky graduated from the Smolensk gymnasium and decided in Moscow as a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan Infantry Regiment; and having received an officer's rank, he moved to the Polotsk regiment. Przhevalsky, evading revelry, spent all his time hunting, collecting a herbarium, and took up ornithology.

After five years of service, Przhevalsky enters the Academy of the General Staff. In addition to the main subjects, he studies the works of geographers Ritter, Humboldt, Richthofen and, of course, Semenov. In the same place, he prepared a term paper "Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory", on the basis of which in 1864 he was elected a full member of the Geographical Society.

While serving as a teacher of history and geography at the Warsaw Junker School, Przhevalsky diligently studied the epic of African travels and discoveries, got acquainted with zoology and botany, and compiled a geography textbook.

Travel route in the Ussuri region

Soon he achieved a transfer to Eastern Siberia. In 1867, with the help of Semenov, Przhevalsky received a two-year service business trip to the Ussuri region, and the Siberian Department of the Geographical Society ordered him to study the flora and fauna of the region.

Along the Ussuri, he reached the village of Busse, then to Lake Khanka, which is a station for migratory birds. Here he made ornithological observations. In winter, he explored the South Ussuri region, covering 1060 versts in three months. In the spring of 1868, he again went to Khanka Lake, then pacified the Chinese robbers in Manchuria, for which he was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the troops of the Amur Region. The results of his first trip were the essays "On the foreign population in the southern part of the Amur Region" and "Travel in the Ussuri Territory". About 300 species of plants were collected, more than 300 stuffed birds were made, and many plants and birds were discovered in Ussuri for the first time.

First trip to Central Asia. In 1870, the Russian Geographical Society organized an expedition to Central Asia. Przhevalsky was appointed its head. Together with him, Lieutenant Mikhail Alexandrovich Pyltsov participated in the expedition. Their path lay through Moscow and Irkutsk to Kyakhta, where they arrived in early November 1870, and further to Beijing, where Przhevalsky received travel permission from the Chinese government.

On February 25, 1871, Przhevalsky moved from Beijing north to Dalai-Nur Lake, then, after resting in Kalgan, he explored the Suma-Khodi and Yin-Shan ridges, as well as the course of the Yellow River (Huang He), showing that it does not have a branching, as thought before on the basis of Chinese sources; having passed through the Alashan desert and the Alashan mountains, he returned to Kalgan, having made 3,500 versts in 10 months.

Route of the First Journey in Central Asia

On March 5, 1872, the expedition again set out from Kalgan and moved through the Alashan desert to the ridges and further to Lake Kukunor. Then Przhevalsky crossed the Tsaidam basin, overcame the ridges and reached the upper reaches of the Blue River (Yangtze).

In the summer of 1873, Przhevalsky, having replenished his equipment, went to Urga (Ulan Bator), through the Middle Gobi, and from Urga in September 1873 he returned to Kyakhta. Przhevalsky traveled more than 11,800 kilometers through the deserts and mountains of Mongolia and China and mapped (on a scale of 10 versts in 1 inch) about 5,700 kilometers.

The scientific results of this expedition amazed contemporaries. Przhevalsky was the first European to penetrate into the deep region of the North, to the upper reaches of the Huang He and Yangtze (Ulan Muren). And he determined that Bayan-Khara-Ula is the watershed between these river systems. Przhevalsky gave detailed descriptions of the deserts of the Gobi, Ordos and Alashani, the highlands of northern Tibet and the Tsaidam basin discovered by him, for the first time mapped more than 20 ridges, seven large and a number of small lakes on the map of Central Asia. Przhevalsky's map was not accurate, because due to very difficult travel conditions, he could not make astronomical determinations of longitudes. This significant defect was later corrected by himself and other Russian travelers. He collected collections of plants, insects, reptiles, fish, and mammals. At the same time, new species were discovered that received his name: Przewalski's foot-and-mouth disease, Przewalski's splittail, Przewalski's rhododendron... The two-volume work "Mongolia and the Tangut Country" brought the author world fame and was translated into a number of European languages.

Route of the Second Journey in Central Asia

The Russian Geographical Society awarded Przhevalsky the Big Gold Medal and the "highest" awards - the rank of lieutenant colonel, a lifetime pension of 600 rubles annually. He received the Gold Medal of the Paris Geographical Society. His name was put next to Semyonov Tyan-Shansky, Krusenstern and Bellingshausen, Livingston and Stanley ...

Second trip to Central Asia. In January 1876, Przhevalsky submitted a plan for a new expedition to the Russian Geographical Society. He intended to explore the East, to reach Lhasa, to explore the mysterious Lop Nor Lake. In addition, Przhevalsky hoped to find and describe the wild camel that lived there, according to Marco Polo.

On August 12, 1876, the expedition set out from Kulja. Having overcome the ridges and the Tarim Basin, Przhevalsky reached in February 1877 a huge reed swamp-Lake Lobnor. According to his description, the lake was 100 kilometers long and 20 to 22 kilometers wide.

On the banks of the mysterious Lop Nor, in the "country of Lop", Przhevalsky was second ... after Marco Polo! The lake became, however, the subject of a dispute between Przhevalsky and Richthofen. Judging by the Chinese maps of the early 18th century, Lobnor was not at all where Przhevalsky discovered it. In addition, contrary to popular belief, the lake turned out to be fresh, not salty. Richthofen believed that the Russian expedition discovered some other lake, and the true Lop Nor lies to the north.

Akato peak (6048) in the Altyntag ridge. Photo by E.Potapov

Only half a century later, the riddle of Lopnor was finally solved. Lob in Tibetan means "muddy", nor - in Mongolian "lake". It turned out that this swamp-lake changes its location from time to time. On Chinese maps, it was depicted in the northern part of the desert drainless depression Lob. But then the Tarim and Konchedarya rivers rushed south. The ancient Lobnor gradually disappeared, leaving only salt marshes and saucers of small lakes in its place. And in the south of the depression, a new lake was formed, which was discovered and described by Przhevalsky.

In early July 1877, the expedition returned to Ghulja. Przhevalsky was pleased: he studied Lobnor, discovered the Altyntag ridge to the south of the lake, described a wild camel, even got its skins, collected collections of flora and fauna.

Here, in Ghulja, letters and a telegram were waiting for him, in which he was instructed to continue the expedition without fail.

During the travel of 1876-1877, Przhevalsky traveled a little more than four thousand kilometers in Central Asia - he was prevented by the war in Western China, the aggravation of relations between China and Russia and his illness: unbearable itching all over his body. Nevertheless, this journey was marked by two major geographical discoveries - the lower reaches of the Tarim with a group of lakes and the Altyntag ridge. Illness forced him to return for a while to Russia, where he published his work "From Kulja beyond the Tien Shan and to Lob-Nor".

Route of the Third Journey in Central Asia

Third trip to Central Asia. Having rested, Przhevalsky in March 1879, with a detachment of 13 people, began the journey, which he called the "First Tibetan". From Zaisan, he headed southeast, past Ulungur Lake and along the Urungu River to its upper reaches. In the area of ​​​​Lake Barkul and the village of Khami, Przhevalsky crossed the easternmost part. Then he proceeded through the Gobi desert and reached the ranges and the Tsaidam basin.

On this journey, Przhevalsky sought to cross and reach Lhasa. But the Tibetan government did not want to let Przhevalsky into Lhasa, and the local population was so excited that Przhevalsky, having crossed the Tan-La pass and being 250 versts from Lhasa, was forced to retreat and through the Gobi Desert in the autumn of 1880 he returned to Urga ( Ulaanbaatar).

During this journey, he traveled about eight thousand kilometers and surveyed more than four thousand kilometers through the regions of Central Asia. For the first time he explored the upper course of the Yellow River (Huang He) for more than 250 kilometers; discovered the Semenov and Ugutu-Ula ridges. He described two new animal species - the Przewalski's horse and the pika-eating bear or the Tibetan bear. His assistant collected a huge botanical collection: about 12 thousand plant specimens - 1500 species. Przhevalsky outlined his observations and research results in the book "From Zaisan through Hami to Tibet and to the upper reaches of the Yellow River". The result of his three expeditions were fundamentally new maps of Central Asia.

Soon he submits to the Russian Geographical Society a project on the study of the origins of the Huang He.

Fourth trip to Central Asia. In 1883, Przhevalsky undertook the fourth trip, at the head of a detachment of 21 people. This time he is accompanied by, for whom this expedition will be the first trip to Central Asia.

From Kyakhta, Przhevalsky moved through Urga on his way back from the third expedition - he crossed the Gobi Desert and reached. To the south of it, he entered the easternmost part, where he explored the sources of the Yellow River (Huang He) and the watershed between the Yellow River and the Blue (Yangtze), and from there he passed through the Tsaidam basin to the Altyntag ridge. Then he went along to the Khotan oasis, turned to the north, crossed the Takla-Makan desert and through returned to Karakol. The journey ended only in 1886.

In three years, a huge path has been covered - 7815 kilometers, almost completely without roads. On the northern border of Tibet, a whole mountainous country with majestic ranges was discovered - nothing was known about them in Europe. The sources of the Huang He have been explored, large lakes have been discovered and described - Russian and Expeditions. New species of birds, mammals and reptiles, as well as fish appeared in the collection, and new species of plants appeared in the herbarium. In 1888, the last work of Przhevalsky "From Kyakhta to the sources of the Yellow River" was published.

Route of the Fourth Journey in Central Asia

The Academy of Sciences and scientific societies around the world welcomed Przewalski's discoveries. The Zagadochny Ridge discovered by him is called the Przhevalsky Ridge. His greatest merits are the geographical and natural-historical study of the mountain system, the Northern ranges, the Lop Nor and Kukunor basins and the sources of the Yellow River. In addition, he discovered a number of new forms of animals: a wild camel, a Przewalski's horse, a Tibetan bear or a pika-eating bear, a number of new species of other mammals, as well as huge zoological and botanical collections containing many new forms described later by specialists. Being a well-educated naturalist, Przhevalsky was at the same time a born wanderer who preferred a lonely steppe life to all the benefits of civilization. Thanks to his persistent, resolute nature, he overcame the opposition of the Chinese government and the resistance of local residents, sometimes reaching an open attack.

Having finished processing the fourth trip, Przhevalsky was preparing for the fifth. In 1888, he moved through Samarkand to the Russian-Chinese border, where, while hunting in the valley of the Kara-Balta River, after drinking river water, he contracted typhoid fever. Even on the way to Karakol, Przhevalsky felt unwell, and upon arrival in Karakol, he fell completely ill. A few days later, on November 1 (October 20 according to the old style), 1888, he died - according to the official version, from typhoid fever. Buried on the shore of the lake.

A monument was erected on the grave of Przhevalsky according to the drawing by A. A. Bilderling. A modest inscription is inscribed on the monument: "Traveler N. M. Przhevalsky." So he promised.

Another monument, also designed by Bilderling, was erected by the Geographical Society in the Alexander Garden in St. Petersburg.

In 1889 Karakol was renamed Przhevalsk. In Soviet times, a museum dedicated to the life of Przhevalsky was organized near the grave.

Przhevalsky only in very rare cases used his right to discover, almost everywhere retaining local names. As an exception, "Russian Lake", "Expedition Lake", "Mount Monomakh's Hat", "Russian Ridge", "Tsar Liberator Mountain" appeared on the map.

Literature

1. N.M. Przhevalsky. Travels. M., Detgiz, 1958

Tourist Encyclopedia. 2014 .

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Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888), geographer, traveler, explorer of Asia.

Born April 12, 1839 in the village of Kimborovo, Smolensk province. The son of a small landowner, an officer; was brought up by his uncle - P. A. Karetnikov, a passionate hunter.

In 1863 he graduated from the Academy of the General Staff. At the same time, he published his first essays: “Memoirs of a Hunter” and “Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory”. Upon completion of education, he was sent to serve in the Siberian Military District.

Przhevalsky's geographical research began here, actively supported by P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky and other scientists.

Along the Ussuri, Przhevalsky reached the village of Busse, then to Lake Khanka. In the winter of 1867, he explored the South Ussuri Territory, having overcome 1060 miles in three months. In the spring of 1868, he again went to Khanka Lake and, having pacified the Chinese robbers in Manchuria, he was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the troops of the Amur Territory.

Returning from the expedition, Przhevalsky wrote the works “On the foreign population in the southern part of the Amur Region” and “Journey to the Ussuri Territory”.

In 1871, he undertook the first to Central Asia along the route Beijing - Lake Dalai-Nor - Kalgan. The result was the essay "Mongolia and the country of the Tunguts."

In 1876, the geographer set off on a new journey - from the village of Kuldzhi to the Ili River, through the Tien Shan and the Tarim River to Lob-Nor Lake, to the south of which he discovered the Altyn-Tag Range.

In 1879, Przhevalsky with a detachment of 13 people set out from the city of Zaisansk on the third trip along the Urungu River, through the oases of Khali and Sa-Cheu, the Nan-shan ranges to Tibet. However, due to obstacles posed by the local population, he was forced to return, not having reached only 250 miles to the capital of Tibet - Lhasa.

The beginning of the fourth journey dates back to 1883: at the head of a detachment of 21 people - from the city of Kyakhta through Urga, in the old way, to the Tibetan Highlands - Przhevalsky explored the sources of the Yellow River and the watershed between the Yellow and Blue, and from there - through Tsaidam to Lob-Nor and to Karakol (now Przhevalsk). The journey took three years.

Having finished processing the data collected during this trip, Przhevalsky set about preparing for the fifth trip and in 1888 went through Samarkand to the Russian-Chinese border, where he caught a cold during a hunt and died. It happened on November 1, 1888 in Karakol. Przhevalsky's works have been translated into many foreign languages.