Do-it-yourself electrical wiring in the apartment diagram. Instructions for arranging wiring from a panel in an apartment with your own hands

A modern apartment contains a large number of various electronics and household appliances. At the same time, the power consumption of individual electrical equipment varies significantly. The condition of the electrical network is unsatisfactory not only in houses of old construction, but also in more modern ones, since it does not have time to fully cope with the influx of new electrical appliances. You should always have a power supply diagram at hand in each room of the apartment, and with the new purchase of household appliances, you should evaluate the change in load. The installation is combined with repairs, since construction work is required here.

Laying electrical wiring in an apartment during renovation

Rules

High-quality electrical wiring can be done if you adhere to the following rules:

1. It is necessary to create a new power supply project for a house or apartment. There should be a wiring diagram and a list of necessary materials. The locations for the input of the supply wire from the network, the installation of the panel, sockets, switches, lamps, and electrical appliances are determined. After this, it will be possible to make load calculations and select conductor cross-sections.
2. Wiring is predominantly carried out with a cable with copper cores. The cheapest is VVG, with a non-flammable shell VVNng, with reduced gas and smoke emissions - VVGng-LS. The following are used indoors: VVGng(LS)-3x6 (3 cores with a cross-section of 6 mm2) - for wiring in cable ducts; VVGng-3x2.5 – hidden wiring for sockets; VVGng-3x1.5 – wiring to switches and lamps; PVS-3x2.5 – flexible wire for connecting electrical appliances. Each product has its own standards that reflect technical characteristics.

Types of cables for electrical wiring in an apartment

1. Automatic switches: 25 A – for powerful electrical appliances, 20 A – for sockets, 16 A – lighting switching.
2. Separate lines should be laid to the following equipment: stationary powerful consumers (stove, washing machine and dishwasher, titanium), lines for sockets, lines for lighting.
3. The main electrical panel is installed near the network cable input, in an accessible and convenient place for maintenance.
4. Switches are located at a height of 0.8 to 1.5 m near the doors, which should not overlap or touch them. from 0.3 to 1 m, for reasons of ease of connection, in accordance with the interior and safety requirements. The norm is one socket per 6 m2. Their number in a room depends on its type (the maximum number in the kitchen is 5 or more). Electrical fittings are placed taking into account the future location of furniture and electrical appliances.
5. Sockets are located at a distance of at least 50 cm from metal products: pipes, radiators, sinks.
6. Installing an outlet in a bathroom is permitted, but under certain conditions. Connection is possible only through a separate RCD with a response current of no more than 30 mA or an isolation transformer (possible together). It is recommended to make it hidden, with a connection through a grounding contact and without a distribution box. In addition, all conductive elements of the bathroom are grounded, and the socket is installed at a distance of at least 60 cm from them and at a height of at least 130 cm.
7. Wiring is laid strictly in vertical or horizontal boxes or closed channels. In the screed along the attic and interfloor ceilings, cables can be laid over the shortest distances.
8. The wiring should fit snugly against the base of the groove to make it easier to plaster. A single wire is attached after 0.9 m, and a bundle of wires - after 0.5 m. The distance of horizontal cable routes from the ceiling and floor is 15-20 cm. The distance from openings and corners should be at least 10 cm.
9. Crossing wires should be avoided. If this cannot be done, a distance of at least 3 mm is maintained between them.
10. It is recommended to lay hidden wiring in pipes or so that it can be replaced if necessary.
11. Branching is done through distribution boxes. The ends of the wires are connected using the following methods: soldering, crimping, through lugs or terminals. The reliability of the insulation of connections should be no worse than that of entire cable cores.

The connection of copper and aluminum wires is made through a special terminal block.

1. During wiring work, the electricity in the room is turned off.

Preparation of materials

The required number of cables, wires, pipes and cable ducts, switches, sockets, distribution and mounting boxes, and fastening elements are selected. The main tools you will need are a hammer drill and bits for cutting sockets for fittings, a screwdriver and a set of tools for installation.

Electrical wiring methods

There are only two ways to install electrical wiring in a room: open and closed. When choosing them, you need to know the features of each, as well as the advantages and disadvantages.

When the installation of hidden wiring is completed, there is no access to it. It can be under a layer of plaster or any other wall and ceiling finishing materials, most often under plasterboard sheets. Its main advantage is that it is invisible and does not spoil the interior. The disadvantage is the inability to access, as well as the complexity of preparation and installation.

Open wiring can be laid on the surface of the wall and ceiling. There is always access to it. Usually it is in plastic boxes that do not support combustion. The advantages here are the following: the ability to carry out repairs and replacements; there is no need to chisel the walls and then seal them. The picture below shows exposed electrical wiring in a wooden house, where the cables are laid in pipes coming out of the distribution panel.

Open electrical wiring in a wooden house

The inconvenience of repairing hidden wiring can be neglected if it is correctly selected and installed, after which it can serve for decades. In addition, there are niches in the concrete walls for laying it, through which it can be done if they are not clogged with debris.

Hidden

The installation method is dirty and labor-intensive due to the need to cut grooves in the walls and ceiling, as well as dismantle the floor covering. Therefore, it is combined with a major overhaul. If you have to use old channels, they also need to be freed from plaster.

For any installation method, a wiring diagram is drawn up.

Open wiring is done when there is no other option. Its laying is done in cable channels or attached to the walls or ceiling with clips. In most cases, the wiring looks unaesthetic.

Skirting boards with a built-in cable channel are popular. The wires can be hidden without harming the interior, but their number is limited due to the small size of the baseboard. Now baseboards have begun to appear that allow you to accommodate more wires and cables.

When manufactured well, retro wiring looks impressive in the form of twisted bundles attached to insulators. The method can be used in any room, including wood.

Installation instructions

The sequence of cable routing throughout the apartment is as follows:

• drawing up a diagram, calculating the sections of cores depending on the power of the loads and the amount of materials, choosing protective devices;
• marking walls and recesses for distribution boxes, sockets and switches;
• installation of an electrical panel, laying cables from the panel to the loads;
• installation of electrical fittings, installation of electrical devices in the panel.

Drawing up a diagram

The diagram is drawn on the apartment plan, where the placement of wiring and electrical equipment is noted.

Electrical wiring diagram in a two-room apartment

The diagram is required for the following reasons:

• wiring changes or improves during any repair if it is done efficiently;
• if you don’t do everything according to the plan, it’s difficult to change anything in the future;
• effective renovation involves changing the interior, where electricity plays an important role.

The main indicator of correct electrical wiring is the absence of carriers and power adapters on the floor.

The correct placement of sockets and switches in the room depends on the arrangement of furniture. Access to them must be ensured and efforts should be made to place them at different ends of the room. The exception is the kitchen, where up to four sockets are located near the desktop, and the office, where connecting electronic equipment in one place is required. A double socket is needed near the TV so that you can connect various set-top boxes.

The diagram shown in the kitchen shows only 2 sockets. Here you need at least five of them. The figure below shows a block of sockets with switches for a kitchen workbench.

Socket block in the kitchen

The more carefully the work is done to improve the wiring diagram, the fewer problems there will be in the future.

Already mentioned earlier. The examples given refer to a typical apartment. Therefore, it would not hurt to have more accurate cores and wires for their actual operating conditions. You just need to leave a power reserve in case you purchase new electrical appliances in the future.

Preparing the site

The depth and width of the channel for the cables must be sufficient so that the wiring is placed under them and is also covered with a layer of plaster at least 10 mm thick.

For sockets, switches and distribution boxes, you need to make recesses up to 50 mm in selected places using a hammer drill and a crown.

It is prohibited to make horizontal grooves in load-bearing walls, as this reduces their strength.

It is advisable to use the following spaces in house structures for cables:

1. Longitudinal voids in interfloor slabs. It is especially convenient to use free space for lighting.
2. Laying wiring in the floor screed or under the floor covering. Here you need a corrugated sleeve for each cable or wire.
3. On walls made of combustible material, the wiring can be laid in corrugations, but it is better to do this in grounded steel pipes under sheathing made of plasterboard sheets (GKL), plywood, SML or GVL.
4. For complex cable routing under ceilings, the possibilities of a suspended ceiling (stretch, gypsum plasterboard or combined) are often used. It reliably hides all highways.
5. The free space between the boards of a wooden ceiling or floor. There is usually insulation there, but there is enough space for wiring in the pipe.
6. Free spaces of hollow partitions and structures. They are sheets of sheathing attached to a metal or wooden frame. The wiring is fixed on the sheathing.

Cable routing

The wiring is secured in hollowed-out grooves with plastic clips. The fittings are inserted into the recesses and secured with alabaster mortar. If there is an external laying, cable channels are installed for it. The ends of the wires are connected according to the diagram.

The distribution panel must provide power distribution throughout the apartment, protect it from short circuits and overloads, and protect people from electric shock. The figure below shows an apartment panel with a meter on top and circuit breakers on the bottom.

Switchboard in the apartment

It is better to choose a built-in shield design and place it in a convenient niche with a suitable size. Its dimensions must first be estimated based on the amount of equipment it can accommodate, leaving a reserve for the next connections.

The external cable is connected by electrical service specialists, and the electricity meter is connected by representatives of the energy supply company.

Socket boxes and distribution boxes are installed on the solution in prepared recesses and holes. Then the ends of the cable cores are taken out of them and connected to sockets, which are then put into place and secured using spacer tabs or threaded connections.

Installation of sockets in a socket box

Lighting in each room is distributed evenly. It is especially important to do this when using spotlights. They are used for suspended ceilings, behind which you can hide all the wiring.

The chandelier in the room is hung in the middle. Now it requires a ground wire.

Wiring installation. Video

This video talks about the specifics of an electrician’s work when it comes to laying apartment wiring.

Any repair will be of poor quality if it does not include work to improve the electrical wiring. You can do the work yourself if you follow all the rules for installing electrical wiring - from drawing up a diagram to the final connection.

An obligatory part of renovation work in an apartment is the replacement or installation of electrical cables, junction boxes, and electrical panels. A well-chosen electrical wiring diagram will protect your home from accidents and unforeseen situations.

We will tell you what you need to consider when replacing or installing electrical wiring yourself. Here you will learn how to draw up a diagram and distribute electrical points in one-room, two- and three-room apartments. Taking into account our recommendations, you can provide yourself with a trouble-free energy network.

Modern household technologies made a significant breakthrough at the end of the 20th century. In addition to televisions, homes now have computers, security and video surveillance systems, powerful household appliances, and wireless communications. In this regard, wiring electrical cables has become much more complicated, although the principles of the device have not changed.

Difficulties begin from the very first stage - design. In order to correctly draw up a wiring diagram in an apartment, you need to know in advance the approximate power of household electrical appliances and their locations. At the same time, you need to think about the lighting system in all rooms.

If you do not take into account the laying of a computer cable and the installation of a router for your home network, you will end up with wires hanging on the wall or stretched along the floor. At best, they can be hidden in a plinth or sewn into a box

In addition to a large number of new devices, one more difference has appeared: along with the power network, there is always a low-current system, which traditionally includes telephone and television wires, as well as computer, security, acoustic equipment and an intercom.

These two systems (power and low-current) cannot be separated, since all devices are powered from 220 V power sources.

Wiring diagram of a low-current system in an apartment. Includes three networks: computer, telephone and television. Each network has its own types of cable and equipment

The number of devices and cables used simultaneously has changed. If previously it was enough to install one chandelier in the hall, now many people use a lighting system that includes, in addition to the chandelier, spotlights and lighting.

In addition to the increase in the number of equipment, it is necessary to add an increase in power - for this reason, the old cables are no longer suitable, and the size of the electrical distribution board has increased noticeably.

Why do you need a wiring diagram?

It turns out that installing modern electrical wiring in an apartment is a real art, which only a professional electrician can handle.

If you do not want to constantly change the decoration of the walls in order to mask cables that appear here and there, we recommend that before renovating an apartment or building a house, draw up a drawing indicating all significant objects related to electricity: sockets, switches, electrical panels, lighting fixtures.

A sample diagram that a homeowner can sketch. Attention has been paid to marking the locations of all electrical points, from the electrical panel to the sockets

Based on the requirements or wishes of the home owner, the electrician draws up a schematic diagram of the electrical wiring in the apartment. His task is to divide the cables into groups in order to properly distribute the load, think through the control and protection system, and ultimately do everything to guarantee safety and comfort.

What must be taken into account when drawing up a diagram, drawing, work plan necessary for competent?

Let's consider the electrical network from the point of view of its component parts:

• Automatic protection devices installed in the electrical panel. The functioning of all home equipment and the safety of users depend on their quality and proper installation.
• Cables, wires with the correct cross-section and good insulation.
• Sockets and switches with high-quality contacts, safe housings.

In private houses, a mandatory element is an input circuit breaker and a power cable from it to the switchboard. They help regulate power consumption and, if necessary, turn off all electricity at home.

Approximate wiring diagram in a private house. The main attention should be paid to the distribution of power across circuit breakers and the protection of each dedicated line

The electricity meter is usually installed at the entrance, after the input circuit breaker.

Dividing electrical wiring into groups (lines)

It is much easier to manage and control an electrical network if it is divided into several lines. In the event of a malfunction or emergency, you can turn off one group, while the rest will function as usual.

Option for dividing into 4 groups:

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Stationary household appliances

Large household appliances are usually located in the kitchen or bathroom area.

Layout of sockets in the kitchen. Rules: it is prohibited to place sockets directly behind the dishwasher and washing machine; it is better to use waterproof models (+)

A separate connection for the kitchen area is necessary for repairs. If one of the devices breaks down, a replacement will be required. In order not to turn off the electricity in the entire apartment, it is enough to turn off one protection device responsible for stationary equipment.

Unfortunately, even expensive household appliances break down from time to time. Repairs sometimes take several hours. A separate electrical group will allow you to maintain a comfortable stay in the kitchen and other rooms

What prevents you from simply disconnecting a broken device from the network by pulling the plug from the socket? The fact is that built-in equipment has connection points to the electrical network in hard-to-reach places.

In addition, the malfunction may occur not in the device itself, but in the wiring disguised in the wall. In this case, it is much easier to move the circuit breaker lever.

Dedicated line for the kitchen

The kitchen line is traditionally the busiest. Approximately 5-6 units are constantly connected to the network, even when not in use. This applies to the refrigerator, oven, hob, dishwasher, hood, microwave, toaster. Many people use a kitchen electric grill, meat grinder, bread maker, multicooker, etc.

Electrical wiring diagram for the kitchen, divided into 4 groups. For powerful household equipment, separate circuit breakers are installed in the distribution board

In this case, a separate powerful electrical cable will simply make it possible to use several devices simultaneously.

If lighting devices or a water heater are also “hanging” on the common wiring, then when the next device is turned on, the network simply cannot withstand it and an automatic shutdown will occur.

A detailed analysis of the diagrams and layout options is given in the article, which we recommend that you read.

One or more lighting groups?

Considering the number of lighting fixtures in each room, you can make one or several lines. If there is one six-arm chandelier in the hall, and in the bedroom there is low-power overhead lighting and two chandeliers, then all the devices can be combined into one line.

However, if the living room resembles a disco hall - with chandeliers, spotlights, ceiling and wall lighting - then a separate group should be organized only for it.

Wiring diagram for 220 V spotlights or halogen lamps for one room, for example, a kitchen, children's room or hallway

If, in addition to lamps, the network of one room includes transformers or power supplies, then it is also recommended to connect it to a separate protection device.

Rooms with high humidity

Increased requirements apply to electrical appliances and cables in the bathroom, since the close proximity of water is a risk. In order for the electrical network to be safe and functional, a number of rules must be taken into account when drawing up the diagram and installing the wiring:

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The requirements also apply to the choice of fittings that will be used regularly - sockets and switches. Suppose the degree of protection of sockets should be at least IP 44, and it is even better to purchase special devices with a splash-proof cover.

A three-core copper wire is quite suitable for installing sockets in a bathroom, but you should pay attention to the cross-section: for connecting ordinary appliances it must be at least 2.5 mm², for powerful electrical equipment - 4 mm². Domestic version - VVGng

If in an old home there is no grounding provided in the apartment panel, then not only in the bathroom, but in the entire apartment the electrical wiring will have to be replaced with a three-wire one.

When choosing a cable cross-section, it is necessary to take into account not only the wiring material (copper or aluminum), but also the installation method (open or closed), since closed wiring has less thermal conductivity, therefore, the current is also less (+)

According to the rules, if intra-apartment networks are divided into groups, then each individual line must be equipped with a 25 A circuit breaker. Therefore, when dividing into groups, we take into account the total rated current (no more than 25 A).

There are exceptions: for example, for lighting networks, a 16 A protection device is sufficient, but provided that the group includes no more than 20 sockets and lamps at the same time.

Which connection scheme is better?

For a one-room apartment, two options are possible: food from one group and food from several groups. The first option is practically not applicable in modern conditions, if only because to use even one powerful household appliance (for example, a washing machine) a separate line with a protection device is required.

Such schemes can exist in apartments in the old residential sector, which have not been renovated for many years, or in a country house where there is no powerful electrical equipment. It turns out that even to install electrics in a one-room apartment, it is necessary to divide into groups.

An approximate diagram of connecting electrical points by groups. There are as many as three groups allocated for the kitchen, serving the electric stove, small household appliances and the lighting network

This scheme is practically applicable to any type of housing, but there will be more connection points, and therefore more lines, in 2- and 3-room apartments.

Option #2: 2-, 3-room apartment

In principle, electrical wiring does not depend on the number of rooms, but there are a number of features that need to be taken into account:

• It is better to divide the outlet network into several groups - according to the number of rooms;
• the lighting system also needs to be divided into rooms;
• for the kitchen, at least three lines should be allocated - for lighting devices, powerful equipment and small household appliances;
• if the bathroom is separate, it is better to also use division into 2 groups.

Considering that a large area of ​​apartments is typical for luxury housing, security equipment is included in the wiring diagrams.

An approximate diagram of the installation of protective equipment for an apartment with two rooms. It is assumed that in addition to sockets and lighting groups, the apartment is equipped with a video surveillance system and a security alarm.

If specialists are involved in drawing up the diagram and installation, then at the end of the work you should also have a diagram - in case of repairs or an unforeseen situation.

Installation diagram of sockets and lighting fixtures in a three-room apartment. When drawing up an electrical wiring diagram for multi-room apartments, it is better to use several drawings, since it is difficult to indicate all groups, including low-current ones, in one

According to the developed scheme for laying power lines and installing electrical points, you can safely carry out installation. It is advisable to avoid changes to the planned wiring during work. However, if the need arises, adjustments to the scheme must be made taking into account the above rules.

When compiling, be sure to indicate the input electrical equipment and cable parameters from the input group.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

It is possible to install an electrical network in an apartment, protecting all devices and correctly distributing the load, under one condition - if you are a qualified electrician.

You cannot work with the switchboard without special permission. Therefore, you can change the socket or connect the hood yourself, but it is better to delegate more serious work to specialists.

As a rule, electrical wiring in an apartment is done with your own hands during renovations and replacement of existing electrical equipment. Wiring can be installed by a person who has an understanding of the methods and types of electrical work, skills in working with materials and tools, and also understands electrical networks.

Design

The basic requirements for electrical wiring are presented in SNiP and PUE (electrical installation rules). Compliance with these standards is very important in apartments to ensure their fire safety.

So, before you install the wiring in the apartment with your own hands, you need to familiarize yourself with how it works. As a rule, the wiring diagram is standard, there is nothing complicated in it.

Essential elements

The most important element in an apartment wiring diagram is considered to be the indoor panel. It is to it that the electrical cable is directed from the main power switchboard, located on the landing, passing through the fuse along the way.

It is equipped with an electric meter, residual current devices and several circuit breakers. All these elements are assembled into a single unit and secured by means of a mounting rail and an auxiliary rail (one or more).

The number of internal power lines will depend on the number of rooms in the apartment. This is also affected by the power required to operate some devices. They may require an additional dedicated line. In most cases, there are two wires: “zero” and “phase”, in some cases a third is added - “grounding”.

Calculation

Do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment can be done after certain calculations. They are produced in two main ways:

1. According to the formula: P: U = I, where the current is directly proportional to the power and inversely proportional to the network voltage.
2. This option is much simpler than the previous one. It is necessary to separately add up the electricity consumed by devices located on the same line. An additional 10% should be added to the resulting number.

Search channels

In a panel house, as a rule, the electrical wiring is hidden, namely hidden in a groove or behind drywall. Therefore, do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment should begin with a search for channels. First, let's find out what a channel in the walls is intended for hidden wiring. In most cases, this is a tube made of polymer material, having a depth of approximately 30-50 mm, equipped with corrugation in places for outlet and rounding.

Location of sockets

In old Soviet apartments, electrical sockets were usually placed wherever needed. Sometimes at arm's length, and for others at a level of 1 meter from the floor surface.

Today, the correct location is considered to be 400 mm from the floor level. At first this may seem strange, but there is a logic to it: such sockets behind furniture are almost invisible, when connected they are closer to the target, you won’t accidentally touch them, and most importantly, such wiring in an apartment, made with your own hands, consumes much less cable. Perhaps the only caveat is that when connecting a vacuum cleaner or iron, you have to bend over rather than jump.

If you continue this logic, you can install an electrical outlet near the baseboard. In this case, the minimum height creates a danger of water entering when flooding or washing the floors. That is why, when installing new wiring in an apartment with your own hands, according to the standard, the sockets should be located at a height of 400 mm from the floor level.

Cable Laying Options

Installing electrical wiring in an apartment yourself is not an easy task. However, in this case you will be absolutely sure that everything was done correctly. There are three main ways to lay an electrical cable:

• Under plaster.
• In a plastic box.

Any of the listed options is considered correct, so the choice is yours. It is worth remembering that it is important to have an exact understanding of where the cable runs, otherwise any hammered nail can cause the TV to turn off (in the best case scenario), or in the worst case, an electric shock.

What is the best way to do the wiring?

Hidden wiring is carried out inside walls, under decorative trim or other decorative structural elements. Do-it-yourself wiring in an apartment under drywall is considered the safest, since it is reliably protected from any mechanical damage. However, this installation option is the most labor-intensive and requires the ability to handle several tools simultaneously.

The combined installation of electrical wiring includes its installation in boxes and baseboards with a cable channel. This method simultaneously combines the advantages of closed and open gaskets - safety and aesthetic appearance.

Repair or replacement?

If you suddenly begin to smell the smell of burning plastic, notice sparks from the junction box, or the sockets become very hot during use, then it is time to find a design for the electrical wiring in your apartment and begin its immediate repair.

This phenomenon has many reasons, from standard physical wear and tear to simple obsolescence of the power supply system, due to the appearance of modern electrical appliances in your household.

The wiring of electrical wiring, the circuit of which has long outlived its usefulness, is carried out in several main stages:

• The first step is to determine the number of changes required.
• Calculate the amount of material and equipment required for installation and carry out their subsequent purchase.
• Next, the premises are prepared by dismantling the old obsolete electrical wiring.
• Laying a new cable and then testing it for normal operation.

Another reason that may serve for repairing old electrical wiring in an apartment is the lack of basic grounding. Of course, its absence is not critical, but it is necessary for the safe and proper operation of many modern electrical appliances.

Tools required for installation

If you decide that you should do the electrical wiring in your apartment yourself, then you should purchase a serviceable and reliable tool. In places where metal and body come into contact, the insulation must not be compromised. At a minimum you will need the following:

• Tester.
• Hammer.
• Wire cutters.
• Pliers.
• Screwdriver.

Installation materials

As soon as the schematic diagram of the electrical wiring is ready, the power of each individual branch has been calculated, it will be possible to begin purchasing the necessary material.

Try not to purchase too cheap products and cables with a reduced cross-section. So, in order to do the wiring in the apartment with your own hands (photo below), you will need the following:

• Sockets and switches.
• Wires with copper cross-section.
• Installation boxes in the form of plastic cups.
• Additional insulation if necessary.
• Clips if you plan to do the wiring in the apartment with your own hands along the ceiling.
• Connecting terminals for cable.

Cabling

Once you have purchased all the necessary materials and equipment, you can proceed directly to installation.

• In an old apartment, you need to dismantle the old wiring.
• In pre-marked places, recesses are drilled for distribution boxes and socket boxes.
• Next, we cut a groove in the walls to all switches and sockets for subsequent laying of wires. We lay a cable of the appropriate cross-section in them and secure it with dowel nails.
• After which the grooves and holes must be puttied.
• Wires for the lighting system are laid in the voids of the slabs and on the ceiling.
• As soon as the do-it-yourself wiring in the apartment (diagrams below) is installed, all lighting fixtures, switches and sockets are installed.

Calculation of machine denomination

In order to correctly install the wiring, it is necessary to determine the ratings of the circuit breakers installed in the distribution board. To do this, you need to sum up the power of all devices that you plan to connect to it. Then convert kilowatts into watts, and then calculate the current strength using the formula: P: U = I.

There is the following line of machines: 6A, 10A, 16A, 20A, 25A, 32A, 40A, 50A and 63A. Thus, the denomination of the selected machine should be greater than the value you received.

Installation and connection of the electrical panel

Directly in the electrical panel, electricity is distributed into groups:

• For lighting.
• To the sockets.
• Other equipment.

The shield is fixed to the wall using dowels and nails, and then outgoing wiring and an incoming power cable are laid to it. After which the power cable must be cleaned. The external insulation is removed from it to the required length, then the cable is inserted into the switchboard, where it is connected to the input circuit breaker.

A bus is installed at the top of the electrical panel, to which the neutral wire is connected. In a similar way, a bus is mounted on the bottom bar, a wire is connected to it, which leads to protective grounding.

Conclusion

Thus, after going through all the stages - from purchasing the necessary equipment and materials, laying cables to installing and connecting the electrical panel - you will do the electrical wiring in the apartment with your own hands (the diagram is presented above).

The consistency, reliability, uninterrupted operation and continuity of operation of the electrical system as a whole directly depend on professional installation, the quality of components and materials, compliance with all rules and regulations, as well as the correctness and literacy of all related calculations. This is a very responsible and serious matter; if you have any doubts, it is better to entrust this work to specialists for whom everything related to electricity is a profession.

It is worth saying that the electrical wiring of any room is strictly individual. Therefore, we will consider the main points of installing electrical wiring in an apartment. So, first you need to insert the input cable into the distribution board. The electrical panel contains an electricity recording device - an electric meter and protection devices - circuit breakers, ouzo, differential. automatic machines, etc. The electrical distribution board can be located in a niche (internal installation) or on the wall (overhead). The most optimal placement of the electrical panel is right next to the entrance to the hallway of the apartment.

Optimal placement of the electrical panel immediately at the entrance electrical panel - wiring for the apartment

Video. Secrets of assembling an electrical panel and wiring in an apartment

You need to lay copper wire with a cross-section of at least 6 mm 2. The installation of the electrical distribution board is placed at a level of 1.5 m from the finished floor. Thanks to this, access to various devices is provided for their inspection, meter readings and preventive maintenance. The operation of protection devices is optimized depending on the power consumption.

Hidden and open installation of wiring in an apartment

Nowadays, most apartments use electrical wiring hidden under the plaster. In drywall partitions, the wire is pulled in a special protective sleeve. External wiring in a cable channel does not look aesthetically pleasing; this method of laying the conductor is more suitable for office premises. In an apartment, a cable channel is laid as an exception.

Electrical wiring in the cable channel

To install hidden wiring, a recess of up to 2 cm is made in the wall. This action is carried out only when the wall is completely marked. Along with this, recesses for sockets and switches are made vertically above these installations, but not diagonally, trying to shorten the path of the conductor. The conductor for consumers must be laid straight - perpendicular. Preliminary fastening of the wire is carried out using dowel clamps, and after that it is plastered. An excellent option is when the wire is pulled in a protective sleeve, but this leads to an increase in the cost of electrical wiring. The protective sleeve makes it possible to stretch the wires without disturbing the plaster in the future, if the electrical wiring needs to be replaced or repaired. Along with this, the use of a protective sleeve or pipe creates protection for electrical wiring.

Electrical wiring in a protective sleeve

Basically, copper wire in PVC insulation is used for electrical wiring in the apartment. The conductor should be single-core; it oxidizes much less, along with stranded copper wire.
Installation of special boxes for sockets and switches should be flush in the wall and should not stick out, otherwise they will cause a lot of trouble when installing electrical installations. The socket boxes are fastened using a mixture of alabaster or rotband.

Power lines should be laid starting from the switchboard, which is installed at the entrance to the apartment separately for sockets and lighting. After this, electricity is distributed throughout the entire room through distribution boxes. In the junction boxes there is a small supply of wire up to 10 cm for subsequent disconnection. It should be noted that this type of wiring has been used for quite a long time, and in most old residential premises it has been preserved to this day.

Distribution box for connecting wires

Automatic protection for electrical wiring in an apartment

Modern analogues of apartments have several groups of electrical power lines. In such a scheme, it is mandatory to install an RCD, which will protect the family from electric shock. In modern electrical installations, more protection devices and wires are used, so its cost increases significantly. Such costs are justified by increasing the reliability of the power supply network. Thanks to this wiring, independent lines are formed, which subsequently lead to easy troubleshooting.

Electrical wiring for electrical installations

Any of the rooms must be equipped with a standard type of lighting, which can be supplemented by local lighting in the form of a floor lamp, sconce, or table lamp. Most experts believe that it is enough to use 1 socket per 6 sq. meters of room area. For computers and TVs, you can provide a block of sockets. In the kitchen area, homeowners have many different household appliances, which include a microwave oven, dishwasher, juicer, etc., so it is prudent to provide a sufficient number of sockets and conductors.

The location of the switches is often determined not far from the door at a distance of 10 cm from the doorway and 90 cm from the finished floor level. The main thing is that when opening the door, access to the switch is not blocked. The level of the sockets should reach 30 cm from the floor level. Most experts recommend purchasing ceramic-based switches and sockets with copper contacts.
Immediately before installing sockets in the premises, it is necessary to determine their location, as well as the relevance of their installation, the route of cable routing, the volume of wires, and the location of junction boxes.

For optimal connection of sockets, copper cable brand VVGng is used. This element is necessary for internal laying, as it is covered with special insulation that prevents combustion. The cross-sectional size of the wires in the cable is directly related to the power output of electrical appliances. Basically, this figure reaches 2.5 mm. It contains several cores in the form of phase, neutral and ground. In old building structures, where there is no grounding in electrical distribution panels, a two-core cable (phase, zero) is used.

Geometry of wiring in an apartment

It is always correct to lay electrical wiring along horizontal-vertical lines, regardless of whether it is in a cable duct or under plaster. But still, you can often find wiring laid out in the shortest possible way, arbitrarily. This trick is used for several reasons: to save electrical wiring, ignorance of electrical installation rules, negligence of the electrician, in order to save time and effort. Why is it so important to observe the geometry of electrical wiring?

Incorrect wiring diagram

We made renovations, rearranged the furniture in the house, decided to hang a new picture in the resulting space, marked it out, took a hammer drill, drilled and hit exactly the place where the sparks were flying out. This scenario is not far-fetched, this is a common occurrence, I myself once ended up in such a place, although I had the choice to drill a centimeter to the left or a centimeter to the right. I had to correct the mistake and compensate for the damage.

So, incorrectly laid electrical wiring increases the risk of one day cutting off power to part of the line. After a good repair, it is not always so easy to fix a broken wire.

The rule for electrical installation is very simple: where a socket or switch is installed, the wiring must go down strictly vertically to the electrical installations. If you need to hang a picture in the future, the risk of damaging the electrical wiring is reduced to zero.

Electrical wiring must be laid strictly vertically or horizontally

Such elements are laid through corrugated plastic pipes in order to protect against damage to the insulation during finishing. The laying route should contain only horizontal and vertical zone types. It is not recommended to use diagonal zones. In addition, cable turns and intersections with other cables must be made at right angles. The distance from the ceiling should reach a maximum of 15 centimeters.

Diagram of correct electrical wiring.

Vertically laid wires must be removed from door and window openings at a distance of at least 100 mm. Near heating pipes, the installation must be carried out at a distance of at least 150-200 mm; in case of perpendicular intersection, the electrical wiring must be protected with asbestos gaskets. Parallel installation near pipelines with flammable substances (gas) is carried out at a distance of at least 400 mm. You also need to monitor sharp corners of concrete, metal parts and shrinkage of the building.

At what height from the base of the ceiling is the electrical wiring installed? Minimum 150 mm, (depending on ceiling height), i.e. The principle is this: if you plan to install a suspended or suspended ceiling, the wire must remain in an accessible area. If the new ceiling is lowered by 300 mm from the main ceiling in an apartment with high ceilings, the electrical wiring should be laid at a distance of 400 mm. You need to take this rule into account even if you are not currently planning suspended ceilings.

How to properly install electrical wiring in a panel house?

Most often, in panel houses, electrical wiring to sockets is laid in special technical channels not vertically, but with a slope, on average 45 0.

Wiring diagram in a panel house

If you need to move or lower switches and sockets to another convenient place, just make a small recess in the panel to recess the wiring. If the previous location of the socket at a height of 1 meter is not satisfactory, and you decide to move it lower, at a distance of 300 mm from the floor and slightly to the side, the principle remains the same - we lay it directly perpendicular.

Electrical wiring in a panel house

How to lay electrical wiring in the floor and ceiling

If a suspended or suspended ceiling is planned, the electrical wiring can be laid on the ceiling arbitrarily, using the shortest route; for example, the NYM cable does not require additional protection, since it is triple insulated and does not support combustion. The VVG, VVGng cable is laid in PVC corrugation. The cable is attached to the ceiling using dowel clamps or special holders (clips) fixed in the corrugation. They can also be laid under a wooden floor at random, in metal corrugations or metal pipes. If in a screed, then the wire is laid in a PVC corrugation, arbitrarily.

There should be no distribution boxes on the ceiling or floor, i.e. There should be no connection of wires and wiring of conductors. All laid wires must have continuity, from the switchboard to the consumer or from the distribution box installed in the wall to the consumer. If the box were in an inaccessible place, then in the event of a failure in the contact connections, it would be impossible to eliminate the malfunction. Distribution boxes must remain accessible for repair or maintenance work.

Corrugated electrical wiring on the ceiling

Electrical safety during electrical wiring installation work

It is also worth mentioning the safety rules when connecting sockets and laying cables. Most experts do not recommend laying cables when they are live. This is due to the fact that a person may receive an electrical burn or even die. Therefore, before working with the cable, it is necessary to check whether it is de-energized. This will require the use of a special device. To increase the level of reliability, the cable must be disconnected from the electrical panel. You need to know that all electrical installation work in the apartment is carried out after the network has been de-energized. And the wires are connected to power at the last stage. Such actions can be carried out independently, but for this you must adhere to the established rules. However, this work should still be entrusted to trained people.

Video. How to properly install electrical wiring in an apartment?

Every home today has electricity. It’s hard to imagine modern life without it. Therefore, during the construction of a new building, it is necessary to pay close attention to the electrical wiring in it. A similar requirement applies to a purchased private house, which was built many years ago. In most cases, professionals are hired to carry out such work. But in some buildings, owners decide to do it themselves, so they need to know how to wire the house correctly. This information will also be useful in monitoring processes performed by specialists.

Development of projects for different types of buildings

This stage is the initial one, and all wiring in the house depends on its correct execution. Designers are involved in the development of schemes. Subsequently, projects are approved by special authorities. Drawings are necessary for newly built houses. In addition, plans and specifications are required for buildings that are planned to undergo redevelopment, which will result in almost complete changes to the existing electrical wiring. Also, during the extension of an additional floor, it is necessary to develop new power supply drawings. If you plan to simply replace the existing electrical wiring, then you do not need to develop a project for this. You can use the one that already exists and was used when creating the structure.

Cable installation methods

To know how to conduct wiring in a house, you need to study the two main options today: it is installed in an open or closed way. In the first case, the wire is laid along the surface of the main supporting structures. These include ceilings and walls. In the second option, grooves are used, which are recesses made using a special tool in load-bearing structures. These elements are subsequently sealed with plaster. Pipes are also used for wiring. They can be plastic or steel. Their use allows you to protect the cable from possible mechanical damage. Today it is believed that the most correct wiring in the house, which is the safest, is the one made using a hidden installation option.

Providing the object with the necessary materials

In order to answer the question: “How to do wiring in the house?” - you need to choose the right electrical cable with a certain cross-section, and also know its length. Materials for the electrical supply of a building also include switches and sockets, installation boxes and lamps, and meters. You must not forget about the cable channels, or you can use a corrugated pipe. In addition, you will need plaster and electrical tape.

Installer's equipment

When answering the question: “How to conduct wiring in the house?” - you must always remember to equip the person who will perform the work with the tool. First of all, he will need to purchase a screwdriver, pliers, an indicator and wire cutters. Also, for successful work you will need a drill or hammer drill, which must have special attachments. They are necessary for drilling sockets used during the installation of switches and sockets.

If it was decided to carry out the electrical wiring in a hidden way, then for such a process you will need a wall chaser. It is necessary to make a groove that will be used to lay the cable in the wall of the building. This tool has two special discs that can cut an even hole in hard materials, such as brick or concrete. It also allows you to speed up the installation process. When performing such work, you can get by with an ordinary grinder, but in this case there will be more dust, since the tool does not have a special assembly casing for it. In addition, the process will take a long time.

Wire selection

A must when studying the question: “How to conduct wiring in the house?” - you need to pay close attention to the selection of cable cross-section. The main value for its determination is the total power of absolutely all electrical appliances in the building. In this case, it is necessary to provide a power reserve. This will allow the cable not to overheat, even if all electrical appliances are turned on at the same time.

Currently, the following wires are selected for wiring in the house:

When a cable is selected and installed in a house, the design of which can be open or closed, it is necessary to take into account that for each unit that consumes a lot of electrical energy, it is necessary to create a separate line. This is also necessary for computer equipment to reduce or completely avoid electromagnetic interference.

The length of all wires in the house depends not only on the overall dimensions of the building, but also on the materials used to create the electrical network. That is, these include the above switches, boxes, sockets, and so on. In addition, be sure to take into account that in places where cables are connected, it is necessary to leave a margin of about 10 cm.

Start of installation work

The installation of wiring in the house largely depends on the correct marking of the route. In order to carry out this process, you need to take a small thickness cord or twine, which will be rubbed with chalk. With their help, the cable trunk is marked. This is the main wire running from the most remote and last outlet. The main cable should only be placed horizontally at a height of approximately 150-250 mm from the ceiling level. In addition, the main wire can be placed at exactly the same distance from the floor. Branches that go from the main cable to sockets, lamps and switches must be carried out in strict compliance with their verticality.

If the wire is laid at a slope, then it can very easily be damaged when performing any work. For example, this becomes relevant when the owner of the room is going to hang kitchen cabinets or paintings in the living room on the wall.

Selecting the number of sockets and switches

The main indicator that affects the number of devices designed to supply electricity or turn it off is the presence of electrical appliances in the house. So, usually one switch is installed for each lamp. The number of sockets is selected based on the conditions of convenience for a person. They can be counted by the number of proposed and used devices. So, for example, for kitchen areas there should be at least three of them.

Placement of sockets and switches for lighting fixtures

Each device for supplying or turning off electricity is usually located on the wall. The points for their placement are at different heights from the floor. Thus, switches, when cables are properly laid in the house, are usually located approximately one meter from the bottom surface of the room. There are no clear rules for this meaning, so each owner chooses it for himself individually. In addition, they must be located at a distance of 100 mm from the jamb of the doorway and always on the same side where the handle is located. As for sockets, there is also no exact height for their installation today. Typically such devices are placed from 300 to 800 mm from the floor. It all depends on the location of electrical appliances.

Grooving recesses for cables and electrical panels

Most often, work of this nature is performed when wiring is carried out in a panel house or in a building built of brick. During this installation stage there is always a lot of noise and dust. For this reason, it is necessary to have headphones, safety glasses and a respirator on hand. After selecting all installation locations for switches, sockets, transfer boxes and electrical panels, which are marked with a pencil, gating is performed. This process is carried out in two steps. If a grinder is used, then 2 strips are made side by side, the distance between which can vary from 1 to 5 cm, and the depth should be 20 mm. Basically, these values ​​depend directly on the number of wires laid later. After this, using a hammer drill and a special attachment, the brick or concrete is removed between the two cut strips. To conduct it, use an open cable laying method.

To create a niche for the shield, you need to walk along the marked contour with a grinder, and then remove the wall material with a hammer drill. If the depth is insufficient on the first try, then you need to perform the entire process again and repeat it until there is sufficient space for installation.

Work on installation of installation boxes

This stage of work cannot be avoided during the installation of an electrical network. Wiring in the house, the diagram of which was chosen at the preparatory stage, always involves the installation of transfer cases. For this, dowels or plaster are most often used. A device is inserted into a hole of the required depth prepared in advance using a crown, which is secured with the above-mentioned consumables. If initially it is not possible to secure the box using a dowel, then a gypsum solution is used. A base is created from it, to which an element of the house’s electrical network is subsequently attached. It is necessary to use building plaster that has a setting time of up to three minutes. After applying it to the hole, you must immediately insert the installation box and immediately adjust it to the desired position.

Laying wires and securing them

Cables must always be secured in the building. This does not depend on how the wiring in the house is installed. There are two options for grooves: wet or dry. At the very beginning, one end of the cable is fixed in the installation box, and it is necessary to leave about ten centimeters of reserve. If there are several wires, they are connected every 300 mm to each other using plastic fasteners. Using electrical tape or a separate piece of cable, a dowel is attached to it. A faster way is to use gypsum, only before this it is necessary to remove all dust from the groove and then prime it. First, strokes are applied in the recess for the wire every 300-400 mm, and only then the cable is recessed into them.

Electrical wiring in the house in an open way is carried out using cable channels, which are made of non-combustible materials. This type of fixation takes the minimum amount of effort from the performer.

Conclusion

Many people are interested in how to do wiring in the house. To be sure that all processes are carried out correctly, you should always contact specialists if the property owner does not have the necessary skills and knowledge. Under no circumstances should a person perform such responsible work without the required qualifications, because this may entail irreversible consequences.