"The house becomes a garden, and the garden becomes a home": the city of the future according to Frank Lloyd Wright. “The house will become a garden, and the garden will become a home”: the city of the future according to Frank Lloyd Wright Flwright the vanishing city read online

Other books by the author:

Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright
Years of life
Citizenship
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Date of death
Works and achievements
Architectural style
Urban planning projects	"Cities of Broad Horizons"
Unrealized projects	Illinois skyscraper
Frank Lloyd Wright on

Frank Lloyd Wright(Frank Lloyd Wright, -) - American innovator who had a huge impact on the development of Western architecture in the first half. The creator of "" and promoter of the open plan.

Biography

Wright was born June 8, 1867 in Richland Center, the son of William Russell Wright, a music teacher and church leader, and Anna Lloyd Wright, a teacher from the well-known Wisconsin Lloyd family. He was brought up in the canons. As a child, I played a lot with the "developing" designer "Kindergarten", designed by Friedrich Froebel. Wright's parents divorced in 1885 due to William's inability to support the family. Frank had to take on the burden of financial responsibility for his mother and two sisters.

Wright was homeschooled without attending school. In 1885 he entered the engineering department of the University of Wisconsin. While studying at the university, he moonlights as an assistant to a local civil engineer. Wright left the university without receiving a degree. In 1887 he moved to , where he got a job in the architectural office of Joseph Lyman Silsby. A year later, he went to work at the Adler and Sullivan firm, headed by the well-known ideologist of the Chicago School. Since 1890, in this company, he was entrusted with all projects for the construction of residential real estate. In 1893, Wright had to leave the company when Sullivan learned that Wright was designing houses "on the side".

In 1893, Wright founded his own firm in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park. By 1901, there were already about 50 projects on his track record.

Prairie style

Wright is best known for the Prairie Houses he designed from 1900 to 1917. "Prairie Houses" were created within the framework of the concept of "organic architecture", the ideal of which is integrity and unity with nature. They are characterized by an open plan, horizontal lines prevailing in the composition, roof slopes far beyond the house, terraces, finishing with unprocessed natural materials, rhythmic articulation of the facade with frames, the prototype of which was Japanese temples. Many of the houses are cruciform in plan, and the hearth-fireplace located in the center unites the open space. Wright paid special attention to the interiors of houses, creating furniture himself and ensuring that each element was meaningful and organically fit into the environment he created. The most famous among the "Prairie Houses" are the Willits House, the Martin House and the Robie House.

Later works

The apotheosis of Wright's work was in New York, which the architect designed and built for 16 years (1943-1959). From the outside, the museum is an inverted spiral, while its interior resembles a shell with a glazed patio in the center. Wright suggested that the displays should be viewed from top to bottom: the visitor takes the elevator to the top floor and gradually descends along the central spiral. Pictures hanging on sloping walls should be in the same position as on the artist's easel. The museum management did not fulfill all of Wright's requirements, and now the exhibitions are viewed from the bottom up.

In residential buildings of this period, Wright also abandoned the right angle as an "artificial" form and turned to the spiral and the circular circle.

Not all of Wright's projects were realized during his lifetime. The overdecorated and bordering Marin County Courthouse was completed 4 years after his death. The project of the Illinois skyscraper, a mile high, designed for 130,000 inhabitants and representing a triangular tapering upwards, remained unrealized.

Family and personal life

Having become a successful architect, Frank Lloyd Wright lived, trying not to deny himself anything, and often became a target for. He was officially married three times and was in a number of civil marriages even before the previous divorce was filed.

• Wright first married Katherine "Kitty" Lee Tobin in 1889. The marriage broke up by 1909, a divorce was obtained by 1922.
• Cohabitation with Mama Cheney, the wife of one of her clients, ended in Cheney's tragic death - she and both of her children were killed by a servant in Wright's Taliesin I house, and the house itself was burned down.
• Marriage to Miriam Noel (1923) ended due to Miriam's addiction to morphine in 1927
• Wright's last wife was Olga Ivanovna Gintsenberg ("Olgivanna"). He is buried with her and her daughter at West Taliesin in Scottsdale, PA. . In the family cemetery in Wisconsin, Wright's empty grave was left with a headstone.

Wright is survived by seven children, three sons and four daughters. Two of Frank Lloyd Wright's children, Frank Lloyd Wright, Jr. and John Lloyd Wright, also became architects. Granddaughter of Frank Lloyd, - actress, winner of the award "".

List of buildings

In total, Wright built 363 houses. By 2005, approximately 300 of them survived. Two houses were destroyed during Hurricane "" in 2005, one during Hurricane Camille in 1969. The densest concentration of Wright's buildings is in Oak Park, Illinois.

• Architect's House and Studio, Oak Park, pc. Illinois, 1889-1909
• Winslow House, pc. Illinois, 1894
• Willits House, Highland Park, pc. Illinois, 1901
• Larkin Company Administration Building, Buffalo, pc. NY
• Martin House, Buffalo, pc. New York, 1903-1905
• Unitarian church building, Oak Park, pc. Illinois, 1904
• Westcott House, Springfield, pc. Ohio
• Robie's house, Chicago, pc. Illinois 1909
• Taliesin I, Spring Green, pc. Wisconsin 1911
• Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan 1923

Literature

• Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks Wright. - M.: Art-Rodnik, 2006. - 96 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-9561-0196-2
• Pfeiffer B. Wright. 1867-1959: The architecture of democracy. M., ArtRodnik, 2006
• Frampton K. Modern architecture: A critical look at the history of development. M., Stroyizdat, 1990
• Ikonnikov A. V. Architecture of the XX century. Utopias and reality. M., Progress-Tradition, 2001
• General history of architecture, v. 11. Moscow, 1973

Wide highways and airstrips for silent transport airplanes, smoke-free factories, mobile hotels, motorized houses, and not a single ugly structure. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright came up with "the only possible city of the future" - Acrocity - where each family is given an acre of land. Strelka Press published the book The Disappearing City, in which Wright described his project. Theories and Practices publishes an excerpt about what houses, hospitals, universities and theaters should be like there.

A general idea of ​​the Acrocity of the future based on a new measure of space

An acre is a unit of area in the English system of measures, equal to 0.405 ha

In the city of yesterday, land was measured by square feet. In the city of tomorrow, land will be measured by acres: an acre per family. This may seem like a modest allotment, given that all the inhabitants of the planet, standing in dense rows, would not even occupy the territory of the largest island of the Bermuda archipelago. Just imagine that within the borders of our own United States, for every man, woman, and child, there are over fifty-seven acres of land.

When distributed at one acre per family, architecture will serve not landlords and homeowners, but each person as an organic part of his land. Architects will stop producing only commercial architecture fit for sale and resale by the meter; there will be no more tight quarters created by competition for a tenant.

The earth is the essential foundation for the new city of new life.

Today's automobiles are bland and imitative compared to the variety of forms of those beautiful vehicles that manufacturers will soon want (or be forced to) establish.

Aircraft are still an unusual luxury. Because of their large size, they are clumsy, and their huge wings, imitating the structure of a bird, make them hostages to the arbitrariness of the elements. Evolution takes no more than the very first steps here.

Transmission at a distance of image and sound is not just at the experimental stage, but is still in its infancy, as is the intellect that is entrusted to manage it.

We are rightly proud of the huge network of highways, the country's transport system. But this system is still in its infancy. We are just starting to build high-speed roads.

However, however young our road network may be, it does not take a rich imagination to see in this great highway, in the power of new machines and materials, a new direction of human activity, which everyone can join not only for the sake of adventure or for the love of nature, but for the sake of a safer, more sensible, and less disturbing life among sensible, worthy, and free people. As a result of changing our relationship with space, we will live longer and happier lives.

Each person, having finally received an acre or so of land due to him, will be sure of well-being for himself and his loved ones, and will surely find some invigorating way to touch the beautiful.

Not only the city itself is a limitation and a hindrance to production; the railway leading to it restricts too much freedom of movement, is too costly in its sluggishness, and works too slowly. The day is not far off when the end will come of both the far and near movement of goods back and forth, necessary for centralization, and the use of railways for the mass transportation of passengers.

Imagine wide, comfortable, residential-curving highways with no railroad crossings; free from telegraph and telephone poles and wires that have already become archaic, from screaming billboards and outdated buildings. Imagine these monumental and safe highways, carefully calculated in width and slope, painted along the sides with bright colors, overshadowed by the coolness of the trees. At regular intervals, runways are arranged along them, from which safe, silent transport airplanes take off and land. These gigantic roads - magnificent monuments of architecture in their own right - pass by public gas stations, which no longer irritate the eye, but now offer all possible services and amenities. Roads connect and demarcate, delimit and connect various modules - farms, factories, roadside markets, schools surrounded by greenery, housing (each house on its own cultivated and equipped acre of land), places of entertainment and recreation. All these modules are organized in such a way and are in such interrelation with each other that every citizen of the future has access to all types of production, distribution systems, opportunities for individual development and entertainment - all within a distance of one hundred and fifty miles from home, which can be easily overcome by private car or airplane. This harmonious integrity is that great city, which, as I foresee, will embrace the whole country - the Acro-City of the future.

Precisely because each person will have an acre of native land, architecture will serve him directly, creating corresponding new houses - not only in harmony with a particular site, but also in accordance with the individual lifestyle of a particular person. There will be no need for two identical houses, two identical gardens, two identical factories; no farm from three to ten acres will be like another. No one will need special "styles", but the style will be felt everywhere.

Lightweight, durable homes and workspaces will be built securely and with respect for the natural environment - from the earth to the sun. Factory workers will live in their acromodules within walking distance or a short drive from future factories - beautiful, smokeless and silent. The farmer will no longer envy the technological advances that the city dweller enjoys, and he, in turn, will not envy his "free bread".

All houses and farms will be within a ten mile radius of a large and rich roadside market, so that they can serve each other efficiently and without difficulty, supplying the needs of one part of the surrounding population for what another produces. There will no longer be a need to rush to some common center for everyone, and then rush back, turning life into a cross torment - if only there were more of everything and everything was “larger”.

There can be no human life without air, sunlight and earth. The daily life of the future will conform to this principle, which we are all gradually coming to terms with. Without rejecting modern conveniences, it will also retain those well-known conveniences that are the guarantee of health. Steel and glass will be used according to their purpose: steel for strength, durability and lightness: transparent glass, framing the interior, will create a private retreat and at the same time wonderfully reveal home life to the sun, the sky, the garden surrounding the house. The house becomes a garden, and the garden becomes a home.

Tall buildings will not be banned, but in the absence of courtyards, they will rise freely among the greenery of natural parks. A collectively owned apartment building could be, say, eighteen stories high. Floor after floor, gigantic glass screen walls framed in shiny steel or copper will shine in the sun. At each level - a terrace decorated with flowering and climbing plants, playing with all the colors of the rainbow. And all this - among the generous variety of magnificent park landscape. […]

Hotel, mobile hotel and nomad's home

* Project of Wright's student Albert MacArthur (1927).
** Wright's unrealized project (1928).

Hotels, of course, will be less than now. Hotels are likely to be compositions of small cottages built around a central module of public spaces, following the example of relatively well-designed hotel complexes such as the Arizona Biltmore* or San Marcos in the Desert**. Such hotels will be built in those places where Nature shows us its “miracles”, with which good architecture can form a harmonious whole and which contribute to rest and recuperation.

But the truly new type of hotel will be the hotel on wheels: the mobile hotel.

Spacious cars with places to sleep and a kitchen on board will carry groups of travelers around the country. They will run from north to south and from east to west. They (with trailers or escort trucks) can be seen in the most picturesque points of the Great Plains or on mountain passes, where no other hotel business simply can survive.

With transportation constantly improving, there's no reason these mobile hotels won't eventually become safer, more convenient, and more profitable — in Phoenix, the MacArthur brothers are already planning something similar as one of their accommodation options at their Arizona Biltmore hotel.

If such a concept is applicable to a hotel, then it is certainly possible to build a residential house on wheels. The same mobile housing will appear on the water - thanks to the development of water motor transport. Artists, pleasure seekers, pioneers, modern gypsies will be able to own perfectly comfortable mobile homes or houseboats, which, thanks to high-quality design, will look as elegant as airplanes or cars. And of course, better than most of their current models. At the will of the inhabitants, these motorized houses will be able to move from place to place, descending from the mountain spurs to the seas, rivers or lakes, as a nomad once wandered through the desert on a camel with his tent.

Energy modules

In Akrogorod, fuel will be necessarily converted into electricity directly at the places of its extraction, or electricity will be obtained from the energy of water. The resulting electricity will then be transferred from substation to substation and directly to the consumer. Thus, electrification will quickly become ubiquitous. Electricity, the generation of which will be established right in the places of production, say, in the neighborhood of mines, dams or oil wells, will not only compete with other sources of heat and energy for the city, but will completely abandon them all - except for oil. The oil itself can also be used to generate electricity.

Huge power plants - the same marvels of modern engineering as our current ones - will be built where there are appropriate natural resources. Improved methods of power transmission will make it possible to lay wires underground, as oil pipelines are now being laid, with minimal voltage losses.

A careful attitude to the beauties of nature will push for the widespread use of the wireless telegraph and telephone already known to us, so that electric poles, power transmission towers and wires will remain only a memory of a disappearing city.

It is quite obvious that at the dawn of the era of technological progress, all these bulky, primitive structures, reminiscent of roughly knocked together scaffolding on the construction of some noble building, mercilessly disfigured the landscape. However, the violence against nature will stop as soon as more reliable and economical highways are created for the transfer of energy and the movement of people and goods. The crude fixtures that are commonly referred to as "structures" in our time are already being removed from sight. Along with poles, wires and rails, railway embankments, gas tanks, coal-fired power plants, train sheds, locomotive depots, coal warehouses, and sawmills will soon be scrapped. In the Akrogorod of the future, there should not be and will not be ugly structures. The primitive goals of the first stage of the era of technological progress have been achieved. It's time to remove the forests and show the world a true masterpiece - a civilized culture.

Humane Hospital

No matter how efficient and humane modern hospitals are, they are too large and look too bureaucratic. Instead of each of our large hospital complexes, Acrocity will have a number of sun-drenched clinics scattered loosely in a spacious garden. The chambers will be home-like; sick or disabled people there will never be forced to see other sick or disabled people, unless they themselves want it. The infrastructure of therapy, surgery and other branches of modern medicine will occupy exactly the same place in the hospital as plumbing, electric lighting and heating in a residential building, where all this is an integral part of the building, but not at all conspicuous.

In a word, the normality of the situation should come to the fore, and not the paraphernalia of the unusual and frightening. In today's hospitals, death peeps around every corner, constantly grinning at the unfortunate patients. Why not make the design of the hospital as humane as its purpose?

University: versatility

Today's universities are highly specialized mass productions of specialists in book disciplines. Just as antennas for an insect are a vital organ of familiarization with the environment, so the modern university must become the antenna of society, which communicates to it everything that it catches.

Here, in the peace and quiet of beautiful complexes, ideally suited for reflection and concentration, among the majestic and public collections of samples or models of everything that mankind has created in the field of science, art and philosophy, meetings of highly developed personalities will take place.

There will be no need for professors or large auditoriums. Only a few confessor fathers with their secretaries. One will be elected by the scientists of his state, the other by the artists, the third by the philosophers. If one can be found, then one statesman should be added to each such group. Let the best choose the best.

All the rest are privileged students, selected by the confessor fathers and engaged in research on the interrelationships of various manifestations of social consciousness. This activity is not for beginners. Of course, only those who have already proved that they have a deep human experience in one of the aspects of life will be accepted.

The ancient monastic institutions will be liberalized, freed from all superfluous things, and put at the service of social progress in the form of studying the inspiring aspects of modern life - new materials, modern means of production, the connection of theory with practice. In these universities there will be no place for preparation for teaching or for specific practical activities. But even in Acrocity, such a departure from vocational training will, of course, occur gradually. Among all our institutions, the most difficult will be to break the restrictions of the sacred temples of education.

Theater

When the power of art elevates nature to a higher level, a new kind of spectacle arises - not just peeping at the actors, but theater as an experience. The building of such a theater is a mechanical machine, in its complexity and plasticity competing with cinema, a sanctuary of feelings and aspirations, challenging the churches of the former city. Local materials will be used in the architecture of such public institutions.

Films, as well as theatrical performances, will be broadcast from movie cameras directly to residential buildings. Both sound and image. However, other opportunities for creativity will appear in the community center, and they will be provided by the local communities themselves, and not big business that cares only about sales volumes.

New house in Akrogorod

Finally, we have reached the most important urban module, truly central (and this is the only centralization allowed) for the entire city - a private house. Integration in this case occurs on a voluntary basis, and its degree depends only on the free choice of a particular person.

Luxury can arise here to satisfy a sophisticated individuality. The home becomes a much more dignified and spiritually significant space thanks to the concept of a free city of democracy. Not for every owner, the house is his fortress: these are feudal ideas. No, a man's home is his sunlit shore; no less than before - on the contrary, more than ever - it is a refuge for the growing human spirit. At home, a resident of Akrogorod turns out to be a spokesman and expression of his place in society and his relations with other people - his comrades. He instills in them lofty ideals both by following them himself and by creating the conditions for others to follow them.

People are now equal before the law of the land, as promised in the Declaration of Independence, so the artificially constructed economic system must be abolished or disappear by itself. Collective life finds its basis in a healthy economy of technological progress. Improvements on your own land are now available to anyone who seeks to cultivate and improve their land. Economically justified behavior now consists for the homeowner in surrounding himself with the most adequate expressions of his personality, without incurring any losses because of this. Such a house has a whole sea of ​​\u200b\u200bbenefits, and the homeowner begins to realize them. Many things that he did not understand before become obvious to him. Practical changes in his way of life make almost all his education and most of his traditions meaningless. So what can he rely on now, when he is ready to step towards a new life on a new earth with the energy that he did not even dream of until he began to dream?

Images: drawings by Frank Lloyd Wright; layout of Acrocity © The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Archives.

The publication by Strelka Press of Frank Lloyd Wright's Manifesto book "The Disappearing City" with a description of the ideal Acrocity in the United States accidentally or not coincided with the legislative initiative of the Ministry for the Development of the Far East on the "Far Eastern hectare". Wright offered to allocate an acre of land per person, Russian officials - a whole hectare. What to do next with these allotments, the architect explained most clearly.

If you read the text carefully, then many of the seemingly utopian ideas of Frank Lloyd Wright are applicable in practice today. Moreover, we are increasingly confronted with their various interpretations in the framework of architectural competitions, for example, for the construction. Their concept was voiced by Wright back in 1932. As an alternative to housing for the "poor" (that's what the architect calls the average workers - ed.), Saved from monthly rent thanks to their own acre of land (more than 40 acres), he proposes to build not "cells on the shelves of floors", but houses, made up of modules. Wright gives a detailed description of them in the chapter "Housing for the worker", an excerpt from which we publish.

Housing for an employee

<…>Let us, then, by means of certain privileges and the socialization of the future increase in the value of the land, give each poor man an acre or several acres, according to how much he can cultivate. What house will he build then? Where and how will he be able to earn money for its construction?

Well, the poor already enjoy freedom of movement - the cost of a bus ticket or a used Ford more or less provides it. Freed from having to pay rent to the city as a tribute for the very right to work, the worker of the machine returns with his family to the land that belongs to him from birth (as from birth he has air to breathe and water to drink) and is taken to the best of his ability to work for the factory and for himself. Both his family and the factory are now on their own land. For the owner of the production, he works in one of the factory modules next door. According to the new planning standards, ten miles is next door.

The poor man - the machine worker - gets a modern, comfortable, standardized bathroom (toilet room), which is produced and delivered in one unit, like a car or a bath, ready for use; it remains only to connect it to a septic tank or cesspool. The owner installs this module on his site as a base and adds a standardized kitchen module to it, which is just as cheap and convenient. In a few months, with the money saved by no rent or earned on his own land, he will be able to purchase other standardized modules. With a single assembly scheme, the modules will be adapted for installation on a flat site or on a hillside; they will be designed to form a well-balanced whole. These various standardized modules will cost the worker cheaply compared to the money he earns in a nearby factory, just as mass standardized production will cost him and his car very cheaply. Depending on the diligence of the owner, his farm can grow through the purchase of more and more modules, which form a group, essentially designed on the basis of expert research of the world's best specialists in the field of design and production. Such groups may be very different, but they will all be in harmony with their tasks and therefore will not cause any damage to the landscape. At the same time, they will be so affordable that a person will be able to purchase his first modules for the amount that, in the conditions of current urban slavery, he spends on rent in just three months.

In a year or two, he will already be the owner of a modern, state-of-the-art house, assembled into a single whole according to one of the many proposed scenarios or planning options.

It will be a pleasure to see his property: the garden (which he could already grow) and the standard modules of ancillary buildings (which he needed) will be linked into a single composition in his own unique way. Fruit trees, shade trees, berry bushes, vegetables, flowers, hot and cold tap water, modern fireplace, cooking stove and heater are all there. With reasonable assistance in the form of tax breaks, a man gets his own house, available to him due to his diligence in machine labor. And it is the machines that will allow him to create for him such, say, a five hundred dollar house, just like before - a car that today is in his fifty dollar garage. He will also receive electricity for lighting, heating and power supply at low prices thanks to voluntary cooperation. In general, cooperation can simplify its existence in a variety of ways and expand the range of its life possibilities.

From a practical point of view, there is nothing special about such a project. Similar modules are already being manufactured today. Another thing is striking: despite the mass production of individual elements, such structures will be able to have proportionality, which is order, and orderliness, which is beauty. The finished whole, as a reflection of its owner, should not be completely devoid of individuality. He will choose the design and equipment according to his own taste, while before he could only choose from a set of miserable sentimentality - or he would agree to vegetate in the "institution" of social housing.

Where is your "poor man" now? He is no longer a pauper as his soul is reborn to belong to him alone again. This is due to the paths that have opened before him for the natural and free realization of his own capabilities and the capabilities of various machines.

And next door, about a block away from the first one, another former "poor man" lives on his own plot, who, thanks to the new quality of design and technical thinking, can choose - according to his needs and desires - a different layout and a different composition of modules. For him the birds sing and the grass grows green, and the rain waters his growing garden, while the wheels of standardization and progress turn not against, but for his sake - and precisely where he lives. Since in such conditions his devoted love for technology means for him an increase in opportunities and quality of life, then for all his loved ones life is changing for the better thanks to machines.

His children will grow up in direct contact with all that freshness of the earth, which is now available only to the children of the “rich”. And at the same time, by birthright, and not by the grace of some "community-conscious" landowner - like goldfish in a round aquarium with pebbles and algae.

The poor man is rooted on the earth alongside his fellows, to grow and develop as only one can grow and develop in his own land. He is endowed with personality. He is also an aristocrat, but in the truly democratic sense of the word.

Now let him (with the full consent of the employer) grow something (as much as he can) to help the family in his own garden; let him integrate his products, whatever he grows, into the general system of local markets operating along major highways, most likely service stations and gas stations. Each family's harvest is taken daily, much as planned for the Walter W. Davidson markets. In this way, the family receives half the retail value of what they have grown on the plot in their spare time in cash every day, and any resident of the new city has access to consistently fresh products. This system could complement larger, standardized farming by not only offering the consumer a greater variety of products, but also providing additional income for the factory workers' households.

Where are your urban slums now?

Integration—in the form of community schools, recreational facilities, hospitals, pensions for the elderly—resolves all the anxieties that plagued machine slaves at the dawn of our era. Very soon, society will receive citizens endowed with individuality, and not idiots fooled by the herd instinct. Instead of just another weed that sprouts in the municipal barracks or dirty slums, we gain valuable human material.

At the same time, he does not become less human because he works with machines - on the contrary.<…>

We could not get past the chapter with a piercing title "For those whom the current city has completely crippled". In it, Wright, convincingly arguing why "the big city is no longer modern", arguing with modernists and arguing that "suffocating verticality loses to natural horizontality", still gives skyscrapers, albeit a small one, but a chance. In the second excerpt from the book, you will read how, according to one of the most respected architects of the 20th century, high-rise buildings should look like.

For those whom the current city has completely crippled

Multi-apartment skyscrapers will step out of the city. This will be the beginning of the road to recovery ... a sort of hospital for complete urbanoids. Such a module of Acrocity may be typologically similar to the project of a residential tower in the square of St. Mark's Church in New York's Bowery.

Let's say thirty-six monolithic duplex apartments, fully finished, furnished and ready to move in, are grouped into a tower of four apartments on one floor. Such buildings will stand in a small, thirty acres, park with its own underground garage and playgrounds. Each apartment has its own garden, which will become an element of the landscape design of the park.

Such residential complexes will allow many city dwellers to move out of town with their children, who are already so accustomed to living in the comfortable conditions of city apartments that otherwise they will not be able or will not want (which is the same thing) to settle in the countryside.

Such vertical prisms of metal and glass, growing out of the greenery of private parks, will be quite acceptable as modules of the Acrocity. They will provide their residents with a range of benefits of rural life, and their residents will become owners of their own apartments in the middle of nature within the economic logic of our time.

You can order the book Vanishing City by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Available in formats: epub | PDF | FB2

Pages: 180

The year of publishing: 2016

Language: Russian

One of the main architects of the 20th century, Frank Lloyd Wright, built buildings that changed our understanding of architecture, but his ideas were much more ambitious: he wanted to change the very essence of the city - to deprive it of density and center and disperse it over a large area, in nature. "Vanishing City" is a detailed and passionate manifesto for this radical project.

Reviews

Polina, Voronezh, 03.07.2017
Convenient use of the site, a large catalog of non-fiction. I needed the book "Disappearing City", I found it without any problems, downloaded a couple more similar ones and read it for my own pleasure)))

George, Kherson, 08.05.2017
Sometimes in order to find the right literature on the global network, you need to spend from 15 minutes to an hour. This is very inconvenient, due to the constant lack of time for such classes. I am very pleased that a site with such a rich base of necessary knowledge has begun to function. Now the problem of finding books does not exist for me!

Those who viewed this page were also interested in:

FAQ

1. Which book format should I choose: PDF, EPUB or FB2?
It all depends on your personal preferences. Today, each of these types of books can be opened both on a computer and on a smartphone or tablet. All books downloaded from our site will open and look the same in any of these formats. If you don’t know what to choose, then choose PDF for reading on a computer, and EPUB for a smartphone.

3. In which program to open the PDF file?
You can use the free Acrobat Reader to open the PDF file. It is available for download at adobe.com.