The person in charge of coin production. Dictionary of numismatic terms
OBVERSE- the front side of the coin (medal). The obverse is the side of the coin that depicts the portrait of the emperor or other person to whom the issue of the coin is dedicated. In the absence of a portrait, the obverse is the side of the coin that depicts the state emblem, the emperor’s monogram, or the designation of the coin’s nationality.
ALTYN- a silver coin of three kopecks.
ASSIGNMENTS- paper banknotes issued in Russia from 1769 to 1843 to replace large sums of copper coins in circulation.
AFFINAGE- technological process of separating precious metals from impurities and from each other.
BANK COIN- the name of high-grade silver coins in denominations of 1 1/2 rubles, rubles, 3/4 rubles, 50 and 25 kopecks, found in a number of government documents of the 18th-20th centuries. In some periods, 25-kopeck coins were classified as change coins.
BILLON- an inferior small change coin minted from low-grade silver. Also called low-grade silver, which was used to mint these coins.
BONKS- temporary metal or paper (sometimes made from other materials) banknotes of optional circulation, issued by local authorities, institutions, organizations and individuals for their own needs. All paper banknotes that are out of circulation are also called bonds.
MONOGRAM- a graphic representation of the name or title of the emperor or other person to whom the issue of the coin (medal) is dedicated.
HRYVNA, HRYVENNIK- a silver coin of 10 kopecks. Name "HRYVNA" found on coins before 1727, "DIME"- until 1796.
GURT- side surface of a coin (medal). The inscriptions, patterns and other design elements that form the edge are called edge, and the tools and equipment with which they are applied are called edge.
DENGA (until 1796 - DENGA, since 1849 - DENEZHKA)- a copper coin in denomination of 1/2 kopeck, minted from 1700 to 1828 and from 1849 to 1867. Before the reform of Peter I, small quantities were minted in silver.
DONATIVE (GIFT) COINS- “coins” minted not for release into circulation, but for distribution by members of the imperial family to various individuals as an incentive or in connection with some event.
IMPERIAL- a gold coin of 10 rubles, minted from 1755 to 1897, as well as a 15-ruble gold coin of 1897, minted after the reform of the Council of Justice. Witte with the introduction of gold monometallism in Russia.
CREDIT RUBLE- a measure of value expressed in credit notes. In conditions of inflation, a credit ruble is cheaper than a ruble in “specie” terms, i.e. expressed in gold or silver (under conditions of gold or silver monometallism).
LEGEND- the inscription on the obverse and reverse of a coin or medal.
LIGATURE- base metals that are part of precious alloys. The amount of alloy as a percentage is determined by the formula (1000 - sample): 10, if the sample is metric, or by the formula (96 - sample): 0.96 with a spool expression of the sample. An alloy containing a ligature is called alloyed, and the mass of a coin made from it is called alloyed.
queen cell- a stamp with a relief image for applying the main design elements of a coin to a non-hardened stamp. The use of mother liquors significantly speeds up and reduces the cost of the process of making coin stamps, especially in mass production.
MEMORIAL COINS- coins issued in memory of an event, in recognition of the merits of a person or group of people before the people, in order to popularize a particular event. Most memorial coins were issued of improved quality. Those of them that were issued only for collectors (that is, did not go directly into circulation) are not coins, but coin-like products.
MINTSMEISTER- head of the coin processing department (department) at the mint; official in charge of coin production.
COIN REGALIA- the exclusive monopoly of the state on the minting and issue of coins and other means of circulation.
COIN- a mandatory means of payment legalized by the state (as opposed to bonds), made of metal (less often from other materials). The main function of coins is to meet the needs of monetary circulation or prepare changes to it (test coins). The remaining functions of coins, such as commemorative, anniversary, advertising and others, are auxiliary. For more details, see the article “Some issues of collecting Russian coins.”
COIN STOP- characteristic of a coin that determines its standard weight and alloy fineness (for coins made of precious metals) depending on the denomination. It is expressed by the total nominal price at which coins of various denominations should be minted from a certain amount of metal. For example, for copper coins of 1810-1830, the coin foot was taken at the rate of minting coins in the amount of 24 rubles from a pood (16,380 grams) of copper.
Using the coin stack, you can determine the standard weight of a coin of each denomination. So, for kopecks of this period it is 16380:24:100 = 6.825 grams. The permissible deviation from the coin stack is called remedium (see definition below).
COIN TYPE- a set of images and inscriptions on the obverse and reverse of a coin, characteristic of all coins of a certain denomination and period. Thus, the coin type of copper coins in denominations “kopeck”, “money” and “polushka” from 1849-1867 is the image of the emperor’s monogram on the obverse and the designation of the denomination, date of minting and mint on the reverse. For gold coins of 1886-1911, the coin type is the image of the emperor's portrait on the obverse, and the state coat of arms, denomination and date of minting on the reverse.
REGULARLY MINTED COINS- coins minted using machinery in mass quantities. Coins of permanent current issue (as opposed to coins of special issues. For example, the regular ruble of the 1839 St. Petersburg - NG sample is a coin of regular mintage, in contrast to the commemorative ruble of the same year.)
MONOMETALLISM-a monetary system based on one metal (usually gold or silver), the cost of all others was calculated based on the ratio of metal prices. In Russia there was silver monometallism since January 1, 1840 and gold monometallism since 1897. For more details, see the article “A Brief History of Monetary Circulation in Russia in 1700-2000.”
NEW MAKES- new-made (newly made) coins or new-made coins are specific counterfeit coins minted in coin metal at state mints with genuine or specially made stamps on orders from amateur collectors or for the formation of state exhibitions or collections of an advertising nature, as well as minted outside the mint, but with the obligatory use of original stamps. For more details, see the article “Some issues of collecting Russian coins.”
RATING- the denomination of the coin, its nominal price.
NUMISMATICS- science, an auxiliary historical discipline that studies coins and medals, as well as coin hoards. Sometimes the study of numismatic monuments allowed scientists to answer some historical questions that had not received answers from other sources.
PATINA- natural or artificial coating that protects the metal from external chemically aggressive influences.
FAKE COIN- a copy of a real coin, made for any purpose other than direct participation in circulation, most often to deceive collectors. Should be distinguished from counterfeit coins (see definition below). For more details, see the article “Some issues of collecting Russian coins.”
FIFTY KONE, FIFTY KONE- a silver or gold coin of 50 kopecks. Minted from 1701 to 1885 and from 1924 to 1927. In 1886-1922 and since 1958, the denomination was indicated by numbers. Since 1958, 50-kopeck coins have been minted from base metals.
POMIPERIAL- a gold coin of 5 rubles, minted from 1755 to 1896, as well as a gold coin of 7 rubles 50 kopecks in 1897, minted after the reform of the Council of Laws. Witte with the introduction of gold monometallism in Russia.
HALF A KONE- a silver coin of 25 kopecks. Minted from 1701 to 1810. From 1827 to 1901, the denomination was indicated by numbers.
POLUSHKA- a copper coin in denomination of 1/4 kopeck, minted from 1700 to 1810 and from 1849 to 1867. Before the reform of Peter I, small quantities of polushki were minted from silver.
TRY- a number indicating the content of precious metal in a coin alloy. Expressed as the number of spools (4.266 grams) in 1 pound (409.5 grams) of alloy (spool test) or the number of parts by weight in 1000 parts of alloy (metric sample). For more details, see the article “Coin Metals and Alloys” in the reference section of the catalog.
PROOF COIN- a special type of coins made in the process of preparing to change the appearance of coins for demonstration and approval of new samples. Also test coins are coins made during the process of selecting a new coin metal. Most of the hallmark coins are not considered in this catalogue.
PUNCH (PUNCH)- a stamp with a relief image, used for applying individual image elements to a non-hardened stamp (or mother liquor). The use of punches significantly speeded up and reduced the cost of the process of making coin stamps, especially during mass minting.
SMALL COIN- a coin intended for the needs of small trade turnover. Often minted from low-grade silver or base metals.
REVERSE- reverse side of the coin (medal). The side opposite the obverse (see definition above).
REMEDIUM- the permissible deviation in one direction or another from the coin stack for a coin or group of coins established for a given issue. For coins made of precious metals, the remedium was always set for each coin, for coins made of base metals - often for the total mass of coins of a certain denomination. Thus, for copper coins of 16 ruble feet, a permissible deviation from the standard weight was established at 2 pounds (0.8%) for coins in denominations of 5.2 and one kopeck, and 4 pounds (1.6%) for coins in denominations of dengue and half a pound when weighing a batch worth 100 rubles (the standard weight of the batch was 6 poods 10 pounds). Illegal attempts to “correct” batches of coins that went beyond the remedium led to the appearance of coins with non-standard weights, made specifically to correct such batches (Uzdenikov). For the silver ruble coin in 1845, the remedium was set at 3 shares (about 133 milligrams), for half tuna - at 2.5 shares (about 111 milligrams), for 25 and 20 kopecks - at 2 shares (about 89 milligrams), for 10 and 5 kopecks - 1.5 shares (about 67 milligrams). Data taken from the book by V.M. Potin. This difference in remedium for coins of different denominations is due to technological features of production. Precious metal coins that have gone beyond the remedium are quite rare.
SOUVENIR COINS- coin-shaped products made at mints on private orders for distribution as souvenirs. Not considered in this catalogue.
FAKE COIN- a copy of a real coin made for the purpose of payment (to participate in the circulation process). They were made at all times in various ways, sometimes in large quantities (for example, lightweight nickels of 1723-1730). Sometimes counterfeit coins were minted at foreign mints in order to undermine the Russian economy, as well as to obtain illegal profits from the exploitation of coin regalia. The production and use of counterfeit coins has always been very strictly pursued (including the death penalty) by the authorities, since it undermined the economy of the state. Counterfeit coins should be distinguished from counterfeit ones (see definition above).
CHERVONETS- a gold coin equal in value to the Western European ducat (about 3 rubles in gold). It was in circulation at exchange rate value and was also used for foreign payments. From 1922 to 1947 - the monetary unit of the RSFSR and the USSR, equal to ten gold rubles. It was minted in the form of a gold coin in 1923 and 1925. Gold coins were intended primarily to back paper money, as well as for foreign payments, and were probably issued into circulation in small quantities. The purpose of the gold chervonets of 1975-1982 is not entirely clear, since such a monetary unit no longer existed at that time. In addition, issuing coins on behalf of one republic (RSFSR) in the USSR was hardly possible. Perhaps they were intended for international payments, because... were minted in large quantities.
P.S. Information taken from the book "Russian coins of 1700-2000. Historical review and catalog" Yaroslav Adrianov
Brief Numismatic Dictionary
Obverse
The obverse side of the coin (simply put - heads). The obverse of modern European coins usually bears the coat of arms of the state or a portrait of the ruler.
In the specialized literature there is no consensus regarding the rules for establishing the obverse side, however, it is generally accepted in modern coin catalogs to determine the obverse according to the following criteria (in descending order of importance):
State emblem, emblem, etc. Moreover, if coats of arms are depicted on both sides of the coin, then the obverse is taken to be the one on which the coat of arms of higher rank and position is depicted. For example, coins from the Portuguese colonies usually featured the coat of arms of Portugal on the obverse and the coat of arms of the colony on the reverse.
Portrait of the head of state, coin lord or other holder of coin regalia.
Legend with the name of the country, territory.
Legend with the name of the owner of the coin regalia.
In other cases, they are guided by subjective opinion or refuse to establish the obverse.
Coins minted on behalf and on behalf of the owner of the coin regalia.
Uncirculated
Uncirculated - quality of minting (usually multi-circulation automatic minting), in which the coin has an even matte metallic sheen without a mirror surface. Uncirculated quality also means that there is no damage due to handling.
Refining
Technology of bringing precious metal to the highest standard (purity). Type of metal refining
Bank coin
The main monetary unit of the state. For example, in Russia - ruble
Billon
French billon - low-grade silver. The definition of "billon" arose in the 13th century as a designation for any low-quality coin with a reduced content of any precious metal. In the 15th century, this concept underwent a change and began to mean “a mass of metal with an insignificant content of precious metal.” It is also used in this meaning in many other European languages.
Billon coin
French billon - low-grade silver. Changeable inferior metal coin, the face value of which exceeds the value of the metal it contains and the cost of minting it
Noble metals
Noble metals, gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium), which received their name mainly due to their high chemical resistance and beautiful appearance in products, in particular, in coins. For metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, bank rates are set in relation to the currency of a particular country.
Bonistics
An auxiliary historical discipline that studies obsolete banknotes and bonds as historical documents reflecting the economic and political situation of society. Originated at the beginning of the 20th century. and is closely related to numismatics.
Defective coins
Coins that differ from the bulk of similar coins and do not meet the requirements of the standard. Coin defects include:
Stuck
Coins on which on one side the image is normal, and on the other - the same, but “negative”.
U-turns
The obverse and reverse of the coin are not related to each other at the correct angle. There are two types of obverse-reverse relationships: coin and medal. If you take a coin vertically with two fingers and turn it to the other side, and there you can see an inverted image - this is coin type. Otherwise it's medal type. Most countries use the medal type. The coin type is typical, for example, for Switzerland.
Bezgurtovka
Coins with a smooth edge are defective if initially they should have something on the edge (corrugation, inscription). This also includes groups of coins minted with “foreign” stamps.
Gnawed out
A coin that bears a mark from an adjacent stamp. Sometimes there can be several such crescent-shaped gnaws on a coin at once.
Mixing up metal
The coin was mistakenly struck on another coin blank.
Defective coins have a certain numismatic value, and often quite high.
Bouillon release
Issue of coins or bars for investment purposes. Characterized by large circulations, a fairly simple image and a selling price close to the price of the metal used to make the coin or bar
Shoulder
The part of the edge that protrudes above the field of the coin.
edge
The side surface (edge) of a coin. Usually it has a notch or corrugation (although there is also a smooth edge). In the old days, it was designed this way to prevent cutting of the precious metal, later - to increase wear resistance, and currently - for aesthetics.
Investment coins
Coins made of noble (precious, banking) metals, issued and purchased for investment purposes. This is a banknote made of precious metal, freely sold and purchased by authorized credit institutions at current quotes close to the price of the precious metal contained in it. In some countries, the circulation of investment coins is not subject to value added tax, due to which the price of investment coins can be significantly lower than the price of commemorative coins of the same weight
Collecting
The purposeful collection of generally homogeneous objects, usually of scientific, historical or artistic value. Collectible items include, in particular, coins
Collectible coins
Commemorative (anniversary) coins, which are issued mainly for collecting purposes or as a rarity. Collectible coins are practically not used in monetary circulation; they are mainly of numismatic value
Countermarking (countermarking)
A sign (system of signs), an inscription or image on a coin of a foreign state, intended to confirm the legitimacy of the circulation of this coin in a given territory. As a rule, they appear in the absence of their own coin. There were especially many of them in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies. In Russia in the 17th century, Western European thalers with the image of a penny stamped on them were also in circulation.
Legend
The inscription on the coin (on the obverse, on the reverse, and also on the edge).
Ligature
An auxiliary metal used to impart certain properties to the metal composition (increased mechanical strength, etc.) When making coins from precious metals, for example, copper is often used as an alloy.
Medal art
The art of making coins and medals. Medal art is characterized by the stability of iconographic types and compositional techniques associated with the need to fit an image into a given shape (mainly a circle), and the widespread use of symbols, emblems, and allegories.
Mintmark
A letter, sign or other symbol indicating the place of minting of a given coin. For example, on Russian coins this is the SpMD or MMD logo.
Mints-
Translated from German - coin. Included in words related to coinage (see below)
Mintskabinet
Collection, collection of coins and medals.
Mintsmeister
The person responsible for the weight and fineness of a coin at the mint.
Coin
An ingot of metal of a certain shape, weight, purity and value, which serves as a legal means of circulation. The name of the coin comes from the name of the goddess Juno Moneta (Juno the Mentor), at whose temple metal money began to be minted.
Coin regalia
The state's monopoly right to mint and issue coins into circulation. On the basis of the coin regalia, the state implements coin legislation, determines the name, material, sample, weight, size of coins, their external distinctive features, remedium, etc.
Mint
An enterprise for minting coins, manufacturing orders, medals and other state metal insignia. The first mint was established in Ancient Rome at the Temple of Juno Coins
Coin Income
State income from minting coins. It is the difference between the face value of a defective coin and the market value of the metal it contains (less minting costs). Coin income is provided only by the minting of inferior small change (billon) coins
Coin lord
The government, state or head of state, in whose name and on whose instructions coins are minted, banknotes are printed, government loans are issued, postage and non-postage stamps are issued, etc.
Coin Charter
Rules established by state law regulating the procedure for minting coins in the country. The coin regulations determine the nature of minting (free or closed), the standard of the currency metal, the weight, type and legend of the issued coins, the remedium during minting, the rules for withdrawing coins from circulation, etc.
Remake
A coin originally struck for collectors using old or newly minted dies. As a rule, they are in good condition. They may differ from the old one, but they may not differ at all. To distinguish them, they apply some kind of sign that allows them to distinguish a new product from an old one (but, as was said, not always).
Denomination
The nominal value indicated on securities, paper banknotes and coins.
Numismatics
An auxiliary historical discipline that studies the history of coinage and monetary circulation. In addition, numismatics is a hobby related to collecting coins.
Numismatic coins
Coins withdrawn from circulation or in circulation, placed in special souvenir packaging or protective capsules, supplied and sold on numismatic markets at prices above nominal
Overdate
An English term for changing the date of issue of a coin by coinage.
Commemorative (anniversary) coins
Coins that are issued in honor of various historical events, persons or as a rarity. Commemorative coins are rarely used in monetary circulation; they are mainly of numismatic value
Patina
A layer of oxides formed on the surface of metal objects under the influence of oxygen, carbon, acids and salts. Patina does not spoil the metal of coins, but rather protects it from further oxidation. On antique coins, the patina is considered beautiful and valuable, and its presence is considered one of the criteria for the authenticity of the coin.
Patination
The process of artificially applying patina to give a coin an antique appearance.
Cladding
Applying a thin layer of another metal to the surface of metal sheets by hot rolling or pressing.
Try
Proof coin
A coin of an unapproved type, minted, as a rule, in preparation for a new issue. There are simply proof coins and proof coins for collectors - coins that were minted at state mints for the purpose of further sale to collectors.
Proof
Proof (English Proof, German Polierte Platte, less commonly Spiegelglanz) is the highest quality of coinage, achieved by using special machines and special methods for processing blanks and minted tools in their production. Coins are made individually with a high proportion of manual labor, have a completely smooth mirror (polished) surface of the field, and, as a rule, a matted relief pattern. Occasionally the so-called “reverse proof”, where the field is matte and the image is mirrored (polished). The term "proof" is usually used for coins made of precious metals
Proof-like
The definition of "proof-like" is more often used for coins made of base metals. Such coins have all the main features of proof quality: a polished field and a matte image. May have insufficient polishing.
Piedford
A coin struck with regular dies on a double thickness blank. Minted for collectors. Particularly characteristic of France. Unlike ordinary coins, Piedfords are not legal tender (unless otherwise stated during issue).
Small coin
Small denomination metal coin. Has a lower denomination than a bank coin.
Ratio
The relative value of coin metals in relation to each other.
Reverse
The reverse side of the coin (simply tails, or hash). Usually the denomination is placed on it
Remedium
The limit established by the state under the gold coin standard for the deviation of the actual weight and fineness of a coin from the legal norm.
Special uncirculated
The definition of “special uncirculated” is a special “invention” of the NBU, intended to reduce the cost of producing coins while maintaining their selling value. Simply put, this means that the coin has the characteristics of “uncirculated”, but there is no special quality control.
Fake coin
The coin was not minted at a state enterprise and has not been authorized. There are:
Fake coins for circulation (otherwise - fake)
They are minted to the detriment of the monetary circulation of the country in whose territory this type of coin has the status of legal tender, as a rule - by private individuals for personal gain. Sometimes, for example in wartime, it is minted by a hostile state in order to undermine the enemy’s economy.
Fake coins for collectors (otherwise - bullshit, bullshit)
Minted by a private individual with personally cut stamps for sale to collectors under the guise of the original.
In any case, this is a criminal offense.
Coinage
The final operation of coin production: stamping (compression of the product in a finishing die) and final finishing.
Stamp
Device for minting coins. It is a steel cone with a mirror image applied. The obverse and reverse stamps are different. As a rule, minting occurs by simultaneous striking or compression of both dies
Exonumia (exotic numismatics)
Collecting exotic numismatic objects that do not fall under the status of official state banknotes: unofficial memorial signs and souvenirs in the form of coins or banknotes, made on the occasion of fairs, exhibitions and other anniversary and traditional events.
Commemorative (commemorative) coins
Coins that are issued in honor of anniversaries of historical events, persons or as a rarity. Commemorative coins are rarely used in monetary circulation; they are mainly of numismatic value
Adjustment
Checking the coin blank for compliance with the accepted standard and then (if required) removing excess metal from the coin blank field.
13.03.2008
The state, a monopolist in the production of cash, protects both this process and its participants with a veil of secrecy. Even photographs are classified in Russia: illustrations for the article were provided to us by the Royal Australian Mint. And yet, we managed to look at the Moscow Mint not from the main entrance - we talked with its former and current employees about what was happening behind the secret walls of the money factory. It turned out that the people who make specie are no less interesting than their work. The minters and their lives Where do they train coin minters? Mostly at the “coin factory” itself: young people are taken as apprentices here, often without special education. It is important here that the student gets to a good master who will quickly put him to work. According to the story of one experienced coiner, his master once gave him the following first lesson: “Remember once and for all: for you, everything you see here is not gold and silver, but coppers with iron. Work with them without any fear. But keep in mind that if the quality suffers, then your work will not pass the inspection.” At that time, the minting of collectible coins in our country was just gaining momentum: the first large series of the highest quality “proof”, dedicated to the 1980 Olympics, appeared in the second half of the 1970s. It was largely experimental work. At that time, the USSR had no experience in minting coins with a perfect mirror surface, so at first even the production rate was 5 coins per person per shift. Now there are about 500–600 pieces: the technology has come a long way. This is not as much as it seems if you work with skill and care, and 500 coins per shift is enough time. It turns out even more, although there are smoke breaks and breaks. “True, I didn’t like to take time off from work,” says the embosser, “because after that I need to put the press back into working condition. During operation, the stamp heats up and dust sticks to it, although the room is cleaned three times a day. We need to wipe all working surfaces with gasoline and check that everything is set up correctly.” Despite the secrecy of coin production, there are not many internal barriers between different workshops. The same person can at different times be engaged in minting medals, smelting an alloy, or even producing badges (coins, medals and badges are the three main areas of work of mints). It all depends on the person: if he is negligent in his work and allows marriage, he will not be sent to a responsible position, which, of course, is better paid. By the way, by Soviet standards, the work of a coiner was highly paid, and it remains highly paid today (according to the workers themselves). Thus, a high-category minter receives from 20-25 thousand rubles per month, and the remuneration directly depends on the fulfillment and exceeding of the plan. The highest earnings come from craftsmen who make proof coins. And the coin minter alone serves 2-3 presses, and his participation in the process is minimal. In this case, the high salary is primarily justified by secrecy. Even craftsmen who work with precious metals are strictly prohibited from entering the workshops where current coins are produced. It is curious that few people are kicked out of the factory for unsuitability, but many leave on their own if they cannot find themselves in some kind of work. “Even slobs are needed,” says one of the former masters of the mint. “There is a lot of work, sometimes skill is required, sometimes accuracy, and sometimes just physical strength. For example, in metal rolling, all the work is running around, carrying ingots back and forth. Imagine a meter-long ingot of silver that comes out from under the rollers: it weighs about 40 kg. If this kind of work suits you, please move the bars, but the salary here is appropriate. It also happens that a person is simply not able to do something, so he himself is not able to work well, and after him the equipment needs to be set up for one and a half to two hours. What is two hours: during this time I can mint 3,000 small change coins.” Temptation to make money Mint specialists are not in demand anywhere else for their direct specialty. Even if you know the processes of stamping and minting perfectly, in other industries they are built completely differently. The only way to apply such skills is at home, which often happens. They tell about a master who, back in Soviet times, stamped rubles for himself at home and drank them away. Some minted at home and sold the medals they made at work. However, for all this you need to be able to draw, engrave, and mint, and such skills are rarely found in one person. Over time, such pranks became much more difficult due to lack of material. Once upon a time, waste from coin production was not particularly protected or stored, but if there was something lying around, then why not take it? Now this has become much stricter. In addition, coin technology is too complex. The core of the coin is made of copper, and the top is clad with a stainless alloy. All this is just to protect against counterfeits: a real coin has a pink stripe along the edge, a fake one does not. In addition, a magnet will not pick up a genuine coin. But the main protection lies in the cost, which, for example, for a ruble coin is about 12 rubles. It's not clear why they would fake it. So monetaries usually use their skills for harmless purposes. For example, one day one of our interlocutors’ new TV broke down: “I understand this, I want to watch it, but I can’t, there’s a factory seal. Well, I cut it down, and then made the same one.” Control is appropriate The security regime at the mint is a special story. Of course, they don’t conduct searches, but they check – that’s not the right word. When you come to work, you need to strip naked at your locker, go to another room and put on work clothes there. The same thing is repeated after the end of the shift. These strippings became such a habit that one day someone came to the workshop naked, wearing only slippers: he started talking to someone on the way. There are metal detectors at the entrance and exit that sense precious metals; you can’t get through even with glasses. There is nothing to say about mobile phones: only management is allowed to carry them, but the device must not have a camera. But the rules here are still softer than, say, at Goznak. There, every potential employee is tested for moral strength; all tests last about 3 months. Such severity is understandable. One master says: “I was in Goznak and one day I saw a production room through a slightly open door. I see a conveyor belt along which stacks of hundred-ruble bills are crawling. I felt bad - I just went crazy, and two women took me out. Like, if you can’t watch, don’t watch.” Of course, at the Mint they read and continue to give lectures about the “culture of behavior of the Soviet man,” and at Goznak they also instill that banknotes are paper, let it be paper for you too. But still, this spectacle is not for the faint of heart. At first glance, it is easier to carry away a large bill than to collect a thousand rubles in coins. But in the container into which ruble coins are poured after minting, 380 thousand pieces are placed, and in a five-ruble container the amount is even greater. In one sealed bag, which is taken to the Central Bank, there are five ruble bills worth 2,000 rubles. So the temptation remains, although the last time the thief was caught was a long time ago. This is how a witness to that story tells about it: “Somewhere in the early 90s, one friend was working on an electric forklift and in some incomprehensible way brought out a bag of ten-kopeck coins. I brought it home and placed it near the trash can. And so his wife collected two or three rubles and went with them to Sberbank to exchange them for pieces of paper. She was noticed: she brings all the coins of the same year, clean, just released. We came to the thief with a dog and immediately found the money. Naturally, he was immediately kicked out of the factory. But after 5 years for some reason they took it back.” Annealing, tapping, proof The coin production technology itself cannot be called too secret. In any case, it is easy to list all the stages, from the creation of the alloy to the release of the finished coin from the press. However, without knowledge of the intricacies of metal behavior and tool preparation, you can only ruin the material. It is from such secrets that the mastery of minters is formed. “I think there is nothing particularly surprising here for a knowledgeable person,” says one of them. “The only valuable thing is the technology for making stamps, and the bottleneck is their heat treatment. A slight deviation in technology or quality of material – and the tool cracks, breaks and slips.” All mint equipment is imported. Proof is minted on already quite old, mid-1970s, English presses “Coin Master”, German “Grabiner”, etc. Russia and the USSR never produced their own minting equipment, and before 1990 there were many that were completely antediluvian machines. “For example, back in the 80s I found a captured German grinding machine at work,” says the embosser. “Then they wrote it off as scrap and regretted it: it is unpretentious, simple, and accurate. And our machines in front of him are just wrecks. There was also a press, also a trophy one, with a swastika on the pedal and a huge vertical wheel with a diameter of 2.5 m, with the help of which coins were minted. So he had better productivity until they installed “sharpies” (machines from the German company “Schuler”). And old cars are dismantled down to the screw - and sent to the “Red Proletary”, to be melted down.” It may seem strange, but the mint does not have its own designers or medalists: all projects come in approved form from the Central Bank. The sketch is finalized and then embodied in metal: the drawing is put into a laser scanner, and it cuts out a “draft” of the future coin, which then serves as a sample for making stamps. At the same time, the working alloy is prepared, which is especially difficult when it comes to precious metals from which investment and collectible coins are created. The main task here is to achieve the necessary cleanliness. For example, 900-carat gold is usually used for gold coins, and it comes to the mint in 40-kilogram bank bars with a purity of 99.9%. Technologists calculate how much the final coin should contain, for example, silver (the most popular metal for coin production), how much copper and special additives - alloys. Then the alloy is prepared in low-frequency electric furnaces, set so that the silver does not burn out. At the same time, special granules are melted and sent to the laboratory to determine the metal sample. If you need the 925th sample, then a deviation of 0.7 units is permissible, from 924.3 to 925.7 samples. The metal is then melted into an ingot about a meter long and weighing 100 kg. It is planed on a machine, then rolled - all in order to achieve the purity of the material. Then it is rolled into a sheet from which coin blanks are cut out. They are annealed in special furnaces - heated to high temperatures and then cooled. This process makes the metal more ductile, which is especially important for silver, which begins to crumble after rolling. The edge, the edge of the coin, is made on the blanks. After this, they are sent for tapping (that is, polishing). Precious metals are polished using diamond paste, and coins are polished with a mixture of ceramic sand, tiny metal balls and special chemicals. Then the surface is wiped clean with alcohol, and a “mirror” is obtained. Finally, the blank is sent to the press, where embossing takes place. Stamp on the mirror As already mentioned, change coins are minted by “sharpies”, whose speed is 760 steps per minute. It is impossible to follow the turning circle of such a press; everything merges before your eyes. Another thing is precious coins, which are minted one piece at a time, by hand. “The main enemy of clean coinage is dust,” says the master. “You can imagine - the pressure of the press is 50 tons, and any tiny speck of dust that is simply not visible is imprinted on the mirror of the coin like a thread.” The blank is laid out on the lower stamp, then the press lowers the upper stamp onto the coin. The lower stamp is also movable - during operation it is lowered into a special ring, due to which the coin receives the correct round shape. If there is even a slight displacement of the stamp, or its surface is contaminated, the coin can be melted down. The most difficult thing in coining, according to the masters, is the precise adjustment of the press. Sometimes you can’t see it, but the top stamp has moved, and the images on the obverse and reverse have shifted. The most capricious material is gold. At 900, it is very hard, tools crack when working with it and quickly become unusable, for example, stamps crack. You need to carefully monitor this so as not to spoil the workpiece. But gold of the highest standard is also a very capricious material due to its softness. And the most disgusting work is the 785 gold medals, on which you also do deep engraving. Some medals are handmade, like coins, while others are minted by machine. In such cases, you can work less carefully - for example, you can place the workpiece on the press with your fingers. And proof blanks are taken only with tweezers, and if you need to correct the stamp, you also use tweezers. “The most painstaking work is on collectible coins, which are ordered in small quantities and undergo the strictest quality control control,” says the minter. “For example, polishing the mirror surface of a coin is difficult because the engraving cannot be damaged. It’s all about accuracy, attentiveness and experience. But modern coins are still not valued very highly. Many can only be sold for the price of the material, as scrap. And those who buy such coins in banks are either collectors or investors. The first time such investors appeared was under Lenin, when someone decided to mint gold chervonets, so to speak, to benefit the people. Someone hid them in a chest, and someone got rid of them for the price of the metal - much more than the face value of 10 rubles.”
Precious metals are being watched especially closely. No loss is allowed, except during melting. If you are a minter, then you are responsible for coins individually: you took 500 blanks and returned 500 coins. And if we are talking about cutting blanks from a metal sheet, then you take the material by weight and also report by weight. “You come and they tell you: 0.5 grams are missing, go and collect. You have to use your finger to pick up the crumbs that fall off when cutting out the workpiece, and spread a towel so that nothing gets lost,” says a mint worker.
It must be said that in the USSR collectible coins of different quality were issued - “proof” with a mirror surface and matte “uncirculated”. This is how, for example, coins were made in honor of the Moscow Olympics. But now only the highest quality is in demand, and any waste is recycled. And there can be many reasons for its appearance, including a bad mood. It happens that the master does not like the coin that he was assigned to mint, and it does not come out. And when he is assigned another task, everything works out.
Fedor Bogdanovsky
A ver is the obverse side of a coin or medal, usually where the coat of arms is. In modern literature, based on the main function of coins as banknotes, the obverse side of the coin is considered to be the side on which, like a seal, there is a sign that guarantees the authenticity of the coin. Such signs are the state emblem, state emblem, etc. On the obverse of modern Russian coins there is an image of a double-headed eagle, which is the emblem of the Bank of Russia.Authorized Issue - A coin minted in the name and on behalf of a coin lord or person (organization) having such rights. This could be the king, the government, or local civil or military self-government.
Letter of credit - An instruction from a bank to one or more other banks to make, by order and at the expense of the client, payments to an individual or legal entity up to a specified amount on the terms specified in the letter of credit.
Share - An issue-grade security issued by a joint-stock company without a specified circulation period. A share certifies the contribution by its owner of a share in the share capital (authorized fund) of the company and provides its owner with the rights: to receive part of the profit in the form of dividends; for sale on the securities market; to participate in the management of a joint stock company; to the share of property upon liquidation of the joint stock company.
Acmonital - (from the Italian acciaio monetario italiano - Italian coin steel), stainless chromium steel with the addition of nickel. This alloy is mainly used to mint change coins of Italy, the Vatican and San Marino at the Roman Mint.
Aluminum - (Latin aluminium, from alumen - alum), chemical symbol Al, III group of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 13, silvery-white, soft, light metal, quickly oxidizing, specific density 2.7 g/cc, melting point 660 degrees C. First obtained in its pure form in 1824. In terms of abundance, it ranks 3rd among elements and 1st among metals (8.8% of the mass of the earth’s crust). Used to make coins, usually alloyed with magnesium. Aluminum coins first appeared at the end of the First World War. Aluminum bronze is often used as an alloy.
Aluminum bronze is an alloy of copper and aluminum, in which the main part (usually more than 85%) is copper. It became widespread at the end of the twentieth century as a material for making small change coins.
"St. Andrew's chervonets" - single double chervonets of 1749-1753, with an image of St. on the reverse side. Andrey.
Banknotes were the first Russian paper money backed by copper coins. Banknotes were issued by the government from 1769 to 1843 and had payment power until the end of 1847.
Refining is the process of separating precious metals from impurities or from each other.
Bank note (Bank or credit note) - An official, usually paper, currency issued by an issuing bank and backed by gold, foreign currency, government securities and other bank assets, used to replace actual money as a medium of exchange and payment.
Bank (bank) coin - The main monetary unit of the state. For example, the ruble.
Non-cash money - Financial assets in bank accounts used for non-cash payments by transferring from one current account to another and for receiving cash at the bank. Non-cash money expresses the bank's obligations to the client in the form of an account entry, which corresponds to the bank's means of payment, formed through cash contributions from the client or through non-cash transfers in favor of the client.
Bouillon Issue - Issue of coins or bars for investment purposes. It is characterized by huge circulations, a fairly simple image and a selling price close to the price of the metal used to make the coin or bar.
Edge - Part of the edge protruding above the field of the coin.
Billon - low-grade silver used for minting small change coins. 1) inferior small change coin made of low-grade silver and base metals; 2) a silver alloy in which the precious metal content is less than 50%
Noble metals - gold, silver, platinum and platinum group metals (palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium). They have chemical resistance, refractoriness (except for Ag and Au) and beautiful appearance (hence the name).
Bonds are paper money that has gone out of circulation and become a collectible. 1) temporary metal or paper money issued by local authorities, institutions or enterprises; 2) paper money that has fallen out of use and has become a collectible
Bronze - (French bronze) alloys of Cu (basic) with other elements. For example, Sn, Al, Be, Pb, Cd, Cr. Accordingly, bronze is called tin, aluminum, beryllium, lead, etc. Bronze coins and medals of modern times most often consist of 95% copper, 4% tin and 1% zinc. Recently, aluminum bronze has been increasingly used for the production of small change coins.
In promissory note - a security, a separate document, of a strictly prescribed form, containing either an unconditional obligation of the person issuing it (promissory note), or his order to a third party (bill of exchange) to make payment of the specified amount to the person named in the bill or to the bearer of the bill within a specified period.
A plaster model is a positive plaster cast of a model of a coin or medal, made by the medalist on an enlarged scale.
Engraving is the work of an engraver to remove irregularities from the surface of workpieces or a working tool using a gravel to obtain clearer contours of an inscription or image.
Grosh is a designation for the denomination of 2 kopecks, corresponding to the old Russian currency calculation.
Edge - the side surface of a coin. The notches, patterns or inscriptions covering the edge are called edge, and the tools and machines with which they are applied are called edge. The edges of modern coins can be smooth, processed with small notches (ribbed edge) or equipped with inscriptions (chased edge). Ancient coins usually have a smooth edge. The first coins whose edges were industrially processed appeared in France in the second half of the 16th century. Processing of the edge is carried out in order to protect the coin from counterfeiting, filing, and also allows people with vision problems to distinguish coin denominations by touch.
Edge circle - A piece of embossing equipment responsible for applying marks and/or images on the edge. The process of minting can occur both during the minting of the coin and before.
Real money - Items made of metal, generally recognized in commodity-money relations as the universal equivalent of all other goods. Real money performed all the functions of money and at different periods of development of commodity-money relations existed in two forms: BULLON and COIN.
Banknote - A generally recognized material item, the actual value of which, as a rule, is less or, in some cases, more than the nominal value indicated on it, expressed in units of the value of real money, which was manufactured, can be used or has ever been used to replace real money when they perform the functions of circulation and (or) payment. Banknotes are: - inferior coins, as well as cash and payment coin-like tokens made from various materials, including non-metallic ones; - banknotes, treasury notes, coins of change and other banknotes made of paper or other materials; - numismatic banknotes; - investment coins.
Money - The essence of MONEY is manifested in its functions: a) measure of value - ensures the expression of the value of goods as identical quantities, qualitatively equal and quantitatively comparable; b) medium of exchange - acts as an intermediary in the circulation of goods; c) a means of creating treasures - this function arises due to the fact that the circulation process can be interrupted for various reasons. It requires the presence of full-fledged money (gold, silver); d) means of payment - when selling goods on credit, when paying taxes, land rent, etc.; e) world MONEY - a means of settlement in international payment turnover between countries.
Donative (gift) coins are coins minted in Russia not for release into circulation, but for the distribution of the imperial family to various individuals as an incentive or in connection with some event.
The minting date on coins is the designation in the legend of the coin of the year of its minting.
Moneymaker - originated in the 15th century. Old Russian name for a mint tenant and coin master, also called “livets”.
Additive metal - metal added to another metal to give the coin alloy greater hardness and strength.
Income from minting coins is the income of the state or other owner of the coin regalia, received due to the difference between the price of the coin metal and the cost of minting, on the one hand, and the denomination of the coin, on the other. The desire to extract maximum income often led owners of coin regalia to damage their coins.
Token - A sign, usually made of metal, to replace national coins in vending machines, turnstiles, etc.
Substitutes for real money - Objects presented in various forms that replace real money when they perform their individual functions. There are the following types of substitutes for real money: - CURRENCY NOTES; - SECURITIES; - NON-CASH MONEY. Substitute banknotes have been and are being produced both on behalf of coin lords and by other individuals and legal entities who are not coin lords.
Gold - (lat. Aurum), chemical symbol Au, group I of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 79. Noble metal, yellow, malleable, specific density 19.32 g/cc, melting point 1064.43 degrees C. Chemically very inert, does not change in air even when heated. The first metal discovered by man. Mostly native gold is found in nature. Currently, 900-carat gold is mainly used to make coins.
The gold standard is a gold coin standard, a monetary system in which the main monetary units are minted only in gold (full-fledged current coins), while their metallic value is equal to their face value. Under the gold standard, banknotes are exchanged for gold without any restrictions, silver coins are issued in low grade as small change. The gold standard arose during the period of pre-monopoly capitalism. Under the conditions of monopoly capitalism, the possibilities of maintaining a pure gold standard were reduced, and by the beginning of the First World War it was abolished in almost all countries.
And an investment coin is a specific monetary sign, made in the form of a commemorative coin made of precious metal, freely sold and purchased by authorized credit institutions at current quotes close to the price of the precious metal contained in it. Almost the same as the Bouillon Coin. It is legal tender and is accepted in all types of payments at face value, but is mainly used to perform the function of accumulating and preserving capital.
Making counterfeit money and counterfeit coins is the production of counterfeit coins for malicious purposes or alteration of genuine coins, which is prosecuted in accordance with criminal law. Includes the production of counterfeit coins by counterfeiters in order to cause harm to the state and the population and counterfeiting of coins in order to defraud collectors.
A treasury note is a paper currency that is not redeemable for gold, issued by the Treasury to cover government expenses and is a short-term liability of the state. Used in circulation along with other banknotes to replace real money.
Countermarking (overcoinage) - A sign, a system of signs, an inscription or image on a coin of a foreign or one’s own state, intended to confirm the legitimacy of the circulation of this coin in a given territory. As a rule, they appear when there is no coin of their own (for example, due to a lack of raw materials for production). There were especially many in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.
Brass - (from German Latun, English Brass), an alloy of copper (base) with zinc (up to 50%), often with additions of Al, Sn, Fe, Mn, Ni and other elements (in total up to 10%) . Depending on the percentage of copper, the alloys vary in color from copper-red to light yellow. Due to its good workability by pressure, a wide range of properties, beautiful color and comparative cheapness, Brass is the most common copper alloy.
Nickel brass - (English Nickel Brass), brass with a small content of nickel in the alloy.
Legend - an inscription on the front and back of a coin or medal. Based on their location, a distinction is made between a circular legend, an inscription in the field of the coin, and an edge inscription. A circular legend is located along the edge of the coin and is often separated from the field of the coin by a dotted circle, etc. The inscription in the coin's field may consist of one or more lines, as well as individual words or letters placed above, below, or next to the image or included in the image. Edge inscriptions placed around the edge circumference can be convex or concave.
Lottery ticket - a security payable to bearer, which is a carrier of information necessary to determine with an absolute degree of certainty the fact of winning or not winning the lottery.
Cast Coin - A coin made by pouring liquid metal into a desired shape. Cast coins played a special role in China, where all coins in circulation starting from the 12th century. BC e. and until the beginning of the 20th century, they were made by casting.
Ligature is the addition of a less valuable metal to the base precious metal when making coin alloys. During the melting process, the properties of individual metals can be significantly changed. For coins, ligatures that are most resistant to wear are recommended. For this purpose, a certain amount of additional metal, copper, is added to gold and silver. Such an alloy is called alloyed zealot or silver, and the mass (weight) of the alloy spent on the coin is the alloy mass (weight) of this coin.
Non-postal stamps - A banknote intended for payment of fiscal duties (for example, all kinds of duties).
Postage stamps - A special case of a payment sign. In many cases, they can be used as a means of paying for postage (or goods or services) repeatedly. On rare occasions it is used as emergency money - i.e. accepted as a means of payment in any territory.
Mintmark - A letter, sign or other symbol indicating the place of minting of a given coin. On Russian coins this is the SpMD or MMD logo.
The mother liquor is a stamp for making coin stamps.
Copper-nickel alloys have been used for minting small change coins since the end of the 19th century, and their composition at different mints is very diverse. One of the most famous such alloys is cupronickel.
Copper - (lat. Cuprum), chemical symbol Cu, group I of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 29. The metal is red, malleable and soft. Specific density 8.96 g/cc, melting point 1083 degrees C. In the atmosphere it becomes covered with patina. Since ancient times, used for minting coins and medals. Due to its ductility, malleability and resistance to corrosion, it is the most common coin metal, both in pure form and as part of alloys - bronze, brass, etc.
Memorial (commemorative) coins are coins minted on the occasion of any events or anniversaries. Commemorative coins of ruble and one and a half ruble denominations were sometimes called medal coins.
"Menshikov" ten-kopeck coin is a trial copper coin of 10-kopeck denomination, minted in 1726.
Mintzmeister - the official responsible for the production of coins.
Model - a working sample, made as a positive from solid material. When making minted medals and coins, the sample is an enlarged model, from which a blank for the stamp is made using a copying machine.
Coin - A metal or other form of representation of actual money or banknotes, made on behalf of a coin lord and representing a piece of metal or metal alloy of an established shape, composition, weight and denomination, a multiple of the accepted basic monetary unit, which is taken into account in commodity-money relations according to its nominal value. The actual value of a coin is usually less than its face value.
Coin regalia is the state’s monopoly right to mint and issue.
Coin foot is a characteristic of a coin that determines its standard mass (weight) depending on its denomination. It is expressed as the total nominal value for which coins of various denominations should be minted from a certain amount of metal, for example: “19 rubles 75 25/81 kopecks from a pound of silver” or “12 rubles 80 kopecks from a pound of copper.”
Coin form of real money - Representation of money in the form of coins made from the base monetary metal of a certain weight, having a nominal value indicated on them or calculated at an established rate, which in commodity-money circulation are accounted for at nominal value. Actual money in coin form is called FULL COINS.
Monetary policy is the practical implementation of monetary affairs - a set of measures relating to the monetary system, such as: centralization or decentralization of the monetary system, improvement, stabilization or deterioration of the coin stock.
Coinage technology is the totality of all material means and processes used for the production of coins.
Monetary economy is a period of history during which commodity-money relations were carried out mainly through coin money.
Coin circulation is a part of money circulation that can be carried out only with the help of coins (for example, paying in cash for small and minute purchases, using vending machines or consumer service network machines, etc.).
Coinage law - see coin regalia.
Mint is the name of the enterprise that mints coins.
Coin mark - small letters or signs printed on coins that are symbols of mints, coin masters, stamp cutters, etc.
Coin master (coinmaker) is the technical manager of the mint.
A coin stamp is a steel instrument with negative images of the obverse and reverse sides of the coin.
Monometallism is the use of only one type of precious metal to make the main coin of monetary circulation. Can be silver or gold.
Coin defect - A coin that differs from the bulk of coins of this issue and does not comply with GOST. Options: in foreign metal, minted outside the minted ring, not stamped if this should have happened, minted with worn dies or dies of previous years or other denominations, with shifting dies.
Coin lord - The government, state or head of state, in whose name and on whose instructions coins are minted, banknotes are printed, government loans are issued, postage and non-postage stamps are issued, etc.
Defective Coin - An official currency, usually made of low-grade silver or some base metal whose value is less than the face value indicated on it.
Unofficial currency - A currency manufactured and issued for circulation by any individual or legal entity other than a coin lord.
Remake - A coin originally minted for collectors using old or newly minted dies at a government facility and with the knowledge of the coin lord. As a rule, they are in excellent condition. They may have differences from the old man, or they may not have any differences at all.
Numismatic banknotes - Banknotes and coins withdrawn from circulation or in circulation, placed in special souvenir packaging or protective capsules, supplied and sold on numismatic markets at prices above nominal.
Denomination - the denomination of a coin, its nominal price.
Nominal value - the corresponding nominal value of means of payment intended for circulation within the country; it should be distinguished from material value (cost of material and manufacturing), market value (value on the international foreign exchange market), value as a collectible (depending on supply and demand, as well as rarity and degree of preservation).
Nickel - (Latin Niccolum, from German Nickel - the name of the mythical evil spirit that prevents miners from working), chemical sign Ni, group VIII of the periodic system, atomic number 28. Silver metal, very resistant to air and water. Specific density 8.9 g/cc, melting point 1453 degrees C. Used for minting coins since 1850, usually not in pure form but in alloys, usually with copper. It is also used for applying an outer protective layer to coins minted from other metals (copper, bronze, etc.).
O bond - An issue-grade security containing the issuer's obligation to pay its owner (creditor) the nominal value at the end of a specified period and periodically pay a certain amount of interest.
Clipping is the filing and drilling of coins made of precious metals for malicious purposes. The last operation leaves almost no traces, since the drilled areas are filled with base metal and covered with a layer of coin metal on top. Protection against this method of reducing the value of the coin was processing the edge and applying an inscription to it.
Overdate is an English term that has no analogues in Russian numismatics, denoting a change in the issue date of a coin by coinage. Example - Australian 3 pence coins 1921/22
Convertible coins - Coins that are completely convertible (such as gold coins).
The main monetary metal is a metal that plays the role of a universal equivalent in commodity-money relations.
Official banknote - A banknote manufactured and issued on behalf of the coin lord.
Tin - (lat. Stannum), chemical sign Sn, group IV of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 50, silver-white metal, soft and ductile, density 7.3 g/cubic. cm, melting point 231.9 degrees C. It fades in air, becoming covered with an oxide film that is resistant to chemical reagents. Its softness and low melting point make this metal in its pure form unsuitable for making coins. Typically, tin is used in alloys, the best known of which is bronze.
“Pavlovsky reminting” is the reminting of copper coins of 1796 from a 32-ruble coin stack into coins of a 16-ruble stack, carried out during the reign of Paul I, but with stamps with the monogram of Catherine II and with a dating corresponding to the years of her reign.
Commemorative Coin - A coin issued in memory of a person or event.
Commemorative coin of improved quality - A numismatic monetary sign in the form of a metal coin issued in memory of an event or dedicated to any object or subject of a socio-political, historical, cultural, religious or other nature. Improved quality commemorative coins are made from precious or base metals using special proof or proof-like minting technology. Officially, they are usually declared legal tender by the issuer and can be used at face value as means of circulation and payment, but in fact they are sold to collectors on numismatic markets for their collectible value in excess of face value.
Patina - (Italian Patina) a layer of oxides formed on the surface of metal objects (copper, bronze, brass) under the influence of oxygen, carbon, acids and salts. Patina does not spoil the metal of coins, but rather protects it from further oxidation. On antique coins, the patina is considered beautiful and valuable, and its presence is considered one of the criteria for the authenticity of the coin.
Patination - The process of applying a patina artificially to give a coin an antique appearance or to hide minor defects on the field.
Para is a Turkish monetary unit equal to 1/40 of a kurus.
Cladding - Application of a thin layer of another metal to the surface of metal sheets by hot rolling or pressing.
A full-fledged walking coin is the name of full-fledged coins, obligatory for acceptance in any quantities, the value of the metal of which corresponds to the state-guaranteed denomination. They are currency money, as opposed to small change and paper money. She participated in the circulation until the beginning of the 20th century.
The deterioration of coins is a process of continuous reduction of the coin stock that is natural to the conditions of the monetary economy. It is one of the most characteristic phenomena in the history of coin money.
Fineness is a characteristic of a coin alloy that determines the relationship between the amount of base metal contained in a given alloy and the amount of alloy. It was determined in accordance with the counting system used in a particular historical period. With the introduction of the decimal system, the sample is indicated in thousandths (ppm) of the alloyed metal. In this case, a completely pure precious metal has a purity of 1000.
Sample of noble metals - the amount of precious metals in the alloy. The standard of noble metals used in most countries is expressed as the number of parts of metal in 1000 parts (by weight) of the alloy. Pure metal corresponds to the 1000th sample.
Proof Coin - A coin of an unapproved type, minted, as a rule, in preparation for a new issue. It is necessary to distinguish between simply trial and trial for collectors - i.e. those coins that were minted at state monasteries for the purpose of their further sale to collectors. If proof coins are simply minted in single copies, then proof coins for collectors can be minted in quantities exceeding the main issue.
Pud is an old Russian unit of weight = 40 pounds = 16.38 kg.
Punch - a stamp with a relief image of a number (digital punch), letter or group of letters.
Piedford - A coin struck with regular dies on a blank of double thickness. Minted for collectors. This is especially true for France. Unlike ordinary coins, PIEDFORDS are not money (legal tender) unless otherwise stated during issue.
A small change coin is a coin intended for the needs of small trade turnover. Usually minted from low-grade silver or base metals. The denomination of a small change coin, as a rule, exceeds its material value. The difference between them is the income from minting coins.
Reverse - the back side of a coin or medal.
Exchange note - An unofficial, usually paper, banknote used in circulation in the territory determined by the issuer when it was issued, due to the lack of a sufficient number of official banknotes.
Change surrogate (token, payment token, notgeld, emergency money) - Unofficial coin-like signs of arbitrary shape and material, minted at a state or private enterprise in order to cover the shortage of change coins of a national standard. They walked in a strictly established territory, sometimes for a specified period. They were issued by both trade organizations and local governments. Serves as an obligation of the issuer to accept it as a means of payment for any goods or services in an enterprise owned by him or in an organization headed by him. Used in circulation in the territory determined by the issuer at the time of its issue, due to the lack of a sufficient number of official banknotes.
Regular minting is the ordered machine minting of coins on round blanks.
Remedium is the permissible deviation from the normal weight of the coin established by the coin stack, as well as the permissible deviation in the alloy sample established for coins of a given issue.
C silver - (lat. Argentum), chemical symbol Ag, group I of the periodic system of Mendeleev, atomic number 47. White metal, malleable, ductile, density 10.5 g/cc, melting point 960.8 degrees C, very resistant to air and water, but very sensitive to sulfur and sulfur compounds (turns black in the presence of hydrogen sulfide). Used for minting coins from the 6th century. BC. Currently, as a rule, commemorative and anniversary coins are minted from silver. To give the metal strength, it is usually not pure silver that is used, but its alloy with copper or zinc. The main hallmarks used in modern coinage are 500, 625, 800 and 925. Silver has bactericidal properties: Ag+ ions sterilize water.
Bullion form of real money - Representation of money in the form of ingots from the main monetary metal, which in commodity-money circulation are taken into account by the weight of the metal they contain. Actual money in bullion form is called MONEY BULLON.
Degree of preservation: English VG F VF EF MS Proof, German SGE S SS VORZ STGL PP, Italian B MB BB SPL FDC FS, French B TB TTB SUP FDC FB, Spanish RC BC MBC EBC FDC PROOF.
VG (very good) - severe wear, inscriptions are not readable (the relief is preserved at 2-3/10)
F (fine) - the main details are visible, the inscriptions are partially readable (the relief is preserved at 4-5/10)
VF (very fine) - noticeable wear, inscriptions are fully legible (the relief is preserved at 6-7/10)
EF (extremely fine) -- slight wear (condition 8-9/10)
MS (mint state) - no wear (safety 10/10)
Proof is not a degree of preservation, but a method of treating the surface of a coin during its production (polishing, matting, etc.).
The American Numismatic Association (ANA) uses the following designations:
About Goog (AG-3)
Very Good (VG-8)
Very Fine (VF-20)
Choice Very Fine (VF-30)
Extremely Fine (EF-40)
Choice Extremely Fine (EF-45)
About Uncirculated (AU-50)
Choice About Uncirculated (AU-55)
Uncirculated (MS-60)
Choice Uncirculated (MS-65)
Perfect Uncirculated (MS-70)
T esauration is the process of accumulating values as treasure, as well as for the purpose of preserving their value. Coins made from alloys of gold and silver, along with ingots of precious metals and jewelry made from them, in certain historical periods were the object of hoarding the population's funds. In a broad sense, it also includes the creation of gold and foreign exchange reserves by central banks, treasuries and special funds.
Coin circulation -- A clearly defined limit for minting a coin of a certain year or type. The limit is determined by the need of the state, or a private person, or an enterprise for a coin.
Tughra is a decorative inscription on the obverse of coins, composed of intertwined initials of the ruler during whose reign the coin was issued.
Counterfeit Coin -- A coin, token, or coin-like token that was not minted by a government entity and has not been authorized. Divided into 1 - counterfeit coin for circulation (otherwise - fake). Minted to the detriment of the monetary circulation of the country in whose territory this type of coin has the status of legal tender. Minted, as a rule, by private individuals for personal gain. Sometimes, for example, in wartime, it is minted by a hostile state in order to undermine the enemy’s economy. 2-fake coin for collectors (otherwise - bullshit, bullshit). Minted by a private individual with personally cut stamps for sale to collectors under the guise of the original. Nowadays, it is cost-effective to counterfeit coins starting at 500 rubles. Although in Asian countries (China) they also mint low-quality fakes or fantasies for tourists with a selling price of 1 dollar. Proof cannot be faked.
A regular coin is a coin intended, in contrast to a commemorative coin, for circulation. In modern coinage practice, commemorative coins are sometimes minted in large quantities in order to combine the features of a current and commemorative coin in this way.
Securities - Monetary documents expressing any property right, the condition for the implementation of which is their mandatory presentation. Securities are: shares, bonds, letters of credit, bills, checks, lottery tickets, etc.
Zinc - (lat. Zincum), chemical symbol Zn, group II of the periodic table of Mendeleev, atomic number 30. A bluish-white metal, covered in air with a protective layer of oxide. Density 7.13 g/cc, melting point 419.5 degrees C. In its pure form it is extremely rarely used for minting coins. Zinc coins were minted in many countries during World War II and the post-war years. Currently, zinc is generally used in coin alloys, primarily brass.
Check - An unconditional order, an order from the drawer to the drawer's bank or other lending institution to pay the holder of the check a specified amount of money.
Embossing is a finishing operation of volumetric stamping - compression of a product (coin) in a finishing die in order to improve the quality of the image, surface and size.
Coin cleaning - Chemical or mechanical removal of patina, dirt, and grease from a coin.
Ш tempel - Device for minting coins. It is a steel cone with a mirror image applied. The obverse and reverse stamps are different. As a rule, minting occurs by simultaneous striking or compression of both dies.
Jubilee coin - A coin issued in memory of the anniversary of a person or historical event.
Anniversary coin of improved quality - made from precious or base metals using a special proof or proof-like minting technology. Officially, they are usually declared legal tender by the issuer and can be used at face value as means of circulation and payment, but in fact they are sold to collectors on numismatic markets for their collectible value in excess of face value.
Adjustment - Checking the compliance of the coin blank with the accepted standard, followed (if required) by removing excess metal from the field of the coin blank
abbreviations for. COIN- abbreviated designation in the legends of coins of denomination, geographical names, titles, locations of mints, etc. In order to save space on the coin circle, the abbreviations on coins, especially from the eras of antiquity and the Middle Ages, are extremely complex and numerous, and for their encryption, you should use special dictionaries (for example, Rentzmann Wilhelm Numismatisches Legenden Lexicon des Mittela alters und der Neuzeit 2 B Berlin, 1865-18661866).
. OBVERSE(lam adversus - addressed to; French avers: English obverse; German hauptseite, Vorderseite) - the front side of a coin or medal. The obverse of ancient coins reflected the religious and legal ideas of the people of that time and therefore it often featured the image of the head of a deity revered in a particular city, as well as the emblem of this city (for example, a turtle on the island of Egina, Pegasus - d. Koriif, a bee - mind Ephesus). In the Hellenistic era, a portrait of the ruler of the state was usually placed on the obverse. On early Roman denarii, the obverse was an image of a goddess. Roma, but already at the end of the 2nd century BC a large number of coins appeared with various insults on the front side. But on gold, silver and copper coins of the imperial era, a portrait of the emperor was already constantly placed (the first portrait on a Roman coin was the image of Gaius. Julia. This is the dawn). The obverse of medieval and modern coins is usually considered to be that side of the coin, the content of the stamp legend of which determines the legal basis for its minting, i.e. contains the name, portrait or symbol (emblem, coat of arms) of the coin lord in whose name it was issued. The obverse of modern European coins usually contains the symbol of the republic (or its coat of arms) if the state is republican and its structure, or the portrait of the ruler when it is a monarchy. However, often on the obverse of modern coins we see the coat of arms of the state, and on the reverse side - the denomination - the denomination.
. AUSTRIAN. CURRENCY(German Oesterreichische Wahrung) - currency. Austrian (since 1867 - Austro-Hungarian) Empire 1858-1892. In 1857, Austria concluded a monetary convention with its states, on the basis of which their currencies were unified (1 guilder after the convention foot of 1753 began to equal 1 guilder 5 kreuzers of the new currency). Instead of the Cologne mark, the coinage was based on the customs pound (Zollpfund = 500 g), from which the coins were minted. Austria has 45 guilders, and its states have 80 thalers. The Austro guilder, previously divided into 60 kreuzers, in 1857 began to be divided into 100 kreuzers, called new. Kreutzer (Neukreuzer). To simplify mutual settlements in trade between the contracting parties, silver union thaler (Vereinstaler) and double union thaler (Zwei Vereinstaler) were minted from metal of 900 fineness and, which were equal in value to 1.5 and 3 Austrian guilders, respectively. In addition, allied trade gold coins were minted - crowns (Krone) and half-crowns (Halbe krone), respectively, 60 and 100 pieces of a pound or plain gold (1 crown = 10 g of gold). Austria reserved the right to mint thalers. Maria. Theresa (the so-called Levantine thaler) and ducats behind the conventional coin foot of 1753. After the war. Prussia. ABC tria of 1866 came out of the coin convention. The main monetary unit. Austria-Hungary at that time became the guilder (florin, Hungarian forint). For circulation in the middle of the empire, coins with a nominal value of 2 and 1 guilder (900th standard), 1/4 guilder (520th standard), small change silver coins (in the amount of 50 guilders from a pound of silver) with a nominal value of 10 and 5 new kreuzers were minted (later 20 kreuzers were also minted) and we days 1 and 6/10 kreuzers, and subsequently 4 kreuzers (at 160 kreuzers per pound of copper). The new currency was called Austrian (Oesterreichische Wahrung) and on September 1, 1858 it was introduced throughout the entire territory of the empire. New banknotes were issued based on the new Austrian currency. The period of the Austrian currency lasted until 1892 p, when c. The Austro-Hungarian Empire introduced a gold carp currency and a gold carp currency.
. AGIO(Italian aggio) - an excess of the exchange (market) rate of securities (bills, shares, bonds, certificates) or banknotes of their nominal value. Nadra if the share has a par value of 10 to. Olaru is sold on the exchange for $12, then the premium is 200%.
. Altyn,. ALTINNIK- ancient Russian monetary unit. In the second half of the 17th-18th centuries - the name of the coin. The term "Altyn" comes from the Tatars, the word "alty" (six) and originated in the northeastern lands. In Rus', simultaneously with the introduction of dengi coins into circulation in the last decades of the 14th century, as a unit of monetary account, the altyn was equal to 6 dengas. Perhaps an appearance. Altyna was associated with the payment of tribute to the Golden Horde khans. In settlements with them, the altyn could play the role of an intermediate unit when transferring sums of money from the Russian monetary system, containing the beginnings of the decimal system, to the Tatars - duodecimal. Although the altyn did not fit into the ruble system, which cost 200. Deng (33 altyn and 2 dengi made up a ruble), but 3 rubles contained 100 altyn (600. Deng), which made it possible to use it. Altyn for cash payments from 1534 p, when c. Moscow, where a new national coin, the kopeck, was introduced into circulation, which was twice as heavy as denga; the altyn was worth 3 kopecks. As a coin, altyn (altinnik) was first made of copper under the king. I am Alexei. Mikhailovich (1645-1676) 1654 Pri. Peter I (1682-1725) coinage. Altyn was made from silver 1704,1711 - 1714 and 1718 pp. Subsequently, in the 40s of the 19th century, the altyn was revived in the form of a copper coin with a nominal value. From a penny. A coin worth 15 kopecks was minted in small quantities 1760, 1762, 1763 pp, and from 1764 it was issued in mass circulation for the needs of monetary circulation. Popularly this denomination was called "pyatnaltinny" ("pyatialtinnik" I will call "p"yatnaltinny" ("p"yatialtinnik").
. ALBERTUSTALER- a silver coin of the thaler type, which began to be minted in Spain in 1612. Netherlands. Named governors of this province. Spanish Kingdom of Alberta and. Isabella (1599-1621). Nome worth 48 stuiverives. The Albertusthaler contained 24.65 g of pure silver, 1.33 g less than the Imperial Thaler. On one side of the coin there is an image of an oblique Burgundian (St. Andrew's) cross, as well as the names of the governors indicating their title (on later issues the names and titles of the kings of Spain are placed). On the reverse side there is an image of the Spanish coat of arms, topped with a crown, around the moats of the Order. Golden. Rune and legend, which is a continuation of the title of governors. Netherlands or kings. Spain. Some Albertusthaler issues do not have minting dates.
. AL MARCO- a system of minting coins in which the mint issued a precisely defined number of coins from a weight unit of coin metal, without respecting the principle that each coin exactly constituted one half of the weight unit. After the coins were produced, not each coin was weighed, but a certain number of them, corresponding to the established coin stack. For example, with one rhyme of a pound of silver during the years of imperial rule by authors. Nero (54-68) minted 96 denarii. If the mass is exceeded, a group of coins is cut off. Compliance with the al marco principle led to the fact that copies of the same denomination were in circulation, but of different weights. Speculators took advantage of this situation by removing heavy, and therefore full-value, copies of coins from circulation and melting them down. In the history of coinage, this principle was used in ancient times and the Middle Ages, especially when issuing small change, low-value denominations.
. ANEPYGRAPHIC. COIN- 1) a coin with an image, but without inscriptions (there is no legend) 2) all coins without inscriptions, starting from the time of their appearance until the 5th century BC. Non-pigraphic coins also include medieval coins from the 12th-15th centuries, on which there are only images (an armorial shield or figures), and coins with so-called pseudo-legends (a legend of individual letters and signs that had no meaning or content). Often pseudo-legends are found on coins minted by barbarian tribes (Celts, Germans, etc.) as an imitation of ancient issues.
aureus(Latin aureus - gold) - a gold rhyme coin, which began to be minted in mass quantities. Guy. Julius. Caesar after victorious military campaigns. Earlier gold coins. The Roman Republic issued irregular ones, but more often on the occasion of triumphs or to serve the troops. The first aureus were minted around 395 BC. Up to the time. Caesar, these coins were 1/30 of a rhyme pound (libra) and weighed 10.9 g of gold. The system of aureus coinage began during the reign of the emperor. August (ZO g in i in - 14 r n o), which was approved in. Rome system of bimetallism. Then the aureus became 1/40 of a rhyme pound (libra) and had a mass of 8.19 g 1 aureus = 25 deiariami (silver) = 100 sesterces (brass) = 200 dupondii (brass) = 400 asam (copper). During the time of the emperor. Nero (54-68 pp n e) aureus became 1/45 rhymes and increased to 7.27 g of pure gold. To the board. Caracalla (211 -217) aureus became 1/50 rhyme pound (libra) - 6.54. G gold. The following deterioration of aureus occurred after. Diocletian (284-306), when it became 1 and then 1/60 pounds (libra) - mass of about 5.5 g of gold as a result of the emperor's monetary reform. Constantine I. the Great (306-337) instead of the aureus as the main gold coin. The Roman Empire began to solidly mint and aureus in small quantities continued until the fall. Western. Roman Empire (470). On the reverse of the aureuei of the imperial era, as a rule, there was a portrait of the emperor (sometimes a member of the Imperato. RSK family), around which is his name and the title of the person - his and his titles.
Explanatory inscriptions were placed on the reverse, which often related to the image of the obverse or were its continuation. Events and concepts were also personified here, around which were their explanations and mottos (for example, libertas - freedom; concordia - agreement, etc.). In addition to the whole aureus, gold coins in denominations of 1/2 and 1/8 aureus were minted less frequently. Golden rhyme coins rarely entered the territory of the Ukrainian Land, but so-called barbaric imitations of these coins are often found. In some places, gold rhyme medallions are also found, which gives grounds to assert that the leaders of local tribes, tribal nobility had contacts with representatives of the rhyme administration.
. ACHTEVITIG(German Achtenvintig - 28) -. Niederle silver coin of the thaler type with a nominal value of 28 stuiverives, the minting of which began at the beginning of the 17th century. V. Frisia achtevitigs were minted in 1601,1602,1614-1666,16 683-1691 pp. Their mass was 17.3 g of pure silver, fineness - 0.765, pure metal content - 18.23 g. In the provinces. Overisseille current 1685 1689 pp. Nimvegeni - during 1685-1690 pp, c. Daventeri-v 161 7, 1619, 1621, 1684-1692 pp, c. Kampen - in 1616,1618,1619,1628,1680-1686 pp and. Zwolle - in 1619-1621, 1626, 1679-1686, the weight of these coins was 19.5 g. With a lower silver content, akhtevitigs were issued from 1680 in different cities and provinces. the Netherlands, causing disruption in the country's money market. On the obverse of the akhtevitigiv was the coat of arms of the province or city, sometimes crowned with a crown, above which was the date of issue. Below is the number 28. Around there is a circular legend with the same content: “FLOR ARG CIVIT IMP DAVENT” - silver florin of the imperial city. Daventer. On the reverse. Akht evitigiv placed an imperial eagle with or without the number 28 on the chest, around which there is a circular legend with the name and titles of the emperor. Sacred. Roman Empire. In addition to ahtevitigiv v. Frisia (1601, 1604 1684-1686) and. Daventeri (1618) minted coins with a nominal value of 1/2 achtevitig. Akhtevitigs were widely used in international trade, especially with countries. Eastern. Europe,. Balkan brewer ditch and Arab. East and. Mediterranean. Imitations of ahtevitigivs were often minted in various possessions. Akhtevitigs were widespread in Ukrainian lands, as evidenced by their frequent finds among coins and treasures. In official sources of the 17th-18th centuries, these coins appear under the name “zlotov” (worth in Polish zlotys), “light” talers in Polish zlotys), “light” talers.
. BANKOCETLI(German Bankozettel) - the name of the first Austrians issued paper money, the denomination of which was expressed in guilders. Vienna City Bank since 1762 without a forced exchange rate and exchanged for silver money. Coins. With the help of bankotsetliv the government of the empress. Maria. Theresa (1740-1780) tried to reduce the state budget deficit. The first issue, amounting to 12 million guilders, was issued in denominations of 5,10, 25, 50 and 1,00 guilders. The following issues (1771, 1784 and 1796) were supplemented with bankotsetlams with a nominal value of 500 and 1000 guilders. Since 1800, bankotsetli were also issued in denominations of 1 and 2 guilders. The release of a large number of banknotes (in total they were issued in the amount of 1060 million guilders) led to the depreciation of these banknotes. This process became especially active during the war years. Austria s. Napoleon. So, 1810 p 1 with ribnium guilder = 13 guilders in bankotzetls. In 1811 the government. The Austrian Empire carried out the devaluation of the bankots, as a result of which their value was reduced to 1/5 of the nominal value, and they were replaced with paper money - redemption (or exchange) tickets of the Viennese currency at the rate of 5: 1, that is, for 100 guilders the bankots paid 20 guilders new signs new signs.
billon coin(French billon - low-grade silver) - an inferior silver coin, in which the precious metal makes up a smaller part, and the larger part is the ligature (mainly copper)).
bimetallism(Latin bi - two metallum ~ metal) - 1) the simultaneous use of two precious metals in coinage - gold and silver, 2) a monetary system in which two monetary metals are legal and equal means of payment. Such a system requires the legislative establishment of the exchange rate between the two metals and its recognition as constant. In a unique form, bimetallism was used in ancient times. Persia (VI-IV pp BC), in the Greek states of the Hellenistic era, in the imperial. Rome. Byzantine Empire and Arab countries. In the East, during the 15th-19th centuries, there were two types of bimetallism: a) a system of pairs of allelic currencies, in which gold and silver coins in circulation were valued spontaneously, according to the market value of the metal placed in them; b) a system of double circulation (dual currency), in which a standing spivvidnoshe The production of coins from both metals was regulated by the state while maintaining the free minting of gold and silver coins. For the 16th-18th centuries the first type of bimetallism was characteristic, for the 19th century - the second. The system of parallel circulation of gold and silver coins was very unprofitable. The ratio between metals was constantly changing due to fluctuations in world and regional prices for gold and silver. There was a negative impact on the ratio and deterioration in the quality of the silver coin. Attempts to legislatively establish price relationships did not give the desired results, since two precious metals were simultaneously a measure of value, and this contradicted the nature of money as a single universal equivalent. The economic development of the countries of the world, the growth of gold production, and the depreciation of silver forced them to move to the village at the end of the 19th century. Olot of monometallism to monometallism.
. BONKS- paper banknotes, sometimes with guaranteed exchange for national banknotes, issued by banks, rural communities and city magistrates, financial institutions, factories, as well as private individuals. In the past, bonds were issued mainly due to a lack of government changeable coin. The main feature of private money is the voluntariness of its circulation and use in certain regions. Due to the shortage of small silver coins, bonds of 1848 - 1851 pp appeared in. Galicia. During. During the First World War (1914-1918), bonds under various names (transfers, cash notes, replaceable bonds, change coins, etc.) were issued on a large scale in Ukrainian lands. There were especially many of them in. Galicia, on. Volyn and. Podolia. Podillie.
boratinki (Polish boratynka) is the popular name for copper coins (solids or grosz) minted by various mints. Speeches. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1659 - 1666 pp. In written documents of the second half of the 17th century, boratynczaki is referred to as "boratynczaki","szelagi boratynczyki","moneta boratiniana" The first Polish copper coins of the 17th century were solidi (šeljagi), which were minted at mints in the 17th century. Vskhova and. Bydgoszcz 1650 rubles and weighed about 2.6 g. Four copper solidi were then equal to one silver penny. In 1659-1666, the coinage of much lighter copper solids was restored according to the Italian's design. Tita. Libya. Boratini (1617-1681), from whose surname the popular name for these coins comes. Crown ones, i.e. Polish, boratinki weighing about 1.35 g were minted at mints in. Krakow (1663). Ujazd (1659-1666). Lithuanian (for the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) boratinkas were issued in cities. Vilna (1665, 1666). Kovno (Kaunas) (1665, 1666). Malbork (1666). By 1667, about 2 billion copper borates were minted, which was one of the reasons for the increase in inflationary processes in the lands. The Polish-Lithuanian state boratinki had a forced conversion rate. They were equivalent in exchange rate to a bilon solida - three coins for one silver penny, and 90 coins for one Polish zloty (1 Polish zloty = 30 silver money). Crown (Polish) and lit boratinki were distinguished by images and legends on the reverse. The obverse of the boratinki was the same - a portrait of the orola and the inscription: "Jan. Casimir the King" (Latin language) boratinki were the first Polish credit coins, the real value of which was only 15% of the nominal value. They were issued to replenish the state's funds and cover public debts. The amount planned at the beginning: 1 million zlotys for each. Poland and. Lithuania - by the end of 1666 significantly exceeded 10 million Polish zlotys, not counting a significant number of counterfeit coins (the so-called Klepac), which were minted both within the country and abroad. As a result, the borate rate fell significantly below the forced rate. For example, if for a ducat they paid 6.5, and for a thaler - 3 5 Polish zlotys in silver small change, then for copper boratinki - respectively 9 and 5 zloty boratinki, together with tymphakh, filling the money market. Speeches. Pospolita, led to a complete breakdown of the monetary economy and the entire economy of the state. Due to the lack of full-fledged small change coins, they continued to dominate monetary circulation (Latin moneta currens) until the second half of the 18th century. In the footsteps of Bor Atinka V. In Poland, in 1762, the minting of copper coins was established. Boratins were withdrawn from monetary circulation only 1766 rubles per king. Stanislava. Augusta. Poniatowski. At the beginning of the 18th century, the price of a ducat was already 18, and a taler was 8 Polish zloty boratynka or tymphach. In Poland,. Lithuania and In Belarus there is a large number of coin hoards consisting exclusively of borate coins, and in Ukrainian lands, with the exception of the western regions, they are rare, and in Ukrainian. in the lands beyond the border regions, the stench is rarely noticed.
. WALTZWERK- a machine for minting coins. It was first used in 1550 at the mint in Schwäbisch Hall (Tyrol). It consisted of two shafts connected by gears in such a way that when the shaft rotated, they hiccuped in the same places. Stamp images of the obverse and reverse (from 4 to 19 stamp pairs) were applied to the shafts, which were carved on a metal sheet passed between the shafts. After that. You cut out the Monet. A sign of minting coins using the Waltzwork method is a slight curvature of the coin in the form of the letter S, or a not quite regular round shape of the image. Waltzwerk was used at the mints of European countries until the end of the 18th century (in Austria - until 1765 p, in Prussia - until the end of the 18th - 18th centuries).
. GROUP(English edge, French tranche, German Kante, Rand) - the side surface of the coin, its edge, is accordingly designed to prevent intentional. Her damage. A special feature of the rhyme coin group is its jagged shape. On coins of the ancient period and the Middle Ages, the group was usually not formed. Only in modern times was it often given the form of an ornament or notch, for example, in the second half. XVIIIst group of rubles. The edge of the empire had the shape of an oblique notch. Since 1798, a group of these coins began to be designated as a hallmark, and since 1810 -. The ligature weight of the coin, and since 1886 - the content of pure silver in it, the initials of the coin masters, and sometimes the symbols of individual mints. From the beginning of the 19th century on the group, instead of raised letters, they began to mint squeezing. The nature of the group is often a criterion for the state of preservation of the coin, its originality.
. DEVALUATION(late Latin devalvatio) - one of the methods of monetary reform. Devaluation is an official decrease in the content of pure precious metal (gold) in a monetary unit or a decrease in the official exchange rate of a specific country’s currency relative to gold, silver or foreign currency. Devaluation was often used to stabilize the currency and was of course accompanied by the restoration of the free exchange of banknotes for gold or silver. Yes, devaluation is known in two forms: 1) open, in which paper money was exchanged for metal money at a lower rate, for example, during the monetary reform. Russia 1839-1843, devalued banknotes were exchanged at the rate of 3 rubles 50 kopecks for 1 silver ruble, that is, for 1 ruble banknotes their owners received only about 29 kopecks in silver, 2) hidden, when the exchange of paper money for full value was carried out according to the face value, but with a simultaneous decrease in the gold content of the monetary unit, for example, the essence of the monetary reform of 1897. Russia was that credit notes were exchanged for gold coins, always with a nominal value, that is, ruble for ruble, but at the same time the gold content of the ruble was reduced by 1/3 - from 1.161 g to 0.774 g of pure gold. After the global economic crisis of 1929-1933 pp, devaluation was no longer accompanied by the restoration of the exchange of paper money for gold. After the Second World War 1939-1945 pp, devaluation was carried out repeatedly in most countries. The first devaluation, carried out simultaneously in 87 countries in 1949, did not involve a direct reduction in the gold content of national currencies, but a depreciation of their exchange rate relative to the dollar. USA. As a result, the exchange rates of these countries decreased by 12-30%; the aggravation of the currency crisis in 1971 - 1973 pp was the reason for the devaluation of the world's main reserve currency - the dollar. USA. In 1971 (officially in 1972), the dollar was devalued by 7.89%, and in 1978 by another 10%, which led to the devaluation of the currencies of most economically developed countries and the revaluation of individual currencies. Devaluation is often used to improve a country's balance of payments by creating favorable conditions for the export of goods. While maintaining the price level within the country, goods exported abroad become cheaper for foreign buyers. This happens due to changes in exchange rates. The positive effects of devaluation usually last from several to several months to several months.
. MOTTO(French devise, from the Middle Ages, Latin divisa - identification mark) - in heraldry, at first the symbol was placed as an identification mark next to or above the family coat of arms, sometimes used independently. Starting from the 16th century, it meant the constant slogan of the ruler (verbal motto). An example of a verbal motto is the inscription "VIRIBUS UNITES" (Latin by joint efforts), placed on Austrian and Austro-Hungarian coins. Sometimes the motto was placed on ribbons located under or above the coat of arms of the coin seigneur.
deflation- withdrawal of excess money supply from circulation, a phenomenon opposite to inflation. Deflation can be spontaneous or caused by government action. It is influenced by budget or bank funds. Among the former are an increase in taxes, restrictions on budget expenditures, the sale of internal loans, the suppression of tax benefits, etc. The latter include: an increase in interest rates of the central bank; withdrawal of excess cash from circulation by issuing securities; restrictions on the provision of loans. The cause of deflation is significant changes in the economic life of the country. Signs of deep deflation occurred in many countries around the world during the Great Depression (1929-1933), causing falling prices, rising monetary values due to falling national income, falling wages and declining exports. In the pre-war. Poland's deflationary policy was implemented in 1935. Ministers of Finance and. Matushevsky and. The Zavadskys considered this path to be the only correct way out of the crisis. And only at the end of 1935 we. Nistru Finance. B. Kwiatkowski began to pursue a policy of economic activation. The phenomenon of deflation is also the exchange of banknotes in order to reduce the purchasing power of money accumulated by the population, for example, in. Poland in 1924, 1945, 1950 pp; V. USSR in 1947, 1961 p y 1947, 1961 pp.
dizagio(Italian disagio) - deviation of the market (exchange) rate, securities or banknotes from their nominal value. Disaggio is usually determined as a percentage of the face value. In clearing settlements, disaggio is the difference between the market and official exchange rates. Disagio of paper money occurs during inflation and is one of its consequences. If, for example, due to inflation, the paper franc is equal to only 1/2 of a gold franc, then the ratio of the paper franc to the gold franc is 50-50%.
. DONATIV(Latin dono - I give) - a numismatic monument, issued for gifts to rulers of states and other privileged persons. Donatives were especially common in Speeches. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where during 1582-1685 pp. were often minted by mints in cities. Gdansk,. Torun, Elblag and. Riga (Riga after 1621 issued donatives for Swedes and kings). The donative was ordered by the city magistrate and presented to the king when he visited the city, thus the city expected to receive new privileges from the king. On the obverse of the donative there was a portrait of the king, and around - a legend with his titles, on the reverse - the coat of arms of the city or its general appearance, around which a legend of the same content: “EX AURO SOLIDO CIVTTAS GEDANENSIS FIERI FECIT” (“the city was made from pure gold. Gdansk ordered to make "). Many donatives indicate the date of manufacture, the initials of coin masters, mint managers and medalists. Donatives are an intermediate link between a coin and a medal. A sign that brings the donative closer to coins is that it was minted according to the coin stack of ducats or thalers, which was indicated on some of them. The image of the reverse and the fact that the donatives were not made for the needs of the market and trade bring it closer to the medal. All. Donat. The IVIs are made at a high level and are monuments of the arts of the region and monuments of mysticism.
. DREIPELKER(German DreipoLker) - the name of Polish coins with a nominal value of 1 now also applies to Trikreutzer and Apfelgroschen coins of German production, as well as to Baltic-Swedish ones. Brandenburg-Prussian and other beer-groshoviks in the 17th and 17th centuries.
doubloon(Spanish doblon, duplone, dublone) - Spanish gold coin, the minting of which began. Charles V (1516-1556) 1587 68 1 escudo coins were minted from the 22 carat gold mark. The double escudo was called “post toll”, or “Spanish doubloon”. After this, the name doubloon spread to double pistols, and coins with a face value of 4 pistols were called quadruples. The initial mass of doubloons is 6.77 g of 917-carat gold. In Spanish, its quadruples were called “onza gold” (Spanish onza do oro), and since 1733 - “peso duro where oro” (Spanish peso duro de oro). The mass of the quadruple was initially 27 g (24.8 g of pure gold). The standard dropped to 23.45 in 1848 for the reign of the queen. Isabella II, as a result of the introduction of the decimal monetary system, a doubloon was minted where. Isabel ("doblon de Isabel"), or. Santen, what. Equal to 100 reais. Its mass was 8.387 g of 800-carat gold doubloon where. Isabel = 10 silver escudos = 5 gold piastres doubloon withdrawn from the monetary system. Spain 1868 p, 2) in the Italian monetary system, a double gold ducat was called a ublon; it was issued by the emperor. Charles V for. Sicily and. Naples, which were then the possessions of the Hispanorator. Charles V for. Sicily and. Naples, which was then the Volodin region of Spain.
. DUDKA- the popular name for triple money (Treshnikov), issued by mints. Speeches. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the last quarter of the 16th - first quarter of the 17th century.
. ELECTRON, electro(Greek white gold) - a natural alloy of gold and silver, from which the most ancient Median and Ionian coins were minted. Subsequently, from the 6th-4th centuries BC, coins of the city of the Ionian coast were issued from it. Ma aloe. Asia -. Kizik,. Foke,. Mytilene (oLesbos), as well as in the 4th century BC. Snracuse and. Carthage. Application. Electra v. Small. Asia is explained by the fact that this alloy existed in its natural form in the river valley. Pact ol (Lydia) and in the mountains. Tmol and. Sitila. In ancient sources, the ratio of gold and silver in the composition of electro was defined as 4:1 or 3:1. Modern research shows that the pure gold content of coins ranges from 16-69%. Despite this, the rate of electric coins has always been stable, regardless of the percentage of gold and silver. Staters of the Bosporan kings were minted from an electric alloy, but artificial, barbaric imitations of Greek coins, which were made by Celtic and Caucasian tribes.
In the 11th century The Byzantine Empire introduced electro-minted coins.
emission marks- small figures, signs or letters that are found on coins, but are not related to the main image placed on them; the emission sign can be a coat of arms (for example, a fish on the staters of Cyzicus). In the middle ages, emission signs were various kinds of images: stars, rings, crosses, rosettes, etc.
. EMISSION- release into circulation, on behalf of the owner of the rights to issue, coins, paper money and banknotes. Emission includes the issue and withdrawal of cash (the issuing function of the state central bank) by regulating the total number of banknotes in circulation.
epigraphy(from Greek epigraphe - inscription) - the science of inscriptions, a special historical discipline that deals with deciphering ancient and other ancient inscriptions on solid materials (stones, bronze, etc.). The object of epigraphy research is also coins, seals, etc.
. SIGNS. COLLECTORS- signs in the form of monograms or coats of arms are carved or engraved on coins and medals, which indicate that this coin or medal was the personal property of the collector. The earliest signs of collections date back to the 16th-17th centuries, when collecting became fashionable among many people. They were used until the end of the 19th century. Currently, coins that have collectors' marks are considered damaged.
. SIGNS. MONETARY- small images, signs on coins (coats of arms, stars, crosses, animals, plants, etc.), which were used by monetarii instead of their names or initials to indicate the cutting carried out under their leadership. Monetary signs appeared in the late Middle Ages and existed until the 19th century. Subsequently, on coins we mainly find initials or full or abbreviated surnames of the coinage. So, coins, where they came from in the middle of the 17th century. Lviv, containing the initials of the mint's tenants. Giovanni. Battistas. Amuretti - "GBA",. Andrey. Tymfa - "JSC" and coin master. Christiana. Pfaller - "SR" If the names of coins, the place and time of their activity are preserved in archival or literary sources, this makes it possible to establish the place and time of minting of undated copies of coins and medal copies of coins and medals.
spool- Russian unit of mass (about 4.266 g) was 1/48 hryvnia, or 1/96 pound. The name comes from a gold coin minted by the prince. Vladimir. The Great (980-1015) - a gold leaf, weighing 4.2 g. The gold leaf was divided into 96 lobes.
spool sampling system- sample system c. Russia, according to which the content of pure gold or silver in one pound of the alloy was determined by the number of spools (1 pound = 96 spools). Pure metal corresponded to the 96th sample; The 84th sample is the starting point, in the alloy there are 84 spools of pure metal (gold or silver), and the remaining 12 spools are alloy (admixtures of other metals: 84 12 = 96) the spool sample system was officially introduced. Peter (1672 - 1725) 1711 for silver alloys, and for gold - 1733 at. Anna. Ioannovna (1730-1740). At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, the legal hallmarks for gold products were: 94, 92, 82, 72 and 56, - 95, 91, 88 and 84-C 1927, in connection with the transition. Soviet. Union to the metric system of samples, the spool system of samples ceased to be used.
. INFLATION(Latin inflatio-inflation) - an economic process that manifests itself in an excessive rise in prices for goods caused by an increase in the money supply, and leads to the depreciation of paper money relative to gold. During times of war and militarization of the economy, as well as due to economic crises and other reasons, government spending increases significantly and is not covered by normal expenses. The budget becomes deficit, and the means to cover the budget deficit is the additional issue of paper money. The amount of paper money becomes excessive compared to the amount of gold needed for circulation. As a result, the real value of money decreases and it depreciates. Inflation leads to rising prices for goods within a country and to a depreciation of its currency relative to foreign currencies. The depreciation of paper money undermines confidence in it and creates an intention to get rid of it and exchange it for gold or goods that are real values. Inflation has a negative impact on the country's economy, increases the chaotic nature of production, the unevenness and disproportion of the development of its various sectors, and leads to a redistribution of national income this way and that.
. CLIP(from the Swede Klipping, klippe - to cut with scissors) - the name of all coins that do not have a round shape. Often minted on rectangular, diamond-shaped or square coin plates with coin dies similar to regular coins, gold or silver clips are of Scandinavian origin, coins of this type were minted as early as the 11th century. These are often emergency coins. Since the 16th century, clips have been shaped like coins minted during wars, sieges of fortresses, etc. Sometimes these are examples of gold, silver and copper coins. In the XVII century commemorative clips were often released. The minting of circulating coins of this type continued until the 18th century. In XIX-XX. The ST form of clips has been preserved for test coins and medals.
. COPA(lat sexagena - 60) - a counting unit, equal to 60. It was widespread in countries from the 14th century. Central and. Eastern. Europe, including and Ukrainian lands. As a monetary unit (cop of groschen), pi id was used to count Prague and. Meissen money, of which there were 60 per Prague hryvnia, first by weight, and then only by count. In Poland, the copa replaced the counting hryvnia (48 groszy), but soon it itself gave way to a new monetary unit - the zloty (30 groszy), equal to half a copa. In the 15th-18th centuries, money was spent on haystacks. Land account. Grand Duchy. Lithuanian, especially litas coins, which were qualitatively better than Polish. The Lithuanian copa was equal to 60 litas money, or 600 denarii (Penyaz). In Western Ukrainian lands, the counting of money for haystacks was carried out until the end of the 17th century from the end of the 17th century.
. BASKET. CURRENCY. BASKET. CURRENCY- the sum of a certain number of selected currencies, each of which has a clearly defined share and quantity. The value of the currency basket is determined by the average level of changes in the exchange rates of the currencies included in its composition. By studying the average level of exchange rates, it becomes possible to stabilize the exchange value of units of account based on a currency basket. The need for a general use of a currency basket arose after 1973, when most economically developed countries switched to a floating exchange rate for their currencies. There are two main types of currency baskets: 1) created to assess real changes in the exchange rates of individual countries and changes in exchange rates of third countries, 2) formed to determine the value of an international monetary unit.
crap(Italian l "aggio) - a premium to the price of gold, expressed in previous banknotes, which is spontaneously established in a market economy; laz is usually associated with the depreciation of paper money. La is even expressed as a percentage. If, for example, gold coins of 20 marks are sold for 22 paper marks, then the deposit is 10%. The deposit period can have two meanings - the excess of the exchange rate of banknotes or securities compared to their nominal value.
. LEGEND(coin) - inscription on a coin. There were no inscriptions on the oldest Greek coins; only the initial letters of the names of the cities in which they were minted were placed. In the classical period of history, inscriptions were already placed on coins - the names of cities, the names of magistrates (persons responsible for minting coins); craftsmen who made coin stamps. During the Hellenistic period, inscriptions on coins became common: they contained the title of the king or the name of the magistrate, coinmaker, monogram of the mint, issue series, date. The cast rhyming copper coins did not have inscriptions; on the early denarii there were also no inscriptions or they were very laconic. Subsequently, a monogram was placed on eye coins, and even later, the full name of the coin masters and their positions were abbreviated. During the imperial period, inscriptions became even more common: they contained full or abbreviated tituli and the name of the emperor on the obverse, and on the reverse - explanatory inscriptions about the image on the obverse or peculiar slogans associated with the policies of the emperor. From the second half of the 3rd century AD, abbreviated names of mints and others were placed on coins. Legends of medieval coins, as well as coins of modern and modern times, consist of several basic elements: the name of the owner and his title (or name of the state), the name of the place where the coin was minted , the name of the coinmaker, the date of issue (early medieval coins had no date), the name of the coin, etc. Some of these elements are often omitted.
ligatures(Latin ligatura, from ligare - to bind) - metal impurities (for example, silver to gold or copper to silver) to provide the alloy with greater strength or to reduce its cost. The content of the alloy in the alloy is determined by the breakdown; the optimal ratio of the alloy in precious metals is for gold - 9:1 (900th standard), for silver 5:1 (833rd standard). The ligature was used for minting coins, making jewelry, etc.
. COIN- an ingot of metal of a certain shape, mass, standard and value, which is a legal means of circulation. The name comes from the name of the goddess. Juno. Coins (mentors), whose temple was located on. Capitol Hill in. Rome we are. Metal money that was minted at the mint at the temple. Juno. Coins began to be called c. Rome, and then in other countries, with coins. The first coins were usually small ingots of metal of indeterminate shape, and therefore their weight and fineness had to be checked in circulation. When the minting of coins began (in the 7th century BC in ancient Greece), the state stamp that was used for minting was determined by the mass and quality of the coin metal. The round shape of the coin, as the most advantageous for circulation, eventually replaced all other forms. Each coin has a suitable image and inscription - a legend. The coin has a front side (obverse), a reverse side (reverse) and an edge (group). The external data of a coin, or the main images and inscriptions that are constantly inherent in a particular group of coins, are called coin type. The coin type gives ideas about the place and time of issue of coins, its denomination, etc. Variants, or varieties, are marked by minor differences in the details of the image or in the inscriptions of coins of the same type. The minting of coins from precious metal (gold, silver) was usually carried out with the addition of a certain amount of foreign metal. A coin whose purchasing power corresponds to the value of the metal it contains is called full-fledged. The face value of an inferior coin exceeds the value of the precious metal from which it is made?? High-grade coins are real money, and inferior ones are only signs, or representatives of real money. The monopoly right to issue coins belongs to the state. Coins, as a rule, are minted according to the national pattern. When a coin is issued to celebrate significant events or memorable dates, it is called memorial (memorable), and as a gift - to ruling persons - donative. On Ukrainian lands. The Kyiv state made metal coins of its own minting at the end of the 10th century, and from the other half of the 14th century they were issued systematically. Coins are important for a comprehensive study of the economic and political history of peoples, their material and spiritual cultural and spiritual culture.
. COIN. SUVERATNA, clad(Latin drink suberati, French monnaies fourrees) - a coin, the core of which (copper or another cheap metal) was covered with a thin layer of precious metal (gold or silver). Suberat coins were first issued by the Romans in 217 BC. They were minted in large quantities during the dictator's time. Sulla (86-76 pp BC). Suberat coins are found in the imperial period, in the Middle Ages, and also in modern times. Suberat coins were produced both officially and illegally - in counterfeiters' workshops. In modern conditions, planning is used to reduce the cost of coin production. In this case, a steel letter is passed between two copper or bronze sheets. This was the method used to produce coins in denominations of 1, 2, 6, 10 pfennigs. Germany, as well as 10, 25, 50 cents. US 50 cents. USA.
coin CONVENTION. MONETARY. AGREEMENT- an agreement between several states or coin lords to create a unified monetary system. The conclusion of the monetary convention is associated with changes that occurred in the economic and political situation of the countries participating in the convention.
coin POLICY- practical implementation by the state of policy related to the issue of coins, a set of measures related to the settlement of the issue. About the foreign exchange market and monetary system: centralization or decentralization of monetary affairs, improvements, stabilization or deterioration of the coin stock, establishment of the exchange rate of foreign currencies and coins, agreements with foreign countries on the conclusion of a common monetary system, etc.
coin regalia(Latin regalis - that which belongs to the king) - the monopoly right of the state (king) to mint and issue coins. Coin regalia was one of the signs of the sovereignty of the monarch in the territory that was subject to him; Therefore, the population was forced to use only those coins, the sample, foot, quality and conditions of circulation of which he established. Foreigners had to exchange their own coins or pure silver or gold for coins, and in order to increase income from minting coins, the so-called coin renovation system was often used: the periodic exchange of coins that were in circulation for coins of a new issue (usually qualitatively worse). Often, individual feudal lords and cities, for an appropriate monetary reward, received from the king (emperor, prince) the right to coin regalia.
coin stack- the number of coins that were issued from a certain amount of metal (libra, mark, hryvnia, pound). An increase in the number of coins minted for a certain weight unit of metal led to a decrease in the mass of orogycin metal in the coin, the coin stack could be increased, i.e. mint fewer coins from a certain amount of metal, or reduce - mint more coins from the same amount of metal.
. MONETARY. YARD- a state institution (enterprise) engaged in the production of metal coins, orders, medals and other insignia. Sometimes mints were leased to private individuals or church institutions (monasteries, bishoprics). In the Middle Ages, coin masters performed all operations independently. In the 16th-18th centuries, mints turned into factories. He designed the first machine for making coin circles. Leonardo yes. Vinci (1452-1519). The screw press for minting coins and medal images was created by a famous artist of the era. Renaissance. Benvenuto. Cellini (1500-1571). During the period of dominance of monometallism, each owner of a precious metal could mint it into a coin, covering the means of minting (the so-called free emission system). On Ukrainian lands in the Middle Ages, mints functioned in. Kyiv,. Lviv and other cities. However, due to the fact that Ukraine at that time was part of foreign states, they operated only for a short time. V. Moscow state mon. Etna coinage began in the 14th century. Mints here functioned in different cities (Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, etc.). The right to mint coins was often farmed out to private individuals. In 1585 In April, a state mint was established, and the issue of coins was gradually withdrawn from the hands of private individuals. By the beginning of the 18th century. Moscow remained the center of coin production, and in 1724 the monastery was founded. Etna courtyards in. Petersburg, during the 18th-19th centuries, a number of new mints were formed: Ekaterinburzkny,. Kolyvansky. Warsaw, and in addition, temporary mints periodically functioned: Bansky,. Kolpinsky (Izhora-sky). Sestroretsky. Tiflis,. Feodosia and. Koenigsberg (in Prussia). Since 1876, the St. Petersburg Mint was the only one in. Russia, not counting. Helsingfors, which issued only Finnish coins. During the existence. USSR there were two mints -. Moskovsky and. Leningradskykovsky ta. Leningradsky.
. MONETARY. LAW- state legislative act (law, edict, decree, resolution, etc.), which concerns coinage in general or its individual aspects: justification of coinage law in the constitution, legal basis for the function of the coinage system, the metrological side of coinage, the scale of coinage, prohibitions and penalties for making counterfeit coins. The difference between a coin law and a coin regulation lies in the difference in the bodies that issue them: laws are issued by parliaments, regulations by governments.
. MONETARY. SIGN- small letters or various kinds of signs minted on coins - symbols of mints, coin masters, coin stamp carvers, etc., are found already in ancient and medieval times, etc. So, in 1656-1657 pp on coin products. The Lvov Mint displayed the coat of arms of the city of Lvovvov.
. MONETARY. PRIVILEGE- granting coin lords the right to mint coins and determine their nature in a certain territory. Coin privilege includes the right to determine the coin stock, carry out minting of coins and control over its implementation, granting the right to issue coins and use coin regalia.
. MONETARY. UNION- unions of coin lords, which were concluded in the Middle Ages, modern and modern times with the aim of establishing a single coin stock and monitoring its compliance. The conclusion of the monetary union was due to the development of the economy and trade, the need to introduce a unified monetary system. The most famous coin unions were Vendian (1379), Low Saxon (1382). Rappensky (1387). Swabian (1423). Monetary unions finally lost their importance due to the increase in crisis phenomena in monetary systems during the period. Thirty Years' War (1618-164848).
monogram(Latin monogramma, from Greek monos - one and gramma - letter, record) - the initials of secular and spiritual rulers, emperors, kings, princes, etc. in the form of large letters. Monograms have been found on coins since the ancient era, they indicate the place of minting or the names of rulers or coin masters. Monograms were widely used in the 17th century, especially on small copper, billon and silver coins. The elaborate monograms were works of graphic art. On coins. Speeches. Monograms of the king are often found in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Yana II. Casimir (1648-1668) - ICR - Ioannes Casimirus Reirus Rex.
monometallism(Greek monos - one, only) - a monetary system in which the role of the universal equivalent is played by one of the precious metals. At the same time, there are coins made from this metal, or den, in circulation. Chauvet signs, which are exchanged for it depending on which metal plays the role of the universal equivalent, are distinguished by silver monometallism and golden monometallism. In the medieval. In Europe, silver coins formed the basis of monometallic currencies, although gold coins were also in circulation. Both metals, independently of each other, were a measure of value. Gold monometallism arose first in. England (for example, the 18th - early 20th centuries), and in the last third of the 19th century it spread throughout the world. The classic form of gold monometallism was the gold coin standard system. The existence of one metal as a universal equivalent under monometallism does not mean the withdrawal of coins made of other metals from circulation. The money market also receives coins minted from other metals, which act as fungible ones, and their function is limited to certain amounts. For example, in. Russia, where gold monometallism existed since 1897, silver and copper coins were minted from metal that belonged to the treasury, and silver coins worth from 25 kopecks to 1 ruble were accepted for up to 25 rubles during one operation, and small silver and copper coins - for an amount up to 3 rubles. Despite its prevalence during The First World War, gold monometallism practically ceased to exist, and after its completion it was not restored in its pure form in one country in the country.
. PARITY- 1). Monetary parity is the ratio of the content of pure gold or silver in a national currency unit to the content of pure gold or silver in the monetary unit of another country, 2). Gold parity is the percentage of pure gold in a monetary unit. Metal parity was the parity of the mass of the metal, not its value. This ratio was the basis for the formation of the rate of this currency on the foreign exchange market, depending on supply and demand; the highest parity of the known monetary units was characterized by the pound sterling, the parity of which in 1931 was 7.37 grams of pure gold. Dollar parity. USA 1934 amounted to 1.5 g of pure gold, this small was the parity of the Finnish mark - 0.002 771 g of pure gold, 3). Dollar parity - in 194G 1948 is equal to gold parity at 35 dollars. USA at the price of pure gold. The US has eliminated the free exchange of dollars. The United States for gold was 15,081,971 rubles, and in February 1973 they carried out a second devaluation of the dollar. US dollar. USA.
try(Latin probo - test, evaluate) - the content of pure precious metal in the alloy from which coins are minted or jewelry is made. By the middle of the 16th century. Germany and. In the Netherlands, to determine the fineness of silver coins, the mark was divided into 16 lots, a lot into 4 kwentchen, and a kwentchen into 4 richtpfenig. In Romanesque countries, the mark was divided into 12 deniers, denier into 24 facets. From the middle of the 16th century. In other words, to determine the hallmark of gold coins, the mark was divided into 24 carats, the carat into 12 facets, and to determine the hallmark of silver coins - into 16 lots, the lot into 18 faces. After the adoption of the decimal system (metric standards), the sample of the precious metal is determined mainly in thousandths (1000/1000). Nowadays, metric and carat systems are used. In pre-revolutionary. Russia and V. The USSR until 1927 (in 1927 the metric system of samples was adopted) used a spool system of samples. On average, the content of pure silver in a hryvnia (mark) was designated in the alloy by the number of lots.
Relationship between different sample systems:. Gold content:
carat: 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 b 5 4 3 2 1. Metric; 1000 968.3 916.6 875 833.3 791 750 708.3 6vv, in 625 3.3 41,
spool: 96 92 88 84 80 76 68 64 60 56 52 48 44 40 36 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4. Silver standard:
Lotova: XVI XV XIV XIII XII XI X IX VIII VII VI V IV IIIIII. Metric: 1000 937.5 875 812.5 750 687.5 625 562.5 500 437.5 375 312.5 250 187.5 125,
spool: 96 90 84 78 72 66 60 54 48 42 36 30 24 18 12 6
proof coins- a coin made according to a model of a predetermined mass and shape, which, together with other samples, is submitted for consideration to a special commission, which makes a selection and makes a decision on the series of coinage. Proof coins are made from precious or base metals. As a rule, proof coins are kept in the archives of the mint; they rarely fall into the hands of collectors.
breakthrough(Latin, prora) - the bow of a ship, its front part. The image of a breakthrough is often found on Greek and Roman coins as a symbol of navigation. P - a characteristic image on the ring of copper coins from the times of the republic. This is an attribute of the goddess. Romni. Romy.
damage to coins- reduction, by decision of government authorities, of the mass or fineness of a coin while maintaining its previous nominal value. Coin damage is carried out in order to obtain maximum profits. It was often used back in ancient times, especially during wars, due to the growing crisis in the financial situation of the state. Roman emperors spoiled the coin by increasing the amount of ligature in silver denarii and. Antoninian. Damage to coins led to a significant increase in prices for goods. In the Middle Ages, coin damage was carried out by kings, secular and spiritual feudal lords, and cities who tried to use this to cover their enormous expenses for the maintenance of hired armies, courts, etc. With the advent of paper money in circulation, coin damage stopped. In our time, the minting of coins from nickel, bronze and other metals does not show signs of damage, because the change coin plays an auxiliary role in monetary circulation and, by its nature, is not original.
renovations. COINS- a medieval rule of the forced exchange of coins of old issues for coins of new issues, which was carried out periodically (once every few years, and sometimes several times a year). The purpose of the renovation was to improve monetary circulation and remove defective copies. The renovation of coins was also a means for coin lords to obtain additional income. In some states, legislation clearly regulated the process of coin renovation. For example, in. Teutonic Order it was carried out every 10 years in the ratio of 12 old denarii for 10 new ones, i.e. coin owners lost 16.7% of their monetary value. The renovation of the coins was already known. Carolingian. The principle of regular renovation of coins was introduced by the king. England. Edgar (959-975). In Poland it has been carried out since the time. Boleslav. Wrymouth (1102-1138). Renovation of coins ceased to be used in the late Middle Ages.
. RINSKYY,. RENSKYY,. GOLD. Rensky- a folk household and partially official name for the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) guilder (florin), which was used in the Galician lands during the period of their entry into the composition. Austria (Austria-Hungary). After introduction to A. Austria-Hungary 1892 gold crown currency, the previous guilder was equalized to 2 crowns. By tradition, the population continued to call 2 crowns “Roman”. This was also facilitated by the fact that guilder coins had to be in circulation on the territory of Western Ukrainian lands before the start of the First World War.
crucible sample- a sample of liquid coin metal taken from the crucible immediately before bottling for control. Crucible samples are poured from a certain height into cold water; the small metal grains thus formed are used to determine the sample. In case of deviation from the norm, a certain amount of precious metal or alloy is added to the alloy.
. CIRCULATION,. SIZE. EMISSIONS- the number of coins of a type minted in one year at a particular mint. Compared to modern coins, their circulations are known and meet the needs of monetary circulation. Numismatic science is concerned with determining the circulation of ancient and medieval coins, as well as coins of modern times, in order to study the political and economic situation of the country. The number of printed coins varies and depends on the technical characteristics of the coin stamps and the metal from which they are made. If a coin find contains coins of the same coin type, but minted with different pairs of dies, this indicates a large scale of minting of this coin. Using this method, for example, it was established that in 1663-1665 pp, about 602 million copper coins were minted at the mint in Ujazd (Poland). Boratinboratinok.
. TITLE(Latin titulus) - designation of the position, dignity or rank of a certain person. On ancient coins there are mainly titles of officials of Greek city-states, Hellenistic rulers and rhyming emperors. In ancient times and modern times, in circular legends, as a rule, the titles of rulers are indicated, complementing the name of the country.
commodity-money- a general concept for all types of early forms of money in the pre-monetary period of economic relations: food money, jewelry money, fur money, cloth money, tool money, shovel money, etc. All these money are items in the commodity market form - were the universal equivalent of value.
. TRADING. COIN- 1) a coin issued by a certain country or a coin lord in a guaranteed coin stock. The trade coin, as a rule, was not the main monetary unit. Such trade coins existed even during the ancient villages. Greece. Especially many types of trade coins were minted in the 17th-18th centuries - levendaalders, bankotalers, thalers. Maria Theresa, Hong Kong dollars, straight dollars, ducats, 2) a coin that, over a long period of time, retained an unchanged coin stack and the content of pure precious metal.
ounce(Latin uncia) - 1) unit of mass. Ancient. Rome, was 1/12 libra, i.e. 27.28 g (327.45:12), divided into 24 scruples. On average, an ounce was first equal to 1/12 of a pound, later 1 (1 ounce = 2 lots). Now the troy ounce (31.1035 g) is used as a unit of mass of precious metals, 2) a rhyme coin, equal to 1/12 of an ace, minted from copper or a copper alloy. At first its mass was 27-28 g, subsequently it decreased accordingly with a decrease in the mass of the ace, 3) a gold coin. Naples (Italian oncia) in the 18th century in a mass of 8.8 g (7.7 g of pure gold and gold).
. FERTON(Latin ferto, German viertung, Polish wiardunek) - a weight unit, 1/4 hryvnia, divided into 6 skoytsy. In Poland, ferton has been known since the first half of the 13th century (ferto Polonicales). As a monetary unit of account, this ferton in the 14th-16th centuries amounted to the equivalent of 12 groszy (1 Polish counting hryvnia = 4 fertons = 24 skoycy = 48 groschen money).
. LB(Latin pondus - burden, mass; German Pfund) - in the past - a measure of weight, monetary weight and monetary unit of account. The Roman mass unit libra (rhyme pound) - 327.45 g - was the monetary unit of countries in the early Middle Ages. Western. Europe. From the time of. Carla. The mass of the libra increased to almost 408 g and it began to be called the “pound of Charles the Great.” The mass of the pound by the 11th century was the main monetary unit of countries. Western. Europe. Lb. Carla. The Great as a unit of weight was divided into 20 solidi, 240 denarii, 480 obols. Hence, 1 solid corresponded to 20.4 g, denarius - 1.7 g, and obol - 0.85 g (silver). The listed units are called weight units, borrowed from. Rome and Byzantium, became monetary terms or names of coins in the monetary system that arose and was formed during the times. Carla. Great. The real coins were the obol and the denarius. Due to the upcoming damage to the coin. The Carolingian weight system was not fixed, but changed somewhat in individual countries after the collapse of the empire. Carla. Great. Noah was more stable and influential. Carolingian system in a number of countries. Western. Europe. The structure of this system, along with the terminology, was borrowed, with some modifications, from different countries. For example, the English monetary system until the beginning of 1971 was an exact repetition of the system. Carla. Great, in which the pound sterling (L - libra) was divided into 20 shillings (S - Solidus), 240 pence (D - denarius). Fr livre (from “libra”), su (from “is” (from “denarius”) and ital lire (from “libra”) are also an echo of the Carolingian coinage system and “libra”) are also an echo of the Carolingian coinage system.
. TsAN(German Zain) - a cooled bar of coin metal (for example, an alloy of silver and copper), which looked like a flat rod or bar. In the process of subsequent preparation for minting coins, stamping by riveting or rolling was provided with sheet forms from which coin circles were cut.