What is the specific heat of combustion of peat. Thermal properties of wood. Study of the thermophysical properties of peat

The initial hurdle associated with large-scale transport from fields to points of consumption has been overcome with the fabrication and welding of pipes capable of withstanding high pressures, which made it possible to give birth to gas pipelines for the continental transfer of this primary energy. This was achieved in the United States during the interwar period, allowing the exploitation of its vast natural gas resources, whose qualities allowed it to be quickly adopted. The discovery of Alberta's rich gas fields in Canada has served to bolster consumption growth and geographic expansion across much of North America, where it will contribute up to 30% of global primary energy demand.

On the other hand, Europe remained completely out of the use of natural gas until the second half of the century. Several reasons explain this delay, first of all, by the lack of in-house production, which persists until the second post-war period; secondly, the impossibility of intercontinental transfer of gas by marine means; thirdly, because the role of natural gas in domestic consumption and other commercial purposes will be played by it for almost a hundred years, the resulting gas obtained from the distillation of coals is generally distributed in almost all European countries.

The importance of oil from World War II will lead to a big wave of surveys on European soil, with much more brilliant results in terms of detecting gas bags than in the case of crude oil. Evolution of commercial world natural gas production and reserves.

This is solid fuel. plant origin. In remote geological epochs, especially during the Carboniferous period, large expansions of the planet were covered with abundant vegetation that grew in swamps. Many of these plants were fern types, some of which were as large as trees. When the plants died, they sank into the water and gradually decomposed. When this decomposition took place, the plant material lost oxygen and hydrogen atoms, leaving a residue with a high percentage of carbon.

Over time, sand and water mud accumulated in some of these peat bogs. The pressure of the upper layers, as well as the movements of the earth's crust, and sometimes volcanic heat, compress and solidify the sediments to form coal. Different kinds coals are classified according to their fixed carbon content. Peat, the first step in coal formation, has a low fixed carbon content and a high moisture index. Lignite, a lower quality coal, has a higher carbon content.

Bituminous coal has an even higher content, so its calorific value is also higher. Anthracite is the carbon with the highest carbon content and maximum calorific value. Additional pressure and heat can turn carbon into graphite, which is essentially pure carbon. In addition to carbon, coal contains volatile hydrocarbons, sulfur and nitrogen, and various minerals that remain as ash when burned.

Some coal combustion products can have a detrimental effect on the environment. When carbon is burned, carbon dioxide is formed among other compounds. Many scientists believe that due to the widespread use of coal and other fossil fuels, the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere may increase to levels that cause changes in the Earth's climate. On the other hand, sulfur and carbon dioxide form oxides during combustion, which can contribute to the formation of acid rain.

All types of coal have utility. Peat has been used for centuries as a fuel for open fires, and in Lately peat and lignite briquettes are made for burning in kilns. The steel industry uses metallurgical coal or coke, a distilled fuel that is almost pure carbon. The coke production process provides many secondary chemical substances, such as coal tar, which are used to make other products. The production of gaseous fuels and other products from coal has declined as the availability of natural gas has increased.

Coal liquefaction covers all of South Africa's oil needs. The world's coal reserves are enormous. The amount of recoverable coal, from a technical and economic point of view, in current conditions will provide five times more energy than crude oil reserves; Since there are many valuable coal reserves, the amount that will be economically recoverable as energy prices rise could provide more than 20 times more energy than oil reserves.

Even in the thermal power market, oil and gas held larger shares, and coal's contribution to the global energy landscape has plummeted. Underground mining can cause silicosis in miners, subsidence of land above mines, and leakage of acid into aquifers. Open pit mining requires careful restoration environment so that the land becomes productive again and the landscape recovers. In addition, burning coal causes the emission of particles of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and other impurities. It is believed that acid rain and other precipitation with relatively a high degree acids, which are damaging lakes and forests in many parts of the world, are partly related to such emissions.

Solving these problems is costly and the question of who should pay for it is debatable. This means that it is likely that coal consumption continues to grow at a slower rate than initially expected. However, huge coal reserves, improvements in pollution abatement technologies and progress in coal gasification indicate that the coal market will grow in the coming years.

In general, these technologies are cleaner and more efficient and less expensive than conventional processes. There are many clean technologies, but most of them change the basic structure of coal before, during or after combustion. This reduces emissions of impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen oxide and increases the efficiency of energy production.

Location of deposits. Coal is found in almost every region of the world, but at present the only deposits of commercial importance are Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. Western Europe has important coal deposits in the French region of Alsace, in Belgium and in the German Saar and Ruhr valleys. In Central Europe, there are deposits in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. The most extensive and valuable coal deposit in the former Soviet Union is located in the Donbass, between the Dnieper and Don rivers; Large deposits are also being exploited in the Kuznetsk coal basin in Western Siberia.