Presentation on the topic "types of economic systems." Types of economic systems Presentation on the topic traditional economic system

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Traditional economics

Throughout most of human history, questions of WHAT, HOW and FOR WHOM to produce were resolved in accordance with traditions and customs (“the way they used to be”). Currently, such an economic system has been preserved in its pure form among some tribes of Central Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and the Amazon Valley. In India, for example, people were divided into castes of priests, warriors, artisans and servants. No one could choose a profession according to their wishes; a person necessarily inherited his father’s craft. Thus, the distribution of the most important resources at that time - labor - was dictated by unbreakable centuries-old traditions.

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The same can be said about the choice of goods and technologies produced. The same products were produced from generation to generation, and the production methods remained the same as they were hundreds of years ago. On the one hand, this allowed hereditary artisans to achieve the highest level of skill, on the other hand, nothing new was invented or produced. Technical progress and increased production efficiency were impossible because each artisan copied the work techniques of his teachers. The distribution and exchange of products was also decided according to customs.

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Command economy

In this economic system, decisions about WHAT, HOW and FOR WHOM to produce are made from a single center, which is usually the head of state. A command economy existed in a relatively pure form, for example, in the state of the ancient Incas. Many centuries later, a similar economic system developed in the USSR and other socialist countries. Currently, such an economy can only be found in Cuba and North Korea. In a centralized economy, all material resources and products of production usually belong to the state. Economic activity is coordinated through plans (planned economy). The calculation of the plan in real life goes like this: all industrial and agricultural enterprises existing in the country report to the top how much they could produce next year. These figures are summed up and, with minor amendments, a plan is drawn up, which is then returned to the same enterprises.

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All workers are subordinate to a government official, who is subordinate to a more important official, and so on up the administrative ladder up to the supreme ruler, no matter what he is called: pharaoh, emperor or general secretary of the ruling party. Production technology is determined by the state, because it owns all buildings, structures, machines, resources, etc. The complex mechanism of a centralized economy requires a huge number of managers, planning, calculating and checking officials to operate.

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Mixed economy

The mixed economy is designed to use the strengths and overcome the disadvantages of market and centralized economies. Major economic issues are largely decided by the market, but national and regional economic problems are decided by the state. The basis is private ownership of economic resources, although in some countries there is a fairly large public sector. Some resources are centralized and distributed by the state through command mechanisms in order to compensate for some of the weaknesses of market mechanisms.

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I – the scope of action of market mechanisms II – the scope of action of command mechanisms, i.e. control by the state. Redistribution of income and resources Creation of public goods Weakening external effects Private property rights Markets for resources and goods Private economic initiative Mixed economic system

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Market economy

In a market economic system, people operate who are free from the power of tradition and are not subordinate to a single center. Factors of production and its result - the product - belong not to the community or the state, but to private individuals. Therefore, the problem of incentives for production in a market economy does not arise. Each of them decides for himself what to produce, how and in what quantities, based on one single goal - personal interest, increasing their own wealth and well-being. Under conditions of division of labor and personal freedom, producers are connected with each other through the exchange of goods. This system does not guarantee everyone that he will always be able to exchange his product for others. The downside of freedom of choice is risk and complete personal responsibility. Only by exchanging goods can the manufacturer receive everything necessary to satisfy his needs.

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Markets for resources and goods Fundamentals of the capitalist economic system.

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Topic of consultation: “Types of economic systems”
Tomskaya Zh.V., teacher of the highest category, Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 7

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Distribution of tasks by parts of work
Part of the work Number of tasks Maximum primary score % of the maximum primary score from the tasks of this part from 59 Type of tasks
Part 1 20 20 33.9 Multiple choice
Part 2 8 13 22.0 With a short answer
Part 3 9 26 44.1 With a detailed answer
Total 37 59 100

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An economic system is an established and operating set of principles, rules, laws that determine the form and content of basic economic relations that arise in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of an economic product. (Goods and services)

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The type of economic system is characterized by: forms of ownership, methods of distribution of limited resources; ways to regulate the economy.

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Main economic issues:
What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?

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A mixed economy is a way of organizing economic life in which land and capital are privately owned, and the distribution of limited resources is carried out both by markets and with significant government participation.

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1. What to produce Products of agriculture, hunting, fishing. Few products and services are produced. What to produce is determined by customs and traditions, which change slowly Determined by groups of professionals: engineers, economists, computer specialists, industry representatives - “planners” Determined by consumers themselves Manufacturers produce what consumers want, i.e. something that can be bought

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Lines of comparison Traditional Centralized (command-administrative, planned) Market
2. How to produce? They produce in the same way and with what their ancestors produced. It is determined by the plan. It is determined by the producers themselves.

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Lines of comparison Traditional Centralized (command-administrative, planned) Market
3. For whom to produce? Most people exist on the edge of survival. The surplus product goes to the chiefs or land owners, the rest is distributed according to customs. “Planners”, directed by political leaders, determine who will receive goods and services and how much. Consumers get as much as they want, producers get profit

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Model of social market economy
Market State
Directs production to meet the growing and changing needs of people Contributes to increasing costs for the development of human potential Assumes the coexistence of various forms of property Acts as a social guarantor of stability Protects people in a market economy

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Lines of comparison Traditional Centralized (command-administrative, planned) Market
Definition A method of organizing economic life, based on backward technology, widespread manual labor, a diverse economy A method of organizing economic life in which capital and land, almost all economic resources are owned by the state A method of organizing economic life in which capital and land are in private property of individuals

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Own
Own
Private
Public
Property of citizens Property of legal entities created by them
State property Municipal property

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The main forms of economic organization of production:
Subsistence economy - an economy in which people produce products only to satisfy their own needs, without resorting to exchange, the market Commodity economy - an economy in which products are produced for sale, and the connection between producers and consumers is carried out through the market
Centralized (command), market and mixed economies Traditional economy

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Advantages of a planned (command) economy:
Focus on creating a satisfactory standard of living for everyone (a low, but relatively satisfactory standard of living was ensured for all people). Price stability. Timely payment of wages. Confidence in the future. The absence of a colossal gap in the incomes of citizens and the enrichment of a small part of families at the expense of the impoverishment of other members of society. No unemployment. A higher degree of social protection of citizens from the state. Free and accessible for all basic services (medical, educational).

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Disadvantages of a planned (command) economy:
Manufacturers of goods lack the ability to make independent business decisions. The obligation of enterprises to strictly implement the state plan. Focus on “volume”, i.e. to produce as many goods as possible, rather than to produce quality products. Approximate five-year plans, leading to shortages of some goods and excesses of others. Receipt by the management of the enterprise of unreasonably high bonuses for exceeding underestimated planned targets. Reluctance of consumers to buy exactly those goods that are produced by domestic enterprises according to the state plan. The emergence of “black” markets for the sale of scarce goods at speculative prices. Solving the shortage problem with the help of special stores and a coupon card system. Low quality of goods. Weak implementation of advanced production technologies due to its focus on plan rather than profit. Low level of agricultural development. Food problem. The administrative apparatus, which must monitor the implementation of the state economic plan, is too expensive. State support even for those enterprises that generate losses and produce goods that are not in consumer demand.

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Advantages of a market economy:
Greater freedom of choice for producers and consumers. Managing the economy does not require a large apparatus of officials. Supplying consumers with the goods they need. Wide selection of goods and services. Constant focus on finding modern methods for producing new goods, on introducing new technologies that ensure high quality products and high profits for companies. The impact of competition between firms on the efficiency of their work, on reducing prices and improving the quality of goods and services. No shortage due to the quick response of entrepreneurs to consumer requests. High farm productivity due to private land ownership.

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An economic system is an ordered set of socio-economic and organizational relations between producers and consumers of goods and services. Economic system

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The identification of economic systems can be based on various criteria: the economic state of society at a certain stage of development (Russia during the era of Peter I, Nazi Germany); stages of socio-economic development (socio-economic formations in Marxism); economic systems characterized by three groups of elements: spirit (the main motives of economic activity), structure and substance in the German historical school; types of organization associated with ways of coordinating the actions of economic entities in ordoliberalism; a socio-economic system based on two characteristics: the form of ownership of economic resources and the method of coordinating economic activities.

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The traditional economy is based on the dominance of traditions and customs in economic activity. an economic system in which the distribution of limited resources occurs in accordance with customs; the pace of change and development in it is extremely low; people do the same things their parents did before; most of the goods are consumed in the same place where they are produced. Elements of the traditional economy are found in the most remote areas of the world: in isolated tribes or groups (peoples of the Far North, peoples of Africa) Traditional economic system

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The command economy is due to the fact that most enterprises are state owned. an economic system in which resources are state property; the most important decisions affecting the allocation of resources are made by government agencies Typical countries with a command economic system: Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam, China, Albania, USSR, Eastern European countries Command economic system

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A market economy is defined by private ownership of resources and the use of a system of markets and prices to coordinate and manage economic activity. an economic system in which economic decisions at the national level are the result of decisions made by individual sellers and buyers in the market The market economic system is typical for countries: Argentina, India, Turkey, Indonesia and others Market economic system

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A mixed economy is an economic system where both the state and the private sector play an important role in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of all resources and material goods in the country. an economic system that combines elements of public ownership of the means of production with private property. A mixed economic system is characteristic of most countries in the modern world: Japan, Sweden, USA, Canada, Finland and others. There are five main tasks solved by a mixed economy: providing employment; full use of production capacity; price stabilization; parallel growth of wages and labor productivity; balance of payments equilibrium. Mixed economy

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A transitional economy is an economy that is in a state of change, transition from one state to another, both within one type of economy and from one type of economy to another, occupies a special place in the development of society. Currently, various approaches are proposed to the study of transition processes occurring in the economies of post-socialist countries. The complexity and versatility of the problem of transition (transformation) of the economy from one type to another, according to a number of authoritative researchers, lies both in the deep root foundations of individual transformation processes and in their interaction. Transition economy

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To summarize, we note that economic systems are multidimensional. They can be formalized: ES = f (A1, A2, A3 ... An). In other words, the economic system (ES) is determined by its properties (A), where there are n such properties. This means that an economic system cannot be defined in terms of a single characteristic.