Life and work of Tyutchev message. Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev: biography, brief description of creativity

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev - Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857, privy councilor.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev(1803-1873) was born in the Ovstug estate of the Bryansk district of the Oryol province, into an old and cultured noble family with strong patriarchal traditions. Father Ivan Nikolaevich Tyutchev was distinguished by his hospitality, cordiality and hospitality. Mother Ekaterina Lvovna came from the Tolstoy family and was an intelligent and impressionable woman. The future poet spent his childhood in Ovstug, Moscow and the Troitsky estate near Moscow under the supervision of “uncle” N. A. Khlopov.

The boy received a good home upbringing and education. His extraordinary abilities and talents were noticed by his parents and his teacher, the then famous poet S.E. Raich. Raic's activities were varied and intense: he had an excellent knowledge of ancient classical languages, translated ancient authors, was passionate about Italian literature, and instilled this love in his pupil. In a word, Raich had a beneficial and strong influence on Tyutchev: he encouraged Tyutchev’s literary pursuits, read the first attempts of the poet who was entering literature. Tyutchev learned the main European languages ​​from childhood and, under the guidance of Raich, translated Horace at the age of 12.

Tyutchev continued his further education and upbringing at Moscow University, where he attended lectures on the history and theory of literature, archeology and the history of fine arts. At the University, he attended Rajic's poetry club and did not stop writing poetry. He is interested in the works of Russian authors, and he responds to them (for example, to Pushkin’s ode “Liberty”). At the University, Tyutchev reads a lot, expanding his education.

After graduating from the University in 1821 with a candidate's degree, Tyutchev went to St. Petersburg, then abroad, where he spent 22 years in the diplomatic service.

Tyutchev emerged as an original poet by the end of the 1820s. The basis of Tyutchev's lyrics is the contemplation of nature and penetration into its world, into its secret, intimate life. Tyutchev’s nature is full of contradictions, saturated with sounds and colors, it is full of internal movement.

Reading Tyutchev's poems, you can easily be convinced that Tyutchev's nature is a living, feeling organism. She can “frown”, her “claps of thunder” can become bold and angry, and the sun can look at the earth “from under her brows”. The reader seems to see how nature lives, how it breathes, what happens in it. This is how Tyutchev reveals the secrets of nature for us, helping us to comprehend them.

Tyutchev had 9 children. Wife: Eleonora Fedorovna Tyutcheva (married from 1826 to 1838), Ernestina Pfeffel (married from 1839 to 1873),

On November 23, 1803, in the Oryol province of Bryansk district, a boy was born on the Ovstug estate. They named him Fedor. Fyodor's parents, Ivan Nikolaevich and Ekaterina Lvovna, came from ancient noble families.

Ekaterina Lvovna was closely related to the family of Leo Tolstoy. Ekaterina Lvovna was a very beautiful, subtle, poetic woman. It is believed that she passed on all these traits to her youngest son Fyodor. In total, 6 children were born in the Tyutchev family. The last 3 children died in infancy.

Fyodor Tyutchev received his primary education at home. His first mentor was Raich Semyon Yegorovich, a young, very educated man. He wrote poetry and did translations. While studying with Fedor, the mentor encouraged him to write poetry. When doing homework, he often organized competitions to see who could compose a quatrain the fastest. Already at the age of 13, Fedor was an excellent translator and became seriously interested in writing poetry. Thanks to
mentor, as well as his talent and perseverance, Fyodor Tyutchev spoke and wrote fluently in several foreign languages. But what’s interesting is that Tyutchev wrote all his poems only in Russian.

Tyutchev graduated from Moscow University, Faculty of Literature, with honors in 1821.

Knowledge of many foreign languages ​​and excellent studies at the university help him enter the College of Foreign Affairs as a diplomat. Tyutchev will have to live abroad for almost a quarter of a century. He rarely came to Russia and suffered greatly from this. While working as a diplomat in Munich, Tyutchev would meet his greatest love, Eleanor Peterson. They will have three daughters. Happiness with Eleanor was short-lived. She is dying. His relationship with Elena Deniseva ends in tragedy. About this period of his life he will write: “The executing god took everything from me...”.

Tyutchev's creativity

The creative heritage of Fyodor Tyutchev numbers just over 400 poems. A notebook with Tyutchev’s poems accidentally ends up in the hands of A. Pushkin. Pushkin is delighted and publishes poems in the Sovremennik magazine. Tyutchev becomes famous as a poet. All of Tyutchev’s creativity can be divided into 3 stages:

1. Moral - philosophical lyrics. In the poems of this period, Tyutchev skillfully combines soul, mind, and the infinity of human existence.
2. Love lyrics. Tyutchev was a very amorous person; he dedicated poems to all his lovers. Tyutchev's love lyrics reflect his mood. His sublime, sad, and tragic poems date back to this period. The poems are very melodic and touch the soul.
3. Poems about native nature. Tyutchev wrote poems about nature from his youth. He believed that there was nothing more beautiful than Russian nature. Most of all, while abroad, he suffered from the inability to immerse himself in Russian nature. With rapture and happiness he wrote about fields, copses, and seasons. His poems about nature were included in the school curriculum for children.

At the end of his life, Tyutchev began to write poems on political topics, but they did not find a response from readers and for the most part remained unclaimed poems among the general public.

Tyutchev and modernity

Poems from any stage of the poet’s work find a lively response from readers. His famous lines: “Russia cannot be understood with the mind...”, “It is not given to us to predict...”, “Everything has been taken from me by the executing god...” is known to almost every literate person. His poetic work in popularity can be compared with the work of Pushkin. Tyutchev’s subtle, lyrical, soul-stirring style transcends times and boundaries. His poems have been translated into many languages ​​of the world.

In the summer of 1873, Fyodor Tyutchev died in Tsarskoe Selo. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. Every year, on the poet’s birthday and on the anniversary of his death, fans of his talent come to pay tribute to his work.

A very short biography of Tyutchev for children 4th grade

Tyutchev had his favorite teacher-mentor Yegor Ranch, who helped him in everything and raised more parents. Already at the age of twelve, with the help of his teacher, Fyodor Ivanovich wrote his first poems. At the age of fifteen, not needing a teacher, he began to study at the institute in the literature department. After graduating from college, he went to work abroad for almost 20 years. Where he worked as a diplomat in Italy and Germany.

All this time he was not engaged in literary activity. Upon returning home, he began working in the Foreign Affairs Committee. Pushkin saw his first poems in 1836 and helped them publish them in many magazines. After which he went out into the world. The first assembly of Fedor appeared in 1854. Tyutchev has many famous poems such as: “Russia cannot be understood with the mind”, “winter does not last long”, “evening”, “flowing sand up to the knees”.

Tyutchev did not become a writer and worked in another field; children still learn his poems at school.

Fyodor Tyutchev died in July 1879 in the village of Tsarskoye. He never began a career in literature.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev. Born on November 23 (December 5), 1803 in Ovstug, Bryansk district, Oryol province - died on July 15 (27), 1873 in Tsarskoe Selo. Russian poet, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born on December 5, 1803 in the family estate of Ovstug, Oryol province. Tyutchev was educated at home. Under the guidance of the teacher, poet and translator S.E. Raich, who supported the student’s interest in versification and classical languages, Tyutchev studied Latin and ancient Roman poetry, and at the age of twelve he translated the odes of Horace.

In 1817, as a volunteer student, he began attending lectures at the Department of Literature at Moscow University, where his teachers were Alexey Merzlyakov and Mikhail Kachenovsky. Even before enrollment, he was accepted as a student in November 1818, and in 1819 he was elected a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Having received a university graduation certificate in 1821, Tyutchev entered the service of the State College of Foreign Affairs and went to Munich as a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission. Here he met Schelling and Heine and in 1826 married Eleanor Peterson, née Countess Bothmer, with whom he had three daughters. The eldest of them, Anna, later marries Ivan Aksakov.

The steamship "Nicholas I", on which the Tyutchev family is sailing from St. Petersburg to Turin, suffers a disaster in the Baltic Sea. During the rescue, Eleanor and the children are helped by Ivan Turgenev, who was sailing on the same ship. This disaster seriously damaged the health of Eleanor Tyutcheva. In 1838 she dies. Tyutchev is so sad that, after spending the night at the coffin of his late wife, he allegedly turned gray in a few hours. However, already in 1839, Tyutchev married Ernestina Dernberg (née Pfeffel), with whom, apparently, he had a relationship while still married to Eleanor. Ernestine's memories have been preserved of one ball in February 1833, at which her first husband felt unwell. Not wanting to stop his wife from having fun, Mr. Dernberg decided to go home alone. Turning to the young Russian with whom the baroness was talking, he said: “I entrust you with my wife.” This Russian was Tyutchev. A few days later, Baron Dörnberg died of typhus, the epidemic of which was sweeping Munich at that time.

In 1835 Tyutchev received the rank of chamberlain. In 1839, Tyutchev's diplomatic activities were suddenly interrupted, but until 1844 he continued to live abroad. In 1843, he met with the all-powerful head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery A.H. Benckendorff. The result of this meeting was Emperor Nicholas I’s support for all Tyutchev’s initiatives in the work to create a positive image of Russia in the West. Tyutchev was given the go-ahead to speak independently in the press on political problems of relations between Europe and Russia.

Nicholas I’s anonymously published article “Letter to Mr. Doctor Kolb” (“Russia and Germany”; 1844) aroused great interest of Nicholas I. This work was presented to the emperor, who, as Tyutchev told his parents, “found all his thoughts in it and allegedly asked who its author was.”

Returning to Russia in 1844, Tyutchev again entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1845), where from 1848 he held the position of senior censor. Being one, he did not allow the Communist Party manifesto to be distributed in Russia in Russian, declaring that “those who need it will read it in German.”

Almost immediately upon his return, F.I. Tyutchev actively participated in Belinsky’s circle.

Without publishing any poems during these years, Tyutchev published journalistic articles in French: “Letter to Mr. Doctor Kolb” (1844), “Note to the Tsar” (1845), “Russia and the Revolution” (1849), “Papacy and the Roman question" (1850), as well as later, already in Russia, an article written "On censorship in Russia" (1857). The last two are one of the chapters of the unfinished treatise “Russia and the West,” conceived by him under the influence of the revolutionary events of 1848-1849.

In this treatise, Tyutchev creates a kind of image of the thousand-year-old power of Russia. Explaining his “doctrine of empire” and the nature of the empire in Russia, the poet noted its “Orthodox character.” In the article “Russia and Revolution,” Tyutchev proposed the idea that in the “modern world” there are only two forces: revolutionary Europe and conservative Russia. The idea of ​​​​creating a union of Slavic-Orthodox states under the auspices of Russia was also presented here.

During this period, Tyutchev’s poetry itself was subordinated to state interests, as he understood them. He creates many “rhymed slogans” or “journalistic articles in verse”: “Gus at the stake”, “To the Slavs”, “Modern”, “Vatican anniversary”.

On April 7, 1857, Tyutchev received the rank of full state councilor, and on April 17, 1858, he was appointed chairman of the Committee of Foreign Censorship. In this post, despite numerous troubles and clashes with the government, Tyutchev remained for 15 years, until his death. On August 30, 1865, Tyutchev was promoted to Privy Councilor, thereby reaching the third, and in fact even the second level in the state hierarchy of officials.

During his service, he received 1,800 chervonets in gold and 2,183 rubles in silver as awards (bonuses).

Until the very end, Tyutchev was interested in the political situation in Europe. On December 4, 1872, the poet lost freedom of movement with his left hand and felt a sharp deterioration in his vision; he began to experience excruciating headaches. On the morning of January 1, 1873, despite the warnings of others, the poet went for a walk, intending to visit friends. On the street he suffered a blow that paralyzed the entire left half of his body.

On July 15, 1873, Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo. On July 18, 1873, the coffin with the poet’s body was transported from Tsarskoe Selo to St. Petersburg and buried in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent.

Fyodor Tyutchev's appearance was discreet: a man of asthenic build and short stature, clean-shaven with disheveled hair. He dressed rather casually and was absent-minded. However, the diplomat changed dramatically during the conversation in the salon.

When Tyutchev spoke, those around him fell silent, the poet’s words were so reasonable, imaginative and original. The impression on those around him was made by his inspired high forehead, brown eyes, thin lips folded into a mocking smile.

Nekrasov, Fet and Dostoevsky, without saying a word, wrote: Tyutchev’s work is akin to Pushkin’s and Lermontov’s. And Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy once spoke about his attitude towards his poems: “You cannot live without Tyutchev.”

However, Fyodor Tyutchev, in addition to his great virtues, was characterized by narcissism, narcissism, and adultery.

Tyutchev's personality

This poet seemed to live in two parallel and different worlds. The first is a successful and brilliant sphere of diplomatic career, authority in high society. The second is the dramatic story of Fyodor Ivanovich’s personal relationships, because he lost two beloved women and buried children more than once. It seems that the classical poet resisted a dark fate with his talent. The life and work of F.I. Tyutchev illustrates this idea. This is what he wrote about himself:

Quite frank lines, aren't they?

The contradictory nature of the poet

Fyodor Ivanovich was one of those people who, without breaking the law, brought a lot of suffering to those around him. A diplomat was once even transferred to another duty station to avoid a scandal.

Among the mental characteristics of Fyodor Ivanovich noticed by contemporaries are lethargy and an indifferent attitude towards his appearance, behavior with the opposite sex, bringing chaos to the family. He did everything in his power to charm, manipulate women and break their hearts. Tyutchev did not save his energy, wasting it in pursuit of high-society pleasures and sensations.

In this case, esotericists would probably remember about ancestral karma. His grandfather Nikolai Andreevich Tyutchev, a minor nobleman, walked to wealth along slippery paths and made a fair amount of sins in life. This ancestor was the lover of the landowner Saltychikha, known for her atrocities. There were stories among the people about his fury. In the Oryol province, people used to say that he was engaged in robbery, robbing merchants on the roads. Nikolai Andreevich was obsessed with wealth: having become the leader of the nobility, he immorally ruined his neighbors and bought up land, increasing his fortune 20 times over a quarter of a century.

According to biographers, the grandson of the Oryol nouveau riche Fyodor Tyutchev managed to channel the ancestral fury into the mainstream of sovereign service and creativity. However, life was not easy for the descendant, mainly due to his pathological and selfish love for women.

Life was not easy for his chosen ones.

Childhood, youth

Fyodor’s upbringing was largely the responsibility of his mother, nee Tolstaya Ekaterina Lvovna, a representative of the family that later gave birth to Lev and Alexei Tolstoy.

The life and work of Tyutchev, born in 1803, was determined by the reverent attitude towards his native speech instilled in him from childhood. This is the merit of the teacher and poet Semyon Egorovich Raich, an expert in Latin and classical languages. Subsequently, the same person taught Mikhail Lermontov.

In 1821, Fyodor Tyutchev received a diploma from Moscow University and the title of candidate of literary sciences. He drew on the Slavophile ideas of Koshelev and Odoevsky, generated by a reverent attitude towards antiquity and inspiration from victory in the Napoleonic wars.

The young man also shared the views of the emerging Decembrist movement. The noble parents found the key to re-educating their rebellious son, who at the age of 14 began writing seditious poems, which were imitations in their form.

Thanks to his family ties with General Osterman-Tolstoy, he was assigned to the diplomatic service (away from freethinking) - to Munich as a freelance attache of the diplomatic mission.

By the way, there was one more moment why the mother hastened to change her son’s fate: his infatuation with the yard girl Katyusha.

The diplomatic path captivated young Tyutchev for a long time: once he arrived in Munich, he stayed in Germany for 22 years. During this period, the main themes of Tyutchev’s work were outlined: philosophical poetry, nature, love lyrics.

The first impression is the strongest

Uncle Osterman-Tolstoy introduced the young man, who found himself in another country, to the Lerchenfeld family. Their daughter Amalia was actually the illegitimate child of the Prussian monarch. Beautiful and smart, she became a guide for a couple of weeks for a Russian guy who was getting acquainted with a different way of life. Young people (the naivety of youth) exchanged watch chains - as a sign of eternal love.

However, the charming girl, at the behest of her parents, married a colleague of the poet. Mercantilism has taken over: just think, some incomprehensible nobleman against the baron! The story continued almost half a century later. They met for the second time in their lives, arriving in Carlsbad. Old acquaintances spent a lot of time wandering the streets and sharing memories, and were surprised to realize that after so many years their feelings had not cooled. Fyodor Ivanovich was already ill by that time (he had three years to live).

Tyutchev was overcome by a feeling of something irretrievably lost, and he created piercing poetic lines, on the level of Pushkin’s “wonderful moment”:

This man’s feelings were amazingly vivid; they did not lose their colors even in old age.

First love triangle

Four years after his arrival, he married the Dowager Countess Emilia Eleanor Peterson, by which time his passion already had four sons. He was in love with this woman, and they had three more daughters. However, Tyutchev’s life and work already in his first marriage were dramatic.

The diplomat met his future second wife, Ernestine Pfeffel, Countess Dernberg, at a ball. She was one of the brightest beauties of Munich. Tyutchev was friendly with her husband, who, dying, entrusted his husband to his care. A connection developed between them.

Russian diplomat in Germany

Let's imagine what kind of environment Fyodor Tyutchev found himself in in Germany. Hegel, Mozart, Kant, Schiller had already stopped creating there, and Beethoven and Goethe were at the zenith of creativity. The poet, for whom “to live meant to think,” was fascinated by German poetry, organically intertwined with philosophy. He became closely acquainted with Heinrich Heine and Friedrich Schelling. He admired the poems of the former and gladly translated his poems into Russian. Fyodor Ivanovich loved to talk with the second one, sometimes disagreeing and desperately debating.

Tyutchev realized the transcendental dialectic of German poetry, where the genius of the creator acts as a sensitive instrument of art. His lines acquired poignancy and depth:

These lines became favorites for many people, including Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy.

Rethinking Western Philosophy

Fyodor Ivanovich, having adopted the tradition of German intellectual poetry, at the same time denied the German idealization of the person of the poet, the prophet standing above society. He does not identify himself with the pro-Western egocentrism of the poet, the “proud eagle,” preferring to him the image of the poet-citizen, the “white swan.” According to Tyutchev, he should not position himself as a prophet, because:

A spoken thought is a lie;
Happy is he who visited this world in its fatal moments...

Fyodor Tyutchev is considered the founder of Russian philosophical poetry. He managed to combine Eastern and Western poetic traditions in his rhymes.

The poet saw how his beloved Motherland was being raped by the political regime of “whip and rank,” “office and barracks.” His joke is widely known: “Russian history before Peter the Great is a continuous dirge, and after Peter the Great it is one criminal case.” Even schoolchildren studying Tyutchev’s work (10th grade) can notice: only in the future tense does he speak about the greatness of Russia.

How much is said in these four lines. This cannot be expressed even in volumes!

Second marriage

His wife, Emilia Peterson, having learned about her husband’s affair, tried to kill herself with a saber, but she was saved. To save the diplomat's career, he is transferred to Turin. As the family sailed to his new duty station, the ship they were on sank. It is curious that then the countess was saved by Ivan Turgenev, who was on board. However, unable to cope with this nervous shock, Tyutchev’s first wife soon died. The diplomat, having learned about this, turned gray overnight.

A year after the death of his first wife, Tyutchev married Ernestine.

Love in poetry, love in life

The poet eloquently reflected his understanding of the phenomenon of love in his poetry. For Tyutchev, this feeling is the alpha and omega of all things. He sings of love, which makes the hearts of lovers tremble and fills their lives with meaning.

Love, love - says the legend -
Union of the soul with the dear soul -
Their union, combination,
And... the fatal duel...

In the poet’s understanding, starting as a quiet, bright feeling, love then develops into a frenzy of passions, a captivating, enslaving feeling. Tyutchev plunges readers into the depths of fatal, passionate love. Fyodor Ivanovich, a man consumed by passions all his life, was not familiar with this topic empirically; he experienced much of it personally.

Poems about nature

The decoration of Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century was the work of Tyutchev and Fet. These poets, representatives of the “pure art” movement, were able to express a touching romantic attitude towards nature. In their understanding, it is, as it were, multidimensional, that is, it is described both landscape-wise and psychologically. Through pictures of nature, these authors convey the states of the human soul. In particular, nature in Tyutchev’s works has many faces, like “chaos” and “abyss”.

Not what you think, nature:

Not a cast, not a soulless face.

She has a soul, she has freedom,

It has love, it has language.

But if Fet’s lyrical hero feels like an organic part of nature, then Tyutchev’s separated character tries to comprehend it, being in the status of an empirical observer. He watches how the first thunder “frolics and plays”, winter “gets angry”, spring is “blissfully indifferent”.

Socialite

In 1844, Fyodor Ivanovich arrived in Russia with his second wife and their two common children. State Councilor (according to the table of ranks - a rank equal to brigadier general or vice-governor) became popular in the most fashionable high society salons. Fyodor Tyutchev possessed a foreign gloss of intellect and understanding of state accents. He was a man of encyclopedic literacy in matters of diplomacy, who spoke basic European languages.

His jokes even now look like sedition, but in the first half of the 19th century they were successful and turned into high-society jokes:

• About Princess T gossiping in French: “An absolute abuse of a foreign language. She simply wouldn’t be able to say so many stupid things in Russian.”
• About Chancellor Prince G., who granted the title of chamber cadet to the husband of his mistress: “Prince G. is like ancient priests who gilded the horns of their victims.”
• About his arrival in Russia: “Not without regret, I said goodbye to this rotting West, filled with comforts and cleanliness, in order to return to the promising native dirt.”
• About a certain Mrs. A: “Tireless, but very tiring.”
• About the Moscow City Duma: “Any attempts at political speeches in Russia are like trying to strike fire from a bar of soap.”

In addition to his service, he had a stormy personal life, and only in his spare time was he occupied with creativity.

Tyutchev was also briefly characterized as a person prone to romantic adventures.

Second love triangle

The diplomat arranged for his two daughters from his marriage with the late Emilia to study at the Smolny Institute. Elena Denisyeva studied with them and became the mistress of a diplomat who was 23 years older than her. Petersburg rejected Elena, even her own father disowned her, but she “loved and appreciated” Tyutchev like no one else in the world.

At this time, the diplomat's legal wife chose to retire to Fyodor Ivanovich's family estate in Ovstug and raise children.

The social circle was perplexed: the poet, diplomat and socialite Tyutchev and some college girl. And this is with a living wife. Tyutchev lived with Denisyeva in Moscow, they had three children, he called the young woman his last love, dedicating to her two dozen of his poems, called the Denisyevsky cycle. They traveled around Europe, reveling in their love, but Elena, having contracted consumption, died. Two more of Denisyeva’s children also died from tuberculosis. The third one was taken in by Ernestine. Fyodor Ivanovich was shocked by the collapse of this civil marriage.

The last love triangle

It is difficult to call Fyodor Ivanovich an exemplary family man. In recent years, Tyutchev had two more relationships: with Elena Bogdanova, Denisyeva’s friend and his second common-law wife Hortensia Lapp.

To the last of them and their two common sons, Fyodor Ivanovich bequeathed his general's pension, which rightfully belonged to Ernestine Pfeffel and her children. Fyodor Ivanovich died after a stroke and paralysis on July 15, 1873 in Tsarskoye Selo.

Instead of a conclusion

Tyutchev’s work could well have remained a secret for us if Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov had not published an article about him in the Sovremennik magazine “Russian minor poets”, containing 24 poems. And at this time its author was already 60 years old! There are not many hitherto unknown masters of the pen who became famous at such a respectable age. Perhaps only one comes to mind - the prose writer Pavel Petrovich Bazhov.

Tyutchev, a Russian classical poet, wrote only about 300 poems over half a century. They can all be placed in only one collection. They write this way not for sale, but for the soul. The beginning that Pushkin called the “Russian spirit” is palpable in them. It is not for nothing that a man who knows a lot about poetry, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet, said that Tyutchev’s work, published so compactly, is worth many volumes.

Tyutchev perceived his poetic gift as something secondary. He would absentmindedly scribble poetry on a napkin and forget it. His colleague on the censor council, P.I. Kapnist, recalled how one day he, while deep in thought at a meeting, scribbled something on a piece of paper and walked away, leaving it behind. If Pyotr Ivanovich had not picked it up, his descendants would never have known the work “No matter how difficult the last hour...”.

1. Brief biographical information.
2. The poet’s philosophical worldview.
3. Love and nature in Tyutchev’s poetry.

F.I. Tyutchev was born in 1803 into a noble noble family. The boy received a good education. Tyutchev showed interest in poetry quite early - already at the age of 12 he successfully translated the ancient Roman poet Horace. Tyutchev's first published work was a free adaptation of the Epistles of Horace to Maecenas. After graduating from St. Petersburg University, Tyutchev entered the diplomatic service. As an official of the Russian diplomatic mission, he was sent to Munich. It should be noted that Tyutchev spent a total of more than 20 years abroad. He married twice - for love, and both the relationships preceding the marriage and Tyutchev’s subsequent family life developed quite dramatically.

The career growth of Tyutchev, who received the post of diplomatic envoy and the title of chamberlain, stopped due to the fault of the poet himself, who, during a period of rapid infatuation with Baroness E. Dernheim, who became his second wife, he voluntarily retired from service for some time, and even lost the documents entrusted to him. Having received his resignation, Tyutchev still lived abroad for some time, but after a few years he returned to his homeland. In 1850, he met E. Denisyeva, who was half his age and who soon became his lover. This relationship lasted 14 years, until Deniseva’s death; at the same time, Tyutchev retained the most tender feelings for his wife Eleanor. The love for these women is reflected in the poet’s work. Tyutchev died in 1873, after losing several close people: his brother, his eldest son and one of his daughters.

What did this man bring to poetry that his Poems immortalized his name? Literary scholars have come to the conclusion that Tyutchev introduced motifs and images that were practically not used in 19th-century poetry before him. First of all, this is the universal, cosmic scope of the poet’s worldview:

The vault of heaven, burning with the glory of the stars,
Looks mysteriously from the depths, -
And we float, a burning abyss
Surrounded on all sides.

A similar scale will subsequently often be reflected in the works of poets of the 20th century. But Tyutchev lived in the 19th century, so in some ways he anticipated the development of poetic trends and laid the foundations of a new tradition.

It is interesting to note that for Tyutchev such philosophical categories as infinity and eternity are close and tangible realities, and not abstract concepts. Human fear of them stems from the inability to rationally comprehend their essence:

But the day fades - night has come;
She came - and, from the world of fate
Fabric of blessed cover
Having torn it off, it throws it away...
And the abyss is laid bare to us
With your fears and darkness,
And there are no barriers between her and us -
This is why the night is scary for us!

However, Tyutchev is of course the heir to the poetic tradition that developed before him. For example, the poems “Cicero”, “Silentium!” written in an oratorical-didactic style, which was widely used in the 18th century. It should be noted that these two poems reveal some important elements of the poet’s philosophical worldview. In the poem “Cicero,” Tyutchev turns to the image of the ancient Roman orator to emphasize the continuity of historical eras and to promote the idea that the most interesting are the turning points of history:

Happy is he who has visited this world
His moments are fatal!
He was called by the all-good
As a companion at a feast.

He is a spectator of their high spectacles,
He was admitted to their council -
And alive, like a celestial being,
Immortality drank from their cup!

A witness to major historical events is regarded by Tyutchev as an interlocutor with the gods. Only they can understand the deep experiences of the creative soul. As for people, it is extremely difficult to convey your thoughts and feelings to them; moreover, this often should not be done, as the poet writes about in the poem “Silentium!”:

How can the heart express itself?
How can someone else understand you?
Will he understand what you live for?
A spoken thought is a lie.
Exploding, you will disturb the keys, -
Feed on them - and be silent.

The use of mythological images in Tyutchev's poetry is also based on a tradition that already existed in Russian literature. The whimsical world of myth allows the poet to abstract himself from everyday life and feel a sense of involvement with certain mysterious forces:

You will say: windy Hebe,
Feeding Zeus's eagle,
A thunderous goblet from the sky
Laughing, she spilled it on the ground.

You need to pay attention to the composition of Tyutchev’s poems. They often consist of two interconnected parts: in one of them the poet gives something, like a sketch, shows this or that image, and the other part is devoted to the analysis and comprehension of this image.

Tyutchev's poetic world is characterized by a pronounced bipolarity, which is a reflection of his philosophical views: day and night, faith and unbelief, harmony and chaos... This list could be continued for a long time. The most expressive opposition of two principles, two elements is in Tyutchev’s love lyrics. Love in Tyutchev’s poems appears either as a “fatal duel” of two loving hearts, or as a mixture of seemingly incompatible concepts:

O you, last love!
You are both bliss and hopelessness.

Nature in Tyutchev's lyrics is inextricably linked with the inner life of the lyrical hero. Let us note that Tyutchev often shows us not just pictures of nature, but transitional moments - twilight, when the light has not yet completely gone out and complete darkness has not yet set in, an autumn day that still vividly conveys the charm of the past summer, the first spring thunderstorm... As in history , and in nature, the poet is most interested in these “threshold”, turning points:

The gray shadows mixed,
The color faded, the sound fell asleep -
Life and movement resolved
In the unsteady twilight, in the distant rumble...

The theme of “mixing”, interpenetration, is often heard in those lines that are devoted to human perception of nature:

An hour of unspeakable melancholy!..
Everything is in me and I am in everything!..
...Feelings like a haze of self-forgetfulness
Fill it over the edge!..
Give me a taste of destruction
Mix with the slumbering world!

Tyutchev's perception of nature, as well as all the poet's lyrics, is characterized by polarity and duality. Nature can appear in one of two guises - divine harmony:

There are in the brightness of autumn evenings
Touching, mysterious charm!..

or elemental chaos:

What are you howling about, night wind?
Why are you complaining so madly?..

Nature for Tyutchev is a huge living being, endowed with intelligence, with which a person can easily find a common language:

Not what you think, nature:
Not a cast, not a soulless face -
She has a soul, she has freedom,
It has love, it has language...