Presentation on the topic of electrical safety. Presentation on the topic "electrical safety" Presentation on the topic characteristics of premises for electrical safety
electrical safety
Don't forget: electricity not only makes our life easier, but in certain situations it also threatens it.
Performed:
Aristova V.A.,
teacher at OGAPOU "BSK"
There is no safe current!
A person touching live parts of electrical installations and bare live wires becomes connected to an electrical circuit. Under the influence of voltage, an electric current flows through his body, which disrupts the normal functioning of the body, causing convulsions, burns, breathing stops and the heart stops. A person dies or becomes disabled.
Basic electrical safety rules
Electricity - an invisible danger
It is invisible, imperceptible, tasteless and odorless, but it IS
The voltage is 12 V (volts) already dangerous for humans
Annually
from electric shock
more than one person is dying in the world
40 thousand people
Electricity in everyday life
- Repair electrical wiring and electrical appliances yourself
- Use faulty household appliances
- If, upon touching the device, you feel a tingling or tingling sensation, then the device is faulty and is under voltage.
NECESSARY:
- Immediately switch off the damaged device
- Warn others about the danger
Basic Rules electrical safety
If you find sagging wires or broken power lines
IT IS FORBIDDEN:
Touch broken wires and move closer than 8 - 10 m. Step voltage is lethal!
Play near broken lines
NECESSARY Immediately report the location of the break to an adult
DO NOT PLAY under power lines and DON'T THROW on wires with wire and other objects
DO NOT OPEN doors of distribution boards, power cabinets, doors of transformer substations
Electrical safety rules!
DO NOT TURN ON All electrical appliances are plugged in at once. Network overload can cause a short circuit
DO NOT RUN with friends on the roofs - there may be live wires there
Electric shock - electric shock to the body, in which excitation of living tissue is accompanied by convulsive muscle contraction
- electrical injury I degree - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness;
- electrical injury II degree - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness;
- electrical injury III degree - loss of consciousness and dysfunction of cardiac activity or breathing (both are possible);
- electrical injury IV degree - clinical death.
Safe for humans considered: alternating current up to 10 mA direct current - up to 50 mA
The severity of electrical damage depends on many factors: body resistance, magnitude, duration of action, type and frequency of current, its path in the body, environmental conditions.
Electrical burn various degrees - a consequence of short circuits in electrical installations and the presence of the body (usually hands) in the sphere of light (ultraviolet) and thermal (infrared) influence of the electric arc
Relief from electric current
The person providing assistance must first of all free the victim from the effect of the current on him: If possible, turn off the power
- wherein simultaneously persons not involved in providing assistance to the victim must immediately :
- call a doctor medical units or ambulance;
- delete from the point of assistance outsiders ;
- create maximum lighting and fresh air flow
Danger electric shock consists of disruption of the respiratory organs and cardiovascular system .
First of all necessary , do the following:
- place the victim on his back on a hard surface;
- check, does he have breathing and pulse ;
- examine the pupil(narrow or wide). Wide icon points to a sharp deterioration in blood supply to the brain.
After this you need to start providing first aid:
If the victim is conscious, but has previously fainted or been under electric current for a long time, he must be carefully placed in a comfortable position, covered warmly, and ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives. And, without losing vigilance, continuously monitor your breathing and pulse
If the victim is unconscious, but has stable breathing and a pulse, he should be placed comfortably, the collar, belt and clothes should be unbuttoned, fresh air should be provided and complete rest should be provided, the victim should be given ammonia to sniff and water to be sprayed on him.
If the victim doesn't breathe well- rarely, convulsively, as if sobbing, - must be done artificial respiration and cardiac massage .
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Definition Electrical safety is a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from the harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.
Slide 3
Causes of electric shock Touching live parts that are energized; Touching disconnected parts of equipment where voltage may occur: in case of residual charge; in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions of the maintenance personnel; in the event of a lightning discharge into or near an electrical installation; touching metal non-current-carrying parts or electrical equipment associated with them (casings, casings, fences) after the voltage transfers to them from live parts (emergency situation occurs - breakdown on the casing). Injury from step voltage or the presence of a person in the field of spreading electric current in the event of a ground fault. Damage through an electric arc when the voltage of the electrical installation is higher than 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably short distance. The effect of atmospheric electricity during lightning discharges. Freeing a person under tension.
Slide 4
Causes of electrical injuries A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not. The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the path of the current, but also on systems such as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The possibility of electrical injury occurs not only through touch, but also through the voltage of a step.
Slide 5
The effect of electric current on the human body Electric current, flowing through the human body, produces thermal, electrolytic, biological, and mechanical effects. General electrical injuries include electric shock, in which the process of excitation of various muscle groups can lead to convulsions, cessation of breathing and cardiac activity. Cardiac arrest is associated with fibrillation - a chaotic contraction of individual fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils). Local electrical injuries include burns, electrical marks, metallization of the skin, mechanical damage, electroophthalmia (inflammation of the eyes as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays of an electric arc).
Slide 6
The nature of the impact of currents on the human body: ~ 50 Hz constant Non-releasing 10-15 mA 50-70 mA Fibrillation 100 mA 300 mA Sensible current 0.6-1.5 mA 5-7 mA A current at which a person can independently free himself is considered acceptable. electrical circuit
Slide 7
Maximum permissible levels (MPL) of touch voltages and current during emergency operation of electrical installations in accordance with GOST 12.1.038-82: Type and frequency of current Normal. led Remote control, at t, s 0.01 - 0.08 over 1 Variable f = 50 Hz UD ID 650 V - 36 V 6 mA Variable f = 400 Hz UD ID 650 V - 36 V 6 mA Constant UD ID 650 V - 40 V 15 mA
Slide 8
Classification of premises according to the danger of electric shock (PUE) Class I premises. Particularly dangerous premises. (100% humidity; presence of a chemically active environment or more than 2 factors, class 2) Class II premises. Premises with increased risk of electric shock. (one of the following factors is present: - increased air temperature (t = + 35 C); - increased humidity (> 75%)); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the possibility of touching both the electrical installation and to grounding or to two electrical installations at the same time. Premises of class III. Low hazardous premises. There are no signs characteristic of the two previous classes.
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Grounding resistance according to PUE PUE: grounding resistance should not exceed: in installations U< 1000 В, если мощность источника тока (генератора или трансформатора) более 100 кВА – 4 Ом; в установках U < 1000 В, если мощность источника тока 100 кВА и менее, – 10 Ом; в установках U >1000 V with effectively grounded neutral (with low earth fault currents Iз< 500 А) – 0,5 Ом; в установках U >1000 V with isolated neutral – 250/Iz, but not more than 10 Ohms; in installations U > 1000 V with an insulated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V, - 125/Iz, but not more than 10 Ohms (or 4 Ohms, if this is required for installations up to 1000 V).
Slide 17
Grounding Grounding is intended to eliminate the danger of electric shock when there is a short circuit to the housing of electrical installations operating under voltage up to 1000 V in three-phase four-wire networks with a solidly grounded neutral. Grounding is the deliberate connection of metal non-current-carrying parts of equipment that may be energized with a neutral protective conductor. Grounding turns a breakdown on the housing into a short circuit and promotes the flow of high current through network protection devices and quickly disconnects damaged equipment from the network.
Slide 18
Protective equipment Basic insulating electrical protective equipment can withstand the operating voltage of an electrical installation for a long time. in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves, tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators up to 1000 V; electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, as well as voltage indicators above 1000 V. Additional insulating electrical protective equipment has insufficient electrical strength and cannot independently protect a person from electric shock. Their purpose is to enhance the protective effect of basic insulating agents. in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes, mats and insulating stands; in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots, mats, insulating stands
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Safety Posters and Signs Warning: Stop! Tension, don't get involved! Will kill, Test! Life threatening; Prohibiting: Do not turn on! People are working, don't turn it on! Work on the line, Do not open! People are working, work under tension! Do not turn it on again; Prescriptive: Work here, “Get in here; Index: Grounded
Guys! You know well the important role electricity plays in human life. It gives us light, warmth, and sets in motion various mechanisms that facilitate human work.
With its help, space rockets launch, cars move, ships go to sea, and big cities shine with thousands of lights.
Electricity has taken such a strong place in our lives that now it is simply impossible to do without it. She is our irreplaceable assistant.
Electrical energy is created POWER PLANT .
Hydroelectric power stations– The energy of falling water is used to create electricity.
Thermal power plants– they use the energy of burning coal and natural gas.
Thermal power plants– they simultaneously create electrical and thermal energy that people use to heat their homes and provide hot water.
KVGES
YaGRES
Like any force, electricity can be dangerous and even deadly. It must be handled very carefully and skillfully.
Dear Guys!
To avoid putting yourself in danger, remember these simple rules:
- NOT pull the plug from the socket by the wire;
- NOT handle the wires of electrical appliances with wet hands;
- NOT use electrical appliances in the bathroom;
- NOT use plugs that do not fit into outlets;
- NOT use faulty wires and sockets
- NOT climb into electrical installations and transformer boxes
- NOT climb on supports and pillars
- NOT approach the broken wires closer than 8-10m
- NOT throw anything on the wires and do not play near them
These signs warn people of the danger of electric shock.
Neglecting them, let alone removing them, is unacceptable!
If you suddenly see broken or sagging wires, fallen poles, sparking wires, under no circumstances don't come close!
Call the numbers provided immediately or ask your parents to do this!
01
112 – emergency and rescue service
(from mobile)
Slide 1
electrical safety
Hazards of Electrical Systems
Slide 2
Definition
Electrical safety is a system of organizational and technical measures and means that ensure the protection of people from the harmful and dangerous effects of electric current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.
Slide 3
Causes of electric shock
Touching live parts that are energized; Touching disconnected parts of equipment where voltage may occur: in case of residual charge; in case of erroneous switching on of the electrical installation or uncoordinated actions of the maintenance personnel; in the event of a lightning discharge into or near an electrical installation; touching metal non-current-carrying parts or electrical equipment associated with them (casings, casings, fences) after the voltage transfers to them from live parts (emergency situation occurs - breakdown on the casing). Injury from step voltage or the presence of a person in the field of spreading electric current in the event of a ground fault. Damage through an electric arc when the voltage of the electrical installation is higher than 1 kV, when approaching an unacceptably short distance. The effect of atmospheric electricity during lightning discharges. Freeing a person under tension.
Slide 4
Causes of Electrical Injuries
A person cannot remotely determine whether the installation is energized or not. The current that flows through the human body affects the body not only at the points of contact and along the path of the current, but also on systems such as the circulatory, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The possibility of electrical injury occurs not only through touch, but also through the voltage of a step.
Slide 5
The effect of electric current on the human body
Electric current flowing through the human body produces thermal, electrolytic, biological, and mechanical effects. General electrical injuries include electric shock, in which the process of excitation of various muscle groups can lead to convulsions, cessation of breathing and cardiac activity. Cardiac arrest is associated with fibrillation - a chaotic contraction of individual fibers of the heart muscle (fibrils). Local electrical injuries include burns, electrical marks, metallization of the skin, mechanical damage, electroophthalmia (inflammation of the eyes as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays of an electric arc).
Slide 6
The nature of the impact of currents on the human body:
~ 50 Hz constant Non-releasing 10-15 mA 50-70 mA Fibrillation 100 mA 300 mA Sensible current 0.6-1.5 mA 5-7 mA The current at which a person can independently free himself from the electrical circuit is considered acceptable
Slide 7
Maximum permissible levels (MPL) of touch voltages and current during emergency operation of electrical installations in accordance with GOST 12.1.038-82:
Slide 8
Classification of premises according to the danger of electric shock (PUE)
Class I premises. Particularly dangerous premises. (100% humidity; presence of a chemically active environment or more than 2 factors, class 2) Class II premises. Premises with increased risk of electric shock. (one of the following factors is present: - increased air temperature (t = + 35 С); - increased humidity (> 75%); - the presence of conductive dust; - the presence of conductive floors; - the possibility of touching the electrical installation at the same time and to grounding or to two electrical installations at the same time. Premises of class III. Low hazardous premises. There are no signs characteristic of the two previous classes.
Slide 9
Current through a person in the presence of a ground electrode
Slide 10
Current through a person in a system with an isolated neutral
Slide 11
Current spreading through the ground electrode
Slide 12
Grounding resistance to current spreading
Slide 13
Touch voltage
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Step voltage
Slide 15
Touch and step stresses
Slide 16
Grounding resistance according to PUE
PUE: grounding resistance should not exceed: in installations U 1000 V with an effectively grounded neutral (with low ground fault currents Iз 1000 V with an isolated neutral - 250/Iз, but not more than 10 Ohm; in installations U > 1000 V s isolated neutral, if the grounding device is simultaneously used for electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V, - 125/Iz, but not more than 10 Ohms (or 4 Ohms, if this is required for installations up to 1000 V).
Slide 17
Zeroing
Grounding is intended to eliminate the danger of electric shock when there is a short circuit to the housing of electrical installations operating under voltage up to 1000 V in three-phase four-wire networks with a solidly grounded neutral. Grounding is the deliberate connection of metal non-current-carrying parts of equipment that may be energized with a neutral protective conductor. Grounding turns a breakdown on the housing into a short circuit and promotes the flow of high current through network protection devices and quickly disconnects damaged equipment from the network.
Slide 18
Protective means
Basic insulating electrical protective equipment can withstand the operating voltage of an electrical installation for a long time. in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V - dielectric gloves, tools with insulating handles and voltage indicators up to 1000 V; electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - insulating rods, insulating and electrical clamps, as well as voltage indicators above 1000 V. Additional insulating electrical protective equipment has insufficient electrical strength and cannot independently protect a person from electric shock. Their purpose is to enhance the protective effect of basic insulating agents. in electrical installations with voltages up to 1000 V - dielectric galoshes, mats and insulating stands; in electrical installations with voltages above 1000 V - dielectric gloves, boots, mats, insulating stands
Slide 19
Safety posters and signs
Warning: Stop! Tension, don't get involved! Will kill, Test! Life threatening; Prohibiting: Do not turn on! People are working, don't turn it on! Work on the line, Do not open! People are working, work under tension! Do not turn it on again; Prescriptive: Work here, “Get in here; Index: Grounded
Slide 2
Electricity in everyday life
In everyday life, in the comfort of our home, we sometimes forget that electricity can easily turn from a reliable friend into a mortal enemy, especially if we do not follow electrical safety rules. The most important condition for ensuring the electrical safety of citizens is the good condition of the insulation of household electrical networks and electrical receivers. Since life today is unthinkable without electricity, the population should be aware of the dangers of electric current if it is handled carelessly or negligently.
Slide 3
Wiring
- If the wire insulation is damaged and short circuits occur, it is not permitted to:
- paint and whitewash cords and wires;
- hang something on wires;
- lay wires and cords behind gas and water pipes, behind radiators of the heating system;
- allow electrical wires to come into contact with telephone and radio broadcast wires, radio and television antennas, tree branches and roofs of buildings;
- cover open electrical wiring with paper, wallpaper, and secure wires with nails.
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Household electrical appliances
Incandescent lamps
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Household electric heating devices
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Types of electrical protection devices
Slide 9
electrical safety
By handling electrical appliances incorrectly, you are putting your life in danger!
Slide 10
Electric shock
The main factor in DAMAGE to the body is the strength of the current flowing through the body. It is determined by Ohm's law, which means it depends on voltage and resistance.
Slide 11
The human body is a conductor. Passing through it, an electric current can cause damage to vital organs and sometimes death of a person.
Main causes of electrical injuries
1. Malfunction of devices.
2.Short circuit of wires.
3. Violation of safety precautions when handling devices and wires.
Slide 12
The effect of electric current on the human body
Slide 13
- Electric current, acting on the human body, can lead to various lesions: electric shock, burns, metallization of the skin, electric sign, mechanical damage, electroophthalmia.
- Electric shock leads to excitation of living tissues; Depending on the pathological processes caused by electric shock, the following classification of the severity of electrical injuries due to electric shock has been adopted:
Electrical trauma of the 1st degree - convulsive muscle contraction without loss of consciousness;
electrical injury of the second degree - convulsive muscle contraction with loss of consciousness;
electrical injury of the third degree - loss of consciousness and dysfunction of cardiac activity or breathing (both are possible);
Electrical injury of the IV degree - clinical death.
Slide 14
electrical safety
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Electric shock
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10 electrical safety rules
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1. At the same time, simultaneously with the above measures, persons not participating in providing assistance to the victim must immediately:
- call a medical doctor or an ambulance;
- remove strangers from the place of assistance;
- create maximum lighting as well as an influx of fresh air.
Slide 18
Methods for removing a victim from a power source
Slide 19
Providing first aid to the victim
- The danger of electric shock lies in the disruption of the respiratory organs and cardiovascular system.
- First of all, it is necessary to do the following: lay the victim on his back on a hard surface; check if he is breathing and has a pulse;
- examine the pupil (narrow or wide). A wide icon indicates a sharp deterioration in blood supply to the brain.
- After this you need to start providing first aid:
if the victim is unconscious, but has stable breathing and a pulse, he should be placed comfortably, the collar, belt and clothes should be unbuttoned, fresh air should be provided and complete rest should be provided, the victim should be allowed to sniff ammonia and sprayed with water;
if the victim breathes poorly - rarely, convulsively, as if sobbing - it is necessary to perform artificial respiration and cardiac massage.
5. In the absence of signs of life (breathing, heartbeat, pulse), the victim cannot be considered dead, since death is often imaginary. In this case, it is also necessary to do artificial respiration and cardiac massage.
Slide 20
Do not forget!
Follow basic electrical safety rules at home and at work.
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