Main events in the history of Ancient Rus' in the 9th – early 13th centuries. Who surrounded Rus' History of Rus' 13th century

Rus' in the 13th century experienced a period of princely civil strife. While there was a struggle for power and land between the princes within the country, a significant threat was looming from Asia - the Tatar-Mongol tribes led by Genghis Khan.

Fight against the Mongol conquerors

The main events of the 13th century in Rus' centered around the fight against the Mongol-Tatar invasion. At first it did not affect Rus', but the princes agreed to come to the aid of the Polovtsian princes. Further events are presented in chronological order in the table:

Rice. 1. Khan Batu.

In fact, this is where the list of important events ends - the end of the 13th century did not bring any changes, Rus' continued to be under the rule of the Horde, who encouraged princely civil strife.

Fight against the Swedes and Germans

Almost simultaneously with the invasion from Asia, the expansion of the West into Russian lands began. So, in 1240, the crusading knights, who settled in the Baltic states, began to threaten the Pskov and Novgorod lands. The common idea - the spread of the ideas of Catholicism - was supposed to be supported by the united Swedish-German forces, but the Swedes attacked Rus' first.

On July 15, 1240, the Battle of the Neva took place. The Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the Neva, but at their request, the son of the Vladimir prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Alexander came to the aid of the Novgorodians. He set out with an army and chose a strategy of surprise and speed of attack, since his army was inferior in number to the Swedish one. Thanks to the swiftness of the blow, a victory was won, for which young Alexander was given the nickname Nevsky.

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Rice. 2. Alexander Nevsky.

But this was not the end of Rus'’s struggle with the conquerors. this time the German knights, who had gained strength, came out against Pskov and Novgorod. Alexander Nevsky again came to their aid.

In 1242, on April 5, Russian warriors and crusaders converged on the ice of Lake Peipsi. Alexander's army acted coherently and again won. Many knights simply fell through the ice under the weight of their uniforms. Subsequently, this battle will be called the Battle of the Ice.

From 1251 to 1263, the reign of Alexander Nevsky lasted.

Culture of Rus' 13th century

The culture of Ancient Rus' of the 13th century was based on the culture of East Slavic tribes. Many of its monuments were lost due to the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Some examples of architecture have been preserved - churches and cathedrals, as well as church paintings - icons - and literary monuments. At this time, parables began to be written, such a genre as hagiography appeared, and the most famous work of this period is “Prayer” by Daniil Zatochnik.

Rice. 3. Church of the 13th century.

The culture of Rus' of this period was influenced by nomadic peoples and countries of Western Europe. as well as Byzantium, which is associated with the adoption of Christianity. It had special features, such as a slow pace of development, the predominance of a religious worldview and reverence for the past.

The main political centers, such as Vladimir, Suzdal, Galich, Novgorod, were at the same time cultural centers. Due to the invasion of the Mongols and their constant destructive raids, many secrets of crafts, in particular, jewelry making, were lost. The population also decreased greatly.

What have we learned?

How did Rus' live in the 13th century and who were its main military opponents - the Tatar-Mongols and the crusading knights who wanted to introduce Catholicism. We also found out who ruled Rus' in the 13th century and which ruler saved the Pskov and Novgorod principalities from the Teutonic knights. We looked at how military events influenced the course of history, as well as the culture of Rus'. They established which cities were cultural centers and what trends prevailed in architecture, literature and painting. We examined in general terms the state of culture during this period and its main features.

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History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 20th century Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich

Consequences of the events of the 13th century.

Consequences of the events of the 13th century.

The events of this century marked the beginning of the Russian lands falling behind the countries of Western Europe. The Golden Horde yoke caused enormous damage to the economic, political and cultural development of Rus'. A significant part of the income in the form of tribute was sent to the Golden Horde. The old agricultural centers fell into decay. The agricultural frontier moved north, the more fertile southern lands were abandoned and became known as the “wild field.” From three-field there was a return to two-field. Russian cities were subjected to massive destruction. Many crafts became simplified and sometimes even disappeared altogether. The human losses were also great. The yoke contributed to feudal fragmentation, ties between principalities were weakened, and the pace of cultural development slowed down.

However, the consequences of even hostile contact between different cultures and civilizations are always ambiguous. The three-hundred-year yoke did not pass without a trace for the Russian people: in a situation of isolation from Europe, Asian traditions took root in the political, economic and cultural life of Rus'.

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The table “Main events in the history of Ancient Rus' in the 9th – early 13th centuries” compiled by students based on materials from the textbook will probably look like this.

Main events in the history of Ancient Rus' in IX – beginning XIII century

Year
Internal political events

Foreign policy events

Beginning of Rurik's reign in Novgorod

Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv. Unification of the north (Novgorod) and south (Kyiv). Formation of the Old Russian State

Campaigns of Prince Oleg to Constantinople (Constantinople). Signing a trade agreement beneficial for Rus'

Unsuccessful campaigns of Prince Igor against Constantinople

Prince Igor is killed by the rebel Drevlyans

The campaign of Prince Svyatoslav against the Khazar Kaganate. The defeat and death of the Khazar Kaganate. Russian control over the Volga trade route

Embassy of Rus' in Constantinople. Baptism of Princess Olga. Political union of Rus' and Byzantium

Russian-Byzantine war. Death of Prince Svyatoslav

Adoption of Christianity in Rus' under Prince Vladimir

Lyubech Congress of Princes. Legal formalization of political fragmentation

The defeat of the Polovtsians by Prince Vladimir Monomakh

The assault and defeat of Kyiv by the united troops of the Russian princes and Polovtsian khans. Weakening of the all-Russian significance of Kyiv

Lessons No. 14-15. Rus' between East and West.

During the lessons:

    reveal the process of formation of the Mongolian state, noting the features in comparison with the Old Russian state;

    determine the reasons for the military successes of the Mongols during the formation of the Mongol Empire;

    note the role of Rus'’s struggle against the Mongol invasion for medieval European civilization;

    characterize the significance of Rus'’s struggle against the German and Swedish invaders;

    draw conclusions about the significance of the choice of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in favor of an alliance with the Horde against the Catholic West.

Lesson Plan:

    The formation of the Mongol state and its conquests.

    Mongol invasion of Eastern and Central Europe.

    Mongol power in the 13th century.

    Rus' under the rule of the Golden Horde.

    Rus' between the West and the Horde.

Means of education: textbook §12-13, historical map No. 7 “Russian lands in the 12th – early 13th centuries.”

Recommended methods and techniques for conducting lessons: independent work of students with the text of the textbook, a historical map with elements of a generalizing characteristic, solving cognitive tasks, work on compiling a table “Rus’ fight against the invasion of the Mongols and repelling the aggression of the West.”

Personalities: Genghis Khan, Batu, Alexander Nevsky.

Key dates: 1223 – battle on the Kalka River.

1237-1242 – Batya’s invasion of Rus'.

1240 – Battle of the Neva.

Questions for review conversation:

    Reveal the reasons for political fragmentation in Rus'.

    Prove that the period of political fragmentation was accompanied by the economic and cultural rise of the Russian lands.

    Compare the development of the Novgorod land and the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, from the point of view of natural, economic, social and political features.

    Describe the activities of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. Why did his contemporaries call him “autocratic”?

Two lessons are allocated to study the topic. It is advisable to focus on the first three points of the lesson plan in the first lesson. The second lesson will be devoted to characterizing the most difficult issue - Rus' under the rule of the Golden Horde and the problem of choosing the princes of North-Eastern Rus' for civilizational development.

Option #1 . Since a significant part of the material in the paragraph is event-based and is largely familiar to students, the first lesson organizes independent work for students with the text of the textbook and map No. 7 to prepare answers to questions. In order to save time during the lesson, work in groups is possible.

    Comparative characteristics of state formation among the Mongols and Eastern Slavs.

    Reasons for the successful conquests of the Mongols.

    Batya's invasion of Rus' and its consequences.

    Rus' between East and West.

Work on the first issue will make it possible to repeat the process of formation of the Old Russian state and, on this basis, note the main feature of the Mongol state - “nomadic feudalism”, in which the main value was cattle. It is better to entrust this question to the most prepared group of students, since comparative analysis is quite complex. The last question of the assignment is completed by students and discussed in the second lesson.

Reference point! Many different points of view have been expressed in Russian science regarding the historical development of nomadic societies. There was a discussion among historians about “ nomadic feudalism" Some scientists believed that nomads developed according to the same laws as agricultural peoples, and the basis of their feudal relations was land ownership(pastures). Their opponents argued that the pastures of the nomads were collectively owned, and the basis of feudalism was livestock ownership.

Option #2. After a conversation with the class about the formation of the Mongolian state and the reasons for the successful conquests of the Mongols led by Genghis Khan, students conduct independent work with the text of the textbook, map No. 7 (task No. 1, p. 93). During the work, the table “Rus’ Struggle against the Mongol Invasion and Reflecting Western Aggression” is filled in, followed by a discussion of the results. In the process of this work, it is necessary to use document analysis of task No. 2 of the textbook.

date

Who did you fight with?

Events

Result

Mongol power

The Polovtsians turned to the Russian princes for help. The united Russian-Polovtsian army and the Mongols met in a decisive battle near the Kalka River.

The military superiority of the Mongols, disagreements among the Russian princes, and the unexpected flight of the Polovtsians led to a terrible defeat for the Russian squads.

December 1237

Invasion of the Mongol army led by Khan Batu.

Defeat of the troops of the Ryazan prince at the borders of the principality. Capture of the city of Ryazan.

Other principalities did not provide assistance to the Ryazan residents. The defeat of the Ryazan principality.

January 1238

The battle of the Vladimir-Suzdal troops with the Mongols near Kolomna.

Defeat of the Vladimir-Suzdal troops. Siege of Vladimir by the Mongols.

February 1238

The assault and capture of Vladimir by the Mongols.

Another 14 cities of North-Eastern Rus' were taken by the Mongols.

March 1238

Defeat of Vladimir troops on the City River.

Most of the Russian soldiers and Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich died. Before reaching Novgorod, the Mongols turned to the steppe.

April 1238

The siege of the city of Kozelsk lasted 7 weeks. "Evil City"

Only by the beginning of summer did the Mongols manage to escape into the southern steppes.

Autumn 1239

Devastation of the lands and principalities of Southern Rus'.

Invasion of Poland and Hungary.

The Swedish fleet along the Neva invaded the Novgorod possessions. Defeat of the Swedes on the Neva from the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky).

The Swedes failed to block the trade route along the Baltic for the Novgorodians.

Livonian Order

"Battle on the Ice".

The regiments of Alexander Nevsky inflicted a crushing defeat on the knights on the ice of Lake Peipsi.

Question. Prove that the soldiers and residents of Rus' offered fierce resistance to the invaders.

As homework, you can ask tenth graders to supplement the textbook material with historical facts and examples. For the purpose of preliminary familiarization, students at home become familiar with the textbook material on the issues of “Rus under the rule of the Golden Horde” and “Rus between the Mongols and the West.”

In the second lesson, during the conversation, conclusions are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the consequences of the Mongol invasion of Rus' and the significance of the choice of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in favor of an alliance with the Horde against the Catholic West.

What consequences did the Mongol invasion have for Rus'?

    Economic, social and cultural lag of Rus' from the countries of Western Europe.

    Heavy material damage, massive loss of life, destruction of cities. Decline of crafts, trade, cities.

Students should pay attention to the fact that this is the third factor holding back the development of the country. Remember, what other factors hampered the development of Rus' and determined its lag behind the countries of Western Europe? Schoolchildren, answering this question, should name the natural-geographical factor (see §6, pp. 44 and 46) and the absence during the formation of the Old Russian state, unlike the countries of Western Europe, on the territory of a highly developed civilization in ancient times, the inability to directly use the achievements of ancient civilization (see §8, p. 59).

    The military defeat delayed the political unification of the northeastern lands.

    Relations between Russian lands and Orthodox countries and European countries ceased.

    Contributed to the development of despotic forms of power in Rus'.

A different point of view! What positive aspects of the dependence of the northeastern principalities on the Golden Horde were noted by the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky? “In the devastated public consciousness (of the North-Eastern princes) there was only room left for the instincts of self-preservation and conquest. Only the image of Alexander Nevsky somewhat covered up the horror of savagery and fraternal bitterness that too often erupted among Russian rulers, relatives or cousins, uncles and nephews. If they had been left completely to their own devices, they would have torn their Rus' apart into incoherent, eternally warring patches of appanages. But the principalities of the then Northern Rus' were not independent possessions, but tributary “uluses” of the Tatars; their princes were called the slaves of the “free king,” as we called the Horde Khan. The power of this khan gave at least a ghost of unity to the smaller and mutually alienated patrimonial corners of the Russian princes. True, it was in vain to look for rights in the Volga Sarai. The Grand Duke's Vladimir table was the subject of bargaining and rebidding there; the Khan's purchased label covered all untruths. But the offended one did not always immediately grab his weapon, but went to seek protection from the khan, and not always unsuccessfully. The thunderstorm of the khan's wrath restrained the bullies; By mercy, that is, by arbitrariness, devastating strife was more than once prevented or stopped. The power of the khan was a rough Tatar knife, cutting the knots in which the descendants of Vsevolod III knew how to entangle the affairs of their land. It was not in vain that the Russian chroniclers called the filthy Hagarians the batog of God, admonishing sinners in order to lead them to the path of repentance.”

How was Rus''s dependence on the Golden Horde manifested?

    The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed great princes. All princes had to receive from the khan shortcuts to own their lands.  Contributed to the development of despotic forms of power in Rus'.

    Dependence on the Golden Horde preserved political fragmentation.

    Payment of tribute - "Tatar" exit" Population census, tribute collection standards are established.  Made it difficult to restore and develop the economy of the northeastern lands.

    Administration of the Horde in the Russian principalities (until the middle of the 14th century) – Baskaki.

    Punitive raids of the Golden Horde, during which the Horde took artisans and young people into slavery.  Decline of crafts, trade, cities.

Was North-Eastern Rus' part of the Golden Horde?

From the point of view of the text of the textbook, North-Eastern Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde, that is, it had “autonomy” - “the conquerors retained the system of government that had developed here, the army and religion.” However, in the “let’s summarize” section it is said that North-Eastern Rus' found itself “within the framework of the emerging Mongol Empire.” The complete personal dependence of the princes on the Mongol Khan, who gave them the right to govern their own territories, confirmation of this dependence by regular “exits”, the supply of troops for joint military operations, the presence of the Horde administration (Baskaki), can hardly serve as a valid basis for the recognition of “autonomy” » Russian lands within the Golden Horde (ulus of Jochi).

Solutiondilemmas (see page 91)(i.e., a difficult choice between two equally unpleasant possibilities) princes. The solution to the dilemma by Prince Alexander Nevsky.

1 point of view. The prudent policy of Alexander Nevsky, who understood the futility of resistance to the Mongols, based on the alliance and subordination of Odra, relying on the help of the Mongol khans against the Catholic West, allowed him to maintain his own statehood.

2 point of view. Relying on the help of the Mongol khans, Alexander Nevsky consolidated the despotic traditions of governing North-Eastern Rus'. At the same time, he actually put an end to the effective resistance of the Russian princes to the Golden Horde for many years to come.

Lesson #16. Final repetition and generalization historical material in Chapter 2 is carried out using questions and tasks proposed in the textbook (pp. 93-94). The volume of oral and written work, the form of conducting the final repetition and generalization lesson are determined by the teacher, based on the level of preparation and other characteristics of a particular class. The organization of work in this lesson can be built using various techniques and forms - a seminar, a test lesson, writing a micro-essay (see Thematic planning).

Questions for final repetition and generalization:

    The influence of natural and geographical conditions on the formation and development of Ancient Rus'.

    Highlight and justify the features of the emergence and development of the state among the Eastern Slavs.

    Reveal the main periods of political development of Ancient Rus' in the 10th – 13th centuries.

    Describe ancient Russian society and its main groups.

    Determine the features of the development of the culture of Ancient Rus' of this period.

    Why do scientists call this period of development of Ancient Rus' the pre-Mongol period? What changed in Rus' as a result of the invasion of the Mongols led by Batu Khan?

Tests:

1). The Eastern Slavs were characterized by an economic and cultural type

    Nomadic pastoralists;

    Farmers and settled pastoralists;

    Nomadic pastoralists.

2). On the eve of the formation of the state, the worldview of the Eastern Slavs was

    Pagan;

    Not religious;

3). Read an excerpt from the work “Strategikon” and determine the social system of the Eastern Slavs.

“They do not hold those in captivity in slavery, like other tribes, for an unlimited time, but, limiting (the period of slavery) to a certain time, they offer them a choice: whether they want to return home for a certain ransom or remain there as free men ?

    Slaveholding;

    Feudal;

    Tribal.

4). Most Russian epics are associated with the name:

    Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich;

    Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed;

    Prince Igor Svyatoslavich.

5). What event in Russian history happened in 882?

    Calling to the reign of Rurik;

    The death of Prince Igor from the Drevlyans;

    Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv.

6). Which of the named events occurred later than all the others?

    Baptism of Rus';

    Prince Oleg's campaign against Constantinople;

    The death of Prince Igor as a result of the Drevlyan uprising.

7). The consequence of the adoption of Christianity by Russia was

    Acquaintance with the heritage of antiquity;

    The split of Russian society along religious lines.

8). Who owns the words mentioned in the chronicle? “If anyone does not come to the river tomorrow - be it rich, or poor, or beggar, or slave - he will be my enemy.”

    Prince Yaroslav the Wise;

    Prince Alexander Nevsky;

    Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.

9). The event to which the phrase “let each one keep his homeland” refers occurred in

1. 1097; 2. 1113; 3. 1237.

10). Hereditary land ownership in medieval Rus' is called:

1. Patrimony; Rope; Pogost.

eleven). The code of laws of Ancient Rus' was called:

    "Salic truth";

    "Russian Truth";

    "Ladder".

12). Servants, procurement, serf in Ancient Rus' belonged to

    Dependent population;

    To the free population;

    Noble population.

13). Which of the main groups of the population of the Old Russian state belongs to the article in “Russian Truth”?

“If __________ hits a free man and runs away to the mansion, ... and after that, if ________ is found anywhere by the man he has beaten, let him kill him like a dog.”

14). Establish a correspondence between the genres of ancient Russian literature and the titles of works.

A). “The Word” 1. “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”

B). Life 2. “The Tale of Bygone Years”

B) Chronicle 3. “Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh.

15). Read an excerpt from the chronicle and determine which event the information contained in it relates to.

“Why are we destroying the Russian land, creating hostility against ourselves, while the Polovtsians are tearing our land apart and rejoicing that there are wars between us to this day. From now on, we will unite into one heart and protect the Russian lands. Let everyone keep his homeland..." and on that they kissed the cross... and having taken an oath, they went home..."

16). Establish a correspondence between concepts and their definitions.

A). Expansion 1. Tour of the lands subject to Kyiv by the prince and his squad from

for the purpose of collecting tribute.

B). Heresy 2. Expansion, capture of new territories.

IN). Patrimony 3. A creed different from the religious system

ideas recognized by the church.

G). Polyudye 4. Hereditary land ownership in medieval Rus'.

17). Read an excerpt from the historian’s work and determine which of the 12th-century princes it was dedicated to.

“Having not only a kind heart, but also an excellent mind, he clearly saw the cause of state disasters and wanted to save at least his region from them: that is, he abolished the unfortunate system of appanages, reigned autocratically and did not give cities to either his brothers or sons...”

Key to test tasks:

Lyubech Congress

Andrey Bogolyubsky

Topic 3. Western Europe in the XI-XV centuries

The material on this topic gives an idea of ​​the formation of the foundations of European civilization. The historical material of the textbook chapter examines important problems of economic (urban development, small-scale craft production), political (formation of centralized states) and social (bourgeois and the formation of new bourgeois values) processes in the countries of medieval Europe. The historical material of the chapter, which is insignificant in volume, is important from the point of view of studying similar processes in Russia and for determining the features and differences that are similar, but only at first glance, in the directions of historical development of medieval Russia and Western countries.

Lesson #17. Economic and political development.

During the lesson:

    note important changes in the economic life of medieval society in Western Europe and their consequences for the rapid development of cities;

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This period became one of the blackest in the history of the principalities of Kievan Rus. At the beginning of the new century in Rus' there was a constant struggle between multiple principalities. Constant wars led to the ruin and decline of cities, to a reduction in population and to the weakening of all of Rus' as a whole. Even in the face of the universal threat that the Golden Horde became, the Russian principalities did not unite into a single state, and therefore were unable to give a worthy rebuff.

The Polovtsians, who had previously been at odds with the Russian princes, were the first to be attacked by a cruel enemy. They could not resist them alone, so they turned to the rulers of the eastern Russian principalities. However, their combined forces were not enough to repel the great threat. The united army did not have a single command; the princes acted according to their own judgment and were most concerned about their own benefit. In 1223, the battle on the Kalka River (modern Donetsk region of Ukraine) was lost. Then the Mongols only reached the edges of Russian lands.

In 1237, Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, entered the Ryazan principality with his army, beginning the conquest of Rus'. Yuri Vsevolodovich tried to stop his opponents, but the princes from the southern Russian principalities and the Novgorod army did not come to his aid, so in 1238 he was defeated. Subsequently, Batu captured and imposed tribute on almost all the eastern, southern and central territories of the former Kievan Rus. The most powerful Russian principality at that time was Novgorod Rus', but it had its own problems. The Swedes and Teutonic Knights opposed him and the allied Principality of Lithuania. The terrible enemy was defeated thanks to the skillful actions of Prince Alexander, the son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the ruler of Vladimir. The Novgorodians turned to him for help, and with joint efforts they first defeated the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, after which Alexander received his famous nickname. Two years later, a battle took place that went down in history as the Battle of the Ice, during which the Teutonic knights suffered a crushing defeat in battle with Alexander’s army.

During the same period, the Principality of Galicia, which had previously successfully repelled Tatar raids on its lands, began to weaken. Despite some successes, in general Rus' in the 13th century, briefly described in this section, fell into decline. Most of it came under the rule of foreign invaders, who slowed down its development for several centuries. Only several centuries later, the Moscow principality was able to defeat other Russian principalities in the struggle, get rich by fire, sword and deception and capture almost the entire territory of the former Kievan Rus, and throw off the yoke of the Golden Horde.

13th century in the history of Rus' began without any special external shocks, but in the midst of endless ones. The princes divided the lands and fought for power. And soon the internal troubles of Rus' were joined by danger from the outside. The brutal conquerors from the depths of Asia under the leadership of Temujin (Genghis Khan, meaning “great khan”) began their actions.

The troops mercilessly destroyed people and conquered lands. Soon the Polovsk khans asked for help from the Russian princes, and they agreed to oppose the approaching enemy.

It took place in 1223. Due to the fragmented actions of the princes and the lack of a unified command, the Russian warriors suffered heavy losses and left the battlefield. The Mongol troops pursued them to the very outskirts of Rus'. Having plundered and devastated them, they moved no further.

In 1237, the troops of Temuchin’s grandson, Batu, entered the Ryazan principality. Ryazan fell. The conquests continued.

In 1238 on the river. The City army entered into battle with the invader's army, but lost to the Tatar-Mongols. At the same time, the southern Russian princes and Novgorod remained on the sidelines and did not come to the rescue.

In 1239-1240, having replenished his army, Batu undertook a new campaign against the Russian lands. At this time, the unaffected northwestern regions of Rus' (Novgorod and Pskov lands) were in danger from the crusading knights who had settled in the Baltic states, who wanted to spread the Catholic faith by force throughout Rus'. The Swedes and German knights were going to unite in the name of a common idea, but the Swedes were the first to act.

In 1240 (July 15) it happened: the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the river. Not you. The Novgorodians turned to the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for help. His young son set off with the army, counting on the surprise and speed of the onslaught. Although his army was outnumbered by his rival (even with the Novgorodians and commoners joining), Alexander's strategy worked. In this battle, Rus' won, and Alexander received the nickname Nevsky.

Meanwhile, the German knights gained strength and began military operations against Pskov and Novgorod. And again Alexander came to the rescue.

April 5, 1242 took place: troops converged on the ice of Lake Peipsi. Alexander won again - thanks to a change in the order of the formation and coordinated actions. And the knights’ uniforms played against them: when they retreated, the ice began to break under their weight.

In 1243 it was formed. Formally, the Russian lands were not part of this state, but were subject to it: they were obliged to replenish the treasury of the Horde, and the princes had to receive labels to reign at the khan’s headquarters.

During the second half of the 13th century. The Horde made devastating campaigns against Rus' more than once. Cities and villages were ruined.

1251-1263 - reign of Alexander Nevsky.

Due to the invasions of conquerors, during which settlements were destroyed, many monuments of the 10th-13th centuries disappeared. Churches, cathedrals, icons, as well as works of literature, religious objects and jewelry remained intact.

The basis of ancient Russian culture is heritage. It was influenced by nomadic peoples, the Varangians. In addition, the peculiarities of cultural development are associated with, as well as the influence of Byzantium and Western European countries.

With the adoption of Christianity, literacy began to spread, writing developed, enlightenment began, and Byzantine customs began to be introduced.

These changes also influenced 13th-century clothing. in Rus'. Its cut was simple and uniform; items differed mainly in fabric. The suit became longer and looser, not emphasizing the figure, but giving it a static look.

The nobility wore expensive foreign fabrics (velvet, brocade, taffeta, silk) and furs (sable, otter, marten). Ordinary people used canvas fabric, hare and squirrel fur, as well as sheepskin for clothing.