Forms of the indefinite article for the plural
are unos for masculine and unas for the feminine gender. The indefinite article in the plural can sometimes have a meaning not only some, some, but also some.

Forms of the definite article for the plural
are los for masculine and las for feminine:

Formation of the plural
nouns and adjectives

Plurals of nouns and adjectives ending in unstressed vowels (oh, a, e), is formed by adding the ending -s to the singular form. For example:
mesa - mesas, amigo - amigos, clase - clases, alta - altas, bonito - bonitos, dulce - dulces

In a sentence, the adjective, as already indicated in Lesson 2, is mostly placed after the noun and agrees with it in gender and number, for example:
Veo dos mesas altas. Veo a dos alumnos altos.

Nouns and adjectives ending in consonants form the plural by adding the ending -es to the singular form:
papel - papeles, ley - leyes, facultad - facultades, azul - azules, f cil - f ciles, alem n - alemanes

Nouns and adjectives ending in -z,
plural change z on c: l piz - l pices, voz - voces, luz - luces, feliz - felices

Linking verb ser in the present tense

Verb ser(to be) is used as a connective in a nominal compound predicate, the nominal part of which can be a noun or an adjective. For example:

As follows from the above examples, in Russian the linking verb ser(to be) is almost always omitted in the present tense; in Spanish the use of the verb ser Necessarily.

If in a sentence with a nominal compound predicate the subject is a personal pronoun, then in Spanish it is omitted (especially in the 1st and 2nd persons singular and plural). This applies not only to the verb ser, but also all conjugated verbs. For example:
We (are) students.
(Nosotros) Somos alumnos.

As can be seen from this example, in Russian the personal pronoun is not omitted.

If the nominal part is an adjective, then it agrees in gender and number with the subject. For example: Las mesas son c modas.

If the nominal part is a noun denoting nationality, profession or occupation, then it is used without an article. For example: Pablo es cubano. Mar a es alumna.

If this noun has a definition, then most often it is used with the indefinite article. For example:
Maria no es una alumna mala. Maria is a good student.
Pablo es un cubano joven. Pablo is a young Cuban.

Conjugation of the verb ser in the present tense

Conjugating regular verbs in the present tense
PRESENTE DE INDICATIVO

Most common impersonal construction of the Italian language this is the construction "si+Verb"

Compare: Esce poco la sera - in the evenings he walks a little (leaves the house) Si esce poco la sera - in the evenings he walks a little (leave the house) - in general, without reference to a specific character.
Impersonal forms of the verb indicate the absence of any specific performer of the action. Impersonal forms are formed by adding the reflexive particle si to the verb in the 3rd person singular:
Questosifacosi. - It's done like this. Come si scrive questa parola? - Howis writtenThisword? In Russian we also sometimes use impersonal forms, remember: In the village one sleeps well (In campagna si dorme bene) - who sleeps? It doesn’t matter, to me, to you, to everyone! This is the meaning of the impersonal form - to abstract from the performer of the action and simply convey the specificity of this or that action. It’s just that in Italian, virtually any verb can be put into this very Impersonale form, but in Russian this is not always possible, you have to express impersonality in other ways:
A tavola non si chiacchiera! -BehindtableNotchatting! In Germania si parla il tedesco -INGermanyThey sayonGerman. If a verb in the impersonal form has a direct object, then this verb agrees with the object in number: Qui si vendono libri. - Herefor salebooks. A Zoosafari si possono vedere i leoni -Onzoo safariCanseeLviv. InSvizzerasiparlanodiverselingue- In Switzerland they speak different languages.
For reflexive verbs in the impersonal form, the particle si is preceded by the particle ci. How could it be otherwise, you had to come up with something so as not to say si twice in a row. Compare: Incampagnasialzapresto- In the village he (she) gets up early. Incampagnacisialzapresto- People in the village get up early (in general, it doesn’t matter who) A questa scuolaci si iscrive in estate. - INthisschoolare recordedin summer.
In an impersonal sentence in which the predicate is nominal, the nominal part, expressed by an adjective or participle (e` stanco, e` bello, e` felice), is always used in the plural: Quando si è vecchi tutto diventa difficile. - WhenYouold, Allbecomesdifficult. Quando si e` stanchi si dorme bene -WhenPeopletired, TheyFinesleeping. Quando si è stimati, si è contenti.- When a person is respected, he is satisfied. To form complex tenses of impersonal forms of the verb, the auxiliary verb essere is used. Participio passato of impersonal forms of reflexive and intransitive verbs like andare, venire, etc., i.e. usually forming complex tenses with the verb essere, takes the ending -i: Se si è andati via sbattendo la porta, è difficile tornare indietro. - Once you leave and slam the door, it’s hard to come back.
Quando ci si è lavati bene, ci si sente più freschi. - After washing (when you have washed well) you feel more fresh.

The impersonal form is often used in general permissive or general prohibitive phrases when we want to say what can/cannot be done. For example:

Qui non si fuma.- There is no smoking here (no smoking);
Non si può farlo.- This cannot be done.

The plural of nouns and adjectives in any foreign language requires special attention. Unlike the Russian language, in foreign languages ​​there are always several rules for its formation, and each rule in most cases has exceptions.

Plural of nouns

Regarding nouns, there are several rules for forming the plural form that you should learn in order to speak and write correctly in Spanish.

1) If a singular noun ends in a vowel without stress, then it forms the plural by adding the ending -S.

For example:

la cara (face) - las caras (faces)

la tribu (tribe) - las tribus (tribes)

el pie (leg) - los pies (legs)

2) Those nouns that in the singular end in an accented vowel, in –у or in a consonant, in the plural form have the ending –ES.

For example:

el rey (king) – los reyes (kings)

el bigudí (curlers) – los bigudíes (curlers)

la ciudad (city) – las ciudades (cities)

Attention: there are a number of words in Spanish that are similar in description to the words in rule 2, but still form the plural by adding the ending -S. This exception applies to most words borrowed and not fully assimilated into Spanish.

For example:

el papá - los papás (dad - dads);

la mamá - las mamás (mother - mothers);

el sofá - los sofás (sofa - sofas).

And some other words that fall under this exception.

Russian version of the word	Singular noun	Plural noun
		los soviets
		los clubs
		los complots
		los esquis
		los films
		los tickets
		los bloks
		los records
		los trusts
		Los deficits

3) Words that end in Z or X in the singular change it to C in the plural. But proper names, such as Pérez, Álvarez, do not obey this rule.

For example:

el lápiz (pencil) - los lápices (pencils)

la nariz (nose) - las narices (noses)

Some words ending in -C in the singular change it to -qu in the plural.

For example:

el frac (tailcoat) - los fraqu es (tailcoats)

el bistec (beefsteak) - los bistequ es (beefsteaks)

4) Nouns that end in –S in the singular do not have any changes in the plural. These forms differ in the article used next to them and in the context. These words include:

• compound nouns, which consist of a verb and a plural noun: lavamanos (washstand); guardacostas (guard vessel); rascacielos (skyscraper); sacacorchos (corkscrew);
• most days of the week: lunes (Monday); martes (Tuesday);
• compound words, the final component of which is the infinitive, the personal form of the verb or one of the forms of the personal pronoun: el hazmerreír (laughing stock, jester) - los hazmerreír (laughing stock, jesters); el correveidile (the informer) - los correveidile (the informers);
• such words: éxtasis (delight); crisis (crisis); dosis (dose).

5) Separately, it is worth mentioning complex nouns, which are formed by juxtaposing two words. Only the first noun takes the plural form of such words.

For example:

la rosa té (tea rose) - las rosas té (tea roses)

el coche сama (sleeping car) - los coches cama (sleeping car)

But in words such as gentilhombre (nobleman), mediacaña (gutter, slot), both parts of the noun are subject to change: gentiles hombres, medias cañas.

6) In Spanish there is such a thing as “pluralia tantum”. This applies to nouns that only have a plural form

Nouns in Spanish	Translating to Russian language
	surroundings, outskirts
	gift for good news
	pliers
	jealousy
	utensils, household items
	chronicle, chronicle
	pharynx, larynx
	tweezers, forceps
	food

Some geographical names also belong to this group of nouns

Note:

1) Words such as alelí (left-handed), maní (peanut), rubí (ruby) have 2 plural forms: los alelíes and los alelís; los manes and los manís; Los rubies and los rubies. But modern Spanish tends to use a form that is easier to pronounce: los alelís (left-handed leaves), los manís (peanuts), los rubís (rubies).

2) Three words in Spanish, when forming the plural form, change the stress in pronunciation and writing.

For example:

espécimen (sample) - especímenes (samples)

el régimen (regime) - los regímenes (regimes)

el carácter (character) - los caracteres (characters)

The word el lord (lord) in the plural essentially changes its form to los lores (lords).

If it is more convenient and easier for you to remember information by ear, rather than by reading, you can also find information about the plural of nouns at this link.

Plural of adjectives

As you already know, an adjective in Spanish agrees with the noun it describes in gender and number. Therefore, the rules for forming the plural form of an adjective coincide with the rules for forming the plural form of a noun.

1) If an adjective in the singular ends in an unstressed vowel, then in the plural we see the addition -S.

For example:

el papel blanco (white paper) - los papeles blancos (white papers)

el chico pequeño (little child) – los chicos pequeños (little children)

2) If the adjective ends in a consonant, stressed vowel, then to form the plural form you need to add the ending –ES

For example:

la lección difícil (difficult lesson) - las lecciones difíciles (difficult lessons)

el corte turquí (dark blue piece of fabric) - los cortes turquíes (dark blue piece of fabric)

3) If a singular adjective ends in Z, then in the plural form Z changes to C

For example:

voraz (gluttonous) - vorac es (gluttonous)

feliz (happy) - felic es (happy)

This video will also help in learning the topic “Plural adjectives in Spanish”

Do some exercises to reinforce the topic.

1) Write the plural forms for the following words

1. Padre
2. Soviet
3. Facil

1. padres
2. soviets
3. reyes
4. bajos
5. faciles

2) Change the words to make them plural and add a definite article for the plural

1. Palabra
2. Piedra

1. las palabras
2. las voices
3. las piedras
4. los fraques
5. los lores

· SPANISH GRAMMAR ->

Adjective (nombre adjetivo)

Adjective endings (adjetivo) in Spanish vary depending on gender and number. nouns to which they belong. Adjectives usually follow the noun.

Masculine and feminine adjectives

Adjectives ending in –o, change their ending to –a in the case of the feminine gender. Adjectives with endings –e or consonant, have the same form for feminine and masculine genders.

For example:

Exceptions to this rule are adjectives that indicate nationality. More precisely, such an adjective can end like –o, and with a consonant, but in the feminine there will be an ending –a.

For example:
• chinesco (Chinese) -> chinesca
• ruso (Russian) -> rusa
• japonés (Japanese) –> japonesa
• español (Spanish) -> española
• chileno (Chilean) -> chilena
• alemán (German) -> alemana

Another group of adjectives is an exception to the general rule. These are adjectives ending in -or, -án-or, -ín. Despite the fact that they end in a consonant, to form a feminine form, they add –a.

For example:
• hablador (chatty) -> habladora
• trabajador (hard worker) -> trabajadora
• holgazan (lazy) -> holgazana
• dormilón (sleepy) -> dormilona
• traidor (treacherous) -> traidora

Note that some adjectives from this group have the same form as nouns formed from the same root.

For example:
• dormilón – sleepy, sleepyhead

The exception to this rule is comparative adjectives, such as:

• mejor - the best
• peor - worst

And also words like:

• anterior - previous
• posterior - subsequent
• exterior - external
• interior - internal
• inferior - lower
• ulterior - further

They have the same shape in both masculine and feminine genders.

If nouns have diminutive suffixes –ito, -ete or augmentative suffix -ote, then they change by gender in this way:

• -ito -> -ita
• -ete -> -eta
• -oto -> -ota

For example:
• negrito (black) ->negrita
• regordete (plump) –> regordeta
• grandote (hefty) -> grandota

Plural of adjectives

To form the plural, you need to add the ending to the adjective. –s, if it ends with -O, -A or –e. If the ending is a consonant, then add –es.

For example:

You've probably already noticed that if an adjective is singular. ends with –z, then in plural there will be an ending –ces. Please also note that according to stress rules in some cases there is no longer a need to place the graphic accent mark (acento) in the plural.

For example:
• marron -> marrones

Here in units The last syllable is stressed, etc. this does not comply with the rule, it is marked using a graphic accent mark. Plural the stress falls on the same syllable as in singular, but this time the word ends in –s, and according to the rule in this case the stress should fall on the penultimate syllable. Thus, a graphic accent mark is not needed.

In all the examples above, the adjectives came after the noun. They had a descriptive function. If the adjective comes before the noun, then this gives the statement emotionality. In this case, the adjective functions as a descriptive epithet. Sometimes an adjective placed before a noun emphasizes qualities that the object of description always possesses (tautological epithet).

For example:
• la blanca nieve - white snow
• las altas montañas - high mountains
• el profundo mar - deep sea

Short form of adjectives grande, bueno, malo

Some adjectives may have a truncated, short form that is placed before the noun. Such an adjective is the word grande(big). Its short form is gran, which is the same for both masculine and feminine genders. And if the short form is used gran, this gives the statement emotionality. But in the plural the truncated form turns back into the full form grandes.

For example:
• la casa grande – big house
• la gran casa - huge house
• las casas grandes - big houses
• las grandes casas - huge houses

Adjectives also have a truncated form bueno(good and malo(bad). But truncated forms buen And mal are used only for the masculine gender, and for the feminine gender the full form is placed before the noun buena And mala. For the plural, there is again no truncated form.

For example:
• el asunto bueno - good deal
• el buen asunto - good deed
• los asuntos buenos - good deeds
• los buenos asuntos - good deeds
• el asunto malo - bad thing
• el mal asunto - evil deed
• los asuntos malos - bad deeds
• los malos asuntos - evil deeds

Construction de + noun

In addition to adjectives, the phrase preposition can serve as a definition de and the following noun. Typically this construction is used to describe the color or material from which an item is made. In this case, the noun in the construction is used without an article.