Types of waterproofing for pools. Waterproofing a pool under tiles How to isolate a pool from leakage indoors

In the process of constructing and arranging a concrete pool bowl, among the many problems that builders have to face, the issue of ensuring waterproofing of the pool stands out. The insidiousness of the task lies in the fact that the fate of the entire project depends on the quality of protection of concrete from the effects of water; a small flaw is enough for frost and internal stresses to crack a concrete building. Therefore, in the process of forming a protective layer, several types of coatings are used, among which coating waterproofing for pools is in greatest demand.

What are the benefits of using coating waterproofing in a pool?

The term “coating” refers to plastic and liquid waterproofing, which is applied to the insulated surface in the form of a homogeneous mass or solution. Coating materials are widely used for waterproofing concrete pool walls for a number of reasons:

• High technology has made it possible to simplify the isolation procedure and make it practically independent of the worker’s qualifications;
• To waterproof concrete pool structures, several types of coating materials can be used sequentially; the highest efficiency is achieved by combining coating and sheet types of waterproofing;
• Due to its high elasticity and resilience, coating waterproofing is often used as a substrate for laying a more durable and durable coating made from PVC membrane sheets and roll bitumen insulating materials.

Coating types of insulating materials have high adhesion to concrete, which makes it possible to effectively protect both the internal and external surfaces of concrete pool structures. At the same time, the external coating waterproofing can withstand winter and seasonal soil shrinkage. Even in conditions of highly heaving soils, the high quality of adhesion to the base and elasticity make it possible to maintain the insulating properties of the coating layer.

Important! The cost of applying coating types of insulation is approximately half the price of laying a roll or membrane coating.

The main advantage of coating materials is that the technology of applying it to concrete pool walls can be mastered by almost any worker after several hours of practice. The absence of seams between the sheets, as is the case, for example, with roll or membrane waterproofing, eliminates the likelihood of the most common defect in protective coatings for swimming pools - delamination of joints.

The coating type of pool waterproofing does not have the second serious drawback of bitumen roll coatings, which, due to low elasticity in winter, can easily peel off from the base. Peeling occurs especially often when the outer layer of waterproofing is damaged.

Moreover, due to the specific coloring of the material, the quality and thickness of the applied waterproofing coating can be relatively easily monitored visually. Any inhomogeneities and violations of the monotonous layer on the walls of the pool are easily eliminated by applying additional coating mass. Some types of coating waterproofing can be used as finishing coatings even without laying tiles and protective finishing.

Types of coating types of waterproofing

Non-sheet waterproofing materials of the coating type include all insulating compositions that are applied to the surface of concrete using a brush, roller, special spray equipment, or sprinklers. This category of waterproofing for swimming pools includes:

1. Liquid rubber for pool waterproofing is a durable and highly elastic material based on a bitumen matrix modified with polystyrene;
2. Sodium silicate-based compositions, better known as liquid glass for pool waterproofing. A relatively inexpensive and easy-to-handle material for protecting concrete from penetrating water pressure;
3. Waterproofing additives in concrete, compacting the concrete surface to the level of fused materials;
4. Waterproofing two-component mastics.

Most swimming pool waterproofing compounds were originally developed to insulate roofing and concrete structures immersed in liquid, pipelines, tanks, storage tanks and manifolds. The essence of coating waterproofing is to create an elastic and at the same time low-porous barrier layer that does not change its characteristics during a long stay in water.

Coating waterproofing based on polymer additives

When arranging the protection of a concrete pool shell, it is mandatory to use special polymer additives in concrete for waterproofing, which can change the structure of concrete in a specific way. Additives are produced either in the form of a dry mixture, for example, Penetron Adminx, or in the form of an aqueous solution, such as PLASTIPROOF.

In the first case, the dry mixture is diluted with water in the proportion of 1.5 parts powder to 1 part water, mixed with a mixer until a homogeneous consistency is obtained, after which the mass is added to a regular concrete solution at the rate of four kilograms of Penetron per quintal of concrete.

According to the manufacturing company, M200 grade concrete acquires waterproof characteristics at the level of hydraulic grades with the W20 index. In practice, casting a pool shell from such a material will be quite expensive, so a concrete solution with a polymer additive is used as the primary coating waterproofing.

The process of compaction and the coating layer obtaining the design characteristics ends after two weeks at an air temperature of at least +5 o C. After this, a primer can be applied and liquid waterproofing or a coating layer of mastic can be applied. Additives are used to create hydraulic insulation of the bottom parts of the pool and walls of non-standard shape.

To protect internal walls, deep penetration coating compositions based on acrylic resins, surfactants and liquid glass are also used. Such a primer, penetrating into concrete to a depth of several millimeters, ensures good plugging of residual micropores in concrete and forms a transitional barrier sublayer for waterproofing from liquid rubber or mastic.

Waterproofing a swimming pool with sodium silicate

Liquid glass for pool waterproofing can be considered the oldest and most proven recipe for pool waterproofing. An aqueous solution of sodium silicate with a one percent addition of acrylic polymer is used to provide inexpensive and durable protection against water. The solution penetrates perfectly into small cracks on the concrete surface and, after drying, firmly plugs all cavities. This coating is not afraid of any microflora and tolerates frost and severe temperature overloads well. The disadvantages of “glass” waterproofing include the loss of insulating properties in the absence of moisture. For example, if the pool has been in a dry state for a long period of time, without water, then there is a risk of the waterproofing drying out and cracking.

In addition, the coating mass dries quite quickly, so when applied to the walls of the pool, the solution is prepared in small portions in order to have time to lay the waterproofing in five minutes and at the same time intensively rub the mass so that it penetrates into all the cracks. The service life of a coating layer of liquid glass without protection by a paint layer is no more than 5-6 years. Waterproofing a pool with liquid glass cannot be used as a finishing layer, so a barrier layer is applied over the coating and a mosaic or tile coating is laid. The joints between the tiles must be sealed with special mastics based on epoxy compounds.

Arrangement of protection with liquid rubber

Compositions based on synthetic bitumen modified by polystyrene have become widely used as coating waterproofing, primarily due to the automation of the process of applying a protective coating to concrete walls. Liquid rubber coating mass is an emulsion of a polymer in an aqueous solution.

The water base allows the use of pneumatic and pump sprayers to apply the insulation material, but coating waterproofing is often applied manually using rollers and special brushes. In order for the coating mass to harden, a catalyst is added to the container with liquid rubber - a solution of calcium chloride.

After applying the coating material to the walls of the pool, the elastomeric emulsion is destroyed by the action of salt, water is drawn out of the waterproofing by the water-absorbing component, resulting in the formation of an elastic and very dense dry sediment, similar to artificial rubber. After hardening, the pool is washed or filled with water for a day so that the chloride salts come out of the coating insulation.

The disadvantages of liquid rubber include poor resistance to ultraviolet radiation. If the bottom and lower parts of the walls are reliably insulated from the sun by the water column, then the upper layers of waterproofing can gradually collapse and crack. Among those recommended by experts for use as insulating materials for pool walls are Trowel Grade and the one-component material TopCoat AnyColor.

Coating mastic

Coating waterproofing mastics based on an acrylic matrix are today recognized as the most durable and reliable coatings. An example is the binary mastic ACRILET 1260, specially designed to produce a very dense and at the same time elastic coating, with a texture reminiscent of linoleum. The coating mastic does not react with detergents, chlorine, or ozone used to disinfect water in swimming pools.

Important! A swimming pool coated with ACRILET 1260 can be used to store drinking water.

Preparation for applying mastic begins with thoroughly cleaning the concrete surface of the pool walls, removing the smallest sharp protrusions or chips. After cleaning and treating the concrete with ACRILET 130 primer in two layers, geotextile tapes and fabric are attached to the bottom and side surface of the pool walls at the joints, edges and abutment areas.

Coating insulation is applied with a roller or brush. When applying the first layer, the mastic consumption is 1.5 kg/m2. After a couple of hours, after the surface has hardened and dried, a second layer of coating waterproofing can be applied at a consumption of 1.5-2 kg/m2. The standard thickness of the protective layer is 2 mm; in case of increasing the total thickness to 4 mm, a thin ACRILET painting mesh is laid between the layers to improve adhesion. Complete hardening of the coating is completed after 72 hours, after which the pool bowl is filled with water for a day.

Conclusion

Among all the listed options, two-component mastics based on acrylic polymers showed the best results in appearance, protective properties and service life. Provided the installation technology is followed, coating insulation is quite capable of replacing PVC membranes and roll insulation, which are more labor-intensive to install.

When installing a new or restoring an old pool, the correct installation of waterproofing is a must. It is very important to carry out all work carefully and consistently, because the life of the reservoir will depend on this. In this article we will look at how to waterproof a pool in different ways, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

1. Protective function. Internal waterproofing of the pool is performed to protect the concrete bowl from moisture. Water puts a lot of pressure on the bottom and walls of the reservoir, and if waterproofing is not installed, cracks will begin to appear on them. Waterproofing is a shell that extends the life of the pool.

2. Antiseptic function. Waterproofing acts as an antiseptic that prevents the appearance of fungus and mold on the surface of the pool. Accordingly, the harm to the health of a person bathing in it is minimal.

3. Waterproofing makes cleaning the pool easier. It becomes much easier to clean than, for example, a concrete pond.

4. Aesthetic function. Waterproofing improves the appearance of the pool and in many cases it no longer requires finishing. All kinds of PVC films perfectly imitate tiles, mosaics or the seabed.

Requirements for pool waterproofing:

1. For long-term use of the pool, the waterproofing must be durable. After all, if it is destroyed, it is necessary to restore the entire structure completely.

2. Elasticity is another important quality that waterproofing should have. The pool bowl is under constant pressure, and this property contributes to its uniform distribution over the surface.

3. Durability. The service life of the pool and its exposure to various influences depend on this characteristic.

4. High adhesion rate, which is necessary for reliable fastening of waterproofing to the surface of the bowl.

5. Solidity. The absence of seams on the waterproofing structure ensures high-quality fulfillment of all the above requirements.

Types of waterproofing a swimming pool from the inside, their advantages and disadvantages

1. Concrete waterproofing is carried out using special hydraulic cement. Its advantage is strength, solidity, durability, as well as the ability to implement design ideas and create various bowl shapes. The disadvantages of such waterproofing include the long production and drying time of concrete, large material investments and labor costs.

2. PVC film. The advantages of installing a film for waterproofing swimming pools: aesthetic appearance, strong and even seams, the ability to install on uneven surfaces. But along with a large number of advantages, there is also a serious drawback - low strength and vulnerability to mechanical damage.

3. Liquid waterproofing for swimming pools - rubber. It forms a monolithic layer on the surface of the reservoir, which is quite durable, but at the same time soft and elastic.

4. Liquid glass. The pool surface impregnated with this material is characterized by protection from moisture, ultraviolet radiation and corrosion. The disadvantage of such waterproofing is its fragility.

5. Advantages of adhesive waterproofing: frost resistance, strength, elasticity. The disadvantage is a rather labor-intensive work process and a perfectly flat surface.

Installation of concrete waterproofing

To waterproof swimming pools, concrete with the addition of various admixtures is often used under the tiles. Types of admixtures for concrete:

• penetrating mixture for waterproofing swimming pools - added to the cement mortar for deep penetration into the structure of the bowl;
• waterproof plaster is an excellent option for leveling the base and sealing all seams and cracks;
• polymer-cement mortars - characterized by good vapor permeability and moisture resistance, easy to work with, applied using a roller or brush;
• adhesives or grouts that increase the waterproofing properties of concrete.

Applying waterproof plaster to the walls of a swimming pool is a rather complex process, for which you will need:

• spatula or trowel;
• ironer;
• rollers for applying anti-corrosion coating;
• container for plaster;
• net,
• beacons.

Before starting work, apply an anti-corrosion solution to the pool walls, and then apply an adhesive coating using a roller.

Install the beacons and attach the mesh.

Apply the cement mixture to the sides of the pond. Its layer should not exceed 3 cm. Level the surface according to the installed beacons. After the solution has completely dried, finish the pool. Only after finishing is the pool filled with water.

Installation of waterproofing using PVC membrane

Installation of a waterproofing PVC membrane is carried out quite quickly. The materials you will need are:

• film backing;
• glue;
• film;
• seam sealer.

Instructions for installing PVC film for pool waterproofing:

1. Using a level, measure the evenness of the vertical and horizontal walls. The maximum permissible differences horizontally are 2 mm, and vertically - 3 mm.

2. If the differences exceed the permissible standards, then the surface should be leveled using putty or cement mortar.

3. Installation of the film is carried out not only on the concrete surface, but also on the tiled base, if it has worn out during operation.

4. The basis for laying the pool liner is strong and durable sides.

5. Secure the backing under the film. Use stainless or plastic flanges and rubber pads to avoid corrosion. The linings can also be secured using glue.

6. The backing film is located no closer than 30 cm from the corners and edges of the pool. Its function is to protect the PVC membrane from abrasion on the concrete surface.

7. Drill holes for dowels along the edges of the bowl and install PVC film. Installation is carried out by welding.

8. In the place where the film is joined together, it is necessary to carry out rapid heating, and then compress the material and connect the seams to each other.

9. The seams are additionally treated with a sealant.

10. Then the pool is gradually filled with water. Recommended water temperature is 40 degrees. The first filling is 35-40 cm. Next, counter flanges are installed and the pool is filled completely.

Waterproofing a swimming pool with liquid rubber

For waterproofing a pool with complex geometric shapes, the ideal option is liquid rubber.

This material has many advantages:

• absence of seams and joints;
• good water resistance;
• elasticity;
• quick installation;
• does not react with chlorine.

Pool waterproofing – liquid rubber application technology:

1. Clean the base of the pool from small dust particles. Seal all cracks and seams with cement mortar or putty. If necessary, degrease and prime the surface.

2. Apply liquid rubber without hardener using a roller, brush or compressor.

3. Apply rubber with hardener and level the surface. The maximum layer thickness is 2 mm.

4. A day after applying the rubber, fill the pool with water.

5. Drain the water and carry out the final stage of applying the rubber. After this, the pool acquires its final aesthetic appearance and color.

Waterproofing a pool using liquid glass

Waterproofing a pool with liquid glass not only reduces moisture absorption, but also increases the surface’s resistance to mechanical damage.

To carry out the work, the material is used both in pure form and in combination with concrete, in a ratio of 1:10.

Advantages of waterproofing with liquid glass:

• protection against the formation of fungus and mold;
• antiseptic and anti-corrosion protection;
• reliability in grip;
• ease of use;
• affordable price;
• low consumption of materials.

At the concrete pouring stage, to increase the strength and waterproofing of the pool bowl, liquid glass is added to the solution. The walls of the reservoir are also impregnated with it. This ensures its protection from moisture, sun, temperature changes and corrosion. Liquid glass protects the walls of the pool for 4-6 years.

Pasted waterproofing

To carry out adhesive waterproofing, special roll materials made of polymerized bitumen are used.

Before starting work, level the surface and clean the walls of the pool from dust and dirt.

Waterproofing is applied using bitumen-polymer or bitumen-rubber mastics. Bitumen is softened to a temperature of 40 to 250 degrees, depending on the quality of the materials.

A dry base for bitumen mastic is applied to the surface in a layer of 1.5-2 mm. A roll of material is rolled out over the surface of the mastic and secured. It is possible to use multi-layer waterproofing. Then, after rolling out the roll, mastic is applied again, and then the rolled material.

On vertical walls, waterproofing is applied from top to bottom. The maximum length of the roll is 10 m. A torch is used to connect the joints.

Waterproofing is used as a roll material - double-sided or single-sided.

Pool waterproofing video:

A concrete pool is a durable option for arranging a reservoir. But the external solidity of concrete is deceptive, especially under prolonged loads and interaction with water. The material must be carefully waterproofed from its destructive effects. The bowl's hydroprotection technology does not forgive mistakes that may make it impossible to further operate the pool.

Materials for pool waterproofing

The creation of external and internal waterproofing of the body is provided by materials that include: penetrating, lining and rubber, PVC membranes, waterproofing mastics, etc. They are designed to form a waterproof seamless monolithic surface layer that provides elasticity, durability, adhesion, strength, durability, reliability coverings. Waterproofing materials are used only in combination.

Swimming pools outside buildings are protected from flood and groundwater. Waterproofing protection is ensured by reducing the depth of groundwater below the level of its bottom base. A clay hydraulic lock is formed around the bowl to the height of the walls, and a layer of sand is placed around it. Roll materials are used to create a protective covering, the edges of which are applied to the walls with a margin to connect it with the internal insulation.

Penetrating mixtures can be applied to the bowl to clog the pores in the material with growing crystals. Two-component coating compositions are also used, forming an elastic hydrophobic coating that can withstand pressure up to 1.5 atm. Repair seams and cracks are sealed with polyurethane injection waterproofing.

To do this, the concrete is drilled and a composition is introduced into it under pressure, which, interacting with water, fills the voids. For a similar purpose, rubber profiles that self-expand in cracks are used. The bodies of the pools are cast from concrete grades (from B6 and higher), into the solution of which they are introduced, giving additional durability and strength.

Internal waterproofing of the pool

Concrete pools are protected from water and chemicals used to clean it. Swimming pools are subject to dynamic loads due to the volume of water, which can cause cracks and corrosion. The body is cleaned, inspected, degreased, cracks and seams are sealed. The joints are sealed with sealing bands and tapes. The concrete is coated with a penetrating mixture.

Surfaces and joints are leveled and plastered with waterproof mixtures. The bottom is leveled with a self-leveling compound. Frequent moistening with water prevents cracking of materials during hardening. At this time, polyethylene film is placed on the concrete surfaces. The walls are carefully primed with a primer, especially at the junctions of the edges, corners and edges of the structure, formwork and technological openings.

A two-component elastic coating mastic is applied to the prepared base (layer height 2.5 - 4 mm). When using self-leveling compounds (membranes), at least 2 layers are applied, alternating with mesh and fabric. Waterproofing lining materials based on polymerized bitumen are also used.

A continuous elastic waterproof layer is formed by bitumen-polymer mastics. They have different decorative colors, tiles, mosaics, etc. are laid on them. Pools receive a reliable coating when using PVC membranes, the seams of which are hermetically welded.

Waterproofing mastics

Applying mastic to the prepared surface.

They are applied to dry primed surfaces. Materials based on polymers (polymer cements) and bitumen provide durable, reliable waterproofing in swimming pools. They are often equipped with built-up waterproofing. According to the principle of action, these are deep penetration impregnations that clog pores in concrete, which is ensured by a special additive. After their application, concrete receives additional resistance to mechanical stress.

After 6 hours, when polymerization has already occurred, a reinforcing mesh is mounted on the still sticky base. Another layer of waterproofing is poured on top of it. The uncured polymer film is covered with fine sand, which will increase adhesion with the subsequent layer of insulation. After hardening, excess sand is removed, and you can, for example, lay tiles. If this is not planned, waterproofing is applied in two more layers, which can be pigmented in different colors, or mastics of different colors are mixed.

The surface is then hardened by introducing an accelerator into the mixture before laying the final layer. The hardening of the coating lasts three days (at above-zero temperatures). The technology of work requires constant quality control. After hardening, a continuous membrane with high waterproofing properties is created. Tiles and mosaics can be laid on top, the seams between which are sealed with polymer (epoxy) compositions in the form of insulating grout.

Waterproofing a swimming pool with liquid rubber

Bitumen-polymer mastic (membrane) is sprayed (applied with a roller or brush for small amounts of work) onto the internal surface. It has good adhesion to it and combines the advantages of PVC membranes and self-leveling mastics. The bitumen-polymer coating has no seams, is elastic, serves as a basis for laying mosaics (tiles), or itself will remain the final decor (color modifications of the material).

The composition is applied to grease-free, leveled, primer-coated surfaces with a continuous coating or only to the seams and corners at the base of the bowl. It is ideal for reservoirs with complex differences in surfaces, it is applied quickly, and is chemically neutral to chlorine. The composition is applied first without a hardener, and then with it, providing a maximum coating height of up to 4 mm. After a day, the bathtub is filled with water. After draining the water, the composition is laid in the final layer, which has the selected color decorative exterior.

The use of liquid glass for waterproofing a swimming pool.

An additive to the concrete mixture (proportion 1:10) is created with a solution of potassium/sodium silicate (essentially, office glue) and the internal concrete surfaces of reservoirs are treated. Their use increases the hydrophobicity of surfaces and resistance to damage. The composition also protects against temperature changes, the destructive effects of ultraviolet radiation and corrosion, and the proliferation of mold and mildew.

The material is relatively inexpensive, adheres well to concrete, but has a short service life - 4 - 6 years and requires strict adherence to the nuances of application technology. The connection with a cement-sand mixture allows you to reliably waterproof the concrete coating. At the same time, the rate of hardening of the material is about 5 minutes, which should be met in order to have time to level the layer of the applied substance.

Now it has become very fashionable to have a swimming pool in your suburban area. Why not? Why not create a full-fledged place for taking water procedures? Especially if you do it yourself or with some outside help. But remember: pool waterproofing must be done on time. Otherwise, this “newfangled thing” will not please you for long. Don’t delay this process: waterproof the pool before you start using it.

Types of waterproofing

If the pool is located inside a structure, then only internal waterproofing is performed to protect the surface of the pool from the negative effects of water penetrating through (possibly) poor-quality materials or cracks. And, if the pool is located outside, then in addition to the internal one, it is necessary to carry out external waterproofing, which protects the bowl of the concrete pool from groundwater and all the aggressive elements contained in it.

That is, the purpose of waterproofing is to make concrete waterproof. The strength and durability of the concrete pool as a whole depends on how well and correctly it is performed.

Important! If cracks larger than 4 mm appear during the operation of the pool, then it is unlikely that any pool waterproofing will solve this problem. In this case, more “drastic” measures will have to be taken.

Classification of materials for waterproofing

By application

All used waterproofing materials are divided into two main groups:

• bitumen;
• polymer.

Insulating bitumen is a material obtained by blowing tar with hot air. For your information: tar is obtained by heating the last fraction formed during oil refining in a vacuum to a very high temperature (exceeding 400 degrees). The main feature of insulating bitumen (a resin-like substance) is that it does not dissolve in water. After applying it to the surface, it forms a durable and waterproof coating that is not subject to corrosion.

Practice shows that the use of such waterproofing can significantly increase the service life of the pool and guarantee its long-term operation even in conditions of constant contact with groundwater. Rolled and coating materials (mastics) are made from bitumen.

Polymer waterproofing includes compositions based on polyurethane. Once this material is applied to the surface, it interacts with air and transforms into a polymer film that protects against moisture. Polymer waterproofing is a universal coating and has a number of advantages:

• good elasticity;
• durability (service life more than 15 years);
• has excellent adhesion to materials such as ceramic tiles, concrete, glass and brick;
• resistant to temperature changes;
• easy to apply (due to the fact that the composition is a liquid or semi-liquid substance).

Polymer insulation can be coated or sprayed. On the construction market it is presented in the form of mastics and sealants. Using mastic, you can cover rather uneven and hard-to-reach surfaces with a protective layer. Sealant is a more viscous “representative” of polymer waterproofing, which can be easily applied to a surface of any geometric shape (for example, it can be used to insulate joints and seams). Liquid rubber also belongs to the category of polymer waterproofing.

By method of application

According to the method of application, materials are divided into:

• coating;
• sprayed;
• roll

Coating compositions (penetrating impregnations, bitumen and polymer mastics) are used to create a seamless monolithic layer. Most often, one- or two-component cement-polymer waterproofing is used, which can be used to thoroughly seal pores and small cracks formed in concrete. Coating materials, which have a relatively low cost, can provide high-quality protection of the hot tub with minimal labor costs: after all, you can apply several layers of mastic with a brush or spatula on your own.

Rolled materials (roofing felt, film membrane, PVC film) are used for arranging the protection of the pool both from the outside and from the inside. However, using such materials, you will not be able to avoid the presence of seams in the insulation.

Advice! We lay the rolled materials in two layers to overlap the seams.

Criteria for evaluating waterproofing material

Waterproofing a pool can be done using a variety of materials, but not all of them are equally effective. Requirements for waterproofing material:

• moisture resistance;
• resistance to deformation and other mechanical influences;
• immunity to temperature changes;
• good adhesion to other materials;
• elasticity.

External waterproofing technology

Before proceeding with arranging the protection of the font bowl from the inside, the external waterproofing of the pool is carried out:

• if the groundwater level is higher than the bottom slab, then we build a drainage system around the font;
• we perform concrete screed for the pool base;
• lay out the prepared roll material on the ground (according to previously taken measurements);
• connect the seams;
• We lay the external waterproofing, doing it with a large margin around the edges, so that later it can be placed on the walls of the pool and connected to the inner insulating layer of the bowl.

Important! Instead of rolled material, penetrating compounds can be used as external waterproofing, for example, mastics, which fill the smallest pores and cracks.

Technology for arranging internal waterproofing

Internal waterproofing of a swimming pool is an important step in the construction of the entire facility. The technology for applying all kinds of coating materials is quite simple:

• after pouring the bowl (by the way, to increase the waterproofing properties of concrete, we add plasticizers and special additives to it) leave it for final drying;
• We seal small cracks and other defects with resin or sealant;
• we arrange the screed of the base of the font using a self-leveling solution;
• We carry out plastering work;
• we clean the surface of the bowl to make it rough (this is necessary for better adhesion of the protective coating to the concrete);
• remove dust and debris; degrease the surface;
• We prime the inner surface of the pool bowl with a special compound;
• let the primer dry (drying time is indicated on the package);
• prepare the coating composition according to the instructions;
• We apply waterproofing in two or three layers, generously brushing the seams, small cracks, gaps and joints of the pool surface planes with a brush (each subsequent layer is applied only after the previous one has dried);
• after the waterproofing layer has completely dried, we check the pool for leaks;
• We carry out facing work.

On a note! Remember: “the miser pays twice,” so it is better to buy expensive coating materials (they are more effective), and in combination with fiberglass mesh they become more durable and elastic.

The most popular waterproofing materials

Liquid rubber

Liquid rubber is a bitumen-polymer mastic that has good waterproofing properties and combines the advantages of coating materials and roll materials. It is applied in several layers: the result is a pleasant-to-touch, dense and durable seamless coating.

Liquid rubber is a universal material in the sense that it can act as a finishing coating, that is, without subsequent decoration (just buy colored material), and as a base for tiles or mosaics.

Liquid glass

An aqueous alkaline solution of sodium or potassium silicates is nothing more than liquid glass, which is also known in the trade as silicate glue. Liquid glass in combination with cement-sand mortar creates a durable waterproofing coating. The advantages of silicate glue include the fact that it is relatively inexpensive, and the disadvantages are that this material, after mixing, hardens quickly (within 5 minutes) and is short-lived.

PVC film

PVC film as a waterproofing material is the most popular material. With all its advantages, one should not forget about the disadvantages: expensive installation (since it cannot be done without the participation of professionals) and the material is susceptible to mechanical stress.

So, an abundance of waterproofing materials will allow you to provide high-quality protection for your pool, and it will delight you for many years.

Many people consider swimming pools to be attributes of a “beautiful” life and associate them with expensive multi-storey cottages and mansions. In reality, everything is not quite like that. Any owner of a country house or house can pamper his family with a swimming pool.

You just need to carry out the construction work correctly. Particular attention should be paid to protecting the structure from water. It is important to choose the right materials for waterproofing swimming pools, and we are ready to provide effective assistance.

The article presented for consideration describes in detail all options for systems for protecting the bowls of swimming structures from the effects of water. We have described in detail the main characteristics and methods of applying compounds and waterproofing coatings. Taking into account our recommendations, you will not go wrong with your purchase.

Waterproofing in construction means a set of works aimed at providing effective protection against moisture. Swimming pools are no exception. They must be protected from the destructive effects of water.

You need to understand that the bowl is a complex structure, inside of which there is a fairly large mass of water. It puts pressure on the walls of the pool, and when filling or lowering, additional forces are applied to them.

Image gallery

Waterproofing measures necessary to protect the concrete bowl from the action of an aggressive environment are carried out both from the inside and outside the walls of the pool bowl

A wide range of coating materials, two- and one-component, cement-based, are used in waterproofing.

Waterproofing work is carried out much faster if a sprayed polymer product is chosen as the material.

Work using roll bitumen-polymer materials and polymer membranes is carried out at the highest rates

Waterproofing the outside of the pool

Coating waterproofing agents

Polymer sprayed waterproofing

Adhesive waterproofing for swimming pools

The slightest cracks or any other defects will become a serious threat to the entire structure. When exposed to moisture, even microscopic flaws quickly turn into serious problems.

Therefore, it is very important to prevent contact of water and the walls of the structure. Pools are often built from concrete. This is a porous material that instantly absorbs moisture. The very bad thing is that water inside concrete structures quickly destroys them.

Waterproofing is necessary to protect the concrete structure from groundwater and from water in the pool bowl, which as a result significantly extends the life of the structure

But it’s not just concrete that is threatened by excess moisture. The inside of the bowl walls are usually reinforced with metal rods. The porous material allows water to pass freely to the fittings.

As a result, it corrodes and disintegrates quite quickly. Thus, without proper waterproofing, a bowl undergoing serious stress will literally crumble in the shortest possible time.

A swimming pool is a complex structure that experiences constant loads associated with the water filling it. The slightest defects in the base can provoke destruction. Without waterproofing, this process will go much faster.

High-quality waterproofing of a swimming pool must meet the following requirements:

• Durability and long service life;
• High resistance to adverse external influences;
• Good adhesion.
• High elasticity.

Ideally, the insulating layer should have all the properties listed above and form a seamless monolithic coating covering the entire surface of the bowl.

Not only the bowl, but also the outside of the structure needs protection from moisture. A clay castle is often used for external waterproofing.

Methods for waterproofing a pool bowl that can be done with your own hands are described in detail in this article. It also provides the materials needed to form a perfect protection.

Types of pool waterproofing

The structure is protected from water from the outside and inside, and therefore the waterproofing materials used are divided into two groups.

External moisture protection of the bowl

External waterproofing is used to protect the structure from flood and groundwater. It is relevant for street structures buried in the ground. The requirements for external waterproofing are similar to those for moisture protection of foundations.

The main difference lies in the shrinkage rates and changes in the geometry of the bowl structure that occur under the influence of a significant mass of water. Before building a bowl, it is necessary to carefully study the soil structure in the selected area, find out the level of soil freezing, as well as the depth of groundwater.

It is very important that the level of the bottom plate of the bowl is not lowered below the depth of groundwater. If this is the case, waterproofing alone will not be enough. In this case, groundwater must be drained away from the structure using a drainage system.

The internal waterproofing of the bowl protects the structure not only from moisture, but also from the destructive effects of chemical reagents, and therefore must be resistant to them

The most proven and affordable method of arranging external waterproofing is considered to be a clay castle, which is installed directly during the construction period. After the soil is removed from the pit prepared for the pool, clay is poured into it and compacted thoroughly.

This is a clay castle. The best results can be achieved when it is used in combination with other insulating materials: pasting, coating or penetrating materials.

You need to choose the option of an external water barrier for the bowl at the design stage. Afterwards it is more expensive and more difficult to eliminate defects and apply material to the walls. And it will be completely impossible to protect the bottom.

Internal waterproofing of the pool

Internal insulation of the bowl is mandatory for any type of pool. The insulating layer protects the material from which the structure is made from the destructive effects of moisture and chemical compounds.

Most often, the composition includes protection against disinfectants, which will certainly be present in the water. The latter are relatively safe for humans, but are an aggressive environment for building materials.

Waterproofing not only protects the pool from moisture, but also from possible leaks and corrosion. Internal insulation will be considered high quality if it is resistant to opening holes and cracks up to 3 mm wide.

It is desirable that the waterproofing layer be low, but at the same time elastic. The material must have good adhesion to the base and maximum water resistance.

In addition, the insulating coating must resist hydrostatic and dynamic loads and fully comply with environmental standards. It would be nice if the waterproofing suppressed the activity of microorganisms. Another important nuance is full compliance with the type of finish chosen, otherwise it will be impossible to fully cladding the bowl.

The internal waterproofing of the bowl is applied at the final stages. You can choose a material for it after all the work on the construction of the bowl has been completed, but always before cladding.

Materials for insulation work

A variety of materials can be used to waterproof bowls. Each of them has certain advantages and disadvantages. To make an informed choice, you should carefully study the different types of insulation.

Waterproofing of the pool is carried out using all types of waterproofing materials used to perform water protection of underground structures and hydraulic structures

Bitumen-based coatings

Appeared on the construction market more than half a century ago. They are produced in the form of built-up roll materials, roofing felt, and bitumen mastics.

Bitumen coatings have a number of advantages:

• High elasticity, which virtually eliminates damage to the insulation during operation and during further finishing work.
• Effective protection against moisture.
• Long service life.
• Possibility of carrying out work on laying the material and subsequent finishing at any time of the year.
• Resistant to almost any aggressive influences, including chemicals.
• Most materials are affordable.

Despite a fairly large number of advantages, bitumen coatings for waterproofing swimming pools are used quite rarely. This applies to a greater extent to welded roll materials, which are difficult to apply.

Hot solutions are also difficult to install. The main obstacle to the use of bituminous materials for insulating swimming pools is poor adhesion to adhesives used to decorate bowls.

Bitumen roll insulation materials for waterproofing swimming pools are being used less frequently, since they are not always compatible with adhesives used for subsequent decoration

Cement based solutions

Such mixtures usually contain three components. The first is astringent. This is a high-quality cement that provides the material with strength and partially repels water.

The second is filler: fine quartz sand. The third is polymer additives. Various substances that increase the hydrophobic properties of the mixture, adhesion and elasticity. These can be synthetic resins or vinyl acetate.

Cement-based waterproofing provides a very durable, waterproof, breathable coating that is easy to apply finishes to.

Cement-based waterproofing has many advantages:

• Good adhesion. The material adheres well to wood, brick, concrete, metal, etc. The adhesion of cement insulation is much higher than that of bitumen-polymer or bitumen.
• High abrasion resistance and mechanical strength.
• Water permeability. The insulation does not allow water to penetrate into the base, but at the same time allows the moisture inside to evaporate. This ensures that there are no possible peelings.
• Possibility of application, if necessary, not only on a dry, but also on a wet base.
• Environmental Safety.
• Fast drying. After 10-14 days, the surface treated with cement compounds is ready for further finishing. No additional preparation is required - finishing materials adhere well to this base.
• Long service life.

Practice shows that throughout the entire period of operation, repairs of cement waterproofing are not required. It is quite easy to apply and can be placed on surfaces of various configurations.

The cost of coverage is relatively low. The main disadvantage of cement waterproofing is its high rigidity. It is not elastic, so if a crack appears in the bowl, the insulating layer will inevitably be destroyed.

To neutralize the main disadvantage of cement waterproofing - high rigidity, it is worth using special two-component solutions and additionally gluing all joints with elastic tape

This problem can be solved. On sale you can find special two-component cement-based compositions with a high content of the polymer component. Such mixtures are laid in several layers. A reinforcing fiberglass mesh is mounted between them.

Rubber-polymer elastic bands are additionally applied to all internal corners. The result is an insulating coating that is superior in its characteristics to bitumen. However, its cost is quite high.

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Before the start of work, the concrete base must be leveled, dried, and impeccably cleaned. Before using the mixture directly, the surface must be moistened

It is better to use proven means for waterproofing. COVERFLEX two-component water-repellent composition has excellent adhesion and is resistant to chlorine and sulfates

Waterproofing paste of the HIDROFLEX brand, after application to the surface to be treated, forms a green waterproof elastic film

The waterproof composition is supplied complete and includes two substances that must be mixed before application. Available in white and gray options

AQUAMASTER waterproofing agent is completely prepared for application. Applicable for waterproofing swimming pools and other underground structures

A composition that quickly gains working hardness is necessary for quickly fixing fasteners and other parts and eliminating pressure leaks

ELASTOCEM brand compositions, which are actively in demand in the field of pool waterproofing, are affordable and easy to use. The solution is applied to the reinforcing fiberglass mesh

When arranging a swimming pool, you will definitely need reinforcing tapes from LITOBAND, which are necessary to strengthen the corner connections

Specifics of preparing a concrete base

Waterproofing composition COVERFLEX

Waterproofing paste HIDROFLEX

White composition ELASTOCEM (A+B)

Ready to use AQUAMASTER

Fast-hardening LITOBLOCK AQUA

Popular option ELASTOCEM MONO

Reinforcing tapes for corner joints

Penetrating waterproofing

Penetrating insulation is produced in the form of a mixture containing high-quality Portland cement, filler and active chemical additives.

Additives are alkaline earth and alkali metal salts or polymers. After dissolving in water, a liquid working solution is obtained, which is applied to the base, forming an external protective coating.

Its main difference from analogues is that the composition penetrates into the base through pores, structural capillaries and microcracks. Here the mixture is converted into water-insoluble waterproofing crystals.

The base material becomes impervious to moisture and at the same time strengthens, which significantly extends its service life. This effect is not achieved by any of the known types of waterproofing.

In addition, when applied, coating and roll materials form a non-breathable dense film on the surface. If there was moisture in the pores of the base, and this happens very often, it will remain inside, which over time can lead to mold.

Penetrating compounds work differently. When they enter the pores of the base, they crystallize and at the same time displace moisture and vapors out.

The operating principle of penetrating waterproofing is based on changing the structure of the building material being processed, in the mass of which all pores and microcracks are filled to the depth of action of the mixture

Only after all moisture has been removed from the base does the crystallization process stop and a protective layer forms on the surface. Penetrating mixtures can fill the thickness of the concrete base 35-40 cm deep.

At the same time, penetrating compounds completely seal cracks and other defects up to 0.4 cm wide. The service life of the material is 70-100 years, while rolled and coating analogues last 25-30 years.

In addition, the advantages of penetrating waterproofing include the following:

• Forms a sealed seamless coating that is highly resistant to mechanical damage and aggressive chemical influences. It does not crack or peel.
• Easy to prepare the mixture and further installation. The composition can be applied to a damp base. There is no need to pre-dry it.
• Ability to process both new and old structures. The latter is relevant when carrying out repair work.
• Complete environmental safety for both people and the environment.
• When applied to a reinforced concrete structure, the composition protects the metal component from corrosion, which extends the service life by approximately three times.
• The composition can be applied in any weather. Temperatures for using the solution are from +75 to -30C. Compositions have been developed that can be used on hot surfaces.
• After the mixture dries, it becomes a good basis for further finishing. No preparatory work is required.

The disadvantages of penetrating materials include selectivity of application. They are not placed on very porous materials such as expanded clay concrete, shale ash concrete and the like.

A large number of pores will require significant consumption of expensive insulation, which is very unprofitable. In addition, the material cannot be applied to areas connecting elements of water supply equipment with a concrete base.

Waterproofing film coating

It is a polyvinyl chloride or polyester film that is placed in a bowl. Several varieties of this coating are produced. Non-reinforced fabric has the least strength.

This is a single-layer material with low performance characteristics and a budget price. This film is most often used to insulate prefabricated swimming pool models.

The PVC film covering performs two functions for the pool bowl. This is good waterproofing and a beautiful decorative coating

Reinforced films are characterized by greater reliability and durability. They are a multilayer coating, where reinforcing polyester threads are laid between the film panels.

This material can easily withstand fairly large loads without any signs of deformation. The outer coating of the films also varies. The most practical option is with an anti-slip layer.

Film coating is quite difficult to install. It is most often performed by specialists who have experience in carrying out such work and the skill of connecting panels using hot air welding

On sale you can find a film with an acrylic coating, which prevents the active proliferation of microorganisms, which greatly facilitates the maintenance of the pool.

The advantages of waterproofing film include:

• Attractive appearance. This coating is not only waterproofing, but also a decoration for the bowl. The material is available in a variety of colors and textures. Imitations of mosaic tiles, stone and sand are especially good.
• High resistance to various aggressive environments, frost resistance.
• Easy to care for. The coating is easy to clean with the most common soap solution.
• Possibility of laying during construction on a new bowl or during repairs on a prepared old base. In this case, the panel can be applied over the old finish, for example, laid on ceramic tiles.
• Low cost of material.

Among the disadvantages, the main one is considered to be the rather short service life of such a coating. It lasts about 5-10 years, after which the panel must be changed.

This is due to the fact that during operation the film inevitably loses its color saturation and becomes covered with scratches. This happens especially quickly with intensive use of the pool; for home structures the process usually proceeds more slowly.

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The internal coating of prefabricated swimming pools is made from a waterproofing polymer membrane with reinforcement.

Step 1: Before laying the internal insulating and protective shell, the bottom and walls of the pool are thoroughly cleaned of grains of sand, fine gravel and organic contaminants

Step 2: The cover made to the size of the pool bowl is carefully placed inside the bowl

Step 3: To lay the membrane evenly inside the pool, its edges are secured to the sides of the bowl with clamps

Step 4: Having taken off your shoes, so as not to damage the membrane, carefully level it inside the structure, trying to get rid of the slightest folds

Step 5: The waterproofing and decorative shell is attached to the side of the bowl with nails, after which the clamps are removed

When carrying out subsequent work on the construction of a private pool, you should be careful about the membrane, trying not to damage it with careless movements.

Finish: After filling the pool bath with water, the attachment line of the polymer membrane is closed with a lath

Waterproofing and finishing the bowl

Liquid rubber for waterproofing

The coating is a modified latex-bitumen emulsion. It includes two mutually insoluble components - water and bitumen. At its core, it is a bitumen emulsion, the performance characteristics of which are improved with the help of latex.

The name liquid rubber is somewhat unjustified, because the basis of the material is not rubber at all, like classic rubber. However, it stuck. There are two main types of coating available: one-component and two-component. The latter has a more complex composition and better characteristics. In addition, the material differs in the method of application to the base.

This can be spraying, painting or pouring. It must be admitted that the first option gives the best result. True, its implementation requires special, expensive equipment, which only trained workers can handle.

Liquid rubber is highly elastic, which helps it to easily withstand sudden temperature changes and resist mechanical stress.

Liquid waterproofing has many advantages:

• Forms a monolithic, completely sealed coating, which does not have the slightest joints.
• High adhesion to any substrate.
• Fills microcracks and small defects in the base.
• Good elasticity, which implies the ability to return to its original position after a short-term increase in size. Therefore, the coating is especially resistant to temperature changes and high humidity.
• Short installation time. The process of applying liquid rubber is mechanized, which makes it possible to lay it several times faster than, for example, pasting materials.
• Environmental safety of waterproofing material.
• Good repairability of the coating. Defects can be easily eliminated by applying a new portion of the mixture.
• Finishing coatings can be applied over liquid rubber. It can also be used without additional decoration. The material is available in various colors, which improves its decorative properties.

The disadvantages of liquid rubber include high sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. You cannot leave such a coating without applying a special protective layer if the pool is located in direct sunlight.

Another disadvantage is the fairly high cost of the coating, especially if it is applied by spraying. In this case, the cost of applying it is added to the price of the material.

Various methods can be used to apply liquid rubber to the base, it all depends on the form of release of the composition. This can be by spraying or coating. The latter is much cheaper

Insulating coating “liquid glass”

Under this name, a composition based on water mixed with natural potassium or sodium silicates is known. It has a special viscosity and does an excellent job of waterproofing.

Small crystals that are visible in the material, after being applied to the base, increase in size and fill all cracks and small defects. Liquid glass is absolutely impenetrable to water and air.

In addition, the insulating coating also has antiseptic properties - microorganisms do not live on it. It is antistatic, that is, it does not accumulate static electricity. Liquid glass acts as a hardener for the base. It significantly strengthens the structure of the material it is applied to.

In addition, the advantages of liquid waterproofing include:

• High degree of adhesion. The material fits perfectly on almost any base, penetrating into the smallest cracks and thereby holding them together.
• The resulting insulating coating has no seams or joints and is completely sealed.
• High water repellency. The insulating layer is completely impermeable to water.
• The cost of the finished coating is relatively low compared to other waterproofing materials.
• Economical consumption of liquid glass when laying the insulating layer.
• Environmental Safety. The waterproofing material does not contain toxic substances.
• The ability to lay the coating in conditions of high humidity, which is impossible for other materials.

Liquid glass has a lot of disadvantages. First of all, it has a short service life. It is only 5 years. After this time, the material begins to self-destruct.

The coating that forms liquid glass is quite fragile and breaks down over time, so it needs additional protection

True, if you cover it with a protective layer of paint, it will last much longer. It is not recommended to use liquid glass on brick surfaces, otherwise the base may be destroyed. Another disadvantage is the difficulty in applying the material, since it dries very quickly.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

Video #1. How to use liquid rubber to waterproof a swimming pool:

Video #2. Waterproofing a swimming pool with polyvinyl chloride roll material:

Video #3. Features of using liquid glass:

We are convinced that the range of waterproofing materials that can be used in the construction of swimming pools is quite large.

When choosing the best option, you should take into account the material from which the bowl will be made, the operating conditions of the structure and other features of the specific design. Only in this case can you expect that the new pool will serve for a long time and without problems.