Wages are a form of remuneration for labor and an important incentive for employees of an enterprise, performing reproductive and stimulating functions. The wage fund is a source of funds intended for the payment of wages and social benefits. The calculation of the wage fund (WF) is based on a tariff system that makes it possible to compare various specific types of work, taking into account their complexity and conditions of performance.

To calculate wages, we accept the 4th category of work with a tariff coefficient krazr = 1.48 and the second hourly tariff schedule - with difficult and harmful working conditions (ST = 38.56 rubles / hour)

Payroll planning is carried out according to two main forms of remuneration: time-based and piece-rate. The piecework form of remuneration is used to evaluate the work of the main workers with a standardized time for completing the technological process, given the specified standard time tsht in standard hours and the volume of work performed Vg.

With a piece-rate wage system, a piece-worker or a team of workers, in addition to earnings at direct piece rates, is paid a bonus for fulfilling and exceeding the established quantitative and qualitative indicators provided for by the shop Regulations on bonuses.

Piecework direct wages Zpsd.pr is calculated using the formula:

ZPsd. pr = Sti. j Х t pcs Х Vг Х (1 + ?DТК) Х kР.К

where Sti. J = St4 razr H krazr.j - hourly tariff rate of 4th category worker;

kbit.j -- bit coefficient of the 4th bit of the worker;

t pcs - piece rate of time for performing the i-th technological operation;

DTK - additional payments for time worked, provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation;

kR.K = 1.3 - regional (zone) coefficient.

ZPsd. Pr = 38.56? 1.48? 19.72? 3217? 1.6? 1.3 = 7530435 rub.

The basic wages of piece workers are calculated taking into account additional payments for time worked, provided for in the tariff and qualification reference book and the shop Regulations on wages.

ZPSD.OSN = Sti. j Ch tpcs Ch Vg Ch (1 + kVYR + kQUAL + ? DTC) Ch kR.K

where kВИР = 0.2 is the share of additional payments for 100% production;

kQUALITY = 0.15 -- share of additional payments for producing high-quality products;

DН.В = 0.1 - coefficient of additional payments for night hours during a five-day period;

DУ.Т = 0.15х0.25 - coefficient of additional payments for working conditions;

DPR = 0.1h0.2 - coefficient of other additional payments according to shop regulations.

ZPSD.OSN = 38.56? 1.48? 19.72? 3217? (1 + 0.2 + 0.15 + 0.6) ? 1.3 = 91777717 rub.

Additional wages provide for payments for vacation time and other full-day absences of workers for valid reasons (except for sick leave certificates of incapacity), rub./year.

ZPDOP = ZPSD.OSN CH kDOP, FOT = ZPSD.OSN + ZPDOP,

where kDOP = 0.14 is the additional salary coefficient.

ZPDOP = 91777717? 0.14 = 1284880 rub;

Payroll = 91777717 + 1284880 = 93062597 rub.

Time-based wages are used to pay auxiliary and other categories of workers with irregular work, rubles/year.

ZPPOVR. VSP = Sti. j CH FVN.R CH CHPVSP CH (1 + ?DVSP) CH kR.K

where? DVSP = 0.55 - the total coefficient of additional payments to auxiliary workers for night hours, the severity and inconvenience of performing work, for rescheduling, work on weekends, and so on.

ZPPOVR. VSP = 38.56? 1.48? 2000? 14 ? 1.55? 1.3 = 3,219,822 rubles

Payments for wages from the payroll to social funds will be (Nsoc.f):

Nsots.f = ufot? kstart = 93062597 ? 0.28 = 26057527 rub.

where? Payroll - the total wage fund, including the basic and additional wages of the main workers, rubles/year;

kSTART = 0.28 - total coefficient of social contributions

The results of calculations for planning wages of main workers are summarized in Table 7.

Table 7

Calculation of the wage fund for main workers

To check the correctness of the calculation of the wages of the main workers, we determine the average monthly wage of a payroll worker:

Salary aver.month = ?FOT / (CHPSP? 12) = 10449984 / (34 ? 12) = 25612 rub.

ZPOpt SR.MON = Sti. j H FMES H (1 + ?D OSN) H k R.K = 20036 rub.

So, you have decided to start a business, where to start?

First, we need to decide what and for whom we will produce, as well as have an idea about the subject of our business.

The demand for paving slabs has always been great. Our consumers will be all segments of small and medium-sized businesses, tenants and owners of shops, enterprises, as well as owners of private houses and summer cottages.

However, today the main use of paving slabs is masonry and road construction. The most popular remains rectangular tiles in the form of bricks. Easy to use and lay, both paths and parking areas.

Paving slabs in the shape of squares are ideal for creating walkways, paths, sidewalks, decorating steps and porches.
The success of the business depends on a good knowledge of your product, all stages of production, and main advantages.

We list the main ones:
1. The tiles have a beautiful appearance and unique design.
2. Long validity period up to 30 years.
3. Made from environmentally friendly raw materials without harmful impurities
4. High strength, raw materials are resistant to moisture and temperature changes

Business organization.

The first step is to register your business as an entrepreneur and familiarize yourself with the taxation system. In this case, taxes will be 6% of revenue or 15% of profit. Registering a business is quite simple, since paving slabs are not certified. However, if you wish, you can order a special certificate from the certification service and receive a tile quality certificate. The cost of testing ranges from 3 to 10 thousand rubles in various laboratories.
So, we receive a business registration certificate and register with the tax authorities. It is important that an individual entrepreneur is a private person and has no relation to legal entities. This gives us the advantage of limiting ourselves to collecting only 4 documents:

1) Copy of passport
2) Copy of TIN
3) Receipt for payment of state duty
4) Application for registration of activities.
The cost of registering an individual entrepreneur is 800 rubles. state duties and by law takes only 5 working days.

Room.

When choosing a room, you must be guided by the footage, at least 80 m2. It is important to have communications, electricity for equipment operation and water supply. In the warm season, you can save money and not rent storage space, but in winter you will have to ensure optimal temperature conditions and equip it with a drying chamber maintaining 35-45 degrees. Rent will be 20-25 thousand rubles per month.

Staff.

For a production volume of more than 1000 m2, it is quite enough to hire two or three workers. No education is required for this job. Workers mix cement according to one recipe, pour it into molds and dry it. Salary from 10 to 20 thousand rubles. per month.

Equipment and production technology.

Sufficient technologies and equipment have been developed for the production of paving slabs, both manual and automatic. The choice is quite large. The cheapest method for producing paving slabs is vibration casting.

Basic equipment:
- vibrating table
- casting molds
- concrete mixer

Production technology.

1. Prepare the concrete mixture in a concrete mixer
2. Place this mixture in molds on a vibrating table
3. Leave the mixture in the molds for up to 48 hours and cover with PVC film
4. Heat the finished products to 60-70 degrees for about 2 minutes and remove the tiles from the molds on the table.

Raw materials for tile production.

Cement
- sand
- granite crushed stone
- plasticizer S-3
- pigment
- air-entraining additive START

Marketing.

In any business or starting your own business, you can’t do without marketing research. The profitability of the business, the amount of invested funds depend on this, and the risks of ruin are eliminated.
You can conduct market research yourself, or involve a specialist.

It is easy to carry out a comparative analysis by studying supply and demand (production volumes) in the region of your residence. Identify the main complaints and wishes of customers, think about what can be improved.

Advertising is the main driver of good sales in the market. The main task is to find loyal customers.
Types of advertising:
- posting advertisements
- advertising via the Internet by posting advertisements on advertising boards
- creating your own website with a product catalog
- group on social networks
- distribution of leaflets
- advertisements in newspapers, on television

Sales of products.

In order to maximize market coverage and receive a sufficient number of orders, it is necessary to provide a good selection of quality products of various shapes and colors at affordable prices. We need to focus on the common population and help in decorating the territories of private houses.

Financial plan.

The result of our activities will be a financial plan, final approximate cost calculations and a summary of the necessary indicators.

Main parameters:
- room area - 90m2
- rent - 25 thousand rubles. per month
- 1 shift
- productivity - 50 m2 of tiles (1100 m2 per month)
- 22 working days per month.

Equipment costs:
- vibrating table - 1 pc. - 20 thousand rubles.
- molds for tiles - 180 pcs. - 270 thousand rubles.
- concrete mixer (250 l.) - 15 thousand rubles.
- racks - 50 pcs. - 27 thousand 500 rub.
- floor scales - 1 pc. - 11 thousand rubles.
- other equipment - 15 thousand rubles. Total: 358 thousand 500 rubles.

Material costs:
- cement - 16 kg - 78.4 rubles;
- granite crushed stone - 54 kg - 54 rubles;
- plasticizer - 0.3 kg - 11.4 rubles;
- water - 9 l. - 1.26 rubles;
- pigment - 0.3 kg. - 24.3 rub.

Total: 169.36 rub. for the production of 1 m2 of paving slabs.

Employee salaries:

Moulder - 12 thousand rubles;
- molder - 12 thousand rubles;
- accountant - 8 thousand rubles;

Total: 32 thousand rubles. per month.

Total production costs per month, per shift and per 1 m2 of paving slabs:
- raw materials - 186,296 rubles. per month - 8468 rub. per shift - 169.4 rub. per 1m2;
- salary - 32,000 rubles. per month - 1454.5 rub. per shift - 29.1 rub. per 1 m2
- insurance deductions - 9600 rub. per month - 436.4 rub. per shift - 8.7 rub. per 1 m2
- rent - 25,000 rub. per month - 1136.4 rub. per shift - 22.7 rub. per 1 m2
- electricity - 1140 rub. per month - 51.8 rub. per shift - 1.03 rub. per 1 m2
- advertising - 8000 rub. per month - 363.6 rub. per shift - 7.3 rub. per 1 m2
- transportation costs - 6000 rub. per month - 272.7 rub. per shift - 5.5 rub. per 1 m2
- other expenses - 10,000 rubles. per month - 454.5 rub. per shift - 9.1 rub. per 1 m2

Total: 278036 rub. per month - 12639 rub. per shift - 252.8 rub. per 1 m2.

The cost of 1 m2 of paving slabs is 252.8 rubles. All expenses per month will be 278,036 rubles.

Let's calculate the payback of the enterprise, as well as profit:

Cost of 1 m2 - 252.8 rubles;
Sales price for 1 m2 - 400 rubles;
Profit from 1 m2 before taxation - 147.2 rubles;
Profit per month before tax - 161,929 rubles;
Tax simplified tax system - 15% of profit - 24,288 rubles;
Net profit per month - 137,632 rubles;
Net profit per 1 m2 - 125.12 rubles;
Production profitability% - 49.5%;
The payback period for the equipment is 2.6 months.

Conclusion: The profit of our paving slab manufacturing business will be 137.6 thousand rubles per month. Production profitability is 49.5%, and payback is 2.6 months. Such indicators can only be achieved by selling all products.

Payback (profit from sales).

The quality and cost of paving slabs are directly related. The price of a product depends on many factors, such as strength, color, development technology. Poor quality tiles will not last even 5 years, requiring replacement, but good quality tiles will last up to 30 years.

In any business there is competition and tile production is no exception. To withstand the onslaught and remain a leader in the market, timely modernization of production is required, the purchase of new modern equipment such as forklifts, conveyor-type installations to increase production volumes through technological solutions, and not additional recruitment of labor.

The return on investment for the business of producing paving slabs is 100-130% and this is a pretty good figure. This business has quite a lot of advantages - good profits, easy technological process.

However, it is necessary to take into account disadvantages, such as monotony and monotony of work, some seasonality of customer requests. But if you show your creativity in the process, unexpected design solutions, beautiful designs on the tiles, you are guaranteed to enjoy doing what you love.

The essence of the proposal comes down to organizing the production of (colored) paving slabs of the "Volna" shape on the basis of the municipal unitary enterprise housing and communal services "Chistye Prudy" for its own needs, as well as for the needs of other similar enterprises.

Due to their physical, technical and operational properties, slabs are considered one of the most environmentally friendly products of all materials used for landscaping.

Paving slabs have many advantages: they have an attractive appearance, a wide palette, ease of installation, absence of puddles, environmental friendliness, durability.

To determine the production and sales plan, the municipal unitary enterprise housing and communal services "Chistye Prudy" entered the market with an offer to its customers. All buyers were interviewed. As a result, the following applications were received for the production of paving slabs of the “Wave” shape (Table 19)

MUP "MTS" - 3000 m2;

Municipal Unitary Enterprise Housing and Communal Services "Gornyatskoye" - 2000 m2;

Municipal Unitary Enterprise Housing and Communal Services "Komsomolskoe" - 8000 m2;

Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Department of Housing and Public Utilities" - 1500 m2;

LLC "TTT" - 500 m2;

LLC "Zhilstroy - Service" - 5000 m2;

LLC "Maidan" - 5000 m2;

Table 19 - Sales plan for 2013 - 2017

Indicators
Applications for supply, thousand m2
Installation capacity, thousand m2

Thus, the received applications for the production of a new type of product will allow the equipment to be used 100%.

Calculation of the cost and sales price of 1 m2 of paving slabs of the "Wave" shape

Let's calculate the cost per unit of paving slabs.

The cost per unit of production is calculated using the formula:

C = M + OT + A + KU + OX + BP, (15)

where C is the cost per unit of production, rub.; M - material costs; OT - wages with deductions; A - depreciation charges; KU - utilities; ОХ - general business expenses; BP - non-production expenses.

Let's calculate material costs (Table 20)

Table 20 - Calculation of material costs for 20 (860 pcs.) m2

To produce 20 m2 of paving slabs of the “Wave” shape, the labor costs of a concrete slab molder of the 3rd category are required - 3 people.

The molder's salary is 3135 rubles. The additional salary is 40% of the basic salary: D = 3135*0.4=1254 (rub.). Northern allowances are 80%: C = (3135+1254)*0.8=3511 (rub.). The regional coefficient is 60%: P = (3135+1254)*0.6=2633 (rub.). The wage fund will be: full salary = 3 people* (3135+1254+3511+2633)*12 months = 379.2 (thousand rubles).

Unified social tax and insurance contributions in the amount of 26.3% are charged on wages. Payroll = 379.2*1.263=478.93 (thousand rubles).

Calculated per 1 m2, the costs will be 478.93/5.00 = 95.8 (rub.).

Let's calculate depreciation costs.

Table 21 - Equipment used for the production of "Wave" shaped paving slabs.

The cost of the equipment is 142,485 thousand rubles. Service life - 2 years. The m2 calculation method is linear. The depreciation rate is 20%.

The amount of depreciation per 1 m2 will be: A = 142485*0.2/5.00=5.7 (rub.).

Electricity costs: E = 2.04*20/20=2.04 (RUB); heating: 0.075 Gcal / 4m2 * 200m2 * 901.98 / 165 hours * 8 hours / 20m2 = 8.20 (rub.); hot water supply: 0.23 m3 / shift * 16.64 rub. / 20 = 0.19 (RUB); cold water supply: 0.27 m3 / shift * 14.87 rub. / 20 = 0.20 (rub.); sewerage: 0.5 m3 / shift * 9.82 / 20 = 0.25 (rub.).

Then utilities will be: CU = 2.04+8.20+0.2+0.25+0.19 = 10.88 (rub.).

Table 22 - Calculation of the total cost of production of 1 m2 of tiles

We plan to set profitability at 15%. Therefore, the selling price of 1 m2 of tiles will be: C = 1599.41 + 1599.41 * 0.15 = 1839.32 rubles.

Calculation of financial results from sales

Table 22 - Financial results of the production of paving slabs of the "Wave" shape

Net profit in 2013-2017 will amount to 4555 thousand rubles.

Economic efficiency of the proposed activities

Table 23 - Project performance indicators

Indicators
Net profit, thousand rubles.
Investments, thousand rubles
Cash flow, thousand rubles
Discount coefficient
Discounted cash flow, thousand rubles.
Net present value, thousand rubles.
Payback period, months

Thus, as a result of the implementation of the project, the enterprise will be able to receive additional income in the amount of 2,604 thousand rubles. The project will pay off fairly quickly - in 3 months.

It’s not easy to make tiles, and it’s even harder to sell them. The market is overflowing with all kinds of offers. A lot of tile manufacturers have appeared in recent years. When opening a business, you must solve the problem: to whom and how to sell tiles. This is very important because after hiring labor and purchasing equipment, you will have more serious problems. And it’s even worse if at this time you have no distribution channels for your products.

“The production of paving slabs is a business with a low barrier to entry. I bought a concrete mixer, a couple of molds, some raw materials, hired workers - that’s the whole business. Such mini-productions are opened even in garage conditions,” says Alexandra Leonidova, deputy. Development Director of CJSC Irkutskzolotoproduct.

“The competition in our business is so great that, despite the rise in cement prices by 30%, we are forced not to increase prices for tiles,” says Mikhail, one of the tile manufacturers.

In addition, most products are far from ideal in quality. Saving at the start, manufacturers purchase cheap equipment and use simple production technology using vibration casting. As a result, their products are much inferior in quality to those produced by companies with expensive and technologically advanced equipment.

Therefore, the only correct way today is to produce high-quality tiles at an affordable price (not higher than the market average). This is the only way to ensure that your products will be in demand.

It is also worth considering the fact that the production of paving slabs is a seasonal activity. It is produced when the construction market revives, that is, in the spring. At other times of the year, it will not be possible to sell tiles, especially if production is opened in the northern regions. For this reason, for many enterprises this is more of an additional profile of activity rather than the main direction.

How much can you earn?

Income from the production of paving slabs, even with the same selling price from two different manufacturers, can differ dramatically. And the reason for this is cost. The costs of producing paving slabs greatly depend on technology and raw materials. For example, the vibration casting method, which traditionally requires more manual labor, will increase labor costs, hence the cost of the finished product will also increase.

A lot depends on the type of raw materials used. To produce a high-quality product that will have increased frost resistance, it is necessary to use washed sand. But such raw materials are several times more expensive than ordinary sand. This again increases the cost of production. It is not advisable to save on components: due to low-quality raw materials, your tiles will crumble in 2-3 years, which will damage the company’s reputation. There is only one thing left - to optimize production processes and survive due to the volume of output.

The average cost of paving slabs produced by vibration pressing is 270 rubles/sq.m. The sales price is about 350 rubles/sq.m. Profit per square meter is only 80 rubles. It turns out that in order to earn 80 thousand rubles a month, you need to sell 1000 sq.m. finished products. This is from 15 to 20 buyers per month.

Equipment and technology

The cost of purchasing equipment depends entirely on the technology used. Today, two main technologies for the production of paving slabs are known: the vibration casting method and the vibration pressing method.

The first option is more often used by beginning entrepreneurs who do not have large investments. To start a business using vibration casting technology, you will need to purchase a minimum set of equipment: a concrete mixer, a vibrating table, a set of molds, as well as available tools: mittens, shovels, buckets. The cost of the entire set, including the purchase of raw materials, will amount to no more than 150 thousand rubles.

To produce one square meter of tile, 40 to 50 molds are required. The mixture poured into molds is kept for about 2 days. Thus, continuous production will require at least two sets of molds. This technology allows you to organize a business virtually at home, and involve family members and relatives in the labor process.

Experienced market players point out several disadvantages of this technology:

1. Very low performance. One square meter will take two days to dry, but what if you receive an urgent order for 100 square meters? To perform such work, you will have to purchase an incredible number of forms (several thousand), as well as have a large staff of workers. Many people note considerable losses of cement with this method. Hence the high cost of production.

2. Low quality of the resulting products. The tiles produced using this technology have low frost resistance, and their service life is no more than 4 years.

“The production of paving slabs using the vibration casting method cannot be called a serious business,” entrepreneurs say.

Video of the production process of paving slabs using the vibration casting method:

Another technology - the vibrocompression method - is designed to eradicate all the shortcomings of the above method. The essence of this technology is that the tiles are produced by vibrating the mixture with a small amount of water. The equipment used is special installations (mini-factories) - brick presses. Concrete produced by vibrocompression has a low cement to water ratio. This means that this reduces the consumption and loss of cement, increases the strength and frost resistance of finished products. The main advantage is the productivity of the line. With the help of even a small Russian-made brick press you can get from 20 to 30 sq.m. tiles per hour. Accordingly, in an eight-hour work shift, 160 – 240 sq.m. can be produced. tiles At the same time, only 3-4 people are enough to service the installation. With such capabilities, you don’t have to worry about even the most urgent orders.

The method has only one drawback - investment in starting a business. Purchasing a new installation - line will cost from 850 thousand rubles, depending on the productivity of the line and the types of products produced. For example, the Rifey Udar brickmaking press (Zavod Stroytekhnika LLC) will cost about 1.7 million rubles:

Expensive, but the machine is universal and can produce not only paving slabs, but also lawn grates, curb, pillar, wall and facing stones. Thus, it is possible to expand the list of products and significantly increase the capabilities of the enterprise.

Production of paving slabs using Condor installations

Who is the client and how to sell tiles

Buyers for paving slabs are different. It is bought by both owners of small summer cottages and pensioners, who take 2-3 sq. m. Shop owners buy from 20 to 40 sq. m. m., and the owners of the cottages - 60-70 square meters.

Selling products is a whole science, and each manufacturer has its own methods in this regard. You can offer goods to wholesale resellers, but they ask for the goods at a discount. You can also supply tiles to retailers, construction markets and retail chains specializing in the sale of building materials.

For smaller, artisan producers, the classic way of selling products may be suitable. You can stand by the road, lay out several product options and hang a “Paving Slabs” sign. If the road has a large flow of cars and there are large cottage communities nearby, then an influx of buyers is guaranteed.

A more expensive, but most effective project is to create your own online store selling paving slabs and other building materials. Internet trade is gaining momentum today, which can be a promising channel for selling products. The creation and promotion of an online store will cost up to 150 thousand rubles. The service will also require hiring a certain number of sales managers and a web resource administrator.

Business development options

Some entrepreneurs combine production and laying of paving slabs to increase profitability. The price of one square meter of tile is on average 350 rubles, and its installation costs the customer 400 rubles per square meter. It turns out that having your own team of stackers, you can earn another 40 - 60% of the profit. But this is more often done by small manufacturers; large players are not interested in this process.

The construction segment today is second only to the telecommunications sector in terms of the level of implementation of new technologies. Literally every day they talk about “new breakthroughs” and the emergence of new “unique” technologies. Such activity does not always correspond to real needs and, even more so, to real market opportunities. Practice shows that good old technologies not only remain in demand, but also provide excellent chances to start your own business with small investments. The realities of small business in 2015 show rather illusory prospects for the construction market, but the question remains, what should construction teams do, how to look for an alternative to make money?

The answer can be found in related areas, in optimizing the business itself. As one of the alternatives (in truth, the option is good for organizing a new business), you can consider organizing the production of paving slabs using the vibration casting method.

How much does it cost to produce paving slabs?

The level of depreciation of fixed assets is not just high, but very high, this applies to all aspects, including sidewalks. If we talk about the roadways, those same roads, the situation is no better; this issue belongs to the sphere of interests of the “big” bosses, as a result they are, at the very least, repaired. The situation is completely different with sidewalks; no money is allocated for them; the specifics of their repair do not allow for much acceleration. From practice, I can say for sure that 3-4 times more can be “appropriated” from one square meter of road. Most sidewalk repairs in cities, small towns, and private households are left to small businesses. What does this mean in practice?

At organizing a full cycle from production to laying paving slabs, the business receives significant benefits in the form of:

• - flexible pricing policy. The final price of the finished product will not include the price of an intermediary (as in retail sales - 20-50%, the cost of a foreman's services - 20-30%). In fact, this means that tiles can be laid at a 50% discount without losing average profitability.
• - individual approach to the client. Selection of shape, color, it is possible to take into account the individual characteristics of the site.
• - full range of services. If we consider that for the mini workshop itself, raw materials (screenings, cement) will be purchased at wholesale prices from established suppliers, then de facto the client pays and actually receives everything at once at the optimal price.

By and large, it is this complex option that makes it possible to talk about the business of producing paving slabs as an option for construction crews to repurpose.

Do not forget about the profitability of the business, two main points:

• - the production of sidewalk tiles has a profitability of 40-50% for wholesale sales and about 80-90% for retail sales;
• - using the same equipment (except for molds) it is possible to produce a very wide range of products, not just tiles.
• - profit from laying sidewalks also reaches 50%.

In total, due to the full cycle, it is possible to achieve about 100% profitability, and due to the wide range of products, “smooth out” seasonal fluctuations in demand.

For example, for the period of the “winter season” we can repurpose ourselves into the production of concrete countertops and figures.

Technologies for the production of paving slabs

If we consider the market as a whole, we can distinguish three main technologies:

1. Clinker tiles.
2. Vibrocasting
3. Vibropressing

Relatively clinker tiles, one thing can be said, expensive. Moreover, in all other respects, high-quality clinker products are better. Such products are made from clay and then fired at high temperatures. Such production is expensive to organize and requires special permits and high-quality raw materials. In the end, it turns out to be expensive, this technology goes into the realm of big business. In terms of their technology, they also have a lot of nuances, ranging from the availability of really high-quality raw materials (not all clay is suitable) to the need to maintain a constant technological cycle. Recently, a friend’s “lights” were turned off for a couple of hours, and then they spent a week “picking out” the frozen clay.

One more The manufacturing technology for paving slabs is vibration compaction. The method is undoubtedly good and has its advantages:

• - firstly, the possibility of widespread use of automatic processes. If you have money and desire, about 90% of all processes are done by automatic machines.
• - secondly, higher wear-resistant performance.

There is a downside though:

• -expensive equipment. Such a workshop cannot be called small; its organization will require quite a lot of money, as a result, it is necessary to immediately aim for large sales volumes.
• - the cost of such products is higher than that of tiles made by vibration casting.
• - higher stability shows itself effectively only in cases of intense loads. For example, if you use tiles as paving stones on a road with heavy traffic (cars) or a very large flow of people.

Vibrating casting - in this option for the production of paving slabs we are talking about traditional casting using a vibrating table, this option is suitable for home businesses. The technology itself simply does not require any additional, much less special, equipment other than the table itself. In fact, the procedure is a chain:

Concrete (cement-sand mixture) is prepared in concrete mixers, consisting of:

• cement;
• sand;
• granite crushed stone fraction 5-10 mm;
• plasticizer C-3;
• air-entraining SNV additive;
• pigment.

Ready concrete is laid out into molds on a vibrating table;

The mixture in the molds is given the required density on a vibrating table;

The forms with the solution are put on racks, covered with PVC film and kept for 24 hours;

The molds with the frozen mixture are heated in a bath of warm water;

The products are being stripped;

The tiles are laid on pallets, where they are kept for a certain period until they are completely ready.

pros

• - low cost of the finished product;
• - small starting investments;
• - maximum business flexibility. Products can be made in small batches of any shape and color.

Minuses

• - high level of manual labor;
• - strict linkage of production volume to the workshop area.

What equipment and premises are needed?

The total area for a small workshop should be about 60 square meters, plus rooms for final drying of paving slabs. The main condition is:

• - availability of electricity and water.
• - heating. To obtain a strong product, it is necessary to comply with the drying conditions; in cold periods, you need to “raise” the temperature, and in hot periods, lower it. Drying too quickly leads to loss of quality.

Among the equipment it is necessary to highlight

Concrete mixer - about 20,000 rubles.

Forms for pouring tiles. It must be emphasized that today there are four variations of forms on the market:

Metal forms. The most expensive, one of the advantages is the possibility of long-term use, and the disadvantage is the cost.

Rubber, can be used up to 500 cycles.

Plastic – 250 cycles

Polyurethane – up to 100 production cycles.

Which forms to buy is a rhetorical question; practice shows that when choosing forms you must be guided by one principle - rationality. Expensive, more durable rubber or metal molds will work for popular molds. But when making non-standard or one-time orders, it is worth buying cheap and short-lived plastic or polyurethane.

Vibrating table. Its cost largely depends on the size, quality, and supplier. By and large, you can make it yourself.

Table for stripping. Simply an irreplaceable thing and assistant, especially in conditions of seasonal intensity.

Bath for washing molds. After making the tiles, all molds must be thoroughly cleaned; a “dirty” mold is almost 100% defective.

Rokla hydraulic. Also, at first glance, it is a rather unnecessary thing, but when working with working volumes of tiles, its transportation and transportation without a roller is a tedious, labor-intensive process of palletizing.

and activities

It is very difficult, one might even say unrealistic, to calculate the real cost without specific information about the region and the availability of raw materials. On average in the market, the level of profitability of production is about 30-45%, while it fluctuates significantly depending on the remoteness of the resource base, this is due to the presence of cement factories, granite and sand quarries. The closer, the cheaper the raw materials, the higher the level of profitability. One of the most significant factors for a small mini paving slab workshop is the low dependence on fixed costs, which allows you to “freeze” production very quickly and start it up just as quickly, without using significant financial resources.

Advertising and sales of finished products

Very often, small businesses (especially if the business belongs to the home business category) do not attach much importance to advertising and beautiful presentation of their goods; this is perhaps one of the most common mistakes, as a result of low sales volumes at the beginning of the project. Subsequently, “popular rumor” and “word of mouth” do their job, but this happens later. I would advise you to take product advertising seriously and suggest the following options:

• - first. Preparation of bright advertising brochures. Moreover, the booklets should contain high-quality photos, a large selection of various shapes (this can be taken from sites selling ready-made forms for paving slabs) and colors. The fact is that even for a small order you can always save money and buy cheap molds made of plastic or polyurethane. Plus, the cost of several thousand advertising brochures will not be that expensive. When distributing brochures, the main thing is to choose the right place and contingent.
• - second. Advertising in newspapers is required, especially since you will have the opportunity to lay tiles. For a small paving slab workshop, you can rent a large banner; again, the main thing is to choose the right location.

Alternative and related activities

Small-scale production of paving slabs has another significant advantage, this is the ability to expand the range of products and services offered, in particular:

• - tile laying services.
• - production of fences, curbs, gutters.
• - using almost the same set of equipment you can make concrete garden figures or kitchen countertops, window sills, and even fountains.
• - a minor modernization and you can start producing cinder blocks, and if you have money, then foam concrete (you need to buy a high-speed concrete mixer).

The list goes on; today there is a huge number of concrete products on the market, most of which can be produced at home, including paving slabs and paving stones.

Video example of making paving slabs with your own hands

DIY paving slabs

We organize a small mini workshop with our own hands for the production of paving slabs