general information

Designed to support actions when extinguishing fires and carrying out related ASR at height. The ladder is used to lift firefighters into the windows of the first floor of the building.

In addition, a stick ladder can be used as a battering ram when knocking out glass and door panels, as well as a stretcher when carrying injured or disabled citizens.

Design features

When folded, the ladder looks like a stick with rounded and bound ends..

The ratio of the mass of the ladder to its length should not exceed 3.1 kg/m.

The clear width of the stairs must be at least 250 mm.

The lower ends of the ladder strings must be equipped with pointed spurs or pads to prevent the ladders from sliding along the supporting surface.

Each ladder on the outside of the string must be marked with the following information:

• manufacturer's trademark;
• staircase designation;
• serial number according to the manufacturer's numbering system;
• month and year of manufacture.

The marking must be maintained throughout the entire life of the product.

Product information displayed on the product and explaining the procedure for its use, safety rules and the purpose of functional parts must be written in Russian.

The design of the ladder-stick in the working position should ensure a right angle between the steps and the bowstrings.

The force of folding the ladder-stick into the working position should not exceed 80 N. The residual deformation of the strings of a horizontally installed ladder-stick after exposure in the middle of its length to a preliminary static load of 490.5 N (50 kgf) and a control static load of 1176 N (120 kgf) should not exceed 1% of the length of the stairs.

The residual deformation of the middle of a stair step after exposure to a static load of 1569.6 N (160 kgf) should not exceed 2% of the clear width of the staircase (elbow).

The step of the ladder-stick must withstand without deformation a static load of at least 1569.6 N (160 kgf), applied close to one of the bowstrings.

The stick ladder in working position must withstand a static load of at least 1962 N (200 kgf) without deformation.

It is prohibited: a) climbing (descending) and working on an unstable staircase;
b) more than one person ascending (descending) the staircase.

Performance characteristics of various modifications

INDICATORS	BRAND OF STAIRS
	LPM	LPM	LP	LPM	LPM	LP	LPMP
Item code		48 5485 1903*	48 5485 1424*	48 5485 1906*	4854805201		48 5485 1424*
Regulatory document	TU 78.7.014-94	TU 4854 -016-08559824-99 with amendments. 1	TU 4854-063-00323890-2005	TU 78.7.205-95	TU 4854-016-00232236-03	TU U 28.7-26287312-013 -2003	TU 4854-002-44036714-98
Manufacturer's code
TACTICAL, TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Overall dimensions in working position, mm	3116x310x50	3116x310x51	3116±10х318±5	3120x316x50	3116±5х310±3х50±3	3100±20х300±5х52±1	3120±10х316±5х50±1
Overall dimensions in transport position, mm	3386x60x50	3386x60x51	3400x105	3415x60x50	3405±5х60±3х50±3	3320±20х60±5х52±1	3415±10х60±5х50±1
Step between steps, mm	340	340	340	340±0.8	340±3	355
Climatic performance	U, HL	U, HL	U, HL	U, HL	UHL 1	UHL1	UHL2
Weight, kg, no more	no data	10,5		10	9,6	9.0±5	9,7
Clear width of the stairs, mm, not less	250	250	250	250	250±3	250	250
Service life, years	no data	no data	no data	no data	no data	7	10

A mandatory attribute of the fire department crew equipment of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations are manual fire escapes, which are included in the equipment of the special vehicle. They are used both for rescue operations - evacuating people from high-rise burning buildings, and directly for extinguishing fire from the most convenient point.

Depending on the tasks, they are divided into three structurally different types:

• stick ladder;
• three-knee retractable;
• assault fire escape.

In this article we will look at the third type in detail.

Design of an assault fire escape

They are made mainly of metal (labeled LSh). Previously, wooden structural elements were used.

Comprises:

• two parallel strings (1-2 in the picture);
• 12 metal steps, rigidly fixed between the strings (3);
• Metal hook (4).

A manual assault fire escape works great when lifting a fire crew member onto balconies and windows of multi-story buildings. Also, if necessary, it can be used when performing work in a fixed position on the roofs of houses with steep slopes.
ATTENTION! When evacuating people from a burning building, it is unacceptable for two adults to be on the stairs at the same time - maximum weight up to 200 kg.

Requirements for an assault fire escape and performance characteristics

The requirements for manual fire escapes are clearly defined in NPB 171-98 (fire safety standards) and relate to the nominal resistance to deformation of its individual elements under load.

Table 1. Airborne safety requirements for an assault ladder

Element		Deformation
Bowstring	horizontal	490.5 N (50 kgf)	up to 1% of length
Bowstring	vertical (on edge)	588.6 N (60 kgf)	up to 1% of length
Unsupported end of the string	horizontal	294.3 N (30 kgf)	up to 1% of length
Step	vertical (middle)	3531.6 N (360 kgf)	up to 2% of width
Step	vertical (at the bowstring)	3531.6 N (360 kgf)	—
The whole staircase	vertical (on bowstrings)	3531.6 N (360 kgf)	—
Hook	vertical (suspended)	1569.6 N (160 kgf)	—

Table 2. Tactical and technical characteristics of the assault fire escape

Video: climbing a manual assault fire escape to the 4th floor of a building

Manual ladders are used as additional equipment during rescue operations by fire departments. The advantage of manual lifting devices is their independence from sources of mechanical, electrical or other energy. Autonomy allows the rescue team, upon arrival at the scene of an incident, to immediately begin evacuation measures without spending precious time searching and connecting to a power source.

Types of manual ladders.

The classification of manual fire escapes divides them into three main categories:

Stick ladder, or LP

Serves for the fire brigade to enter the first floor of the building through the windows to lift firefighters to the first floor. It can be used as a stretcher for evacuating victims who are unable to move independently. When folded, it looks like a stick, and is used when clearing rooms or for knocking out doorways, like a battering ram.

Structurally, it consists of two strings and eight steps, secured by means of a hinge mechanism, due to which the ladder is assembled into a stowed position.

Assault ladder, or LS

It is used for fire brigades to enter the upper floors and work on steep roofs with a large slope when dismantling the roof covering. The hook, which is a structural element, allows you to hook onto window sills or other parts of structures.

The design is similar to the LP, but there are slight differences - two bowstrings, thirteen steps and, as already mentioned, a hook. Strength is ensured by additional tightening devices in the amount of three pieces, distributed evenly along the entire length of the stairs. Used as a sports equipment in the training of fire crews.

Retractable three-leg ladder L-60

Designed for firefighters to gain access to the third floor through window openings, to the roof of a two-story house, or to deliver equipment. It consists of three identical ladders and a mechanism responsible for retracting. Each of the three knees is assembled into a single whole with two bowstrings and twelve steps, which are flared into landing sockets. The bowstrings have a special cross-sectional profile due to the design feature - each of the three parts slides one inside the other. The transfer to the working position is carried out by pulling the rope, inserted into the extension system through special blocks. The upper and lower ends of the ladder are equipped with stops.

Main characteristics

The table below shows the technical characteristics of manual fire escapes of the most widely used models.

Requirements and standards

The operating rules for manual fire escapes provide for a certain amount of testing and the frequency of testing.

• LP staircase. Tested once a year and after any repair. When used at competitions as sports equipment, the commission must be presented with a test certificate. Stairs with defects, damage to the main part, or those that have not passed the test are strictly prohibited from being used. During testing, the drug is inspected, laid out and placed on a hard surface at an angle of seventy-five degrees. A test force of 1.2±0.05 kN 120±5 kgf is applied to the middle part of the step located in the middle of the stairs for wooden LPs and 2.0±0.1 kN 200±10 kgf for metal ones. The time until the impact is removed is calculated at 130±10 s. After being freed from the load, the drug must be easily disassembled and reliably folded; deformations are not allowed. The results of the inspection are recorded in the fire equipment logbook.
• LSH staircase. Tested once a year and after any repair. When used at competitions as sports equipment, the commission must be presented with a test certificate. Stairs with defects, damage to the main part, or those that have not passed the test are strictly prohibited from being used. LS tests are carried out in two stages:
  • Bowstring test. The ladder is secured to 2-3 teeth, which are located closer to the bowstrings. A test force of 2.0±0.1 kN 200±10 kgf is applied to the middle part of the step located in the middle of the stairs. The time until the impact is removed is calculated at 130±10 s.
  • Hook test. The ladder is hooked onto a large tooth at the height of the second step and a force of 1.6±0.05 kN 160±5 kgf is applied from below. The time until the impact is removed is calculated at 130±10 s.
  • After being freed from the load, the LS should be easy to disassemble and confidently fold, deformations are not allowed. The results of the inspection are recorded in the fire equipment logbook.

• . Test frequency is once a year. Initially, a visual inspection and performance check are performed, followed by load tests:
  • Simultaneous testing with a load of 1.0±0.05 kN 100±5 kgf applied to the middle of the step in the middle of each span.
  • Test with a force of 2.0±0.05 kN 200±10 kgf applied to the middle of the step in the middle of the second span.

The time until the impact is removed is calculated at 130±10 s. After being freed from the load, the L60 should be easy to disassemble and confidently fold, deformations are not allowed. The results of the inspection are recorded in the fire equipment logbook.

The testing methodology and requirements for wooden ladders are regulated by “GOST 8556-72 manual wooden fire ladders”.

• The use of metal products is recommended due to the higher reliability and versatility of the design.
• You should not store fire equipment in rooms with an aggressive environment or in the open air. There are specially designated places for this.
• Conduct a visual inspection of the products used immediately before each use - this can save your health or even save your life.

GOST R 53275-2009

NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FIRE EQUIPMENT. FIRE FIGHTER LADDERS

General technical requirements. Test methods

Fire equipment. Fire departament hand-operated ladders. General technical requirements. Test methods

OKS 13.220.10
OKP 48 5485

Date of introduction 2010-01-01
with the right of early application*
_______________________
*See Notes label.

Preface

The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by Federal Law of December 27, 2002 N 184-FZ “On Technical Regulation”, and the rules for applying national standards of the Russian Federation are GOST R 1.0-2004 “Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic Provisions”.

Standard information

1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Institution "All-Russian Order of the Badge of Honor" Research Institute of Fire Defense" of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia)

2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 274 "Fire Safety"

3 APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated February 18, 2009 N 46-st

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME


Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notifications and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet.

1 area of ​​use

1 area of ​​use

1.1 This standard establishes technical requirements, test methods, rules and procedures for assessing the quality of manual firemen’s ladders (hereinafter referred to as ladders).

1.2 This standard can be used for the certification of manual firemen's ladders.

1.3 This standard does not apply to fire rescue ladders.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following documents:

GOST R 1.0-2004 Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic provisions.

GOST R 15.201-2001* System for developing and putting products into production. Products for industrial and technical purposes. The procedure for developing and putting products into production
_________________
GOST R 15.201-2000

GOST R 15.309-98* System for developing and launching products into production. Testing and acceptance of manufactured products. Basic provisions.
_________________
*Probably an error in the original. You should read GOST 15.309-98. Here and further. - Database manufacturer's note.

GOST 2.103-68 ESKD. Development stages.

GOST 2.601-2006 ESKD. Operational documents.

GOST 27.410-87 * Reliability in technology. Methods for monitoring reliability indicators and plans for control tests for reliability.

GOST 31.2031.02-91 Collapsible, reconfigurable devices for assembling parts for welding. Technical conditions.

GOST 166-89 * (ISO 3599-76) Calipers. Technical conditions.

GOST 427-75 * Metal measuring rulers. Technical conditions.

GOST 5072-79 E Mechanical stopwatches. Technical conditions.

GOST 7502-98 Metal measuring tapes. Technical conditions.

GOST 13837-79 * General purpose dynamometers. Technical conditions.

GOST 15150-69 * Machines, instruments and other technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, conditions of operation, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of environmental climatic factors.

GOST 16504-81 System of state testing of products. Testing and quality control of products. Basic terms and definitions.

GOST 29329-92 Scales for static weighing. General technical requirements.

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of the reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year , and according to the corresponding monthly information indexes published in the current year. If the reference document is replaced (changed), then when using this standard you should be guided by the replacing (changed) standard. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which a reference is made to it is applied in the part that does not affect this reference.

3 Terms and definitions

3.1 manual fire ladder: A portable ladder, which is part of the fire-technical equipment of a fire truck and is designed to support combat operations when extinguishing fires and carrying out emergency rescue operations at heights.

3.2 retractable ladder: A manual fire ladder, structurally consisting of several parallel-connected elbows and equipped with a mechanical device for moving them relative to each other in the axial direction in order to regulate its length. The knees are counted from the top.

3.3 assault ladder: A manual fire ladder, structurally consisting of two parallel strings, rigidly connected steps, and equipped with a hook for hanging on a supporting surface.

3.4 stick ladder: A manual folding fire ladder, structurally consisting of two parallel strings, hingedly connected by transverse steps.

3.5 combined staircase: A staircase with a structurally variable shape and combining several functional features of various types of stairs.

3.6 manual fire ladder length: The maximum distance from the lower to the upper end of the string of a manual fire ladder, brought into working condition (extended to its full length).

3.7 knee: A structural element of a retractable staircase, consisting of two parallel strings, rigidly connected by transverse support steps.

3.8 clear width of the stairs: Minimum distance between the inner surfaces of the stair strings.

3.9 step pitch: The distance between the center lines of two adjacent stair steps. An external influence that does not cause acceleration of deformable masses and inertial forces.

3.11 permanent deformation: The distance between the control point on the test sample in its initial state and the same point on the same sample after the load has been removed.

3.12 check Point: The origin of coordinates formed by the intersection of the plane of the staircase surface with the axis of the load.

3.13 basic horizontal surface: The plane relative to which measurements are taken to determine the residual deformation of stairs.

4 Technical requirements

4.1 General technical requirements

4.1.1 The pitch of the stairs should be no more than 355 mm.

4.1.2 The ratio of the mass of the stairs to its length with a clear width of the stairs of 250 mm should not exceed:

4.1.3 The clear width of stairs must be at least 250 mm.

4.1.4 The lower ends of the strings of ladders, with the exception of assault ladders, must be equipped with pointed spurs or pads to prevent the ladders from sliding along the supporting surface.

4.1.5 Metals whose interaction leads to contact corrosion should not be used in the construction of stairs.

4.1.6 Stairs must be operable in the temperature range from minus 40 °C to 40 °C.

4.1.7 Combined ladders must meet the requirements of this standard, taking into account the functional characteristics required for specific types of manual firemen's ladders.

4.2 Requirements for retractable stairs

4.2.1 Extension of the knees of the retractable ladder must be smooth, without jerking or jamming. The force of extension of the knees should not exceed 400 N. The movement of the knees of the ladder should occur under the influence of its own weight.

4.2.2 The design of the retractable ladder must include knee extension limiters.

4.2.3 The design of the retractable ladder must ensure that the pitch of the steps coincides at the points of transition from one leg to another.

4.2.4 The retractable ladder must be equipped with a mechanism for stopping and fixing the retractable knees along the entire working length of the ladder with a step equal to the distance between the steps.

4.2.5 The residual deformation of the strings of a horizontally installed retractable ladder after exposure in the middle of its length to a preliminary static load of 490.5 N (50 kgf) and a control static load of 1569.6 N (160 kgf) should not exceed 1% of the length of the ladder.

4.2.6 Residual deformation of the strings of a retractable ladder installed on an edge after exposure in the middle of the length of the lower string to a static load of 588.6 N (60 kgf) should not exceed 1% of the length of the ladder.

4.2.7 Residual deformation of the unsupported end of one of the strings of a horizontally installed retractable ladder after exposure in the middle of the length of the unsupported string to a static load of 294.3 N (30 kgf) should not exceed 1% of the length of the ladder.

4.2.8 Residual deformation of the middle step of a retractable ladder after exposure to a static load of 3531.6 N (360 kgf) should not exceed 2% of the clear width of the ladder (knee).

4.2.9 The step of the retractable ladder must withstand without deformation a static load of at least 3531.6 N (360 kgf) applied close to one of the strings.

4.2.10 The step of the retractable ladder must withstand a cyclic torque of at least 50 Nm.

4.2.11 The retractable ladder in its working position must, without deformation, withstand a combined static load of at least 2943 N (300 kgf), created by three loads weighing at least 100 kg, suspended from the strings of each knee at the level of the upper steps.

4.2.12 The probability of failure-free operation of a retractable ladder must be at least 0.98.

4.2.13 The designated resource of a retractable ladder must be at least 3000 cycles of extension and retraction.

4.3 Requirements for assault ladders

4.3.1 The residual deformation of the strings of a horizontally installed assault ladder after exposure in the middle of its length to a preliminary static load of 490.5 N (50 kgf) and a control static load of 1569.6 N (160 kgf) should not exceed 1% of the length of the ladder.

4.3.2 The residual deformation of the strings of an assault ladder installed on an edge after exposure in the middle of the length of the lower string to a static load of 588.6 N (60 kgf) should not exceed 1% of the length of the ladder.

4.3.3 The residual deformation of the unsupported end of one of the strings of a horizontally installed assault ladder after exposure to a static load of 294.3 N (30 kgf) in the middle of the length of the unsupported string should not exceed 1% of the length of the ladder.

4.3.4 The residual deformation of the middle step of the assault ladder after exposure to a static load of 3531.6 N (360 kgf) should not exceed 2% of the clear width of the ladder (knee).

4.3.5 The step of the assault ladder must withstand without deformation a static load of at least 3531.6 N (360 kgf) applied close to one of the strings.

4.3.6 The step of the assault ladder must withstand a cyclic torque of at least 50 Nm.

4.3.7 The assault ladder in its working position must withstand a static load of at least 3531.6 N (360 kgf) without deformation.

4.3.8 An assault ladder suspended by the end tooth of the hook must withstand a static load of at least 1569.6 N (160 kgf) without deformation.

4.4 Requirements for pole ladders

4.4.1 The design of the staircase in the working position must ensure a right angle between the steps and the strings.

4.4.2 The force of unfolding the ladder-stick into the working position should not exceed 80 N.

4.4.3 The residual deformation of the strings of a horizontally installed ladder-stick after exposure in the middle of its length to a preliminary static load of 490.5 N (50 kgf) and a control static load of 1176 N (120 kgf) should not exceed 1% of the length of the ladder.

4.4.4 The residual deformation of the middle of the stair step after exposure to a static load of 1569.6 N (160 kgf) should not exceed 2% of the clear width of the ladder (knee).

4.4.5 The step of the ladder-stick must withstand without deformation a static load of at least 1569.6 N (160 kgf), applied close to one of the bowstrings.

4.4.6 The stick ladder in working position must withstand a static load of at least 1962 N (200 kgf) without deformation.

4.5 Requirements for completeness

The required delivery package must include:

- assembled staircase;

- passport;

- instruction manual in accordance with GOST 2.601.

4.6 Labeling requirements

4.6.1 Each ladder on the outside of the string must be marked with:

- trademark of the manufacturer;

- designation of the stairs;

- serial number according to the manufacturer’s numbering system;

- month and year of manufacture.

4.6.2 Marking must be maintained throughout the entire service life.

4.6.3 Transport markings must comply with GOST 14192.

5 Acceptance rules

5.1 Scope and types of tests

Stairs must be subject to acceptance, acceptance, qualification, periodic, type and certification tests.

Periodic and acceptance tests are carried out in accordance with GOST R 15.309.

Acceptance and qualification tests are carried out in accordance with GOST R 15.201.

Type tests are carried out in case of changes in the design, materials or manufacturing technology of stairs. Type tests are carried out according to a specially developed program.

Depending on the type of testing, their scope must meet the relevant requirements and methods (Table 1).

Table 1

Test name	Technical Requirements Item	Test methods item
Checking the contents, build quality and markings	4.1.4, 4.2.2-4.2.4, 4.4.1, 4.6
Checking linear dimensions	4.1.1, 4.1.3
Weight check
Testing a horizontally installed ladder for strength	4.2.5, 4.3.1, 4.4.3
Testing a ladder mounted on an edge for strength	4.2.6, 4.3.2
Ladder torsion test	4.2.7, 4.3.3
Bend testing of stair treads	4.2.8, 4.3.4, 4.4.4
Shear testing of stair treads	4.2.9, 4.3.5, 4.4.5
Torsion test of stair tread	4.2.10, 4.3.6
Checking the extension force of the knees of a retractable ladder
Strength testing of a retractable ladder in working position
Checking the assigned resource of an extension ladder
Testing the ladder in working position for strength	4.2.11, 4.3.7, 4.4.6	6.12, 6.13, 6.15
Strength test of the assault ladder hook
Checking the folding force of the ladder-stick

5.2 Sampling

Samples are selected using random sampling.

6 Test methods

6.1 General test requirements

6.1.1 Tests must be carried out under normal climatic conditions in accordance with GOST 15150.

6.1.2 Loads applied to the products being tested must be static.

6.1.3 Instruments and equipment used during testing must be verified and have valid technical passports.

6.1.4 It is permitted to use other instruments and equipment that provide the specified measurement accuracy.

6.1.5 Inspection of the ladder and taking the necessary measurements based on the test results should be carried out no earlier than 60 s after removing the load.

6.2 Checking the configuration, assembly quality and markings of the ladder according to 4.1.4, 4.2.2-4.2.4, 4.4.1, 4.6

Verification is carried out by external inspection and comparison with documentation.

The product is considered to have passed the test if there is no discrepancy between the configuration, markings and passport data with the requirements of this standard and the design documentation.

6.3 Checking linear dimensions according to 4.1.1-4.1.3

All product samples submitted for testing are subject to inspection.

6.3.1 Hardware

GOST 7502.

GOST 427.

Vernier calipers according to GOST 166.

6.3.2 Test performance

6.3.2.1 The length of the ladder when folded and in working condition is measured with a tape measure with an error of no more than ±5 mm.

The pitch of the steps and the clear width of the stairs are measured with a ruler with an error of no more than ±1 mm.

The pitch of the steps is measured between the lower or upper edges of two adjacent steps using a ruler with an error of no more than ±1 mm. When checking retractable stairs, the pitch of the steps is additionally measured at the points of transition from one leg to the other.

The diameter of the step is measured with a caliper with an error of no more than ±0.5 mm.

6.3.2.2 The product is considered to have passed the test if:

its linear dimensions correspond to the documentation;

- step pitch does not exceed 355 mm;

- the clear width of the stairs is at least 250 mm.

6.4 Checking weight according to 4.1.2

All product samples submitted for testing are subject to inspection.

6.4.1 Hardware

Scales for static weighing in accordance with GOST 29329 of the middle class of accuracy or a spring dynamometer type DPU of the second class of accuracy in accordance with GOST 13837 with a maximum weighing limit of 100 kg.

6.4.2 Test performance

6.4.2.1 The ladder is weighed on a scale or using a dynamometer with an error of no more than ±0.1 kg and the ratio of the weight of the ladder to its length is calculated.

6.4.2.2 The product is considered to have passed the test if its mass corresponds to the documentation and the ratio of the mass of the ladder to its length does not exceed:

- for retractable stairs - 4.5 kg/m;

- for staircases - 3.1 kg/m;

- for assault ladders - 2.65 kg/m.

6.5 Testing a horizontally installed ladder for strength according to 4.2.5, 4.3.1, 4.4.3

6.5.1 Hardware

Supports that ensure installation of the ladder in a horizontal plane, with a cylindrical surface with a radius of at least 15 mm, in contact with the product being tested.

Test weights weighing (50±1) kg and (160±1) kg (for testing the ladder-stick - weights weighing (50±1) kg and (120±1) kg).

Metal measuring tape according to GOST 7502.

Metal measuring ruler according to GOST 427.

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

The lining is a steel plate with a length of at least the width of the stairs, a width of 80 to 100 mm and a thickness of at least 10 mm.

6.5.2 Preparation for testing

6.5.2.1 The ladder is brought into working condition (the retractable ladder is extended to its full length, the stick ladder is unfolded) and installed horizontally on the supports. Supports must be located under the first and last steps of the stairs in accordance with Figure 1.

Figure 1 - Scheme of installing stairs on supports

6.5.2.2 In order to avoid displacement of the knees of the retractable ladder or the strings of the ladder-stick, additional fixing devices may be used during testing.

6.5.3 Test performance

6.5.3.1 Mark the middle of the length of the ladder and place a lining on both of its strings in the middle of the length with an error of no more than ±5 mm.

6.5.3.2 The ladder is loaded by placing a load weighing (50±1) kg on the pad. The load exposure time should be (60±1) s.

After removing the load, measure the distance from the control point to the base horizontal surface.

6.5.3.3 The ladder test is repeated in accordance with 6.5.3.2 when loading it with a load weighing (160 ± 1) kg (when testing a stick ladder, a load weighing (120 ± 1) kg is used).

6.5.3.4 The product is considered to have passed the test if the residual deformation of the ladder, equal to the difference in measurements taken according to 6.5.3.2 and 6.5.3.3, does not exceed 0.01 of the length of the ladder.

6.6 Testing a ladder installed on an edge for strength according to 4.2.6, 4.3.2

One sample of a retractable ladder, one sample of an assault ladder and one sample of a stick ladder are subjected to testing.

6.6.1 Hardware


Test weight weighing (60±1) kg.

Metal measuring tape according to GOST 7502.

Metal measuring ruler according to GOST 427.

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

The lining is a steel plate with a length of 80 to 100 mm, a width of at least the width of the ladder string and a thickness of at least 10 mm.

6.6.2 Preparation for testing

The ladder is brought into working condition according to clause 6.5.2.1 and installed edge-on on the supports. Supports should be located under the first and last steps of the stairs (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - Test weight suspension diagram

6.6.3 Test performance

6.6.3.1 Mark the middle of the length of the ladder and place a lining on its lower string in the middle of the length with an error of no more than ±5 mm.

6.6.3.2 Measure the distance from the reference point on the bottom string of the ladder to the base horizontal surface.

6.6.3.3 The ladder is loaded by installing or hanging a test weight on the lining in accordance with Figure 2. The load exposure time should be (60 ± 1) s.

6.6.3.4 After removing the load, measure the distance from the control point on the lower string of the ladder to the base horizontal surface.

6.6.3.5 The product is considered to have passed the test if the residual deformation of the ladder, equal to the difference in measurements taken according to 6.6.3.2 and 6.6.3.4, does not exceed 0.01 of the length of the ladder.

6.7 Ladder torsion test according to 4.2.7, 4.3.3

One sample of a retractable ladder, one sample of an assault ladder and one sample of a stick ladder are subjected to testing.

6.7.1 Hardware

Supports in accordance with 6.5.1.

Test weight weighing (30.0±0.5) kg.

Metal measuring tape according to GOST 7502.

Metal measuring ruler according to GOST 427.

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

Clamp according to GOST 31.2031.02.

The lining is a steel plate with a length of 80 to 100 mm, a width of at least the width of the ladder string and a thickness of (10±2) mm.

6.7.2 Preparation for testing

The ladder is brought into working position according to 6.5.2.1 and installed horizontally on supports in accordance with Figure 3. One support must be installed under the first (lower) step and attached to the strings of the ladder using clamps. The second support must be installed under one of the strings at a distance of (250±5) mm from the opposite end of the ladder and attached to this string with a clamp.

6.7.3 Test performance

6.7.3.1 Mark the middle of the length of the ladder and place a lining on its loose string in the middle of the length with an error of no more than ±5 mm.

6.7.3.2 Measure the distance from a randomly selected point on the edge of the loose end of the free string to the reference horizontal surface.

6.7.3.3 The ladder is loaded by installing or hanging a control weight on the lining (Figure 3). The load exposure time should be (60±1) s.

Figure 3 - Scheme of installation or suspension of the control weight

6.7.3.4 After removing the load, measure the distance of the selected point according to 6.7.3.2 to the base horizontal surface.

6.7.3.5 The product is considered to have passed the test if the residual deformation, equal to the difference in measurements taken according to 6.7.3.2 and 6.7.3.4, does not exceed 0.01 times the length of the ladder.

6.7.3.6 The ladder test is repeated according to 6.7.3.1-6.7.3.5 after moving the second support under another string.

6.8 Bending test of stair steps according to 4.2.8, 4.3.4, 4.4.4

6.8.1 Hardware

Metal measuring ruler according to GOST 427.

Vernier calipers according to GOST 166.

A control load weighing (360±2) kg (for testing the steps of a ladder-stick - a control load weighing (160±1) kg).

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

Lining - a steel plate (or bracket) with a shock-absorbing rubber layer with a width of 80 to 100 mm, thickness (10±2) mm; The width of the lining is (25±2) mm greater than the diameter of the step.

The template is a round metal rod with a diameter equal to the diameter of the step. The length of the rod should be equal to the clear width of the staircase being tested.

6.8.2 Preparation for testing

6.8.2.1 The retractable ladder is dismantled and the test is carried out on its lower leg.

6.8.2.2 The ladder (elbow) is installed with support on the wall at an angle of (75±5)° to the horizontal. The strings of the assault ladder must have additional support at the level of the step being tested.

6.8.3 Test performance

6.8.3.1 Place a template on top of the step and measure their total thickness using a caliper.

6.8.3.2 Mark the middle of the length of the step and install a lining (bracket) with the rubber surface to the step with an error of no more than ±1 mm (Figure 4).

1 - step; 2 - rubber plate; 3 - metal plate

Figure 4 - Layout installation diagram

6.8.3.3 Loading is carried out by installing or hanging a control load on a lining (bracket) in accordance with Figure 5. The load exposure time should be (120±1) s.

Figure 5 - Scheme of installation or suspension of the control weight

6.8.3.4 After removing the load, a template is placed on top of the step under test and their total thickness is measured at the point where the load is applied.

6.8.3.5 The product is considered to have passed the test if the residual deformation, equal to the difference in measurements taken according to 6.8.3.1 and 6.8.3.4, does not exceed 0.02 of the clear width of the staircase (elbow) being tested.

6.9 Shear test of stair tread according to 4.2.9, 4.3.5, 4.4.5

One sample of a retractable ladder, one sample of an assault ladder and one sample of a stick ladder are subjected to testing. The step being tested should not be reinforced.

6.9.1 Hardware

Test weight, stopwatch, caliper, backing (bracket) and template according to 6.8.1.

6.9.2 Preparation for testing

Preparation for testing is carried out in accordance with 6.8.2.2.

6.9.3 Test performance

6.9.3.1 A template is placed on top of the step and their total thickness is measured.

6.9.3.2 Loading is carried out through a lining (bracket) installed on the step close to one of the strings (rubber surface to the step) by installing or suspending a control load in accordance with Figure 6. The load exposure time should be (120±1) s.

Figure 6 - Scheme of installation or suspension of the control weight

6.9.3.3 After removing the load, a template is placed on top of the step under test and their total thickness is measured at the point where the load is applied.

6.9.3.4 The product is considered to have passed the test if the results of measurements carried out in accordance with 6.9.3.1 and 6.9.3.3 coincide.

6.10 Torsion test of a stair step according to 4.2.10, 4.3.6

One sample of a retractable ladder and one sample of an assault ladder are subjected to testing. In this case, the step should not be subjected to the test according to 6.9 and should not be reinforced.

6.10.1 Hardware

Test weight weighing (10.0±0.1) kg.

Metal measuring ruler according to GOST 427.

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

Double-armed lever (1000±5) mm long with hooks at the ends. In the middle of the lever there is a clamp for attaching the lever to the step. Clamp width (90±5) mm.

6.10.2 Preparation for testing

6.10.2.1 The ladder (elbow) is installed with support on the wall at an angle of (75±5)° to the horizontal.

6.10.2.2 Mark the middle of the length of the step and attach a double-arm lever to it with an error of no more than ±5 mm in accordance with Figure 7.

Figure 7 - Device for testing step torsion

The position of the step relative to the bowstrings is marked with risks.

6.10.3 Test performance

6.10.3.1 The ends of the lever are alternately loaded with a control weight for 20 cycles. A cycle is considered to be loading one end of the lever for (30±1) s.

6.10.3.2 The product is considered to have passed the test if no displacement of the step relative to the strings occurred during the loading process.

6.11 Checking the force of extension of the knees of the retractable ladder according to 4.2.1

Four samples of the product are tested.

6.11.1 Hardware

Device for installing the lower leg of a ladder.

Spring dynamometer according to GOST 13837.

A device for fixing the dynamometer on the rope of the retracting mechanism.

6.11.2 Preparation for testing

6.11.2.1 When folded, the ladder is installed at an angle of (85±5)° to the horizontal.

6.11.2.2 Connect the upper bracket of the dynamometer to the rope of the knee extension mechanism using one of the devices in accordance with Figures 8, 9. It is allowed to connect the dynamometer to the rope of the extension mechanism using a synthetic cord with a diameter of 4 to 6 mm, tied with one of the knots in accordance with Figures 10, 11.

Figure 8 - Hibler Clamp

Figure 9 - Zhumar

	Figure 8 - Hibler Clamp	Figure 9 - Zhumar

Figure 10 - Bachmann knot

Figure 10 - Bachmann knot

Figure 11 - Carabiner assembly

Figure 11 - Carabiner assembly

6.11.3 Carrying out the test

6.11.3.1 Extension of the knees is carried out to the maximum length of the ladder by pulling the free bracket of the dynamometer vertically downwards. As the knees extend, the fixation device together with the dynamometer must be periodically moved up the rope. The extension force is controlled by the dynamometer reading.

6.11.3.2 Disconnect the locking device from the rope of the knee extension mechanism and fold the ladder.

6.11.3.3 The product is considered to have passed the test if the force of extension of the knees did not exceed 400 N and the folding of the ladder knees occurred under the influence of their own weight.

6.12 Strength test of a retractable ladder in working position according to 4.2.11

One product is tested.

6.12.1 Hardware

A set of weights weighing (100±1) kg.

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

6.12.2 Preparation for testing

The ladder is placed on a hard surface, extended to its full length and supported on the wall at an angle of (75±5)° to the horizontal.

6.12.3 Test performance

6.12.3.1 The ladder is loaded by hanging weights one at a time on the top step of each knee using brackets placed on the steps close to the strings in accordance with Figure 12. The load exposure time should be (120±1) s.

Figure 12

Figure 12

6.12.3.2 After removing the load, check according to clause 6.11.

6.12.3.3 The product is considered to have passed the test if the force of extension of the knees did not exceed 400 N and the folding of the ladder knees occurred under the influence of their own weight.

6.13 Testing the ladder-stick in working position for strength according to 4.4.6

6.13.1 Hardware

Test weight weighing (200±2) kg.

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

Power bracket with a width of 80 to 100 mm.

6.13.2 Preparation for testing

The ladder is laid out in working condition and installed with support on the wall at an angle of (75±5)° to the horizontal.

6.13.3 Test performance

6.13.3.1 The ladder is loaded by suspending a test load to the middle step of the ladder using brackets located close to the strings, in accordance with Figure 13. The load exposure time should be (120 ± 1) s.

Figure 13 - Scheme of testing the ladder-stick in the working position for strength

6.13.3.2 Check the ladder according to 6.17.

6.13.3.3 The product is considered to have passed the test if there is no residual deformation or destruction of the staircase structural elements, and the unfolding force of the staircase does not exceed 80 N.

6.14 Checking the assigned resource of the retractable ladder according to 4.2.13

One sample of the product is tested.

6.14.1 Hardware

Device, traction mechanism and dynamometer.

6.14.2 Preparation for testing according to 6.13.2.

6.14.3 Test performance

6.14.3.1 The test is carried out in accordance with GOST 27.410 using a one-step method for:

where is the required total operating time in cycles;

- manufacturer's risk;

- consumer risk.

A cycle includes a series of sequential operations:

knee extension;

installation of any of the steps of the extendable knee on the levers of the stopping mechanism;

removing the extendable elbow from the stop mechanism levers;

folding ladder.

The test duration should be 3000 cycles, taking into account the operating time according to 6.11 and 6.13.

During the test, all steps of the extendable elbow must be installed one by one on the lever of the stopping mechanism.

6.14.3.2 The product is considered to have passed the test of the assigned life if no failures in accordance with 6.1.7 occurred during the test.

6.15 Strength testing of the assault ladder in working position according to clause 4.3.7

One sample of the product is tested.

6.15.1 Hardware

Test weight weighing (360±2) kg.

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

Power bracket with a width of 80 to 100 mm.

6.15.2 Preparation for testing

The ladder is suspended on the supporting surface close to the vertical wall in accordance with Figure 14.

Figure 14 - Scheme of testing the assault ladder in working position for strength

6.15.3 Test performance

6.15.3.1 The ladder is loaded by suspending a test load to the second step from the bottom using brackets installed close to the strings of the ladder. The load exposure time should be (120±1) s.

6.15.3.2 The product is considered to have passed the test if, after removing the load, no residual deformation or destruction of the staircase structural elements was observed.

6.16 Strength test of the assault ladder hook according to 4.3.8

One sample of the product is tested.

6.16.1 Hardware

Test weight weighing (160±1) kg.

Stopwatch according to GOST 5072.

Power bracket with a width of 80 to 100 mm.

6.16.2 Preparation for testing

The ladder is suspended on the supporting surface by the large end tooth of the hook.

6.16.3 Test performance

6.16.3.1 The ladder is loaded by suspending a test load to the second step from the bottom using brackets installed close to the strings of the ladder, in accordance with Figure 15. The load exposure time should be (120±1) s.

Figure 15 - Scheme of testing the hook of an assault ladder for strength

6.16.3.2 The product is considered to have passed the test if, after removing the load, no residual deformation or destruction of the staircase structural elements was observed.

6.17 Checking the folding force of the ladder-stick according to 4.4.2

One sample of the product is tested.

6.17.1 Hardware

Spring dynamometer according to GOST 13837.

Clamp according to GOST 31.2031.02.

Metal measuring tape according to GOST 7502.

Technological table with a fixed base.

6.17.2 Preparation for testing

6.17.2.1 The ladder is secured with clamps to one of the strings to the table surface. The strings of the stairs must be in a horizontal plane.

6.17.2.2 Mark the middle of the length of the loose bowstring and install a clamp on it with an error of no more than ±0.5 mm. The dynamometer eye is attached to the clamp.

6.17.3 Carrying out the test

6.17.3.1 Expand the ladder into working condition by tensioning the free eye of the dynamometer while simultaneously measuring the unfolding force.

6.17.3.2 The product is considered to have passed the test if the magnitude of the folding force of the ladder does not exceed 80 N.

7 Transportation and storage

7.1 The conditions for transportation and storage of ladders must correspond to the conditions of their operation established in the technical documentation (TD).

7.2 Transportation of ladders must be carried out by all modes of transport at any distance in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods in force for a particular mode of transport.

7.3 When transporting and storing ladders, conditions must be provided to protect them from mechanical damage, heating, exposure to direct sunlight, precipitation, moisture and aggressive environments.

7.4 Storage conditions for devices must comply with the requirements specified in the technical documentation for the product.

8 Packaging

The packaging must ensure the safety of the stairs during transportation and storage.

9 Manufacturer's warranty

The warranty period from the start of operation of rescue devices must be at least 12 months.



Electronic document text
prepared by Kodeks JSC and verified against:
official publication
M.: Standartinform, 2009

The fire escape is designed to quickly remove victims during a fire or in the event of other emergencies.

Retractable three-legged fire escapes at reasonable prices.

Types of stair devices

Ladder devices for fire extinguishing are of the following types:

All of these structures, except for the ladder truck, are activated manually by firefighters, meaning there is no need for sources of mechanical energy. This greatly expands the area of ​​their application. Moreover, each type of fire escape has its own characteristics, characteristics and purposes. Therefore, it is necessary to consider each of them in more detail.

Important! Each type of staircase device must be stored and maintained strictly in accordance with accepted standards. Otherwise, it is impossible to guarantee its reliability in the event of an emergency.

Manual designs

Manual mechanisms are considered the most popular among staircase structures. They have earned their popularity due to their mobility and ease of use. It is worth noting that they can be retractable (three-legged), folding (ladder-stick) and suspended (attack).

Folding structures are the simplest and most convenient for transportation. They are an ordinary staircase, the height of which does not exceed 3 meters. They serve to lift equipment and people to extinguish a fire and rescue victims. A more complex design is the retractable mechanism, better known as a three-knee. The height can reach 10.7 meters, which greatly expands the capabilities of rescuers in case of emergency.

Characteristics of the retractable structure

Fire evacuation structure

An evacuation staircase is a staircase that is located on the façade of a building. The design provides security and communication between floors. It is used in cases where it is necessary to evacuate people in the building, as well as for access to the source of the fire. must necessarily meet established standards.

Design characteristics:

• those. documentation for evacuation stairs of this type must necessarily comply with established standards;
• before placing the device, the number of floors, height, width, perimeter length and area of ​​the structure must be taken into account;
• the step must maintain its appearance under the influence of a load weighing 180 kg with a vertical load;
• the mechanism must be painted and primed according to class VII according to GOST 9.032-74

Important! A mandatory design inspection is carried out every 5 years. According to GOST 53254-2009, inspections are carried out only by those organizations that have trained personnel for this purpose, as well as a license for this type of work. All inspection results are recorded in a special protocol.

Rope rescue device

Rescue rope ladders deserve special attention. They are also often used in the event of a fire by fire service personnel. They are divided into 2 types: hanging rope and abseiling rope.

Main design characteristics The rope is manufactured according to established standards. It must have a certificate of conformity indicating the thickness and width. The structure should not lose its appearance and characteristics when exposed to liquids and even surfactant solutions. That is, the length and width should remain the same. The rope must have its ends tucked into thimbles, or they can simply be melted. The width of the thimbles must necessarily comply with GOST 19030. Steel structural parts must be coated with a special anti-corrosion solution. According to the standards, all rope structures must be stored in a special case with a pocket for a passport. There should also be a strap designed for easy carrying. The length of the rope device is from 30 to 50 meters. The weight of the rope structure is no more than 4.5 kg. Instructions for using the rescue rope ladder

The advantages of these fire escapes include the fact that there is no attachment to a specific location, it is possible to quickly transport the ladder from one floor to another. As for the disadvantages of these fire escapes, they cannot be used to lower sick people who do not have sufficient strength to move independently. That is, you need insurance for a rescuer who can take on a certain part of the victim’s weight.

By the way, rope ladders are widely used in everyday life. True, the household structure does not have specialized fire protection characteristics. But, it’s quite easy to make it yourself. Each type of fire escape has its own pros and cons, scope of application, and characteristics. However, there is something in common between them - it would be simply impossible to carry out rescue operations or put out a fire without them.

Ksenia Skvortsova. Chief Editor. Author.
Planning and distribution of responsibilities in the content production team, working with texts.
Education: Kharkov State Academy of Culture, specialty “Culturologist.” Teacher of history and cultural theory." Experience in copywriting: From 2010 to the present. Editor: since 2016.

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