Trade margin in retail trade accounting entries. Trade margin in retail trade accounting entries Account 42 trade margin

Account 42 is intended to summarize information about trade margins (discounts, markups) on goods in organizations engaged in retail trade, if they are recorded at sales prices. Let's look at accounting procedures in two common situations.

Buying and selling goods

Consider a standard situation: a company buys and resells goods. These goods are part of inventories acquired or received from other legal entities or individuals and intended for sale (clause 2 of PBU 5/01). They are taken into account at the actual cost, which in this case is equal to the amount paid to the supplier excluding value added tax (clauses 5, 6 of PBU 5/01). In accordance with paragraph 13 of PBU 5/01, firms selling retail are allowed to account for purchased goods at their selling price with a separate accounting of markups (discounts).

It is required to reflect the purchase and sale of goods in the accounting of a retail trade enterprise. At the same time, the price of suppliers may vary slightly from batch to batch, and the selling price is valid for a long time.

Example
At the beginning of the month, 40 units of goods were not sold, the selling price of each of them is 1180 rubles. A total of 47,200 rubles. (including value added tax RUB 7,200). On the credit of account 42 for these goods, a trade margin in the amount of 15,200 rubles is reflected. The trade margin on unsold goods is determined by the average percentage.

During the month, three batches of this product of 10 units each were purchased at the following price of 10,030 rubles. (including VAT 1530 rub.), 9440 rub. (including VAT 1440 rub.) and 8850 rub. (including VAT 1350 rub.). A total of 28,320 rubles. (10,030 + 9,440 + 8,850), including VAT 4,320 rubles.

This month, 60 units of goods were sold. Sales proceeds amounted to 70–800 rubles. including value added tax RUB 10,800.

At the beginning of the month, account 42 reflected a trading margin in the amount of 15,200 rubles. For goods received during the month, it amounted to 11,400 rubles. (10 units x 3 lots x 1180 rubles - 24,000 rubles). The debit of account 41 at the beginning of the month reflects the sales value of goods equal to 47,200 rubles. (1180 RUR x 40 units). The selling price of goods received this month is 35,400 rubles. (30 units x 3 lots x 1180 rub.). At the end of the month, the sales value of unsold goods amounted to 11,800 rubles. (47,200 + 35,400 - 70,800).

To calculate the trade margin on goods sold, you must first determine its average percentage. It is equal to the ratio of its amount at the beginning of the reporting period and the markup on goods received during the reporting period to the amount of goods sold (turnover) and the balance of goods at the end of the reporting period. Then you need to multiply the resulting result by the amount of sales revenue. The trade margin on goods sold amounted to RUB 22,800. ((15,200 rub. + 11,400 rub.) : (47,200 rub. + 35,400 rub.) x 70,800 rub.).

The accounting entries should look like this:

Debit	Credit	Sum. rub.
Accounting entries related to the purchase of goods
Accounting entries related to the sale of goods
	Account 90 sub-account “Revenue”
Account 90 subaccount “Cost of sales”
Account 90 subaccount “Value added tax”	Account 68 subaccount “Value added tax”

Markdown of goods and its subsequent sale

An organization selling retail keeps records of goods at sales prices. The product was damaged upon delivery. In connection with this, a markdown was carried out. In accordance with paragraph 13 of PBU 5/01, organizations selling retail are allowed to account for purchased goods at sales cost with a separate accounting of markups (discounts).

To summarize information about the availability and movement of goods, account 41 “Goods” is intended, about trade margins - account 42 “Trade margin” (Instructions for using the chart of accounts for accounting financial and economic activities of organizations, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).

In accordance with subparagraph “b” of paragraph 29 of the Methodological guidelines for accounting of inventories, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n, the organization must write off the actual cost of goods from account 41 to the debit of account 94 and at the same time capitalize it according to market price (taking into account physical condition). When marking down, the trade margin must be reversed to the credit of account 42 in correspondence with the debit of account 94.

According to paragraph 9 of PBU 5/01, the current market value is understood as the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of the specified asset (excluding VAT).

The perpetrators have not been identified, so the amount of losses can be recognized as sales expenses. In this case, from account 94 the amount of losses is written off to the debit of account 44 (clauses 5, 7 of PBU 10/99).

Example
As part of its activities, the retail company received tekloceramic electric hobs from the supplier’s warehouse. When delivered to the store, one of them was damaged (a chip appeared). It was decided to sell it at a reduced price. The markdown of this panel exceeds the trade markup.

The panel was purchased at a price of RUB 23,600. (including VAT 3600 rub.) per unit of goods. The selling price is set at 29?500 rubles. (including VAT 4,500 rub.) per unit of goods. Trade margin per unit of goods is 9,500 rubles. Due to the chip, the selling price of the goods was reduced by 50 percent to the amount of 14,750 rubles, including value added tax (2,250 rubles).

The defects of the goods are discussed with the buyer upon sale.

The amount of losses amounted to 7,500 rubles. (the difference between the purchase and sale price of a product without value added tax). Since the perpetrators have not been identified, the losses are attributed to the organization.

In this case, the accountant needs to write down:

Debit	Credit	Sum. rub.
When purchasing a product
When marking down goods

Account 42 of accounting is a passive account “Trade margin”, which summarizes information about discounts/mark-ups on goods of retail enterprises, when reflecting the movement of goods at sales value. This account also reflects discounts from retail suppliers, expenses for possible losses of goods or reimbursement of additional transportation costs.

A trade margin is an added value to the purchase price of a product, used by an organization to cover the costs of selling the product, paying indirect taxes and, ultimately, making a profit.

Account 42 “Trade margin” is passive and is credited when goods are accepted for accounting in the amount of a discount (mark-up) or trade margin.

The main subaccounts 42 accounts are presented in the figure:

The purpose of analytical accounting for account 42 is to ensure separate accounting of the amounts of discounts (markups) and price differences:

• goods for retail trade;
• goods shipped.

The amount of the discount (mark-up) on the balance of unsold goods can be determined by %, based on the ratio of the amount of the discount/mark-up on the balance of goods at the beginning of the month and the turnover on KT 42 accounts without taking into account reversed amounts to the amount of goods sold and their balance at the end of the month:

Postings to account 42 “Trade margin”

The main transactions for account 42 are shown in the table:

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Dt	CT	Wiring Description	A document base
41	42	Reflection of the amount of trade margin on goods received/reflection of write-off of trade margin (markdown of goods)	Register of retail prices
44	42	The write-off of the amount of trade margin on goods used for own needs is reflected	Accounting information
90.02	42	The amount of the trade margin has been reversed (realized trade margin)	Register of retail prices, Accounting certificate
94	42	The write-off of the amount of trade margin on disposed goods as a result of shortage/damage is reflected.	Inventory report, Inventory list, Accounting certificate

Examples of transactions and postings on account 42

Example 1. Accrual and write-off of trade margins

Let’s say the Procter store purchased 8 multicookers at a price of 2,360 rubles, incl. VAT – 360 rub. The markup on goods without VAT is 35%.

The accrual of trade margins in the Procter store is reflected in the following transactions:

Dt	CT	Transaction amount, rub.	Wiring Description	A document base
41	60	16 000	Receipt of goods from the supplier	Packing list
19	60	2 880	VAT accepted for accounting	Packing list
68 VAT	19	2 880	Tax deduction received	Invoice
60	51	18 880	Payment has been made to the supplier for the goods	Bank statement/ Payment order
41	42	9 488	The trade margin on goods received is reflected	Register of retail prices

Subsequently, the Procter LLC store sold all 8 multicookers at a price of 3,186 rubles, incl. VAT.

The sale of goods and the write-off of trade margins at Procter LLC are reflected in the following transactions:

Dt	CT	Transaction amount, rub.	Wiring Description	A document base
50	90.01	25 488	Revenue from the sale of goods is reflected	PKO (KO-1)
90.02	41	25 488	The book value of goods has been written off	Implementation report
90.02	42	9 488	Realized trade margin reversed	Register of retail prices, Accounting certificate-calculation
90.03	68 VAT	3 888	VAT accrued for payment to the budget	Implementation report
90.09	99	5 600	Financial result from the sale of goods	SALT

Example 2. Accounting for trade margins when writing off goods for own needs

Let's assume that LunaM LLC sells construction materials at retail. To renovate the store premises, we used our own building materials in the amount of 31,000 rubles. The trade margin is 30%.

Accounting for trade margins when writing off goods for the own needs of LunaM LLC is reflected in postings.

At public catering establishments, this account takes into account the amounts of trade discounts and mark-ups on food products and goods located in buffets, pantries, and kitchens, as well as the amounts of markups added in the established amount to the cost of kitchen and pantry products at sales prices.

Account 42 “Trade margin” also takes into account discounts provided by suppliers to trading organizations for possible losses of goods, as well as for reimbursement of additional transportation costs.

Account 42 “Trade margin” is credited when posting goods for the amounts of trade and additional discounts (markups), and debited for the amounts of trade and additional discounts (markups) on goods sold, released or written off due to natural loss, defects, damage, shortages, etc. P.

The amounts of discounts (mark-ups) in the part related to goods sold are reversed to the credit of account 42 “Trade margin” and the debit of account 46 “Sales of products (works, services)”. The amounts of discounts (mark-ups) in the part related to goods sold and released from warehouses and bases are determined according to issued invoices and written off (reversed) in a similar manner. The amounts of discounts (mark-ups) relating to unsold goods are clarified on the basis of inventory records by determining the applicable discount (mark-up) on goods in accordance with the established sizes.

The amount of discount (mark-up) on the balance of unsold goods at retail enterprises can be determined by a percentage calculated based on the ratio of the amount of discounts (mark-up) on the balance of goods at the beginning of the month and turnover under the credit of account 42 "Trade margin", reduced by the amount of turnover the debit of account 42 “Trade margin” (for other write-offs), to the amount of goods sold during the month (at discount prices) and the balance of goods at the end of the month (at discount prices).

If the accounting of products in pantries, in production and in the buffets of public catering enterprises is carried out at sales prices (with a markup), then the realized trade discount (margin) is determined in the manner adopted at retail trade enterprises. If products in pantries are accounted for at sales or weighted average prices (without markups), and in production and in buffets - at sales prices (with a markup), then realized markups and realized trade discounts are calculated separately.

When writing off the cost of missing and stolen inventory items, the amounts of discounts (markups) related to these assets are reflected in trade, supply and sales enterprises by entries in the debit of account 42 “Trade margin” and the credit of account 83 “Deferred income” (subaccount 3 "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the guilty parties and the book value for shortages of valuables").

Account 42 is divided into subaccounts:

42-1 "Trade margin (discount, cape)";

42-2 "Supplier discount for reimbursement of transportation costs."

Subaccount 42-1 takes into account the amounts of discounts (mark-ups) on transactions related to the receipt and sale of goods. When receiving goods from a supplier with a discount on the purchase price, account 41 is debited and accounts are credited: 60 - for the purchase price (amount paid) and 42-1 - for the discount amount.

The trade discount (cape) is distributed monthly on goods sold and goods remaining in the warehouse and in safekeeping.

In the absence of fixed prices for goods, the amount of discount (mark-up) on the balance of unsold goods in supply organizations and retail enterprises may be determined based on the average percentage.

Subaccount 42-2 takes into account the amount of discounts on the retail cost of goods provided by suppliers to trading organizations and other enterprises to reimburse their costs for the delivery and sale of goods. The indicated discounts, taken into account on the credit of account 42-2, are reversed from this subaccount to the debit of account 46. In particular, agricultural enterprises in this subaccount reflect the amount of discounts provided to them by consumer societies from the retail cost of fuels and lubricants to cover the costs of their delivery and sale from their oil warehouses to individual transport owners in cash through the farm cash desk.

Analytical accounting for account 42 “Trade margin” should provide separate reflection of the amounts of discounts (mark-ups) and differences in prices relating to goods in warehouses and bases, at retail and public catering enterprises and to goods shipped.

Account 42 “Trade margin” corresponds with the accounts:

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────┐ │ Business transaction │Correspondence- ││ │ponding-│ │ │total account │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────┤ │ By debit of the account │ │ │ │ │ │Providing the amount of trade margin (discounts, │ 40, 41 │ │capes) on products and goods sold to customers│ │ │distributed by public catering establishments, │ │ │own products to buffets (counted on one │ │ │balance sheet) and when providing lunches to your employees, │ │ │returned to suppliers, etc. │ │ │ │ │ │Providing wholesale trade enterprises (wholesale │ 42 │ │warehouse) discounts on goods sold to enterprises │ │ │retail trade, being on the same balance sheet with │ │ │wholesale warehouse │ │ │ │ │ │other enterprises (organizations) for compensation │ │ │delivery and sales costs, possible losses from │ │ │curtain of containers and waste during the sale of certain types│ │ │goods, discounts (capes) on goods found in │ ││excess │ │ │ │ │ │Reflection in supply organizations of the trading amount │ 43 │ │supplier discounts on goods when they are sold │ ││transit │ │ │ │ │ │Reversal of the amount provided by suppliers │ 46 │ │discounts (cover-ups) on goods sold │ │ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────┘

Account 42 “Trade margin” is widely used by organizations operating in the retail trade sector to display information about trade margins on products sold, which are recorded at the enterprise at sales prices.

 

Account 42 in accounting is collective information about the markups established by enterprises on assets sold to consumers when maintaining accounting records of available products at retail prices. Used by trading companies to control differences between the estimated sales value and the purchase price set by suppliers, i.e. information is summarized about the organization’s possible income from retail trade.

Attention! The basis of retail trade is the transfer of assets exclusively to the end consumer.

Account 42 in accounting is one of the components of monitoring the activities of a company in the retail trade sector. The main information is concentrated here:

1. Amounts set by the company in excess of the purchase price of the goods to make a profit from the activities carried out.
2. Discounts provided by suppliers to sellers - for possible product losses or reimbursement of transportation costs.

Attention! With each change in selling prices, information should be displayed on account 42.

Account 42 “Trade margin” is passive. The loan displays information about the amount of amounts established by the organization in excess of the purchase price for goods sold when capitalizing purchased assets from suppliers. When selling products or writing them off due to various situations (spoilage, defects, natural loss), the amount of the displayed trade margin is reversed from the credit account. 42 in correspondence with the relevant accounts (for example, 90 “Sales”).

The amount of the approved discount (mark-up) on the balance of products of enterprises operating in the retail trade that were not sold during the period under review can be calculated based on a percentage. The interest, in turn, is defined as the ratio of amounts in excess of the purchase price accrued on the balance of products at the beginning of the month (credit balance of account 42) plus credit turnover of the account. 42, to the total amount of goods sold in the period (accounted for at sales prices) and the final balance of products in the warehouse at the end of the month (Dt account 41).

Analytical monitoring

The main purpose of using the account. 42 - ensuring a separate display of the amounts of markups established by retail organizations for products sold.

Attention! Account 42 is used exclusively in organizations that record purchased goods on account 41 at sales prices.

Normative base

Using the account 42 to display information on amounts accepted by companies in excess of the purchase price for goods sold in order to benefit from activities, is carried out in accordance with the current Chart of Accounts, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94, PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories » and other legally approved documents.

Basic accounting entries for using account 42

1. Displaying the established markup by retail companies when posting products received from suppliers in selling prices
2. Reversing records of approved markups

   Dt 44 Kr 42 - for goods used to cover the organization’s own needs.

   Dt 90.02 Kr 42 - for products sold

   Dt 94 Kr 42 - for assets disposed of due to shortages identified during the inventory or damage.

The trade margin indicator is used when setting prices for goods sold by retail enterprises. To record the amounts of trade margins, account 42 is used. In the article, we will talk about the procedure for forming the realized margin on goods and, using an example, we will consider the main accounting entries for account 42. Content

• 1 The procedure for forming trade margins
• 2 Typical transactions for account 42
  • 2.1 Creating a markup on a product - example
  • 2.2 Postings for writing off margins on goods sold

The procedure for forming trade margins According to the law, each enterprise has the right to independently determine the retail price of the goods sold. Consequently, the amount of the trade margin and, as a consequence, the selling price of the goods is determined by the organization in each individual case.

Postings on account 42 - realized trade margin

When determining the markup, the following entries can be used:

1. Dt 41-2 - Kt 42 - the extra charge is reflected.
2. Dt 90 - Kt 42 - the amount of markup due to damage or loss of goods is reversed.

For the balance of goods, the markup is determined as follows: a percentage consisting of the ratio at the beginning of the month of the amount of the markup on inventory balances and received for the month to the amount of goods sold and final balances. The amount for goods sold is determined based on sales prices.

In organizations that pay VAT, the formation and accounting of markups is different. For example, tax defaulters (organizations on the simplified tax system or exempt from VAT) create a markup on account 42 itself.

Accounting for trade margins

In addition to food products, the list of goods for which control over selling prices can be established includes children's products, medicines, medical products, goods intended for sale in the Far North and regions equivalent to it. If cases of overpricing are detected for goods regulated by states, the responsible persons and organizations will face fines.

For management, fines of up to 50,000 rubles are provided, for legal entities - in the amount of twice the amount of revenue exceeded as a result of overstatement for the entire period of overstatement, but for a total duration of no more than a year. Accounting for trade margins (account 42: postings) In the accounting of trade enterprises, trade margins are accounted for separately.
For these purposes, the “Trade margin” account is used. All kinds of discounts and product losses and other data can also be reflected here.

Accounting in trade

In all these cases, it is necessary to reverse the amount of the trade margin taken into account in the sales price of the goods: Debit 41 Credit 42 – the trade margin on goods has been reduced as a result of their markdown; Debit 44 Credit 42 – trade margin on goods used for own needs is written off; Debit 94 Credit 42 – the trade margin on goods disposed of as a result of shortages or damage has been written off. When writing off goods as a result of damage or damage, an act is drawn up in the TORG-15 form.

Info

It was approved by Decree of the State Statistics Committee of December 25, 1998 No. 132. Revaluation of goods is carried out on the basis of the order of the manager.

It needs to be documented with an inventory act. This document should indicate: – name of the product; - quantity of goods; – old and new retail prices; – the cost of the goods in old and new prices; – the amount of depreciation or revaluation. HER.

Postings for accounting for trade margins in retail trade

To reflect data on the value of the trade margin, account 42 is used, on which the following information can be taken into account:

• Trade margin;
• The amount of discounts;
• Possible loss of goods;
• Additional shipping costs.

The trade margin can be reflected in transactions as follows:

• The trade margin is calculated using the following posting: Dt 41 Kt 42 - the trade margin has been generated.
• For retail sales, subaccount 41.2 is most often used - goods in retail trade. The posting in this case takes the form: Dt 41.2 Kt 42 - trade margin for retail sales.
• When accounting for goods sold, the value of the trade margin is reversed, corresponding with the sales account (account.
  90).

Postings for accounting of retail goods at sales prices

The trade margin is the organization's income. If the goods sold are subject to taxes: VAT, excise taxes, then they are included in the markup. To document the size of the trade margin, the company compiles a register of retail prices. It serves as the primary document on the basis of which the markup is calculated. There is no established form for such a register. Therefore, it can be compiled in any form.

Please note that the approximate form of this document is given in Appendix 2 to the letter of the Ministry of Economy dated December 20, 1995 No. 7-1026. The register of retail prices must contain the following details: – company name; – date of compilation; - serial number; – signature of the director, chief accountant and company seal.
The register must reflect the following information: – name of the product; – purchase price of the goods (excluding VAT); – the company’s trade margin; – the amount of accrued VAT; – retail price per unit of goods.

Rules for maintaining accounting records in trade

Profit/loss from sales" 99 "Profits and losses" When writing off defects in trade, the postings will be the following, if the defect is detected after the goods have been posted and it is not the supplier's fault: Operation Debit account Credit account Defective goods are detected in the warehouse 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables" 41 Losses of goods were written off within the limits of natural loss norms 44 94 Losses in excess of natural loss norms were written off (in the absence of guilty persons) 91 "Other income and expenses", subaccount "Other expenses" 94 Losses from defective goods were attributed to guilty persons 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations” 94 Accounting in retail trade: account 42 If an organization engaged in retail trade accounts for goods at sales prices, account 42 “Trade margin” is used to summarize information about trade margins (discounts, markups) on goods Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).

Accounting in trade postings

The sale of essential food products is also subject to state regulation. In relation to other products, it is allowed to establish a trade margin in any amount.

Attention

But in this case, the pricing process is greatly influenced by competition, which restrains the growth in the cost of goods. Trade enterprises have the right to set either a single markup for the entire assortment or use different values ​​that determine prices for individual product groups.

The chosen method will need to be fixed in the accounting policy. Get 267 video lessons on 1C for free:

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Postings for accounting for trade margins Postings for sales transactions give an idea of ​​the profit received.

Account 42: trade margin. example, wiring

The government determines the acceptable price for certain goods that have special social significance. If a product is on the List of Price-Controlled Products, then their total cost, including markup, must be formed in accordance with current laws and regulations at the federal and local levels. If there is a steady increase in prices for goods of social importance, the Government has the right to temporarily limit their maximum limit. But this can be done if the price increase level exceeds 30% over a 30-day period. The maximum permissible value of the cost of such goods, established by the Government, can be maintained for up to 90 days. Socially significant goods include the following: meat, milk, sunflower oil and butter, flour, eggs, sugar, salt, bread, cereals, potatoes, some types of fruits and vegetables.

Selling expenses" 44 Profit from the sale of goods was identified at the end of month 90, sub-account "Profit/loss from sales" 99 In retail trade, accounting (entries) in organizations that keep records of goods without using account 42 will generally be similar to accounting for wholesale sales (taking into account the specifics of payments - in cash and using plastic cards). It is important to consider that accounting entries in trade also depend on whether the seller holds title to the goods.

Indeed, in commission trading, the commission agent's postings will be different: Operation Debit account Credit account Accepted goods on commission 004 Sold goods on commission 50, 57, 62 76, subaccount “Settlements with the principal” Write off sold commission goods 004 Costs associated with the sale of commission goods are reflected , not reimbursed by the principal 44 60, 10, 70, 69, etc.

Trade margin in retail trade accounting entries

As a result, the following entry appears: Dt 90 Kt 42 - the trade margin on goods sold is determined. According to Kt 42 (reversal), the following transactions are also reflected in correspondence with the corresponding accounts:

• Issued goods;
• Written-off goods;
• Damage, shortage.

The formation of trade margins in accounting also depends on whether the seller is a VAT payer. If the organization is on a simplified system or uses UTII, then it is allowed to record the markup directly on account 42.

If the seller charges VAT, then you will need to use subaccounts:

• 42.1 - trade margin at the supplier’s price;
• 42.2 - VAT is included in the trade margin.

Thus, when selling goods at retail, the VAT amount is included in the final price, that is, the seller calculates and pays the tax in the generally accepted manner.