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Architectural plan of the house. architectural styles

Architectural plan of the house. architectural styles

The plan is one of the three main types of architectural drawings, which are two-dimensional projections of three-dimensional structures. The other two are the cut and the facade. In all cases, the gaze of the observer is perpendicular to the plane on which the elements and surfaces of the structure are projected.

Speaking of a plan, we mean that this plane is horizontal, parallel to the ground or floor. In fact, this is a view of the building from above, in cross section, produced at an imaginary level above the line of window openings.

The most common type of plan is the floor plan. It displays the location of the premises located on the same floor, their size, shape and connection with each other. The plan gives an idea of the presence of windows, doors, stairs and other important objects up to radiators and sometimes pieces of furniture.

Strict adherence to scale when drawing up a plan allows you to judge the proportions of certain elements in relation to each other, as well as calculate their parameters with high accuracy. As an example, here is the plan of the Gropius house in Lincoln. The arrow indicates the beginning of the path of movement through the building from the front terrace.

Many famous architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, have used the plan as an impetus for the development of an underlying logic that governs spaces, structures, scales, and textures. Here is a plan of his Rosenbaum house. The rectangular grid indicates that the floor in the building will be concrete, and at the same time gives an idea of the position of the walls, windows and doors.

Floor plans allow you to display alternative designs of the architect. What if the ladder is moved to another location? And the shape of the kitchen can be elongated, not L-shaped. Computer programs based on CAD help to instantly visualize any movement of the creative imagination of the designer.

Architects' working sketches (created for project costing, bidding, and submission to the developer) can seem complex and confusing. The plan shown here is provided with many explanatory notes, references to other drawings, notes and labels regarding the intended types of walls, doors and other components.

The master plan is drawn up according to the same rules as the floor plan. The difference lies in the fact that it displays the position of the building on the ground and its interaction with external objects: roads, trees, water bodies, etc. A combined version is possible, which is a floor plan integrated into the surrounding landscape.

We often encounter misconceptions among customers about the composition of the Architectural Working Design (it is called AR). For many, these are general ideas about its composition, for some, the opinion is that this architectural section of the project is just “plans, facades, sections ...”, there are also those who consider it an unnecessary waste of time and money.

Our opinion is that this is not entirely true, or rather it is not at all :). this is an integral, important and complete part of the entire project, in most cases the constructive section (CS) is closely related to the AR and most of the sheets of the CS section refer specifically to the architectural section. They complement, clarify each other, and only both sets of AR and KR can be called a full-fledged working project for the construction of a private house. Today we want to show with a specific example what a detailed architectural working project for the construction of a private house. And as an example, we will take our project, which was developed this spring and is currently being implemented. The price of an architectural project of a private house depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe house, on the complexity of the terms of reference and the required time frame for the development of the project - read it in advance.

We must say that this project is not a reference one and it is difficult to say that the number and composition of drawings in AR projects can be typical, since each project has its own nuances and features, depending on this, it can be supplemented with various kinds of diagrams and drawings.

Title page of the project.

It gives a brief description of the project.
Project visualization.

3D renderers that give an understanding of the appearance of the house
Common data.

This is a table that lists all the drawings in the project, gives general instructions and a couple more statements.
General instructions for masonry

On this sheet, the architect describes what materials the house will be built from, how the walls are laid, and what nuances the customer should pay special attention to.
Insolation scheme

A diagram showing how and for how long one or another side of the house will be illuminated.
General plan or scheme of the planning organization of the relief.

One of the most important drawings of the project. It gives an understanding of how the house is tied to the boundaries of the site in accordance with the regulations and how the relief will be organized after construction. The same drawing is included in the building passport for obtaining a building permit. In particular, in this project we dealt with a complex relief on a slope and worked out a 3D view of the relief so that the builders could see it more clearly.
Masonry floor plans.

Almost all builders use this part of the project at the construction site, but most of the time it belongs to masons who are laying walls, partitions, chimneys and channels. All dimensions, piers are indicated here, windows and doors are tied, notes and symbols are given.
Floor plans.

This drawing is similar to the masonry plan, but it is on the marking plan that window and door openings, types of floors are indicated and marked, the area of \u200b\u200bthe premises and the table-list of premises are given.
Roof plan.

The drawing shows the overall dimensions of the roof, binding to the axes. Gives an understanding of the main height marks of the characteristic parts of the roof: ridges, valleys, overhangs, gables, etc. Sometimes our design team includes a 3D chart with elevations and slopes of the roof in this sheet to make it easier for customers and builders to grasp the essence.
Facades of the house.

Well, everything is clear without explanation. This is the face of the house, on the drawing of the facade, all levels and marks are visible, the bricklayer always works with the masonry plan and the facade. This is how a complete understanding of which pier begins where and to what mark the laying is carried out is achieved.

Usually there are at least three or four of them, and they also clarify the understanding of the overall picture inside the house.

Details of walls or sections along walls.

In fact, these are cuts only on a larger scale and there are much more of them than 2-3. Since the scale of such sections is usually 1:20, 1:30, then here you can see the “order” of the masonry - that is, the height of the row with the mortar joint and understand how many rows of masonry will be, for example, under the window and above the window. Information is also given here on how the masonry is reinforced, how decorative elements are arranged, etc.
Ventilation ducts and chimneys.
Explication of walls and bill of materials.

The material consumption specification gives the customer an understanding of what wall materials he needs to purchase and in what quantity. By the way, this is one of the most asked questions by customers 🙂
Scheme of window blocks and doors.

Schemes of windows and doors are presented. Information is given on the number and size of windows and doors per floor and the total number for the entire house.

Schematic representation of the floors of the house, their composition and area.

With this post, our project team wants to provide insight for customers who have not yet encountered a construction site and do not know what information they should receive. . We would also like to protect our future customers from dishonest and incompetent designers. Knowing how much information you will receive when ordering an architectural project, it will be more difficult to deceive you. Demand from architects and designers that the AR give answers to all questions about the construction, and not be something like “planks and facades with cuts” 🙂 Or just contact us - we love complex and interesting tasks!

The Art Project company is engaged in individual development of architectural projects of houses, country cottages and dachas. We will perform the entire range of works on architectural design - from choosing the location of the house on the site to a detailed calculation of structural and engineering systems. As a result of working with us, you will receive a complete set of drawings and working documentation, which is necessary to start building your dream home!

What's happened house architectural design?

The architectural project of a house is not only its 3D model with real dimensions and references, but also a well-designed internal layout, a rendered facade, floor plans, all necessary sections, building plans for walls, roofs, window and door specifications, etc.

An architectural project is necessary to obtain a building permit for a house, and on the basis of it, the rest of the project documentation will be developed - structural and engineering projects.

What is the architectural design of the house for?

Thanks to the architectural project, you will receive:

General concept of the house

working documentation

Construction budget

Safety

Calculation of engineering communications

The architectural project will allow you to see how the house will look like in the future after construction is completed. You will receive a 3D model of your house in photographic quality, color drawings of the facade, options for the interior layout of the house with the arrangement of furniture and plumbing.
In addition to 3D visualization, after the design is completed, you will have a whole set of working documentation in your hands - drawings, plans, sections necessary to start construction and further study the structural and engineering parts of the project.
The development of the constructive part of the project will help with the definition of the construction budget. According to the attached specifications of building materials, it will be possible to derive their exact cost and determine the volume of construction work.
The constructive part of the project involves the calculation of all kinds of loads (wooden structures, reinforced concrete and metal structures), and this affects the safety of the operation of the house and its durability.
When calculating engineering systems, individual design of ventilation, heating, plumbing, sewerage, power supply of the house is carried out. As a result, you get all the necessary calculations, wiring diagrams, specifications of equipment and materials.

The architectural project of the house will help you not only better imagine how the house will look after completion of construction, but also provide for all the nuances associated with the convenience and safety of your stay in it. In addition, an architectural project will save you a lot of time and money!

What is an architectural design?

An architectural project is a whole album of drawings, 3D views and specifications. In our company, the standard project kit usually includes the following documentation:

3D visualization of a house in Archicad;
Drawings of the facade of the building (with real dimensions in color);
Floor plans;
Internal layout of the house (with furniture and plumbing);
Wall construction plans (with actual dimensions, materials);
Roof plan (with actual dimensions);
Floor plan (area, composition, materials);
Specification of doors and windows (dimensions, quantity);
Specification of decorative elements (sizes, articles).

In addition to the architectural project, at the request of the customer, two more albums are being developed - the constructive part of the project and the engineering part.

How much does an architectural project cost?

The cost of the project depends on the total area of the house and on the composition of the architectural project itself. So, if you order a project with a standard composition, then its cost can be deduced based on the calculation of 600 rubles / sq.m. If you additionally want to order a constructive or engineering part, then be guided by the same amount: 600 rubles per sq.m.

You can learn more about the cost and composition of the technical documentation included in each of the albums in the Cost of work sections:

Procedure if you need an architectural project

Leave your application on the site through the feedback form at the bottom of this page, our architect will promptly contact you to clarify the details. You can also call us by phone: 8 499 638-22-40 or contact us in any other way indicated in the Contacts section.
The meeting with the architect takes place either at your facility or in our office. During the meeting, you discuss all the nuances of our future cooperation.
Enter into a contract for the provision of services can be already at the first meeting with the architect.
After the conclusion of the contract, the architect prepares the terms of reference for the creation of an architectural project and proceeds to its development. In the process of working on a project, you first receive sketches, in which you can make adjustments as necessary. Then, after agreeing on the draft part of the project, a detailed study and drawing up of a working draft begins.
After agreeing all parts of the project with you, the architect draws it up properly. When the project is ready, an act of service is signed, and you receive an album with a complete set of drawings, 3D visualizations, specifications, etc.

Our architectural design work:

The American architectural style is a descendant of the old European one. Emigrants from Europe, and primarily from England, brought the architectural trends of their countries to North America, where they introduced and developed them. A feature of this style is, of course, the desire of the first settlers to demonstrate the scale and wealth of the house. Hence the feeling of the house as a whole architectural complex.

American architecture is distinguished by spaciousness, symmetry, numerous cascades of roofs, columns, many large windows, often with shutters, sometimes spiers, a high central staircase, horizontal extension, a minimum of relief details, light plaster as decoration. With all their appearance, these projects of houses and cottages demonstrate the successful life of the owners in the new uninhabited lands.

English style

The English style is a combination of aristocracy and restraint, refined taste and expensive materials. This architectural style in our country is more often defined by the general term "English style", but in reality it is two interrelated styles - Georgian and Regency style, which were named by historical eras. In the modern sense, the English house is a mixture of these styles.

They were formed under the influence of mainland Europe, but they were rethought here in their own way. Features of the English style: rectangular, symmetrical plan; uniform distribution and dimension of all windows; brick, poorly decorated walls; low-lying entrance with a portico; medium height roof slopes; minimum removal of the roof over the walls; five windows on the main facade; steam pipes; pilasters on the sides of the door; paneled doors.

The house in true English style is built entirely of red brick. The facade of an English house is quite strict and only in rare cases small decorations are allowed. A mandatory attribute is the presence of a lawn and flower beds.

F.L. style Wright (prairie style)

Born June 8, 1867, Frank Lloyd Wright is the world's greatest architect, the most prolific, controversial and inspiring.

Wright disliked the intricate detail and fussiness of existing architectural styles. He advocated cleanliness and simplicity of lines, and believed that well-constructed buildings complemented the surroundings.

The prairie style spread throughout the US Midwest in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The prairie style is characterized by pronounced and emphasized horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with wide overhangs, windows combined into horizontal stripes, and maximum integration of the building into the landscape. The name of the style comes from the long horizontal lines, evoking prairie landscapes.

This style is also characterized by minimalist decoration of facades, the central location of the fireplace room as a symbol of the family hearth. The complication of the geometry of the house is achieved with the help of glazed galleries, balconies, parapets and flower beds. The boundary between the interior and the terrace is lost. The common areas look like halls.

Gothic style

Gothic is a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of material culture and developing in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th centuries. The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. It developed on the basis of Romanesque, more precisely, Burgundian architecture. Gothic is characterized by arches with pointed tops, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated façade with carved details (wimpers, tympanums, archivolts) and multicolored stained-glass lancet windows. All style elements emphasize the vertical. The Neo-Gothic architectural style is characterized by adapted Gothic elements: lancet arches, high elongated pediments, light-framed towers, internal columns, tall narrow windows with traditional sashes.

European style

One of the most popular architectural styles today is European. Based on the architectural traditions of the past, conservative, it harmonizes well with nature.

European-style houses are distinguished by regular geometric shapes, often complicated by bay windows. When designing, as a rule, the shape of a square or close to a square is used.

The plinth is usually finished with stone or tile. The roof is made of two or four slopes. Traditionally, red natural tiles were used as roofing, which today is being replaced by metal ones. The door is decorated in a color that contrasts with the color of the walls. Windows are usually small, rectangular or arched. When planning the interior space, great attention is paid to its efficiency, thanks to which it is possible to place everything you need in a relatively small area.

Italian style

The Italian style in architecture has been formed over the centuries, which largely determines its truly unique character.

The Italian style is sometimes referred to as Neo-Renaissance. It originated in England at the beginning of the 19th century. The English architect John Nash is considered to be the founder. The Italian style combined the architectural finds of Italian architects of the 16th century with elements of Palladian and neoclassicism.

The Italian style in architecture is the choice of people who value quality, tradition and natural beauty. This direction in design and architecture is characterized by the use of natural materials, traditions, comfort and simplicity. Italian-style wood and stone are combined with wrought iron elements. The walls are most often covered with decorative plaster and decorated with stucco decoration or mosaics.

The Italian-style house is characterized by almost flat roofs with low slopes, barely visible from the ground, brackets supporting the roof eaves, a tower or bell tower, a belvedere.

Classic style

In architecture, classicism is understood as an architectural style common in Europe in the 18th - early 19th centuries, the main feature of which was an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture. The architecture of classicism is characterized by a regular layout and clarity of form, a symmetrical axial composition, and restraint of decor.

Cottages in the classical style are characterized by strict observance of the principles of proportionality and harmony. Spatial solutions are concise, focused on the predominance of rectilinear and clear outlines in plans with the dominance of symmetrical-axial planning systems.

The decoration uses facade plaster, pitched tiled roofs, marble and gypsum - for columns and balustrades, iron and cast iron - for gratings, balconies and fences.

Despite the advantages of trendy architectural styles, classical motifs are still popular. After all, adherence to the classics is a sign of the solidity and fine taste of the owner of the house.

Minimalism

Minimalism appears in the 60s of the XX century in the USA. The main idea of minimalism in architecture is the desire to leave only the most necessary, each element should perform the maximum number of functions. Characteristic features of minimalism: maximum possible conciseness, adherence to composition, use of natural materials, maximum functionality and attention to detail, strict lines and geometry, unified color scheme, attention to lighting design, use of light colors.

Much attention is paid to the choice of materials and their quality. Priority is given to natural materials such as stone, wood, glass or marble.

Minimalism is widely used both in public buildings, offices, shopping centers, and in private homes.

Minimalism is ideal for lovers of simplicity, tranquility and rigor. Minimalist spaces radiate calmness and silence. This is a "purified" style, but in turn elegant and innovative in form and finish.

Modern

Modern was born at the turn of the 20th century. in European architecture as a movement to create the style of its era. Art Nouveau is characterized by the rejection of obligatory symmetrical forms, silhouettes and ornaments, stylizing the forms of plants in smooth, curving lines. The facades are distinguished by rounded contours of the openings, the use of wrought iron gratings and glazed ceramics. Particular attention is paid to the design of window openings with an ornate pattern of bindings and stained-glass windows.

The emergence of the principle of constructing buildings "from the inside out" and in connection with this, the openness of the compositions and the variety of forms. The interior forms the core of the house and defines its appearance. In terms of the building, most often they tend to be square, the rooms are grouped around the hall.

The Art Nouveau style develops mainly in the architecture of urban mansions and expensive apartment buildings, country villas and summer cottages. Modern promotes individuality. Like a century ago, a house in this style provides comfort, coziness and bright, memorable architecture.

german style

A style based on practicality, economy and rationality. This is manifested in everything - in the layout, design, choice of materials and design features. The shape of the houses tends to be square.

The windows in traditional German houses are small, rectangular or arched, divided by a sash. Windows often have shutters. Frames are usually massive. Doors are made of wood and painted in a color that contrasts with the color of the wall of the house. The plinth is finished with facing tiles “under natural stone”. There are almost always bay windows or balconies. A bay window is often the highlight of a home. The roof is often gable, but it can also be four-slope. Roofing - bituminous or metal tiles, shades of red. The planning features are reduced to making the house as economical and rational as possible. German-style houses most often have one or two floors plus an attic. In order to save space, the layout is arranged in such a way that the house has a minimum of corridors.

norwegian style

The Norwegian house is a variant of the Scandinavian style house. The Norwegian house is a continuation of the historic Viking longhouse style. Norwegian houses are elongated sloping houses, most often on one floor, red, brown or black with natural roofing material. Business card of the Norwegian house - inverted green roof

The earliest real log houses in Norway and Sweden date back to the 11th century. AD, while in Rus' log cabins were already known from the 8th-9th centuries. AD Probably the technology was brought by Varangian mercenaries returning from service in Rus'. Later, the Russian log house was used in Norway only for non-residential buildings, such as wells, robes, bridge bulls, pasture haylofts. And already in the XI century. In Norway, a fundamentally different method of felling with a self-locking lock is known, which does not allow cracks to open when the tree dries out. The Norwegian logging technique in its modern form appeared already in the 13th century.

Provence

Provence is one of the historical regions in the south of France. The peculiarities of a Provence-style house are refinement and a kind of romantic tenderness of the exterior of the house. A special place belongs to the details. Such a house has practically no basement, and such a house naturally does not have a porch that is familiar to us. The garden path just rests on the front door. The walls of the house must be made of brick or stone. Most often, the walls are covered with plaster of light colors. In some places, the plaster can expose the brick wall, and this gives the house a peculiar zest. Balconies with balustrades can be located on the second floor. The windows on the first floor are narrow and must have blinds. The windows on the second and third floors are bigger. The roof is multi-pitched, high, under the tiles. The roof is decorated with numerous towers with dormer windows. For a Provence-style house, doors are an important detail. They should be massive with forged hinges and have a viewing window.

Traditionally, various extensions are attached to the house: a summer kitchen, a summer outbuilding or a garage.

Rococo

Rococo - from fr. rococo, from fr. rocaille - decorative shell, shell, rocaille). The architectural (decorative) style of Rococo appeared in France (1715-1723) and reached its apogee under Louis XV, moved to other European countries and dominated it until the 1780s. The Rococo style was a continuation of the Baroque style. He did not introduce any new structural elements into the architecture.

Rococo architecture tends to be light, welcoming, playful. In the creations of this architecture, straight lines and flat surfaces almost disappear; established orders are modified; columns lengthen, then shorten and twist in a helical shape; their capitals are distorted by coquettish changes, the cornices are placed above the cornices; the roofs are girdled along the edge with balustrades; pediments represent breaking convex and sunken lines, crowned with vases, sculptural figures. In the frame of windows, doors, walls inside the building, in plafonds, intricate stucco ornamentation is used, consisting of curls resembling plant leaves, flower garlands and shells.

Russian estate

The first estates appeared in the distant past. Moscow was once just a manor too. Carved facades, classical forms, small turrets, patterned windows - wooden Russian estates amaze with their beauty.

Skillful artistic wood carving was a characteristic and original decoration of Russian wooden buildings - and this is one of the few traditions that have survived among the people to this day. The carving is embossed and through. Be sure to decorate the top of the roof - the "ridge", it was often made in the form of a horse's head, a porch canopy, shutters and window trim. The decoration of the roof was dominated by the animal pagan style, coming from the Scythian nomads. They depicted symbolic amulets, including horses, birds, roosters, and snakes.

The concept of a family nest in a Russian estate acquires great value. Russian style emphasizes the status of the owner of the house, who is proud of his history and origin. A Russian estate is a place of residence, as well as an opportunity to preserve and pass on to descendants one's history, surname and traditions.

northern modern

In Russian modernist architecture, the direction - the northern modernist style - stood out especially. The style received its main development in St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of Swedish architecture, as well as the Finnish architectural school of national romanticism. This was facilitated by economic and cultural ties with the Finnish and Swedish states, where national romanticism was the main trend in art.

Characteristic features of the northern Art Nouveau are a combination of artificial and natural finishing materials, facing the basement of the building with Finnish granite, covering the upper floors with finishing bricks or textured plaster. The form of buildings built in the northern modern style is massive and free from small decor. Rustication, ornaments and bas-reliefs on the themes of Russian folklore were widely used. The architectural decor is massive, the color is minimalistic, the color scheme is severe in the northern way.

Scandinavian style

The countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula - Sweden, Norway and historically and geographically connected with them Denmark and Finland had similar conditions for the development of architecture.

The Scandinavian house is simple, but by no means primitive, compact, but not cheap. It was created to protect its inhabitants from unpleasant climatic influences and provide them with maximum comfort.

Scandinavian-style houses are one- and two-story buildings, concise and discreet. Traditionally, houses were made of wood, which was tinted or varnished. The windows in Scandinavian-style houses are quite large, sometimes they are panoramic. The emphasis is on wooden massive frames. The basement and basement in the houses of the Scandinavian style are absent. The roof is covered with tiles, metal - painted or "natural" or various polymeric materials. It can be both pitched and even, but pitched is more common. In front of the front door, a porch with a wooden staircase and carved railings, or a terrace is usually constructed.

Modern style

A house in a modern style implies openness to nature, large spaces, panoramic windows. In a modern style, they often combine rooms - for example, a living room with a fireplace room, a kitchen with a dining room.

The credo of modern architecture is embedded in the name itself - this is what would correspond to today, a fundamental orientation towards the novelty of architecture, both constructive and planning ideas, and external forms.

The main principles of modern architecture: the use of the latest building materials and structures, a rational approach to solving interior spaces (functional approach), the absence of decoration trends, the fundamental rejection of historical elements in the appearance of buildings. In the decoration of facades can be used: facade plaster, facing brick, wood, stone, porcelain stoneware. As a rule, the owners of houses in a modern style are active, dynamic people who travel a lot and are familiar with different cultures firsthand.

Mediterranean (Mediterranean) style

The Mediterranean is Greece, Spain, Italy, France, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco and other countries that have contributed to the formation of an architectural style called the Mediterranean. In this style, there are miniature houses with tiled roofs, immersed in lush vegetation, and luxurious snow-white villas on the coast.

Such buildings are characterized by plastered walls, flat or low tiled roofs, the use of terracotta tiles and stone in the decoration. The walls can be decorated with ornaments. Balconies and windows are trimmed with wrought iron railings. The roof extension is quite large and decorated with a cornice. The buildings necessarily have large balconies or spacious covered terraces.

A characteristic feature of the Mediterranean house is the presence of a courtyard, a secluded patio, hidden from prying eyes. Such a technique can be very relevant for Russians who are forced to put country houses almost close to each other. Functional and practical comfort is created by improvised means, not without ingenuity, commitment to tradition and love of creativity.

Medieval

Castle architecture was born from the Romanesque style that dominated Europe from around 1000 AD. and before the emergence of Gothic art in the thirteenth century. The earliest structures were copied from Roman military camps. The construction of gigantic stone structures began with the Normans, and classical castles appeared in the 12th century.

The castle type of a country house is characterized by large forms, massive and high walls, the presence of balconies, bay windows, terraces and towers, an intricate composition in terms of plan and facade. Facing bricks, stone, plaster can be used to finish the facade of the house. There are no architectural excesses in houses of this style; noble simplicity creates a feeling of monumentality and stability. The windows are arched, or rectangular, but with an interesting ending. Doors can be of any shape, they have many decorative elements - a visor, framing made of forging or stucco, stained glass, mosaics. Facades are often asymmetrical. The shape of the roof in such cottages is always complex, since the house often consists of several parts.

Fachwerk

Fachwerk - from the German Fachwerk, Fach - panel, section, Werk - structure. This is one of the oldest building structures, widespread in Europe during the Middle Ages. Such houses were built in different countries, but most of them in Germany - about 2.5 million.

Fachwerk houses were built everywhere in Germany already in the 12th century. The heyday of the half-timbered style came in the 16th century. Half-timbered buildings were influenced by fashionable architectural trends: Gothic, Baroque, Renaissance.

Half-timbered houses have a rigid wooden frame made of posts, beams and braces. The space between the wooden beams, called panels, was filled with a mixture of clay and reeds. Then the panels were plastered and painted in light colors, while the frame of dark beams remained in sight. It was he who divided the facade into separate cells of various shapes and gave the house that unique originality, which became the main architectural feature of the half-timbered style. The wooden beams of the construction of half-timbered houses have many different motifs: crosses, figures, flowers, geometric patterns.

High tech

Hi-tech comes from English hi-tech, from high technology - high technology. This is the architectural and design style of the late XX - early XXI century. Style promotes the aesthetics of the material. The main features of hi-tech are the most functional use of space and discreet decor. The style is characterized by swift, straight lines, protruding structural elements, silver-metal color, wide use of glass, plastic and metal. Hi-tech refers to ultra-modern styles; it uses designs typical of industrial buildings. Used materials - glass, metal, natural wood.

The style arose from the architecture of industrial premises, where all elements of the furnishings are subject to a functional purpose. At first, it was more of an approach to architecture than a particular style. Elements of industrial aesthetics moved into the living space, where they were further developed: a mixture of high technology and constructivism came out.

High-tech style is very popular now among people who live in the spirit of the times and are young at heart.

Chalet

The chalet style originated in Savoy, in a province in the southeast of France. It absorbed the rich history of the Alpine mountains and local traditions. Translated from French "chalet" - a shawl; warm; and, in fact, a Swiss house in the mountains. Initially, an alpine chalet is a dwelling built securely from massive timber, protecting shepherds from bad weather in the mountains.

The chalet is a safe and practical accommodation. A chalet is a house with a sloping roof, the slopes of which protrude strongly above the main walls. This design of the roof served to protect the house and the local area from snow and bad weather. Spacious terraces also appeared for practical reasons. With their help, the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe house is significantly increased. An open terrace is an integral part of the chalet, which may not have a fence and be considered as part of the local area.

Chalet-style houses are usually chosen by people who strive not only to create a cozy home, but also care about the environmental friendliness of their home. The feeling of unity with nature arises in everyone who gets into the chalet.

swedish style

The Swedish style is a variation of the Scandinavian approach to architecture. Red and white cottages fit perfectly into both the winter and summer Swedish landscape and are a landmark of this country. The traditional Swedish cottage is a simple, wood-paneled, red-painted cottage with white corners, windows, and doors. Swedish dwellings at all times were mostly wooden (or half-timbered in forest-poor areas). The manor complex includes a residential building and outbuildings united around the courtyard. Swedish architecture is characterized by strict simplicity and sparse decor.

Functionality and simplicity, commitment to natural materials, discreet color combinations are typical of the Swedish style as well as Scandinavian architecture in general. Wooden houses made of light woods with wide window openings look like a natural addition to the landscapes of Sweden and beyond.

dutch style

The Dutch country house style is a variation on colonial design that offers a simple layout behind the main façade. In the external appearance of such buildings, an original style was formed, which is both practical and decorative. The house in the Dutch style is characterized by a large sharp gable roof with hips, simple windows, and the asymmetry of the facade. Traditionally, the basement of the house is finished with stone, and the facades are made in light-colored plaster. The house has a symmetrical layout. The main entrance leads to the hallway around which the rooms are located. The way of life of diligent, tidy, hardworking Dutch is reflected in the interior of the Dutch house, demonstrating well-being, modesty and convenience. Dutch country houses look solid, but at the same time cozy. Suitable for families looking for peace and comfort behind a modest facade.

Roman style

The Romanesque style in medieval Europe preceded the Gothic. The term itself appeared in the XII century, when historians found that European architects widely used many elements of the ancient Roman style. The main objects of the architects were monasteries and castles, more reminiscent of fortresses. The appearance of the buildings is full of calm and solemn power. Characteristic features of Romanesque buildings were massive walls, the heaviness and thickness of which were emphasized by narrow window openings and stepped friezes. The main features of the style are circular or semi-circular arches, stone vaults. Facing of the facade is made of bricks, abundance of brick decoration of pediments, friezes, windows and doors. Ceramic tiles are used as roofing. Romanesque buildings fit into the landscape, their compact forms and clear silhouettes repeat the natural relief.

Czech style

The Czech Republic is one of the most cultural and beautiful countries not only in Europe but also in the world. The cultural heritage of the Czech Republic is so extensive that it can sometimes be very difficult to simply describe the places where you have been, the Czech architecture still makes the biggest contribution to the cultural heritage. The architecture of this country has been created for centuries. The Czech style of cottages has common features with European and German styles. The Czech-style house is characterized by regular geometric shapes, high multi-pitched roofs covered with tiles, sometimes with straw, the plinth is made of natural stone, and arched windows and doors are often used. A squat house in the Czech style will fit perfectly into the landscape and will not stand out in the landscape.

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1 . Objects of architectural and urban planning activities

So what does an architect do? His professional activity is to create architectural objects. Once their list included palaces, temples, fortifications, carriages, ships.

A.K. Burov in the book "On Architecture" there is a parable: ... In the warm waters of the prehistoric ocean, inhabited by various creatures, gradually improving and adapting to the surrounding conditions, "came to the first place" ichthyosaurs. They were the strongest, dexterous, hardy and were armed with terrible teeth. Numerous attempts to attack ichthyosaurs ended in the inevitable death of the attackers. Attempts became less and less frequent and soon ceased altogether. One kind of formidable monsters inspired fear. Fear of ichthyosaurs has become a hereditary instinct in all reptiles. At the same time, the feeling of invulnerability and superiority became a hereditary instinct in ichthyosaurs. Centuries have passed...

And then, one day, some kind of reptile, which, obviously, hereditary respect had disappeared, risked attacking an ichthyosaur. She swam up, turned around - and ... bit. Enraged, stunned by impudence, the ichthyosaur rushed at the enemy with an open mouth, in which ... there were no teeth. The teeth have atrophied.

The ichthyosaurs were destroyed."

So architecture included all the knowledge that mankind possessed. Architecture was also called, as was said, the construction of cities and acropolises, and ships, and temples, and dwellings, and fortresses, and fighting machines (catapults, rams), and canals and bridges.

In its centuries-old development, architecture has lost its possessions step by step. Architects have not designed ships and combat vehicles for a long time. So in our time, design is slowly taking away our interior, decorative art ...

Currently, architectural objects include:

· territories within the administrative boundaries of the country, regions, districts, etc.;

· interconnected groups of settlements;

· inter-settlement spaces (industrial hubs, recreation areas, national parks, etc.);

settlements (cities, towns);

· fragments of settlements (residential and industrial areas, neighborhoods, quarters, community centers, etc.);

complexes of buildings, structures, monuments;

· open areas in settlements (parks, streets, squares, boulevards, squares, sections of public buildings, residential courtyards, etc.);

· building;

fragments of buildings (sections, blocks, apartments);

structures (dams, cooling towers, TV towers, etc.);

· small architectural forms;

interiors of premises and elements of building equipment.

All architectural objects are divided into: architectural and urban planning (planning and territorial), architectural and landscape and architectural and construction (“volumetric”).

Architectural and construction objects include buildings, structures, monuments, fragments of buildings, interiors of premises.

Architectural and landscape objects are undeveloped (open) or poorly built-up territories of various purposes and scales - from extensive inter-settlement recreation areas to small recreational or economic sites.

Architectural and urban planning objects - settlement systems, administrative-territorial formations, settlements, fragments of settlements. Architectural and urban planning objects are complex material and spatial systems, within the boundaries of which architectural and construction and architectural landscape objects are combined into an inseparable whole.

Within the main types of architectural objects, many types and subtypes are distinguished. For example, buildings - residential, public, industrial, agricultural; villages - small, medium, large, large.

In what follows, the term "typology" will be used. Typology is a classification of objects or phenomena according to the commonality of any signs.

2 . Integrated architectural design.The concept of "project"

The creation of architectural objects "in kind" is preceded by the development of project documentation (project). What is a project? A project is an implementation model of an object that does not yet exist.

The law "On the Fundamentals of Architectural and Urban Planning Activities in the Republic of Belarus" provides the following wording: a project is a system of interrelated documents that are developed in accordance with regulatory documentation, provide an idea of the material image of a habitat object, its location, physical parameters and aesthetic qualities. In modern conditions, the project includes drawings, texts, calculations, graphs that determine the main characteristics of future buildings, territories, settlements.

Architectural objects have a wide variety of properties: weight, size, convenience, durability, aesthetic expressiveness, cost, etc. Their design is therefore always complex. As a rule, at present, the development of a project is carried out by creative teams, which include various specialists: architects, design engineers, process engineers, transport engineers, surveyors, economists, environmentalists, etc. At the same time, each of them is responsible for its own characteristics of the future architectural object, performs its part of the work, has its own subject of design. So, the designer provides the necessary strength, stability, durability of buildings and structures, the technologist - modern technology and organization of labor. Moreover, various specialized firms and organizations are involved in the design, performing individual work with the development of related drawings.

For example, a design institute, which included architects, designers, technologists, estimators, and plumbers with electricians, worked on the project of the social and cultural center of PSU. And the company "Vetraz", before making stained-glass windows, developed special drawings according to the drawing of the architects-authors of the project. Also, the company "Recor", before work, has developed a technology for the implementation of suspended ceilings designed by architects. The foreign enterprise that won the tender for the supply of kitchen equipment revised the technological drawings before installing it.

This whole process should be led by an architect, namely an architect who participates in the complex design of an architectural object.

First of all, by and large, the immediate responsibility of the architect is to determine the two main characteristics of objects. The architect determines:

Firstly, spatial characteristics, i.e. location, actual dimensions, shape, order of division into parts and other objects of design,

Secondly, visual characteristics, its external and internal appearance, i.e. visible dimensions, shape, detailing, texture, color, illumination, etc.

In other words, the subject of architectural design is the spatial and visual characteristics of architectural objects.

They do not exist on their own, but are interconnected with all other characteristics of these objects. An architect cannot be free from constructive, technological, transport, financial, energy, engineering-geological, environmental and other complex design problems. (Example, PSU dormitory, reaction of the author of the project Yu.V. Shpit). He either participates in their solution himself, or takes into account the decisions made by allied specialists, integrating them in his creative concept.

Now consider a number of important definitions, information and concepts related to the theory of the social essence of architecture.

Question number 3. The concepts of "social", "society", "ecumene". Components of society, their mutual correspondence.

Among the many prerequisites for an architectural solution, a special place is occupied by social ones. The term "social" has several meanings:

Non-individual, relating not to one person, but to many, to a group (social security, social psychology);

Pertaining to people and to the relations between them, but not to things and objects (social and technical elements of the productive forces, the social and physical environment of a person);

Relating to the non-productive, non-economic, non-economic sphere (economic and social development plan, social development of the village, social infrastructure).

All of these values are widely used in architecture literature. In the course "Social Foundations of Architectural Design", the word social, in addition to those listed, is given a different, broader meaning: "social" means public, i.e. everything that belongs to society is considered social (from the Latin “socialis” - public, connected with the life and relations of people in society).

The concept of "society" is also ambiguous; it is used in various meanings: a society of hunters and fishermen, high society, civil society, etc. This term has the broadest meaning in philosophy, where "society" is considered as a part of the objective world relatively isolated from nature, which functions and develops under the influence of man. The root cause of the separation of society from nature is human activity. In this sense, the social is "non-natural", more precisely, "the former natural, transformed by human activity." It is this interpretation that is most important for this course.

As a part of the objective world isolated from nature, society includes many different phenomena and processes. People and relations between them, production, science, culture, cars, household items, arable land, parks, domestic animals, i.e. everything that is involved in the orbit of human activity is society.

The main components of society are:

The population of the earth

human life activity, i.e. processes of direct interaction of the population with the environment;

the human environment, i.e. all those things, substances, beings, energy fields, processes that form the material conditions of human existence and with which people interact.

Society is deployed in the habitat of mankind. The Greek word ecumene (or ecumene) is used to designate this social space. The boundaries of the ecumene now include most of the earth's surface.

The constituent societies form an inseparable unity, an integral system: if people live somewhere, it means that there are processes of their life activity, the environment and space of their dwelling here. The components of this unity have a mutual influence on each other. Mankind constantly transforms the environment and the space of its habitation with its vital activity and at the same time develops itself under the influence of this activity, together with the habitat.

3 . Material levels (spheres) of society

When studying a society, three of its levels (sides, spheres) are usually distinguished: biological, economic and sociocultural.

The population of the Earth is one of the many biological species that exist on our planet. Homo sapiens. The life of any of them takes place in a habitat with certain properties - in the ecological niche of the species. An ecological niche contains such means of life (food, bioclimatic regime) that correspond to the characteristics of a given species, and does not contain those forms of matter and energy that are detrimental to it. It is able to "feed" its owner and at the same time absorb the waste of his life, including them in the natural circulation of matter and energy. A biological species cannot move to an arbitrarily chosen environment: land plants do not live under water, anaerobic bacteria do not live in the air, herd animals die or degrade alone, and so on. The biological species itself, its life processes and ecological niche form an integral, indivisible, bioecological system (bioecosystem).

Humanity also exists only in a certain ecological niche: in the air, in a warm or temperate climate, in the absence of toxins and the constant disposal of waste products. Mankind itself, its life processes and ecological niche form the biological (bioecological) level of society.

The material goods and conditions of existence that nature provides to man do not satisfy him. It also produces new benefits, a new - anthropogenic habitat (anthropo ... - the first component of compound words, denoting: related to man. Anthropogenic - means related to human activity, artificially created habitat). The production of material goods (material production) forms the economic, or economic, level of society, at which the population appears as a collective labor force, human activity - as the creation and use of material goods, the environment - as a set of material goods. In contrast to the bioecological level, the economic level is actually social: in the animal world there is nothing resembling an economy.

The socio-cultural level of society is formed by culture. At this level, humanity acts as a creator and carrier of information, human life activity - as a process of comprehending nature and accumulating information, habitat - as a set of material means of creating, fixing, storing, transmitting information.

Now more about culture.

4 . The concept of "culture". TOultra ordinary and special

Interacting with their environment, deliberately changing it, people reveal the secrets of reality and try to transform it.

Interacting with each other, they transmit to each other information about the discoveries made, inventions and the experience gained, which is gradually fixed, first of all, in signs that have a certain meaning and significance for everyone. Sign systems can be both natural (facial expressions, gestures, intonation, etc.) and created in the process of transforming reality (speech, writing, conditional light, sound, graphic signals and indicators, symbols, the “language” of things, rites and rituals, specific “languages” of religion, art, science, etc.). Sign systems allow you to fix a variety of information, organize it, give it a compact form that is convenient for transmission, storage, relatively quick understanding and development. The information obtained by one generation is passed on to the next generations in the form of “ready-made” knowledge, which creates a springboard for a deeper penetration into the secrets of being.

Culture is information accumulated by many generations, collective (social) experience. The ability to unrestricted accumulation of socio-cultural experience, to an ever deeper and more complete disclosure and mastery of reality, i.e. to the boundless development of culture - the main thing that makes a person a man, distinguishes him from the animal world.

Culture can be divided into ordinary and special.

Ordinary culture permeates the daily life of every person, every group of people. It is embodied in everyday knowledge, skills, habits, traditions, beliefs, myths, legends, customs, traditions, norms and rules of behavior, beliefs, worldview, world outlook, properties of things used by people in everyday life.

The main purpose of a special culture is to receive, consolidate, store, and transmit information. Special culture is art, science, religion, education, mass communications and other areas of human activity.

5 . Hierarchy of levels of society

The initial, directly natural, “lower” level is considered to be the bioecological level of society. Sociocultural, on the contrary, is classified as a target, actually human, "higher". The economic level occupies an intermediate position.

All levels of society are interconnected, interdependent, intertwined with each other. Culture actively influences the course of life processes and the efficiency of social production. Both economy and culture can exist only because people are representatives of a biological species. In the process of production, humanity reveals the secrets of nature, expands the boundaries of knowledge, acquires a new socio-cultural experience. The development of the economy determines the possibilities of meeting the natural biological needs of people, maintaining their health and preserving life. It is economic growth, despite all the difficulties and contradictions of the historical process, that leads through the accumulation of material goods to an increase in the life expectancy of most individuals, opens up opportunities for them to actively engage in a special culture.

How is the theory of levels of society used?

architectural planning urban planning complex

6 . Usageinformation about the components and levels of society in architectural design

Architectural design necessarily takes into account all three levels of society. At the same time, bioecological, economic and socio-cultural characteristics, as well as information about all components of society: the population of human life, habitat, are considered simultaneously and in interconnection. An architectural object is designed both as an element of a biological niche, and as a material good, and as a cultural phenomenon, a material carrier of information. Let's take any building as an example: it gives people shelter from the weather (biological level), is itself a material good and organizes space for activities to create and use material goods (economic level). In addition, any building contributes to the organization of activities in accordance with certain cultural canons, and its appearance "tells" a lot to those who see it. It attracts or repels a person, creates a certain mood in a person (sociocultural level).

At the same time, changing the properties of an object at one level inevitably changes its properties at others. So, say, large windows designed for beauty or fashion for the sake of, they can worsen or improve the microclimate of the premises (biological level), increase or decrease the cost of construction and operation of the building (economic level).

As mentioned, architectural design also uses information about all components of society: about the population, groups of people, an individual, human life, environment and habitat. When designing any architectural object - from a fountain to a settlement system - an architect takes into account who will use this object, what these people will do, what subject and climatic environment will be required by the consumers of the object, in what place of the ecumene the object will be built.

Information about society as a whole, its components, bioecological, economic, sociocultural characteristics of these components are used by architects to justify spatial and visual solutions. The totality of such information forms the social prerequisites, or the social foundations of architectural design, i.e. the subject of this discipline.

When determining the social prerequisites, the architect does not have direct assistants - designing sociologists, sociopsychologists, ethnographers, teachers. He himself predicts the future social reality and ensures that the spatial and visual characteristics of the designed architectural objects correspond to this forecast. Its decisions determine the living conditions of future consumers and thus influence social processes. For this influence to be positive, the architect must anticipate the social consequences of his decisions and take those that contribute to the achievement of the goals of proper social development. This requires extensive and varied knowledge about society as a whole, about the functioning and development of specific social systems, the ability to receive social information (from relevant specialists or independently).

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Architectural plan of the house. architectural styles

Title page of the project.

Project visualization.

Common data.

General instructions for masonry

Insolation scheme

General plan or scheme of the planning organization of the relief.

Masonry floor plans.

Floor plans.

Roof plan.

Facades of the house.

Details of walls or sections along walls.

Ventilation ducts and chimneys.

Explication of walls and bill of materials.

Scheme of window blocks and doors.