Subsidy conventions. On the delimitation of the possessions of Russia and Great Britain in North America Russian-English Convention
Fort Ross in 1828. Source - Fort Ross State Historic Park Photo Archives
1825 On February 28 (February 16, old style), a convention was signed between Russia and England delimiting spheres of influence in North America
“Convention between Russia and Great Britain concerning the delimitation of their possessions in North America (in British Columbia).Place of signing: St. Petersburg.
Composition of the convention: Preamble and 12 articles.
Language of the document: Compiled in Russian and French.
Authorized parties:
From Russia: Karl-Robert Vasilyevich Nesselrode, Manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Petr Ivanovich Poletika, commissioner for the conclusion of the convention.
From England: Charles Stratford Canning, member of the Privy Council, envoy. Terms of the agreement:
1. A border line was established separating the British possessions from the Russian possessions on the western coast of North America, adjacent to the Alaska Peninsula, so that the border ran along the entire length of the coastline belonging to Russia, from 54° north latitude. to 60° N latitude, at a distance of 10 miles from the edge of the ocean, taking into account all the bends of the coast.
Thus, the line of the Russian-British border in this place was not straight (as was the case with the border line of Alaska and British Columbia), but extremely winding.
2. The delimitation convention, along with territorial border issues, included, as was the case in other British international legal acts with Russia, purely economic issues:
A) The rules of Russian-English trade in North America were determined.
B) Rules for navigation were established along the Russian-American coast, in Russian territorial waters for English ships, which received the same benefits as Russian shipowners.
C) Fishing rules were determined for Russian and British subjects in the Russian coastal regions of Alaska and the North American West Coast, in the waters of the Russian colonies and in the Aleutians.
Ratified by: Russia:
Note:
Alaska and the coastal strip of the Pacific coast of North America from 54" to 60° N latitude belonged at that time to the North American Russian Company. The company, which did not have any border with British Columbia, owned only the edge of the coast and did not develop the territory inland, and6 about this was obstructed by the Rocky Mount ridge, which ran almost parallel to the ocean coast, at different points moving 11-24 miles from the water's edge. It was behind the Rocky Mountains that British Columbia lay, so it was believed among the Russian colonists and local residents. that the border between these two possessions of different states is a natural border - the peaks of the Rocky Mountains, the western slopes of which were in the area of Russian possessions, and the eastern - British. Moreover, the Russian side never made an attempt to cross the Rocky Mountains, although for almost half a century. there was a completely deserted area.
Since the beginning of the 20s of the XIX century. The English government tried to seize the coastal territory being developed by the Company. This suggested to the Company's leaders the need to establish the border between Russian and British possessions. At the same time, the Company believed that such a border would have to follow a natural boundary - the ridge of the Rocky Mountains and therefore its establishment would not present any difficulties. It was this that was brought to the attention of Alexander 1, their shareholder, by the leaders of the Company when Russian-English negotiations on the delimitation of the possessions of both states in North America began in St. Petersburg (February 17-21 / March 1-4, 1825).
However, the British side stubbornly refused to draw the border along natural boundaries and demanded that it be established at a distance of exactly 10 miles from the water's edge at all points of the Russian coastal territory, which, given the extremely winding line of the local shores, created such an inconvenient, pretentious and long border line that it was simply impossible to demarcate technically, nor practically to observe and protect. The obvious absurdity and deliberate hostility of the English demand regarding the border line prompted the Company's leadership to appeal directly to the Tsar with an urgent request not to resolve this issue formally and not to comply with the British demands.
Despite this, Alexander 1, according to the report of E.F. Kankrin and K.V. Nesselrode, ordered to submit to the demands of the British representatives at the negotiations and, in addition, strictly reprimanded the directors of the North American Russian Company for the fact that they, being merchants, dare to meddle not in their own, but in state political affairs, and pointed out to them that they have the right to go beyond purely commercial, trade and financial issues in their activities<…>
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| Anglo-Russian Convention (1825) | |
|---|---|
| Signing date | February 16 (February 28), 1825 |
| - place | Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire |
| Entry into force | March 3 (March 15), 1825 |
| Signed | Charles Stratford-Canning, Karl Vasilievich Nesselrode, Pyotr Ivanovich Poletika |
| Parties | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Russian Empire Russian Empire |
| Languages | Russian, French |
Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825 or St. Petersburg Treaty on the North American Boundary of 1825(French: Traité de Saint-Pétersbourg en 1825 année) - a convention between Russia and Great Britain on the delimitation of their possessions in North America (in British Columbia).
Language of the document: The Agreement is drawn up in Russian and French.
Terms of the agreement
1. A border line was established separating the possessions of Britain; the border ran along the ridge of the Rocky Mountains, the western slopes of which were in the area of Russian possessions, and the eastern slopes of the British.
2. The delimitation convention, along with territorial border issues, included, as was the case in other British international legal acts with Russia, purely economic issues:
See also
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Notes
Sources
- V.V. Pokhlebkin. Foreign policy of Rus', Russia and the USSR for 1000 years in names, dates, facts. Directory. - International relations, 1995. - 782 p. - 10,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7133-0801-4.
- Text of the convention in and languages
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Excerpt characterizing the Anglo-Russian Convention (1825)
- I? - Nikolai said, remembering; - you see, at first I thought that Rugai, the red male, looked like his uncle and that if he were a man, he would still keep his uncle with him, if not for the race, then for the frets, he would have kept everything. How nice he is, uncle! Isn't it true? - Well, what about you?- I? Wait, wait. Yes, at first I thought that we were driving and we thought that we were going home, and God knows where we were going in this darkness and suddenly we would arrive and see that we were not in Otradny, but in a magical kingdom. And then I also thought... No, nothing more.
“I know, I was right about him,” Nikolai said, smiling, as Natasha recognized by the sound of his voice.
“No,” Natasha answered, although at the same time she really was thinking about Prince Andrei, and about how he would like his uncle. “And I keep repeating, I repeat all the way: how well Anisyushka performed, well...” said Natasha. And Nikolai heard her ringing, causeless, happy laughter.
“You know,” she suddenly said, “I know that I will never be as happy and calm as I am now.”
“This is nonsense, nonsense, lies,” said Nikolai and thought: “What a charm this Natasha is! I don’t have and never will have such another friend. Why should she get married, everyone would go with her!”
“What a charm this Nikolai is!” thought Natasha. - A! there’s still a fire in the living room,” she said, pointing to the windows of the house, which shone beautifully in the wet, velvety darkness of the night.
Count Ilya Andreich resigned from the leadership because this position was associated with too much expense. But things didn’t improve for him. Often Natasha and Nikolai saw secret, restless negotiations between their parents and heard talk about the sale of a rich, ancestral Rostov house and a house near Moscow. Without a leader there was no need to have such a large reception, and Otradnensky life was conducted more quietly than in previous years; but the huge house and outbuildings were still full of people, and more people still sat down at the table. All these were people who had settled into the house, almost members of the family, or those who, it seemed, had to live in the count’s house. These were Dimmler - a musician with his wife, Yogel - a dance teacher with his family, the old lady Belova, who lived in the house, and many others: Petya's teachers, the young ladies' former governess and simply people who were better or more profitable to live with the count than at home. There was not such a big visit as before, but the course of life was the same, without which the count and countess could not imagine life. There was the same hunting, even increased by Nikolai, the same 50 horses and 15 coachmen in the stable, the same expensive gifts on name day, and ceremonial dinners for the entire district; the same count whists and bostons, for which he, throwing out cards to everyone, allowed himself to be beaten by hundreds every day by his neighbors, who looked at the right to form Count Ilya Andreich’s game as the most profitable lease.
The Count, as if in a huge snare, walked about his affairs, trying not to believe that he was entangled and with each step becoming more and more entangled and feeling unable either to break the nets that entangled him or to carefully, patiently begin to untangle them. The Countess felt with a loving heart that her children were going bankrupt, that the Count was not to blame, that he could not be different from what he was, that he himself was suffering (although he hid it) from the consciousness of his own and his children’s ruin, and she was looking for means to help the cause. From her female point of view, there was only one remedy - Nikolai's marriage to a rich bride. She felt that this was the last hope, and that if Nikolai refused the match she had found for him, she would have to say goodbye forever to the opportunity to improve matters. This party was Julie Karagina, the daughter of a beautiful, virtuous mother and father, known to the Rostovs from childhood, and now a rich bride on the occasion of the death of the last of her brothers.
Introduction
Anglo-Russian Convention of 1825 - a convention between Russia and Great Britain on the delimitation of their possessions in North America (in British Columbia).
1. Terms of agreement
1. A border line was established separating British possessions from Russian possessions on the western coast of North America adjacent to Alaska so that the border ran along the entire length of the coastline belonging to Russia, from 54° north latitude. to 60° N latitude, at a distance of 10 miles from the edge of the ocean, taking into account all the bends of the coast. Thus, the line of the Russian-British border in this place was not straight (as was the case with the border line of Alaska and the then Northwest Territories), but extremely winding.
2. The delimitation convention, along with territorial border issues, included, as was the case in other British international legal acts with Russia, purely economic issues:
The rules of Russian-English trade in North America were determined.
Rules for navigation off the Russian-American coast, in Russian territorial waters, were established for English ships, which received the same benefits as Russian shipowners.
Fishing rules were determined for Russian and British subjects in the Russian coastal regions of Alaska and the North American West Coast, in the waters of the Russian colonies and in the Aleutians.
References:
Hrono.ru On the delimitation of the possessions of Russia and Great Britain in North America
Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-Russian_convention_(1825)
On the delimitation of the possessions of Russia and Great Britain in North America
Convention between Russia and Great Britain concerning the delimitation of their possessions in North America (in British Columbia).
Place of signing: St. Petersburg.
Composition of the convention: Preamble and 12 (I-XIII articles.
Language of the document: Compiled in Russian and French.
Authorized parties:
From Russia: Karl-Robert Vasilievich Nesselrode, DTS Manager of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Petr Ivanovich Poletika, DSS, authorized to conclude the convention.
From England: Charles Stratford Canning, member of the Privy Council, envoy. Terms of the agreement:
1. A border line was established separating the British possessions from the Russian possessions on the western coast of North America, adjacent to the Alaska Peninsula, so that the border ran along the entire length of the coastline belonging to Russia, from 54° north latitude. to 60° N, at a distance of 10 miles from the edge of the ocean, taking into account all the bends of the coast.
Thus, the line of the Russian-British border in this place was not straight (as was the case with the border line of Alaska and British Columbia), but extremely winding.
2. The delimitation convention, along with territorial border issues, included, as was the case in other British international legal acts with Russia, purely economic issues:
a) The rules of Russian-English trade in North America were determined.
b) Rules for navigation along the Russian-American coast, in Russian territorial waters, were established for English ships, which received the same benefits as Russian shipowners.
c) Fishing rules were determined for Russian and British subjects in the Russian coastal regions of Alaska and the North American West Coast, in the waters of the Russian colonies and in the Aleutians.
Ratified by: Russia:
Place of ratification: St. Petersburg.
Note:
Alaska and the coastal strip of the Pacific coast of North America from 54" to 60° N latitude belonged at that time to the North American Russian Company. The company, which did not have any border with British Columbia, owned only the edge of the coast and did not develop the territory inland, and6 about this was obstructed by the Rocky Mount ridge (Stone Mountains) *, which ran almost parallel to the ocean coast, at different points moving 11-24 miles from the water's edge. It was behind the Rocky Mountains that British Columbia lay, so among the Russian colonists, and even local residents, it was believed that the border between these two possessions of different states was a natural border - the peaks of the Rocky Mountains, the western slopes of which were in the area of Russian possessions, and the eastern - British. At the same time, the Russian side never made an attempt to cross the Rocky Mountains, although for almost a long time. For half a century there was a completely deserted area.
Since the beginning of the 20s of the XIX century. The English government tried to seize the coastal territory being developed by the Company. This suggested to the Company's leaders the need to establish the border between Russian and British possessions. At the same time, the Company believed that such a border would have to follow a natural boundary - the ridge of the Rocky Mountains, and therefore its establishment would not present any difficulties. It was this that was brought to the attention of Alexander 1, their shareholder, by the leaders of the Company when Russian-English negotiations on the delimitation of the possessions of both states in North America began in St. Petersburg (February 17-21 / March 1-4, 1825).
However, the British side stubbornly refused to draw the border along natural boundaries and demanded that it be established at a distance of exactly 10 miles from the water's edge at all points of the Russian coastal territory, which, given the extremely winding line of the local shores, created such an inconvenient, pretentious and long border line that it was simply impossible to demarcate technically, nor practically to observe and protect. The obvious absurdity and deliberate hostility of the English demand regarding the border line prompted the Company's leadership to appeal directly to the Tsar with an urgent request not to resolve this issue formally and not to comply with the British demands.
Despite this, Alexander 1, according to the report of E.F. Kankrin and K.V. Nesselrode, ordered to submit to the demands of the British representatives at the negotiations and, in addition, strictly reprimanded the directors of the North American Russian Company for the fact that they, being merchants, dare to meddle not in their own, but in state political affairs, and pointed out to them that they have the right to go beyond purely commercial, trade and financial issues in their activities.
Thus, to please the British, Alexander 1, in fact, capitulated to the most arrogant, unmotivated demands of English diplomacy, demonstrating Russia’s complete submission to the British mistress of the seas. One of the “solutions” to this amazing compliance of the Russian emperor to the British is the fact that England “helped” the tsar to pay in 1815 interest on those loans that tsarism, starting with Catherine II, made from Dutch and English bankers, but in connection with emergency military expenses in the period 1812-1815. was forced to default on interest payments. In this situation, the English government agreed “magnanimously,” but far from disinterestedly, to vouch for the crowned Russian “debtor” to the British and Dutch moneybags; this forced tsarism to concede “as a sign of gratitude” to the territorial demands of the British crown.
Thus, the blood of Russian soldiers shed in the interests of England during the 1799 expedition to Holland (see France, Anglo-Russian Expedition) was nothing, and the Russian Tsar obsequiously bowed to the English bankers for the fact that he was temporarily given a reprieve in payment of interest on foreign loans.
So in the 19th century. the beginning of Russia's strong financial dependence on the capitalist West was laid - a line of foreign policy that ultimately led Russia to defeat in the Crimean War, and then to participation in the First World War on the side of England and France.
Ratification:
* Modern place name: Rocky Mountains.
Materials from the book were used: V.V. Pokhlebkin Foreign policy of Rus', Russia and the USSR for 1000 years in names, dates, facts. Issue II Book 1
(Svitiod, Svearike, Sveia land, Svea kingdom, Swedish crown, Sweden)
and the Russian state
(Novgorod Republic, Moscow Grand Duchy. Moscow Kingdom, Russian Empire)
in the XIII-XIX centuries. (1142-1874)
V.V. Pokhlebkin.
E. RUSSIAN-SWEDISH BORDER RELATIONS AND COMPLETION OF PEACE TREATIES IN THE 19th century. (1810-1874)
In development of the terms of the Friedrichsham Treaty and in addition to it, the following Russian-Swedish agreements were concluded:
1. Treaty on the Russian-Swedish border of 1810
2. Additional act to the Friedrichsham Peace Treaty (1817).
3. Second Torneo Boundary Convention of 1821
4. Russian-Swedish trade agreement of 1838. Of these acts, the first three directly relate to border and territorial issues. They are therefore discussed and given below.
RUSSIAN-SWEDISH BORDER AGREEMENT 1810
The demarcation act concluded between Russia and Sweden in 1810
Russian-Swedish delimitation convention of 1810
Torneo Treaty on the Russian-Swedish border.
Russian-Swedish border treaty in Torneo.
Torneo Border Treaty of 1810
Composition of the agreement: preamble and 8 (I-VIII) articles.
Concluded on the basis of Art. V Treaty of Friedrichsham.
Language of the document: compiled in 2 copies. in Russian and French. Both texts are authentic.
Validity period: unlimited.
Entry into force: from the moment of ratification.
Conditions for ratification: ratification must be made no later than 30 days (month) from the date of signature. The exchange of instruments of ratification must take place in Torneo.
Ratified by Russia:
Place of ratification: St. Petersburg.
Ratified by Sweden:
Date of ratification (?)
Place of ratification (?)
Exchange date (?)
Place of exchange: Torneo.
Authorized parties:
authorized commissioners for border delimitation.
From Russia:
Peter Engelman, Colonel of the General Staff; Barov Pavel Andreevich Nikolai, collegiate adviser of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs.
From Sweden:
Baron Gustav Boyer, Colonel, Royal Adjutant General, Peter Adolf Ekorn, Lieutenant Governor of Norrbotten, Lagman.
Terms of the agreement:
1. Points are determined on the line of the Russian-Swedish border from the junction of three borders (Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish/Russian) in Kuokimuotka to the mouth of the river. Torneo (from north to south) and further along the Gulf of Bothnia, in the middle of the Kvarken Straits and the Åland Sea (Alandsgaf), so that the Åland Islands and their outermost island in the west, Signalsjær, remain south of the maritime border and are the outermost possessions of Russia in the west.
The entire border line was drawn mainly along water boundaries - rivers, rivulets, lakes and channels, and then along sea waters.
2. Due to the fact that the possessions of local residents were located on both sides of the water border lines, the 3-year period for the redistribution of possessions provided for in the Treaty of Friedrichsham was extended to 5 years due to the complexity of local conditions.
3. The procedure for collecting annual taxes from mixed border possessions was determined: after 5 years - 48 kopecks or 8 skillings.
4. The right of local residents to visit the churches of their old parishes was determined, even if they were now located abroad, i.e. on the other bank of one of the main border rivers - Munno or Torneo (for 3 years).
5. Ensuring for 100 years the traditional right to catch salmon in the river. Torneo for residents of both banks. (The first time such a right was granted by the Swedish king was on September 13, 1791)
6. The traditional extradition of defectors across the border who committed crimes was confirmed in Russian-Swedish relations.
ADDITIONAL ACT TO THE FRIEDRICHSHAM TREATUE (1817)
Additional treaty to the Treaty of Friedrichsham.
Petersburg supplement 1817
Additional agreement to the Friedrichsham Peace Treaty.
Composition of the act: preamble and 17 (I-ХVII) articles.
Language of the document: compiled in 2 copies. in Russian and French.
Duration: 8 years, counting from the beginning of 1818.
Conditions of ratification: ratification and exchange of instruments of ratification must be carried out no later than two months from the date of signing the act in Moscow.
Ratification:
Date of ratification (?)
Place ratification (?) Sweden:
Date of ratification (?)
Place of ratification (?)
Exchange of instruments of ratification:
Exchange date (?)
Exchange place (?)
Authorized parties:
From Russia:
Count Karl Robert Nesselrode, TS, Secretary of State, Governor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chamberlain.
From Sweden:
Count Karl Axel Levenhjelm, lieutenant general, Swedish envoy in St. Petersburg, chamber cadet.
Terms of the agreement: adopted in development and on the basis of Art. XVII Treaty of Friedrichsham.
1. In connection with the accession of Finland to Russia, and to Sweden - Norway, the treaty extended to Norway and in some cases even expanded the trade and economic benefits that Sweden received in Finland under the Treaty of Friedrichsham. Accordingly, the Finns received the same rights that they had under the treaty of 1809 in Sweden, and from 1818 on the territory of Norway.
2. The St. Petersburg supplement opened up wide opportunities for Sweden and Norway in terms of re-exporting those European goods that were prohibited from being imported into Russia across the German border or were subject to high duties. In the case of importing the same goods (English, French, German) from Norway or Sweden directly to Finland, all prohibitions regarding them were lifted. An exception was made only for two goods: vodka and saltpeter; they could neither be exported from Finland nor imported into it (both goods were subject to a state monopoly in Russia).
3. Sea communications between Sweden, Norway and Finland were completely restored and made free. Pilotage, lighthouse and other traditional maritime dues remained the same for all Scandinavian countries and were paid to local, Scandinavian general departments.
4. Lists of traditional goods with duty-free or mutually minimal and equal duty fees were established: firewood, resin, tar, hemp, flax, linen, lard, candles from Finland and Russia, on the one hand, and herring, dried cod, alum, perment from Sweden and Norway - on the other.
5. The amount of Russian bread purchased by Sweden and Norway on preferential terms increased sharply: from 50 thousand quarters to 200 thousand quarters of rye (duty-free!) and without the exception of lean years, as stipulated in the Treaty of Friedrichsham. In addition, Norway could export another 25 thousand quarters of rye from the White Sea ports, so that the total amount of export could extend up to 225 thousand quarters of grain annually.
6. The traditional barter trade of Russian Pomors with Norway was legalized, but its time was extremely limited from 2 to 4 weeks a year.
7. Mutually provided places for storing goods were established in port cities: in Stockholm, Christiaisand, Gammarfest (special) and in Karlshamn, Gothenburg, Landskrona (regular) in exchange for the same in St. Petersburg, Reval, Riga, Abo and Helsingfors. Gammarfest harbor was provided for Russian Pomors with the right to low customs duties - up to 2% instead of 10% (usual for other countries). But the duty on Norwegian blubber in Russia was reduced by half.
RUSSIAN-SWEDISH CONVENTION OF 1821 ON THE DIVISION OF REAL ESTATE ON BOTH SIDE OF THE RUSSIAN-SWEDISH BORDER
Second Torneo Convention between Russia and Sweden. Convention between Russia and Sweden in Torneo 1821
Place of signing: Torneo (Tornio), Finland.
Composition of the convention: preamble and 9 articles.
Language of the document: compiled in 2 copies. - in Russian and French. Both texts are authentic.
Duration of validity: similar to the period of validity defined in the Treaty of Friedrichsham of 1809 and the Distinctive Convention of Torneo of 1810, in continuation and development of which this convention is concluded.
Entry into force: from the date of exchange of instruments of ratification.
Conditions for ratification: ratification and exchange of instruments of ratification no later than 4 months from the date of signing the convention.
Ratification:
Date of ratification (?)
Place of ratification (?)
Date of ratification (?)
Place of ratification (?)
Exchange of instruments of ratification:
Exchange date (?)
Exchange place (?)
Authorized parties:
From Russia:
Herman Vernhjelm, colonel of the second Finnish regiment.
From Sweden:
Gustav Peyron, colonel of the General Staff, commander of the Jämtland Jaeger Regiment, head of the office of the royal adjutant general.
Terms of the convention:
1. Established firm rules for the exchange (exchange), division and sale of real estate of private individuals located on both sides of the Russian-Swedish border.
2. Determined the jurisdiction of civil and criminal cases to the relevant judicial districts of Russia and Sweden in the border areas.
3. Set deadlines for the completion of all cases with the settlement of property relations in the border region no later than 3 years from the date of ratification of the convention and determined the target date for preliminary testing of completed transactions - June 1823.
4. Determined the deadline for the start of the installation of border pillars on the Russian-Swedish border - August 1823.
The historical significance of the end of the era of the Russian-Swedish wars
1. Thus, the long era of Russian-Swedish wars and peace treaties, which actually began in the 10th century. and recorded in documents from the end of the 12th century, finally ended in the first quarter of the 19th century, during the reign of Alexander I, under whom and on whose initiative the last Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809 took place. and the last Russian-Swedish peace treaty and accompanying documents (additional protocols, border conventions) were signed, ending this war in an international legal manner in the early 20s. XIX century (1821-1823).
This was a great, epochal event for its time and for European history of the first quarter of the 19th century, despite the fact that just at that time the Napoleonic wars and the redrawing of the political map of Europe took place, which excited countries and peoples for a whole century to come and distracted attention of the governments of all states and their peoples from all other events of that time.
But for Russia, even after the epoch-making Patriotic War of 1812-1814, the cessation of wars in the north-west, which for almost 700 years continuously served as a source of instability in the Russian state and occupied the second most important place in the history of Russia after the Tatar-Mongol yoke as a factor external pressure on Rus', this Event still remained significant from the point of view of state power. That is why Nicholas I did something sensational both for Russia and... for Europe, a visit to Sweden in 1838, in order to thus emphasize that a new era had begun in the country’s foreign policy, or at least that the previous foreign policy direction bequeathed by Peter I to the Russian monarchy had gone forever: to cut a window to Europe in the north-west and keep the sword drawn against the danger from the northwest.
Nicholas I began a new direction, or rather, continued again the old direction of Russian foreign policy, abandoned by Peter, but resumed by Catherine II - to the south against the Ottoman Porte and other countries from the south-west to the south-east.
It was on this path, in this direction that erupted in the 19th century. all new wars in Russia: Russian-Turkish, Russian-Persian, Russian-Khiva, Russian-Bukhara, Russian-Kokand and even Russian-English and Russian-French. They became possible in many ways precisely because there were no “western fronts,” that Russia no longer had to fear a “second front” or fight on “two fronts.”
Such was the historical significance of the cessation in the first quarter of the 19th century. wars with Sweden.
2. As is known, the provisions of the Stolbovo Peace Treaty of 1617, which were difficult and humiliating for Russia, were eliminated after Russia’s victorious war against Sweden in 1700-1721. and enshrined in the terms of the Nystadt Peace Treaty of 1721, which ended the Northern War.
However, among the articles of the Stolbovsky Peace, which concerned the restoration in 1617 of Russian-Swedish trade, disrupted by the Polish and Swedish intervention of 1607-1618, was Art. XV, which interpreted the continuation of the activities of merchants of both countries in the capitals of both states, i.e. in Moscow and Stockholm, and the preservation of the trading yards that existed since the 16th century. This clause of the Stolbovo Peace was not abolished in 1721, and Russian-Swedish trade, and with it the territories of trading yards in both capitals that belonged to the merchant communities of both states, continued to function throughout the entire 18th century, and then in the first half of the 19th century. V. on the basis of reciprocity. However, this situation could only last as long as both in Sweden and in Russia foreign trade operations were actually under the control and patronage of the state and the territories of trading yards belonged, in essence, not to merchant companies, but to states, respectively constituting part of the Swedish territory in Moscow and Russian territory in Stockholm, similar to the embassy extraterritorial areas.
With the development of capitalism in Sweden and Russia, the question arose about the ownership of this extraterritorial real estate to the cities on whose territory these trading yards were located, while the private entrepreneurial merchant activity of various Russian and Swedish companies no longer needed the conditions of a capitalist economy, neither state patronage nor territorial attachment to a certain quarter in the capitals of Sweden and Russia. It was the awareness of this fact that was the reason that the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at the urgent request of the Swedish side, finally drew attention to the protracted actual preservation of Art. XV of the Stolbovo Treaty and decided in 1874 to abolish this archaic relic of the 17th century. in Russian-Swedish relations, about which a corresponding agreement was concluded.
This was the last international legal document regulating Russian-Swedish relations on territorial issues.
RUSSIAN-SWEDISH DECLARATION ON THE MUTUAL EXCHANGE OF LAND OWNED BY SWEDISH IN MOSCOW AND OWNED BY RUSSIA IN STOCKHOLM (1874).
Russian-Swedish declaration on the termination of Art. XV Stolbovo Peace Treaty of 1617 in 1874. Declaration on the mutual transfer of urban lands: Russian - in Stockholm and Swedish - in Moscow, concluded between Russia and Sweden - Norway in 1874.
Place of signing: St. Petersburg.
Place of signing: Stockholm.
Language of the document: compiled in 2 copies. in French, with copies (translations) in Russian and Swedish. The French copies are each signed by one authorized person, and then these copies are exchanged during the deed of transfer of real estate.
Authorized parties:
From Russia:
V.I. Westman, Governor of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, TS.
From Sweden:
Oscar Magnus Frederik Björnstjerna, Major General, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sweden - Norway, MP. I Chamber of the Riksdag from Stockholm.
Terms of the agreement (declaration):
1. Due to the fact that the plots of land and buildings on them, allocated under the terms of the Stolbovo Peace Treaty of February 27, 1617, for trading yards and warehouses of goods, respectively, for Russian merchants in Stockholm and Swedish merchants in Moscow, no longer correspond to what was intended for them according to Art. XV Stolbovo Peace Treaty, both parties decided to terminate this article.
2. Due to the termination of Art. XV Russia cedes its rights to real estate in Stockholm in exchange for the cession of the same rights to Sweden to real estate in Moscow.
3. The specified mutual transfer of lands in the capitals of both powers is not associated with any assessment or compensation, but is carried out mutually free of charge.
Note:
Thus, from a formal point of view, the Stolbovo Peace Treaty of 1617 finally ceased to be valid for Russia not in 1721, as is written in all textbooks on the history of Russia, but on October 1, 1874, i.e. 257 years after his imprisonment.
Part 6