Work on electroplating is harmful to health. Is the processing of electroplating parts harmful to health?

Metallic zinc and its compounds are used in industry. Zinc oxide ZnO is used as a pigment for white paints, in the production of rubber, glass, ceramics, matches, dental cement, cosmetics, as well as a rubber filler and in electroforming.

ZnO can also be present in working rooms in the form of a highly dispersed condensation aerosol during technical processes associated with heating zinc above its melting point. Zinc chloride and sulfate are used for wood preservation, in the pulp and paper industry, in the production of viscose fiber, zinc mineral paints, as a flux in hot-dip galvanizing, tinning, and soldering.

Metallic zinc and its compounds in industrial conditions enter the body mainly through the respiratory system and partly through the digestive tract as a result of ingestion of dust. The most studied is the toxic effect of zinc vapor and fine aerosol, which are formed during the melting of zinc oxide metal. When they are inhaled in significant concentrations, prof. disease - the so-called zinc, or foundry fever. Soluble zinc salts have a significant cauterizing effect on the skin and mucous membranes.

In chronic poisoning with zinc oxide, atrophic and subatrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, hypochromic anemia, zhel-kish can develop. disorders, sleep disturbances, increased fatigue, tinnitus, hearing loss. With prolonged exposure to zinc oxide dust on the human body, the development of slowly progressive pneumoconiosis is possible. With prolonged inhalation of zinc oxide dust in significant concentrations, moderate phenomena of pneumosclerosis and pulmonary emphysema develop, less often - small-spotted dissemination due to the deposition of radiopaque dust of zinc oxide in the lungs; possible urobilinuria and porphyrinuria. On the back of the hands (mostly) noted irritation and ulceration of the skin.

The clinical picture of chronic poisoning with zinc chloride is associated with its sharply irritating effect on the mucous membranes and on the skin, up to the development of dermatitis, as well as a slightly allergenic effect on the body. Inhalation of zinc chloride smoke causes coughing, nausea, inflammation in the upper respiratory tract, bronchi, and lungs. In severe cases, perforation of the nasal septum is possible.

Zinc sulfate and stearate also have an irritating effect. Dry zinc sulfate and its concentrated solutions cause ulceration of the skin of the hands, especially their dorsal surface, similar to the so-called bird's eyes. Experimental data on the oncogenic effect of zinc and its compounds have been obtained.

Acute poisoning with zinc compounds has been reported from inhalation of high concentrations of zinc oxide (for example, when metallic zinc is heated above its melting point). The victims develop a sweetish taste in the mouth, after 1-5 hours there is intense thirst, painful tightness in the chest, dry cough, chills and other signs of foundry fever. Inhalation of zinc chloride aerosol may cause pulmonary edema.

In case of poisoning with soluble zinc salts through the mouth, the victims also notice a metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, and salivation are observed. a burn of the mucous membrane of the mouth, esophagus, and stomach develops; vomiting with blood appears; abdominal pain; With a longer course of poisoning, acute renal failure develops.

Treatment of zinc poisoning

First aid and emergency therapy for acute poisoning with soluble zinc salts, especially when they are taken orally, consists in washing the stomach through a tube with a 3% sodium bicarbonate solution or 2% tannin solution, prescribing unithiol, intravenous administration of glucose with ascorbic acid, calcium chloride, drinking alkaline mineral waters, warm milk, mucous decoctions, the appointment of saline laxatives. In case of inhalation poisoning with zinc and its compounds, prednisolone or other glucocorticoids are used.

Further treatment, as well as the treatment of chronic poisoning with zinc and its compounds, is symptomatic.

Prevention of poisoning with zinc and its compounds consists in the mechanization and sealing of processes associated with the melting of non-ferrous metals and other works, the creation of rational local and general ventilation, the use of personal protective equipment - respirators, industrial gas masks. protective ointments or greasy creams, etc., washing hands with alkaline solutions.

Of course, it is easier to drain everything into the nearest body of water or bury it in the forest, if we are talking about 50 liters or 10 kg per year. But if it is tens of cubic meters per week or tons per month? How aware are we of this (here should mention our right to know the amount of damage and receive compensation for it)? As a result, we have hundreds of tons of toxic waste. Why are they harmful? Most IMTs are carcinogenic, which means they cause cancer. They accumulate in the body and leave it very slowly. Chromium, for example, is able to be absorbed even through the skin and exhibits a carcinogenic effect in extremely low concentrations. Here we note that the most harmful is hexavalent chromium - the main component of chromium plating electrolytes, as well as zinc passivation. But the harm of ITM is not limited to this. And she completely removed all the reagents with their subsequent disposal, as well as the demolition and cleaning of the site where the warehouse was located.

Electroplating shop

In addition, the workshop should be planned in such a way that the equipment makes up no more than 20% of its premises. There is a galvanizing workshop for working on metal coating. Harm, unfortunately, is an integral part of it. In order to work in an electroplating shop, you need to have numerous skills, and understand that danger lurks at every step.
So, what does it consist of? Harm in electroplating production It is no secret that work in the electroplating shop is associated with health hazards. That is why the state provides social guarantees for shop workers.

The galvanizing shop is really dangerous with pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. Be sure to have passages and driveways so as not to create obstacles in the process of work.

Info

At the legislative level, certain rules apply to the work of the galvanizing shop. Firstly, the rules on labor protection at enterprises and in mechanical engineering organizations approved by the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation speak of the need to clean up ventilation emissions, because harmful emissions are dangerous both for workers and for the atmosphere as a whole.

In addition, Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated August 29, 2001 No. 68n established that an inventory should be carried out every month in the electroplating shop with a complete cleaning of the equipment.

After that, a town-planning conclusion is given, substantiating the calculations made. The next step is to submit consideration of the issue of the possibility of development for public hearings. If a positive decision is made on them, the developer can proceed with the design. Until all these conditions are met, there can be no talk of any sale of the site on the territory of the plant and any construction on it.”

Nikolai Pavlov, head of the territorial department of the Rospotrebnadzor for the Saratov region in the city of Saratov: “This is nonsense. There are rules that clearly state that residential facilities cannot be located in the sanitary protection zone of operating enterprises.

Consequently, such construction cannot be carried out on the territory of the SAZ at all. The galvanizing shop is really dangerous with pollutant emissions into the atmosphere.

What will be the health of the electroplating shop operator after 3 years of work?

The designers guaranteed that no harmful substances could be found even 30-40 meters from the workshop. Naturally, I will receive all the necessary official positive conclusions.

After that, the land will begin to be sold. So I don't see any reason for concern." Vladimir Virich, chief architect of Saratov: “Any decision to change the functional purpose of a part of the plant - the construction of housing or other social infrastructure on it - can only be made after a comprehensive study of the situation and the definition of sanitary protection zones with maximum preservation of green spaces, as well as after the decision the issue of relocation of hazardous industries.

After that, the conclusion of Rospotrebnadzor is made. Next, the consideration of the scheme for summarizing transport routes and opening a view of the Volga begins.

City on the Samara River

Firstly, it is necessary that the premises in which the workshops are located, if possible, be one-story. All rooms should be as isolated as possible and have a good ventilation system, which is especially important in production that pollutes the air.

In addition, the workshop should be planned in such a way that the equipment does not make up more than 20% of its premises. What will be the health of the electroplating shop operator after 3 years of work? A simple example is membrane purification technology.

In such an installation, the main consumable element is the membrane. But where will she go after she finishes her term? It turns out that now we have to come up with an installation for the processing of used membranes.

So, if you do not use skin protection products, you can get eczema or dermatitis. Very often this phenomenon is observed in workers who deal with nickel.

Even poisoning can await workers in the electroplating shop. This can happen when hydrogen cyanide is present in production in large enough quantities.

In addition, degreasing solutions can also contribute to this. Therefore, work in the electroplating shop must be ensured in such a way as to ensure the maximum safety of workers.

This will be discussed in more detail in the next section. In particular, for greater safety, the first-aid kits of the galvanizing shop should contain more substances than in an ordinary first-aid kit: Vaseline must be present to lubricate the inside of the nose and hands when working with chromium, sodium hyposulfite solution, protective ointments, etc.

Be sure to have passages and driveways so as not to create obstacles in the process of work. At the legislative level, certain rules apply to the work of the galvanizing shop.

Firstly, the rules on labor protection at enterprises and in mechanical engineering organizations approved by the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation speak of the need to clean up ventilation emissions, because harmful emissions are dangerous both for workers and for the atmosphere as a whole. In addition, Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated August 29, 2001 No. 68n established that an inventory should be carried out every month in the electroplating shop with a complete cleaning of the equipment. At the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the activity of cleaning the systems of electroplating shops is recognized as work of increased danger (Order of Rostekhnadzor dated 18.01.2012 No. 44). Modern work in the electroplating shop should be automated as much as possible.

Is it dangerous to live near the electroplating shop

If we talk about residential premises, then according to sanitary standards, a gap from such a workshop is required at least 300 meters (!). In this case, there is no such distance. Moreover, on the very area offered for sale, until recently, there was a warehouse of life-threatening substances and materials.

Attention

As the public offer (an offer to buy something for a certain price under certain conditions) is clear, it is proposed to buy the rights to a plot that belongs to industrial lands. However, the price offered for the deal clearly does not involve the construction of warehouses and workshops.

On the contrary, it seems to be about the construction of residential buildings, shops, etc. This is the cunning of the new factory management.

• Electroplating shop
• Is it dangerous to live in a house built on the site of an electroplating shop
• What will be the health of the electroplating shop operator after 3 years of work?
• City on the Samara River
• Environmental problems of electroplating production
• Is it dangerous to live near the electroplating shop

Electroplating shop harmfulness Important Main → Ecological problems of electroplating production In modern industry, the Soviet atavism is still alive - consumer attitude to natural resources. This is noticeable even at the stage of training engineers and workers.

Unfortunately, it is believed that the capacity of nature is limitless, that it is able to absorb all the dirt and products of the vital activity of production, accumulating it in itself and sealing it forever in its depths. A kind of unlimited toilet.
Hello!! The question is very important to me. The ATE plant (Tyumen Automobile and Tractor Equipment Plant) existed for 40 years. He had a galvanizing shop. The plant went bankrupt in the 90s and was liquidated.

In early 2000, residential buildings were built on its territory. In particular, I know for sure that there were no treatment facilities and the effluents were literally for themselves.

One of the houses stands exactly on the site of the electroplating shop. Please tell me, is there a real danger to the health of residents now and how harmful is it? Thank you in advance.

Sincerely, Fedorov Pavel, Tyumen Answer. Dear Mr. Fedorov, It is definitely not possible to answer your question from afar. However, it can be assumed that there should not be any danger to the health of those living in the house.

Danger can certainly arise if someone starts growing agricultural crops.

Read about additional leave for harmful working conditions In the process of working in an electroplating shop, the following categories of harmful factors can be distinguished:

• Air pollution
• Skin damage
• Nasal mucosal lesions
• poisoning

Let's figure it out in order. It seems that one of the biggest dangers in the electroplating industry is the release of nitrogen oxides, sulfuric acid, trichlorethylene.

When working in a room for a long time, the air in which is saturated with these substances, of course, this is reflected in the internal state of the body. Associated with this is the possible damage to the nasal mucosa, especially with constant work with chromium.

What are the surcharges for harmful working conditions There is another danger associated with galvanic production. The harmfulness of aggressive substances that one has to deal with for human skin is obvious.

Moscow State Technological University "STANKIN"

Department of "Engineering Ecology and Life Safety"

EXPLANATORY NOTE

TO THE COURSE WORK ON THE DISCIPLINE

"INDUSTRIAL SANITATION AND OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE"

ON THE TOPIC: "WORKING HYGIENE IN ELECTRIC PRODUCTION"

Completed by: student of group T-7-10

Filatova V.A.

Delivery date: 12/18/2009

Checked by: Butrimova E.V.

Moscow, 2009

Introduction

Chapter 1. Galvanic production

1.1 Electroplating and plating

1.2 Hygienic characteristics of working conditions

Chapter 2. OVPF of galvanic production

2.1 OVPF when applying metal coatings

2.2 Characterization of certain harmful substances

2.3 Noise and vibration

Chapter 3. Methods and means to prevent OVPF in galvanic production

3.1 Ventilation of electroplating shops

3.2 Wastewater treatment of electroplating plants

3.3 General preventive measures

Conclusion

Application

Bibliography

INTRODUCTION

Modern galvanic production occupies one of the leading places among the air pollutants of the working area. Electroplating shops use substances, most of which are harmful. Production conditions are characterized by high humidity, a significant concentration of harmful vapors and gases, dispersed mists and electrolyte splashes. Occupational diseases (asthma, allergies, ulcers of internal organs, blindness and loss of smell) received by the service personnel in these workshops are largely associated with the exposure of a person to harmful production factors in the workplace. The main impact on human health is provided by liquid, gaseous and dust aerosols in the air of the working area. At the same time, the productivity of workers is significantly reduced and the quality of products is deteriorating. Therefore, electroplating shops are classified as hazardous areas of production, where it is necessary to constantly comply with safety precautions and safety regulations.

1. PLATED MANUFACTURING

1.1 ELECTROPLATE AND COATING

electroplating- electrolytic deposition of a thin layer of metal on the surface of a metal object to protect it from corrosion, increase wear resistance, protect against carburization, for decorative purposes, etc. The resulting galvanic coatings - deposits - must be dense, and fine-grained in structure. To achieve a fine-grained structure of deposits, it is necessary to choose the appropriate electrolyte composition, temperature regime and current density.

Metal plating- this is a great way to avoid many problems and increase the life of equipment, units and other devices. Electroplating by chromium or nickel plating requires a special manufacturing process and skilled personnel.

Electroplating is an electrochemical process in which a layer of metal is deposited on the surface of a product. A solution of salts of the deposited metal is used as an electrolyte. The product itself is the cathode, the anode is a metal plate. When current passes through an electrolyte, metal salts break down into ions. Positively charged metal ions are directed towards the cathode, resulting in metal electrodeposition.

Thickness, density, structure of electroplated coatings can be different depending on the composition of the electrolyte and the conditions of the process - temperature, current density. So, for example, by varying the ratio of these two parameters, you can get a shiny or matte chrome coating; for brilliant nickel plating, brighteners - sulfo compounds are added to the electrolyte.

Decorative coatings have a small thickness, fine-grained structure and sufficient density. To ensure the strength of adhesion of the coating to the product, it is necessary to carefully prepare the surface, which includes mechanical processing (grinding and polishing), removal of oxides and degreasing of the surface. After coating, the product is washed and neutralized in an alkaline solution.

Each technological process of galvanic deposition of metal coatings consists of a number of separate operations, which can be divided into 3 groups:

1. Preparatory work. Their purpose is to prepare the metal (its surface) for electroplating. At this stage of the technological process, grinding, degreasing and pickling are carried out.

2. The main process, the purpose of which is to form a suitable metal coating using a galvanic method.

3. Finishing operations. They are used to improve and protect electroplated coatings. Most often, passivation, coloring, varnishing and polishing are used for these purposes.

Galvanic production is able to perform many types of different coatings, among which may be:

Chrome plating

Chrome coatings are among the most versatile in terms of their functional application. With their help, they increase the hardness and wear resistance of the surface of products, tools, and restore worn parts. This is due to the presence on its surface of a very dense passivating film of oxide nature, which is easily restored at the slightest damage. It is widely used for protection against corrosion and for the purpose of decorative surface finishing of products. Depending on the process mode, different coating properties can be obtained.

Galvanizing

Zinc coating protects ferrous metals from corrosion destruction not only mechanically, but also electrochemically. Zinc coatings are widely used for corrosion protection of machine parts, fasteners, for corrosion protection of water pipes, nutrient tanks in contact with fresh water at temperatures not exceeding 60-70 ° C, as well as for protecting ferrous metal products from gasoline and oils, etc. In an environment saturated with sea vapors, zinc coatings are not stable.

Cadmium plating

The chemical properties of cadmium are similar to those of zinc, but it is more chemically stable. Unlike zinc, cadmium does not dissolve in alkalis. Coating, as well as zinc, is used to protect ferrous metals from corrosion. A feature of the cadmium coating is that it provides electrochemical protection for steel in tropical conditions. Cadmium is much more ductile than zinc, so parts with a threaded connection are preferred to be cadmium-plated. However, parts in contact with fuels should not be coated in an atmosphere containing volatile organic substances (linseed oil, varnishes, oils) and sulfur compounds.

nickel plating

Chemical nickel plating

Chemical nickel coating containing 3-12% phosphorus, compared with electrolytic, has increased anti-corrosion resistance, wear resistance and hardness, especially after heat treatment. It has low porosity. The main advantage of the chemical nickel plating process is the uniform distribution of metal over the surface of a relief product of any profile.

electrochemical nickel plating

Nickel is used to coat steel and non-ferrous metal products (copper and its alloys) to protect them from corrosion, decorative surface finish, increase resistance to mechanical wear and for special purposes. Nickel coatings have high corrosion resistance in the atmosphere, in alkali solutions and in some organic acids, which is largely due to the pronounced ability of nickel to be passivated in these media. Nickel plating polishes well and can be easily polished to a mirror finish.

Tin-plating

The main areas of application of tin coatings are the protection of products against corrosion and the provision of solderability of various parts. This metal is stable in an industrial atmosphere, even containing sulfur compounds, in water, in neutral environments. In relation to products made of copper alloys, tin is an anodized coating and protects copper electrochemically. Tin coatings are extremely plastic and easily withstand flaring, punching, and bending. The coatings have good adhesion to the substrate, provide good corrosion protection and a beautiful appearance. Freshly deposited tin is easily soldered using alcohol-rosin fluxes, but after 2–3 weeks its solderability deteriorates sharply.

copper plating

Copper coatings are most often used to save nickel as a sublayer in nickel and chromium plating. Due to the intermediate coating of steel and cast iron with copper, a better adhesion between the base metal and the coating metal is achieved and the harmful effect of hydrogen is reduced. Copper coatings are also widely used for local protection during carburizing and in electroforming. Copper coatings are well polished, which is important for decorative and protective coatings. Well-equipped electroplating shops are available in almost all machine-building and metal-working plants.

Silvering

Silver has high electrical conductivity, reflectivity and chemical resistance, especially under the action of alkaline solutions and most organic acids. Therefore, silver coatings have been used mainly to improve the electrically conductive properties of the surface of current-carrying parts, to give the surface high optical properties, to protect chemical equipment and instruments from corrosion under the action of alkalis and organic acids, as well as for decorative purposes.

Most common galvanizing and copper plating.

The general system of measures for the application of galvanic coatings is established by GOST 12.3.008-75 and SSBT “Production of metal and non-metallic coatings. General safety requirements. The main requirements are automation and sealing of processes - sources of dangerous and harmful production factors.

1.2 HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKING CONDITIONS

Almost all technological processes of metal plating are sources of release of harmful chemicals into the air. The aggregate state of harmful emissions (in the form of gases, vapors, dust) and their quantitative characteristics depend on the conditions of the technology, in some cases on compliance with the operating mode.

For example, during electroplating processes, an unreasonable increase in current density, solution concentration and an increase in electrolyte temperature lead to a rapid release of hydrogen and oxygen with the removal of electrolyte mist and decomposition products into the air.

At a high temperature of the pickling and galvanizing solution, it evaporates intensively, polluting the air. The greatest danger is the release of cyanide compounds into the air (hydrogen cyanide vapor, KCN solution, NaCN) during silver cyanide plating, copper plating, zinc plating, cadmium plating in alkaline cyanide baths. The reasons for the release of cyanides into the air are the possible change in the pH of the electrolyte from sharply alkaline to acidic. Under normal conditions, a theoretically acidic environment is created by three effects on the CO2 solution of air, as well as the possible dissociation of water under the influence of an electric current on H+ and OH- ions.

These conditions, however, in practice do not entail massive emissions of hydrogen cyanide, since the environment remains alkaline. But in emergency situations (acids entering cyanide baths, combining ventilation air flows or wastewater from cyanide and acid pickling baths), dangerous concentrations of hydrogen cyanide can be released.

Sulfuric anhydride, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen chloride (respectively, when using sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric acid) released during pickling processes are rarely detected in the air of industrial premises due to the implementation of effective technological and sanitary measures.

However, in some emergency cases, their entry into the air of the working area may occur. In addition to air pollution with chemically harmful substances, the direct effect on the skin and mucous membranes of electrolytes (during electroplating), degreasing and pickling solutions, alkalis and acids during oxidation, etc., also has a negative effect.

Up to 10% of workers in galvanic and other metal plating shops are engaged in dosing, preparing and mixing bulk components, solutions, and electrolytes. These personnel are sometimes exposed to dry powders or concentrated (until dissolved or diluted) toxic substances (eg cyanide salts, chromium peak, acids).

The air environment of electroplating shops can be polluted with substances that replace obviously toxic substances (for example, ethylenediamine and polyethylenepolyamines instead of cyanide salts in copper cyanide plating) or play an auxiliary role in coating processes (ammonia when ammonium sulphate is used in a number of processes for alkalization of the solution).

Vapors of molten metals in a number of the processes listed above (lead, zinc) can cause a number of specific pathological changes.

Organic solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are part of degreasing solutions, with constant inhalation, can also lead to occupational poisoning.

Of particular importance in the practice of electroplating is the effect on workers of chromic anhydride, which can manifest itself in the form of lesions of the nasal mucosa. Depending on the concentrations of chromic anhydride in the air, the symptoms are different: at low "concentrations, 2-3 times higher than the MPC, there was a runny nose, irritation of the nasal mucosa, slight nasal bleeding. At higher concentrations, necrosis of the mucosal areas appeared, ulcers up to perforation of the nasal septum .

Emissions of acid and alkali vapors into the air have an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, eyes, and destroy tooth enamel. In electroplating production areas, nickel and chromium salts, which have a sensitizing effect, have the most adverse effect. Their effect is especially pronounced after previous contact with degreasing alkalis and organic solvents.

The clinical picture of occupational skin disease as a result of exposure to nickel salts is similar to eczema with localization on the flexor surfaces of the forearm; exposure to chromium salts revealed eczema and dermatitis. These diseases easily recur when contact with sensitizers is resumed.

Acids and alkalis, when in contact with the skin, cause characteristic burns. Solvents and chlorinated hydrocarbons are irritating, cause (gasoline) chronic eczema, dermatitis, dry skin, cracks.

Sometimes skin lesions from exposure to chemically active substances are observed in persons to whom parts are received in further technological processes and operations (assemblers). This is due to the presence of a certain amount of acids or chromic anhydride on the surface of the parts.

2. OVPF OF ELECTROPLATED PRODUCTION

In electroplating shops, sources of danger are technological processes of surface preparation, preparation of solutions and electrolytes, and coating. Surface cleaning methods are characterized by increased dust, noise and vibration. Alkalis, acids, salts used for the preparation of solutions, when exposed to the body, can cause poisoning or occupational disease. Using a hand-held vibrating tool for grinding surfaces can cause vibration sickness. Work on ultrasonic cleaning baths is associated with the impact on the operating sound and ultrasonic vibrations. In addition, the abundance of washing baths in the room creates high humidity. Normal working conditions are provided by good lighting, supply and exhaust ventilation and maintaining normal air temperature in the workshop.

2.1 OVPF IN APPLICATION OF METAL COATINGS

Table 1. List of hazardous and harmful production factors when applying metal coatings

Operation or process
Preparing the surface of parts before applying metal coatings
grinding and polishing	Metal dust paste based on chromium oxide
Hydro sandblasting	Sodium nitrate or chrompic solutions
Shot blasting	metal dust
Underwater polishing	Hot soapy solution: slaked lime emulsion; vapors of sulfuric acid, potassium chromium peak
galtovka	Splashes of a solution of soda ash, potassium chromium peak
Vibroabrasive processing
Degreasing
organic solvents	Pairs of organic solvents Vapors of caustic soda
alkaline solvents	Vapors of alkaline solutions, splashes of alkalis
electrochemical
Activation	Vapors of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, splashes of acids
Etching:
chemical	Pairs of sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric acids, nitric oxide. Increased level of ultrasound
cathode	Hydrogen fluoride, vapors of hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids, nitric oxide
	Vapors of sulfuric and phosphoric acids, chromic anhydride, splashes of acid
Chemical polishing	Vapors of chromic anhydride, sulfuric, hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, nitric oxide
electrochemical	Pairs of chromic anhydride, sulfuric, phosphoric acids,
polishing	nitrogen oxides
ultrasonic Removal of oxide films, dirt	Splashes of alkaline solutions. Increased level of ultrasounds Electromagnetic radiation
Preparation of solutions of acids and alkalis	Acid vapors, hydrogen fluoride and chloride, alkali solutions
Application of metal coatings. Electrochemical method
Galvanizing in electrolytes:
	Vapors of acids
cyanide	Hydrocyanic acid, cyanide compounds
ammonia	Zinc compounds, ammonia
zincate	Zinc compound
Cadmium plating in electrolytes:
	Hydroboron fluoride acid
	Vapors of alkali and hydrocyanic acid
cyanide	Alkali and acid splashes
in electrolytes:
	Tin compounds, sulfuric acid vapor
alkaline	Alkali vapors, alkali splashes
Leading	Lead compounds, pairs of hydroboron-hydrogen and hydrofluorosilicic acids
copper plating in electrolytes:
cyanide	Copper compounds, cyanide compounds, hydrocyanic acid
non-cyanide alkaline	Vapors and splashes of alkali
non-cyanic acidic	Pairs of sulfuric, boron-hydrogen, fluorosilic-hydrogen acids; electrolyte splashes
nickel plating	Electrolyte splash
Chrome plating	Vapors of chromic anhydride, vapors and splashes of sulfuric acid
Ironing	Vapors of hydrochloric acid, ammonia
Silver plating in cyanide electrolytes	Splashes of silver salts, cyanide compounds, hydrocyanic acid vapors
Gilding in cyanide electrolytes	Vapors of hydrocyanic acid
palladium
Rodation
Chemical method
copper plating	Acid fumes, ammonia, electrolyte splashes
nickel plating	Nickel compounds, ammonia vapor, acids
Silvering	Ammonia, sulfuric acid vapours.
Anodic oxidation	Pairs of sulfuric, oxalic, phosphoric acids, dichromates, ammonia
Oxidation ferrous metals	Nitrogen oxides, alkali vapors and phosphoric acid, alkali splashes, nitrite salts
Oxidation of aluminum and its alloys	Vapors of chromium compounds, alkalis or hydrogen fluoride
Oxidation of magnesium and its alloys
Chromating	Acid fumes, nitrogen oxides, chromium compounds, acid splashes
Phosphating ferrous metals	Vapors of phosphoric acid, hydrogen fluoride, zinc compound
Phosphating of non-ferrous metals	Hydrogen fluoride, zinc compounds, salts of nitric and nitrous acid
Physical methods
hot way:
	Ammonia vapors, tin oxides; molten tin splash
tin-lead alloy	Vapors and oxides of tin and lead
galvanizing	Vapors of zinc oxides
Diffusion way:
zinc	zinc dust
silicon	silicon dust
aluminum	Dust of aluminum and its oxides
Metallization coating method:
zinc	Increased metal dust
cadmium
aluminum
lead
pewter
nickel

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN PRODUCTION

The most harmful and dangerous substances to handle are:

NATRCAROSCIOUS (NaOH)

When the solution or dust gets on the skin, a soft scab forms. There are ulcers, eczema, especially in the articular folds of the fingers. It is dangerous to get even the smallest amounts of NaOH into the eyes; not only the cornea is affected, but as a result of the rapid penetration of NaOH into the depths, the deep parts of the eye also suffer. The outcome may be blindness. In case of contact with the skin, wash the affected area with a stream of water for 10 minutes, then lotion from a 5% solution of acetic or citric acid. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with a stream of water or saline for 10 minutes. MPC -0.5 mg/m3.

Personal protection: overalls made of dense fabric, rubber gloves, sleeves, aprons, shoes.

SODA ASH (Na2 CO4 )

When working with soda ash, manifestations of the nasal mucosa are observed, similar to those arising from the action of chromium compounds. Inhalation of dust can cause respiratory irritation, conjunctivitis. With prolonged work with solutions are possible: eczema, skin irritation. A concentrated solution of Na2 CO4 causes burns, necrosis, and subsequent clouding of the cornea. MPC --2mg/m3.

Personal protection: overalls made of dense fabric, rubber gloves, oversleeves, apron, shoes.

Hydrochloric acid (HCL)

At high concentrations - irritation of the mucous membranes, especially the nose, conjunctivitis, clouding of the cornea, tingling in the chest, runny nose, cough, chronic poisoning causes catarrh of the respiratory tract, tooth decay, changes in the nasal mucosa and even the loss of the nasal septum; gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory skin diseases are possible. Usually the cause of poisoning is not HCL gas, but HCL mist, formed when the gas interacts with water vapor in the air.

In case of poisoning, immediately remove the victim to fresh air, free from clothing that restricts breathing. Oxygen inhalation. Washing eyes, nose, rinsing with 2% soda solution. In case of damage to the eyes, after washing, let 1 drop of a 2% solution of novocaine into the eyes. If strong acid gets on the skin, immediately wash it with water for 5 minutes. MPC - 5 mg/m3.

Personal protection: grade B filtering industrial gas mask, sealed goggles. Overalls made of acid-resistant fabric. Mittens, gloves from resistant rubber. Boots made of anti-acid rubber.

Prussic acid (HCN)

Poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and its compounds is possible during the processing of ore (cyanidation), electroplating of metals, disinsection and deratization of premises, etc. Getting into the body through the respiratory tract, less often through the skin, hydrocyanic acid blocks the respiratory enzyme cytochrome oxidase and causes oxygen starvation fabrics. In acute poisoning, irritation of the mucous membranes, weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting are observed; then respiratory disorders predominate - rare deep breathing, painful shortness of breath, slowing down and stopping breathing. In chronic hydrocyanic acid poisoning, headache, fatigue, low blood pressure, changes in the electrocardiogram are noted, in the blood - a decrease in sugar levels and an increased content of hemoglobin, lactic acid, etc. The action of potassium and sodium cyanides on the skin can cause cracking, development of eczema.

Personal protection: filtering industrial gas mask, protective sealed goggles. Overalls made of acid-resistant fabric. Mittens, gloves from resistant rubber. Boots made of anti-acid rubber.

AMMONIA (NH3 )

Ammonia vapor strongly irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory organs, as well as the skin. This is what we perceive as a strong smell. Ammonia vapors cause profuse lacrimation, pain in the eyes, chemical burns of the conjunctiva and cornea, loss of vision, coughing fits, redness and itching of the skin. When liquefied ammonia and its solutions come into contact with the skin, a burning sensation occurs, a chemical burn with blisters and ulcerations is possible. In addition, liquefied ammonia absorbs heat during evaporation, and frostbite of varying degrees occurs when it comes into contact with the skin. MPC in the air of the working area of ​​the production facility is 20 mg/m3.

2.3 NOISE AND VIBRATION

The high level of noise and vibration that accompanies the operation of equipment in all areas of production (engineering, construction, agriculture, etc.) leads to a decrease in labor productivity, a deterioration in the quality of products and the well-being of workers. Moreover, with a significant proportion of heavy and unskilled work, these factors (noise and vibration) can cause occupational diseases.

The fight against noise and vibration in electroplating shops is currently receiving increasing attention. This is due to their particularly dangerous impact on the human body, as well as the fact that noise and vibration in the workplace is constantly increasing due to the consolidation of production, the use of equipment and mechanisms of greater power.

Noise in the workshop is obtained as a result of the operation of engines, pumps, mixers. Noise and vibration adversely affects the human body. Prolonged exposure to noise not only reduces hearing acuity, but also changes blood pressure, weakens attention, and vision deteriorates. When operating simultaneously, motors, pumps, agitators do not exceed the permissible sound level at workplaces of 80 dB, according to SN 3223-85, so there is no need to apply soundproofing measures. In order to weaken the propagation of vibration through the building structure caused by the operation of fans and pumps, elastic materials are laid under their foundation.

3. METHODS AND CREMEDIES TO PREVENT OVPFIN GALVANIC INDUSTRIES

3.1 VENTILATION OF THE PLATED SHOP

There are norms for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of working premises. These standards include quite a lot of substances released during the operation of electroplating equipment (splashes and dust of chemicals, dust of abrasives, solvent vapors, etc.). In order to ensure that their concentration does not exceed the permissible limit, various measures are applied. The most common and most effective of them is the equipment of the workshop with supply and exhaust ventilation, the purpose of which is to, due to air exchange, i.e. suction of polluted and supply of fresh, maintain the content of harmful substances in the air of the electroplating shop at a level not exceeding the MPC requirements.

Air ventilation can occur due to the difference in its temperatures inside and outside the room, through open windows, random cracks, even through walls with their relatively porous material, but this so-called natural ventilation is not very productive, and it is difficult to control the direction and speed of air movement. Forced industrial ventilation is much more efficient, in which air is sucked out or supplied by a fan with a power drive. Forced ventilation allows you to suck air with the desired intensity directly from the places of harmful emissions and supply fresh air, rationally distributing it throughout the room.

The entire supply and exhaust ventilation system of the galvanic production, and often the neighboring premises communicating with it, is a single whole in which all air movements in the pipelines and in the room itself are interconnected.

Therefore, any violation of the interdependence provided for by the project by, for example, altering some elements of the air duct or, which is much worse and absolutely unacceptable, by connecting additional consumers, not supported by calculation and appropriate design measures, can have a catastrophic effect on the ventilation of the entire room.

The manufacture and alteration of ventilation should be carried out only by qualified specialists, since the serviceability of ventilation is a matter of health and even life of specialists working in the electroplating shop.

Onboard suction of galvanic equipment

The design of the onboard suction affects not only the efficiency of the ventilation, but also the convenience of the galvanizer, and, consequently, its performance.

Ventilation systems used in electroplating shops are: fume hoods, inside which the equipment is installed; exhaust hoods (hoods) installed above the equipment, including electric flotation machines; suction grilles installed on the side of the equipment from its non-working side; side suctions installed at the level of the upper edge of galvanizing baths and surface treatment plants. These systems are shown in Fig.1

Fig.1 Air inlets of local exhaust systems: exhaust hood (a); fume hood (b); side suction (c).

The characteristics of suction devices are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Characteristics of ventilation exhausts used in electroplating shops.

	Advantages	Flaws	Areas of use
Pull out drobe	Well isolates the premises from harmful emissions from the equipment standing inside the cabinet	Difficulty accessing equipment. When working on equipment, a person is in the zone of harmful emissions	When pickling non-ferrous metals
Exhaust hood (hood)	Ease of manufacture	When working on equipment, a person is in a stream of sucked out harmful substances. The air consumption is very high, since it is difficult to avoid unproductive air suction from the sides	When working in filling bells with gas-evolving alkaline electrolytes or when cleaning bells from build-up by etching in acids
Panel of Chernoberezhsky (even suction panels)	It interferes little with work, especially if the equipment is against the wall and the panel does not interfere with the passage. Captures light gases, such as water vapor, well	Requires significant air flow. It is inconvenient to install it with free-standing equipment	On rinsing baths with hot water when they are serviced one-sidedly. Rarely used in electroplating shops
Onboard suction	Good for removing splashes and heavy gases and in most cases light gases. A worker leaning over the equipment is out of the zone of harmful emissions	Increases the width of the equipment, making it somewhat more difficult to access the opposite edge of the bath from the working edge	On all types of electroplating equipment, including even some types of rotating bells and drums

The principle of operation of the most universal ventilation equipment for galvanic equipment - “onboard suction” is that the air sucked in at high speed through a narrow suction intake slot forms a strong horizontal jet (torch) above the mirror of the electrolyte solution, which knocks drops ejected from the solution from the vertical path and this causes their main mass to fall back into the bath, and the remaining drops and gases are carried away into the ventilation suctions.

This work of local ventilation suction is especially well observed over the galvanic chromium bath, the splashes from which are brightly colored and their path is easy to follow.

Onboard suctions are most widely used in the electroplating industry, as they are convenient, efficient and economical.

3.2 TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER OF THE ELECTROPLACING SHOP

The purpose of the treatment facilities is to purify wastewater (acid-alkaline, chromium-containing, cyanide, fluorine-containing) after washing operations in the electroplating industry to the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances for heavy metals, followed by discharge of treated water into the sewerage system or return to reuse in the cycle of recycling water supply of the enterprise.

Wastewater from the electroplating shop flows by gravity to the treatment plant through separate pipelines for each type of pollution. Mixing of drains of different types is not allowed. Effluent contains cyanide, 6-valent chromium, acids, alkalis and salts of heavy metals (nickel, zinc, iron), the content of which, when discharged into the city sewer, is limited by sanitary standards.

Wastewater after electrochemical degreasing baths and after pickling baths of the galvanizing shop, contaminated with acids, alkalis and salts of heavy metals, is cleaned chemically at the factory treatment facilities.

This method of treating acid-alkaline effluents takes into account the possibility of the presence of heavy metal impurities in acid-alkaline effluents. The essence of the process of neutralization of acid-alkaline effluents is the mutual neutralization of these effluents, followed by their neutralization with an alkali solution and the precipitation of dissolved metals in the form of hydroxides with a solution of slaked lime.

3.3 GENERAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES

The premises of the metal plating shops should mainly be located in one-story buildings. In the case of a multi-storey building, workshops are located on the first floor, and a number of sanitary facilities (air ducts, sewers, warehouses, etc.) should preferably be placed below the zero level (in basements). Warehouses, dosing departments, areas for the preparation of electrolytes, surface preparation (etching) must be isolated from each other and provided with the necessary ventilation devices.

The rooms are provided with acid-resistant floors made of special asphalt, concrete, wall cladding to a height of 1.5 m from the floor with acid-resistant "ceramic tiles on special acid-resistant mastic. from acid baths.

The equipment should not occupy more than 20% of the workshop area, it is necessary to arrange passages and driveways. Of the sanitary facilities, the most effective is local exhaust ventilation, which captures harmful emissions at the place of their formation. A number of galvanic processes are carried out in baths without the need for local exhaust ventilation. These include: baths for copper plating and zinc plating in an acid electrolyte, chemical neutralization baths (soda), deca-citation, washing in hot and cold water, clarification. However, the vast majority of electroplating baths and other units for metal plating should be provided with shelters with exhaust ventilation or side suction.

The amount of air removed by side suctions, and the minimum speed of air movement over the baths, depending on the nature of the process, are reflected in CH 245--71 and in special sanitary rules. Depending on the width of the baths, single-sided suctions are used (width up to 700 mm), double-sided (width 700–2000 mm), single-sided with blowing (over 2000 mm). To compensate for the air removed from the baths, a mechanical inflow is organized into the upper zone with a uniform distribution throughout the room, the inflow velocity should be low (no more than 2 m / s). At the same time, it is necessary to supply no more than 2000 l3 of air per 1 hour for every 15 l2 of the floor area of ​​the main production facility.

Additives are used to prevent the release of harmful gases and vapors from the electrolyte surface. At present, a number of acid corrosion inhibitors are used for this purpose in electroplating and pickling baths.

Mechanization and automation of metal plating processes eliminates manual operations and eliminates contact with harmful substances. No less important is the replacement of toxic electrolytes and compositions with less toxic ones, if this is allowed by technology (for example, replacement of cyanide zinc plating with ammonia, cyanide copper plating with ethylenediamine polyethylenepolyamine, exclusion of chromium peak).

To protect the skin from the effects of aggressive substances, electroplating workers are provided with mittens, aprons, boots that are impervious to moisture and acid-resistant, and workers of other areas of metal plating, if necessary, are provided with glasses and filtering gas masks. It is necessary to lubricate the skin with indifferent ointments and creams after work. If employees are found to be hypersensitive to nickel or chromium through skin tests or during physical examinations, they should be transferred to another job.

When working with cyanides and chromium compounds, special attention should be paid to the immediate treatment of micro- and macro-damages of the skin (antiseptic solution and adhesive plaster).

Electroplating workers should be well instructed in safe work in the presence of electric current, they should be trained in first aid measures for electric shock and contact with the electrolyte solution in the eyes. Workers and employees of machine-building industry plants undergo preliminary and periodic medical examinations once every 24 months.

CONCLUSION

As can be seen from the above, in most areas of galvanic production, liquid, gaseous and dust aerosols are released into the air of the working area.

One of the most unfavorable factors of galvanic production is outdoor air pollution on the territory of the enterprise and internal premises with metal compounds and various toxic fumes, as well as acid emissions.

In order to avoid unpleasant emergencies, it is necessary to check the working equipment, gas ducts, acid ducts, air ducts of security systems and other equipment in advance. Carry out preventive planning. Observe safety precautions and safety regulations at all times.

ANNEX 1

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS WHEN WORKING IN THE ELECTRIC PLANT

All workers in the electroplating shop must observe the following safety rules:

perform only assigned work; work on serviceable equipment, using serviceable tools and devices;

Use the tool only for its intended purpose;

about all malfunctions and the danger to others that arose during operation (lack of fences, uninsulated electrical wires and current-carrying parts of equipment, tools, etc.) immediately inform the master;

not to lift weights in excess of the permissible norm (20 kg for women and 50 kg for men);

Do not store personal belongings in the working room, do not take food and water, do not smoke.

Before starting work, you should:

- put on work clothes (gown, apron, sleeves, rubber boots and gloves, goggles) depending on the nature of the work performed;

l carefully inspect the workplace and put it in order: remove all unnecessary items; lay out the tools, fixtures, materials and parts necessary for work in a convenient and safe order, adhering to the principle: what is taken with the left hand should be on the left, and what is right should be on the right; prepare personal protective equipment and check their serviceability;

- check that the floor near the workplace is clean, dry, not cluttered, and that the movable grate is in good working order;

Turn on ventilation.

During work it is necessary:

monitor the serviceability of the equipment, prevent leakage of electrolytes;

- fill the baths with electrolytes only when the supply and exhaust ventilation is turned on under the supervision of the master;

b when preparing an electrolyte, add acid to cold water and in no case vice versa, as this can lead to the release of acid from the vessel; pour acid into water in a thin stream, stirring the solution thoroughly all the time (it is not allowed to add acid to heated water);

b when preparing mixtures of acids, the latter should be poured with sulfuric acid;

- spilled acids and alkalis should be immediately neutralized and cleaned up: concentrated acids are abundantly diluted with water, covered with chalk until completely neutralized, then the resulting salt is swept away and removed;

l it is allowed to carry bottles with acids only in exceptional cases and over short distances, while the bottles are carried by two people on a special stretcher; it is forbidden to carry a bottle with acid on the back, shoulders or pressed to the chest;

splashes of acidic electrolyte that have fallen on open parts of the body should be washed off with a plentiful stream of water, and then with a 2% solution of soda and again with water, splashes of chromium electrolyte with a 5% solution of hyposulfate, and electrolyte for oxidation with water; in all cases, if acid or alkali gets on the body, it is necessary to immediately treat the affected area with water (within 10 minutes); fountains installed at workplaces should be used for washing eyes;

It must be remembered that any preliminary wiping of areas of the skin doused with acid or alkali only aggravates the burn;

l in order to avoid parts falling into the electrolyte bath, inspection, cleaning and fixing them in the fixture above the bath surface is prohibited;

b when removing parts from the bath, it is necessary to make an exposure for the electrolyte to drain into the bath;

l rods, suspensions and anodes should be cleaned only with a wet method, since non-ferrous metal dust is poisonous and its inhalation can cause poisoning;

b to remove parts from the bath, you should use special devices or tools - magnets, tongs, scoops;

l acids and alkalis stored in bottles, cans, canisters or barrels in warehouses, workshops or factory sites must have tags or labels with a clear indication of the name of the product; if the inscription is erased or the tags and labels are missing, then they need to be restored, for this, samples are taken and the products are analyzed in chemical laboratories; accidental damage to the skin of the hands must be immediately protected with a waterproof bandage or contact a first-aid post;

Work clothing contaminated with acids, alkalis and other chemicals should be immediately removed and washed.

After finishing work, you need:

de-energize the baths, shut off the water and steam;

clean the workplace, clean the hoses, remove the anodes from the bath and rinse the drains and the floor;

remove parts, fixtures and tools in designated places;

Remove overalls and protective equipment, clean and fold them;

Wash hands and face with warm soapy water or take a shower.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Electroplating. Reference edition. Azhogin F.F., Belenky M.A., Galiev C.V. and others. M. "Metallurgy", 1987.

2. Handbook of electroplating. Kadaner A.I. 1976

3. Degreasing, etching and polishing of metals. Grilikhes S.Ya., M., Production and publishing plant VINTI.

4. Quick Reference Galvanotechnics. Yamnolsky A.M., Ilyin V.A., "Engineering" 1981.

5. Protective coatings of metals. Liner V.I. M., Metallurgy, 1974.

6. Fundamentals of electroplating. Vyacheslavov P.M., Lenizdat, 1960.

7. Practical tips for electroplating. Lobanov S.A. "Engineering" 1983.

8. Organization of galvanic production. Vinogradov S.S., M "Globe" 2005.

9. Electrolytic deposition of precious metals, Burkat G.K., M, Technical Committee for Standardization TK 213, 1993.

10. Industrial sanitation and occupational health. Uch. settlement for universities, Glebova E.V., M. Vyssh. school, 2005.

Home galvanic installation Methods for implementing such a technological process, which is characterized by a rather high complexity, have already been well developed, so today it is actively used not only by manufacturing enterprises, but also by many home craftsmen. Features of the process A coating formed on a workpiece by electroplating can be applied for technological purposes or to perform decorative, protective, or both functions. For decorative purposes, a thin layer of gold or silver is created, and in order to ensure reliable protection of the surface of the workpiece from corrosion, galvanizing or copper plating is performed. Scheme of the electrolysis process It is not difficult to make electroplating even at home. Perform this procedure as follows.

Electroplating shop

Andrey Leonidovich Fedorovtsev. A great danger to humans is not only direct contact with harmful substances on the surface of the skin, but also the inhalation of vapors of harmful substances.

Substances such as alkalis and acids used to prepare solutions can cause poisoning, a solution of soda ash, like chromium, burns the mucous membrane, hydrochloric acid is a very harmful substance, as it causes chronic poisoning, tooth decay, and inflammatory skin diseases.

Ammonia vapors - profuse lacrimation, damage to the cornea of ​​​​the eye, loss of vision, if it comes into contact with the skin - redness and chemical burns.

Attention

Particular attention should be paid to safety precautions when working with harmful substances of 6-valent chromium salts, which, easily penetrating the body through the respiratory tract, irritate the mucous membranes, causing ulcers and allergic reactions.

Occupational hygiene of a worker in electroplating production

Important

Content:

1. Process features
2. Necessary equipment
3. What is needed to prepare the electrolyte
4. How to properly prepare the product for the procedure
5. Safety Requirements
6. nickel plating
7. Chrome plating
8. copper plating
9. Gilding and silvering

Electroplating is also a branch of applied science "Electrochemistry", which studies the processes occurring during the deposition of metal cations on a cathode placed in an electrolytic solution, and the technological process.

Electroplating at home or in production allows you to apply a thin layer of metal to the surface of the workpiece, which can act as a protective or decorative coating.

Do-it-yourself electroplating at home: technology and equipment

In addition, with the help of this technology, simple gilding of a part can also be performed.
At the same time, an aqueous solution of gold with potassium synergism is used for electroplating.
It is possible to work with such an electrolytic solution only in rooms with a good ventilation system.

Many home craftsmen are wondering how to make the gilding process safer for human health.

To solve this problem, poisonous acid can be replaced by potassium ferricyanide, which is also called blood salt.

Before gilding at home, the product is thoroughly cleaned and coated with copper if it is made of steel, lead, tin or zinc.
To improve the adhesion of the gold layer to the treated surface, the item is dipped into a solution of mercury nitrate before treatment.

When performing gilding, a sheet of gold is placed in the electrolyte together with the anodes.

It is forbidden to eat and smoke directly in the workshop, and before doing it outside it, workers must wash their hands - they are instructed about this. List 1 and 2 of hazardous professions in the Russian Federation Preventive measures to prevent the harmful effects of galvanic production The consequences that you read about in the previous paragraph will not necessarily manifest themselves if you follow preventive measures and properly organize production.

Firstly, it is necessary that the premises in which the workshops are located, if possible, be one-story.

All rooms should be as isolated as possible and have a good ventilation system, which is especially important in production that pollutes the air.
In addition, the workshop should be planned in such a way that the equipment does not make up more than 20% of its premises.
After all, the main risk of adverse consequences while working with harmful substances lies precisely in manual work.

In addition, the workshop should, whenever possible, replace toxic materials with less toxic ones.

It is clear that there are situations when hazardous materials cannot be avoided, but still sometimes it can be done. Compensation for harmful working conditions And, of course, the workers themselves should pay great attention to their safety. It is necessary to use protective tools for hands made of waterproof material, such as leather, wash hands as often as possible, use cream after work.

It is necessary to regularly visit doctors for the prevention of occupational diseases, in particular, an otolaryngologist.

A galvanizing shop is currently needed in order to apply a special coating to a metal product. By itself, this material is subject to corrosion, and its service life is not too long. That is why a method is used in which a thin layer of another metal is deposited on the surface of the raw material in an electrolyte solution and using electric current. This is the main purpose of the electroplating shop.

Equipment for work. Bath

These workshops have a variety of equipment, but the main one is a galvanic bath. This device is divided into two types. The first is called active, the second - auxiliary. They differ in that in the first types of baths, the desired coating is directly applied to the product. In the electroplating shop, the stage of preparing the part for the further procedure takes place. It is important to understand here that auxiliary equipment is just as important as the main one. Among them are baths for washing, drying, preparing the mixture.

Bath design

By their design, the baths of the electroplating shop are quite simple and are a cube that has additional stiffeners, as well as some additional elements. Among such additional devices, for example, there is a heating element, a cover, filtration, a cooling system, a water supply and discharge system, cleaning systems, suspensions, anodes, and so on.

For the production of such things, stainless steel, PVC, polypropylene, as well as other raw materials with similar characteristics can be used. However, PVC and polypropylene are currently the most widely used, while steel and metal products have faded into the background. This is due to the fact that polymeric materials are more resistant to the effects of aggressive chemicals and high temperatures.

Special Purpose Devices

The electroplating industry needs special purpose baths that are designed to work with small parts.

The first equipment of this type is a bell bath. The main difference between this type of device and the main one is that it has a special bell, and the main purpose is to apply galvanic coating to small parts in bulk. The bell itself is truncated and has a multifaceted design. Such a device is used both as an independent machine and in line.

Galvanic production periodically needs equipment such as a galvanic type drum. It is a prism which is either made of PVC or polypropylene which has many facets and all of them are perforated. To rotate such a prism, a motor with a gearbox is used, and the torque is transmitted through a system of gear-type wheels. The drum can be used in manual, automated and mechanized line types.

What is a line

A galvanic line is a set of several devices that operate in one area. The main parameters for the design of such systems are their performance, as well as the dimensions of the product for which this line should be designed. The type of the line will directly depend on how large the dimensions of the product will be and what serial number it will have. Galvanic lines can be of the screw type, they can be manual or manual with a hoist. Today, the autooperator line type with program control is becoming very popular.

Auxiliary equipment may also be included in the line. It is necessary in order to withstand the technological process, as well as to ensure the complete safety of the work of people on the site.

Varieties of auxiliary installations

Galvanic equipment used in the areas must prepare raw materials and components for further work. For this, for example, there are two filter installations. One of them is stationary, the other is mobile.

If we talk about the first type of installation, then the UFE-1S model is usually used. It is intended to filter either water or electrolyte from any impurities of a mechanical type. An additional feature of the stationary type is that it can be connected to an airless mixing system, where there is a solution filtration function.

A mobile type filter is usually represented by the UV 2400 model. It can be used, like a stationary one, to filter electrolyte or water from mechanical impurities. Their difference lies in the fact that this pump can also pump this water or other aggressive chemicals.

Liquid demineralization devices are also used. The unit is presented in the form of the UVD-500 unit, which is capable of removing salt from the liquid so that it fully complies with such a state standard as 6709-97. This water is used to prepare new electrolyte, as well as for any washing operations carried out in the shop.

There are also smaller scale equipment, for example, conventional pumps, but with increased resistance to chemicals, in order to successfully pump the electrolyte. Drying equipment is used.

Ventilation

Ventilation of the electroplating shop is one of the most important safety requirements. This is very important, because during the galvanic process, that is, the coating of products, harmful vapors are released into the air, which are dangerous not only for humans, but also for the room where they are released. Because of this, when designing a workshop, special attention is paid to ventilation equipment and ventilation in general.

For this type of workshop, ventilation pipes made of polypropylene are allowed. This is due to the fact that this material belongs to the group of non-combustible, is moisture resistant, resistant to chemical attack, and it is also very easy to mount them both on the ceiling and on the floor or walls.

Shop floor safety

The harmfulness of the electroplating shop for human health is quite high. The thing is that there are several very dangerous factors. Firstly, it is possible to receive a strong electric shock, secondly, there is a risk of chemical, alkaline or acid types of burns, and thirdly, there is a risk of explosion and ignition.

However, the harm to human health does not end there. For example, when preparing a product, it is subjected to mechanical types of processing. This can be grinding, blast cleaning using mechanical dust, and many others. All of them are united by the fact that during their conduct a huge amount of dust is released into the air. In addition, the level of noise and vibration exceeds the permissible. Since an electric current is applied during coating, the probability of being hit by this very current is greatly increased. For this reason, a direct current of 12 V is most often used. However, there are some operations that require an increase in voltage to 120 V. For example, this happens when aluminum is oxidized.

Fire safety requirements for galvanizing shops are also quite high. To prevent a fire in such premises, it is necessary to apply fire protection, which will comply with GOST 12.1.004-76. Explosion safety in such areas must be ensured using explosion prevention and explosion protection measures in accordance with GOST 12.1.010-76.

Fluid cleaning

It is worth mentioning that in the electroplating shops there should be facilities for cleaning the liquid that was used in the work. This is very important, because during the technological process, water is mixed with acids, alkalis and heavy metals. Conventional water treatment plants are unable to cope with the purification of such contaminants, and therefore, when designing a building, it is necessary to initially allocate space for special installations.

Chromic anhydride

From a technical point of view, this is a combination of two substances such as chromium and oxygen. It is often used in the chemical industry, and therefore is often called a chemical acid. This substance is quite soluble in water, which is excellent for use in shops where most operations are carried out with liquid content to one degree or another. Chromic anhydride is currently most widely used in three areas: mechanical engineering, metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries. Depending on its purpose, this substance is produced in three categories: A, B and C.

• Grade A is used in cases where under production conditions it is necessary to obtain metallic chromium or other materials, but with sufficiently high hardness.
• Grade B is used for the production of electrolytic chromium and in the production of catalysts. It is this anhydride that is used in electroplating shops.
• As for Grade B, it is most suitable for raw material foundry operations.

Generally speaking, this type of workshop is extremely necessary, but at the same time quite harmful and dangerous. Because of this, all safety requirements must be met in it, as well as the best ventilation is installed.