Fluorescent lamps - what are they? Types of fluorescent lamps. Types, installation, pros and cons of fluorescent lamps Important characteristics when choosing a lamp

Fluorescent lamps begin their history with gas-discharge devices invented in the 19th century. In terms of light output and efficiency, they are significantly superior to incandescent lamps. They are used for lighting residential premises, institutions, hospitals, sports facilities, and workshops of manufacturing enterprises.

Operating principle and main properties


For a discharge to occur, electrodes are connected to the flask on opposite sides. Gas-discharge lamps cannot be connected directly to the network. Be sure to use ballasts.

If the number of starts does not exceed 5 times a day, then the luminescent source is guaranteed to last 5 years. This is almost 20 times more than for incandescent lamps.



Among the disadvantages of fluorescent lamps are:

  • Unstable operation at low temperatures.
  • Need for proper disposal due to mercury vapor.
  • The presence of flicker, to combat which it is necessary to complicate the circuit.
  • Relatively large sizes .

However, fluorescent lamps are extremely economical because they consume little energy, produce more light and last longer. Not surprisingly, they have replaced conventional light bulbs in almost all institutions and businesses.

Types of fluorescent lamps

Lamps come in low and high pressure. Low pressure pipes are installed in rooms, high pressure pipes are installed on streets and in powerful lighting fixtures.

The range of fluorescent lighting devices is quite wide. They differ in the size and shape of the tube, type of base, power, color temperature, light output and other characteristics.

Depending on the shape of the tube, fluorescent lamps are:

  • Tubular (straight), designated by the letter T or t, have a straight shape.
  • U-shaped.
  • Ring.
  • Compact, used for lamps.

Straight, U-shaped and ring types will be combined into one type of linear lamps. The most common lighting fixtures are in the form of tubes. After the letter T or t there is a number. It indicates the diameter of the tube, expressed in eighths of an inch. T8 means the diameter is 1 inch or 25.4 mm, T4 means 0.5 inch or 12.7 mm, T12 means 1.5 inch or 38.1 mm.

To make the lamp more compact, its bulb is bent. To start such lamps, a built-in electronic choke is used. The base is made either for standard lamps or for special lamps.

The fluorescent lamp base can be type G (pin with two contacts) or type E (screw). The latter type is used in compact models. The numbers after the letter G indicate the distance between the contacts, and after the letter E the diameter in millimeters.

Marking


Domestic and international labeling is different. Russian originates from the times of the Soviet Union and uses Cyrillic letters. The meanings of the letters are as follows:

  • L lamp;
  • D daylight;
  • B white;
  • T warm;
  • E natural;
  • X is cold.

For compact models, the letter K is placed in front. If there is a C at the end of the marking, then a phosphor with improved color rendering is used. Two letters C mean that the color reproduction is of the highest quality.

If the lamp produces colored light of a narrow spectrum, then after L there is a corresponding letter. For example, LC means a source of red light, LV means yellow, and so on.

According to the international marking, the lamp is marked with power and a three-digit number separated by a slash, which determines the color rendering index and color temperature.

The first digit of the number indicates color rendition multiplied by 10. The higher the number, the more accurate the color rendition. The next two numbers indicate the color temperature, expressed in Kelvin and divided by 100. For daylight, the color temperature is 5-6.5 thousand K, so a lamp marked 865 will mean daylight with high color rendering.

For housing, lamps with codes 827, 830, 930 are used, for external lighting with code 880, for museums with code 940. More information about the meaning of the marking can be found in special tables.

Power is traditionally designated by the letter W. In general purpose light sources, the power scale varies from 15 to 80 W. For special-purpose lamps, the power can be less than 15 W (low-power) and more than 80 W (high-power).

Application

Fluorescent lamps with various shades of white are used for lighting indoors and outdoors. With their help, plants in greenhouses and greenhouses, aquariums, and museum exhibits are illuminated.

The most common T8 tubes with a G13 base with a power of 18 and 36 W. They are used in institutions and in production. They easily replace Soviet lamps of the LB/LD-20 and LB/LD-40 types.

Since fluorescent sources heat up slightly, they can be used in all types of lamps. By choosing the appropriate base, power and size, they are installed in sconces, pendant chandeliers, and night lights. Used in kitchens, baths, garages, and offices.


They produce fluorescent lamps that emit ultraviolet light. They are installed in laboratories, research centers, medical institutions - wherever this type of radiation is required.

The phosphor can produce colored light (yellow, blue, green, red, and so on). Such sources are used for design purposes for the decoration of shop windows, illumination of signs, and building facades.

In order for a luminescent device to last as long as possible, it is necessary to provide it with a stable voltage and infrequent switching on/off. Because the bulb of a fluorescent light source contains mercury, it should not be thrown away with other household waste. Fluorescent lamps must be handed over to special collection points. These could be rescue services, stores that sell electrical goods, or hazardous waste disposal companies.

Fluorescent daylight sources have replaced much less efficient analogues, in particular incandescent lamps. They are characterized by a considerable number of advantages that may outweigh the disadvantages. Considering the relatively low cost, such lighting elements are used quite widely today.

Operating principle and structure

Fluorescent lamps operate on the principle of luminescence. To do this, the inner walls of the flask must be coated with phosphor. This is a special substance that absorbs ultraviolet light and produces a glow visible to the eye. It should be noted that UV radiation is produced as a result of the passage of an electric charge through the gaseous filling of the flask (inert gas, mercury vapor).

The main structural elements: a flask, inside of which there are electrodes; base in the amount of 1 or 2 pcs. depending on the lamp version; ballast. The last of these elements can be built-in or remote.

A newer and more advanced option is electronic ballasts, but linear-type fluorescent daylight sources today are often equipped with remote electromagnetic ballasts.

Device and connection diagram

The ballast includes a throttle and a starter. The task of the first of these nodes is to limit the current to the required value, while the starter is responsible for faster heating of the electrodes, and therefore faster operation of the lamp.

Light source connection diagram for newer models (T 5 or T8):

The process of turning on the lighting element is ensured through the implementation of the main stages:

  • heating of electrodes;
  • ignition process, which requires a high-voltage pulse;
  • voltage stabilization, which ensures normal and fairly gentle operation of the lighting element.

In addition, modern fluorescent lamps are protected from burnout, which avoids the need for frequent replacement of light sources.

What types are there?

There are several varieties, differing in the shape of the flask:

  1. linear (direct) executions;
  2. ring;
  3. U-shaped.

Fluorescent daylight sources are found in different variations, differing in the length of the product. This can be a flask of 450, 600, 900, 1200, 1500 mm. It is noteworthy that by the value of this parameter you can determine the power level of the lamp.

This means that there is a direct relationship between these characteristics. The longer the length, the higher the magnitude of the load created. For example, a design with a length of 450 mm is characterized by a power of 15 W, and in a design with a length of 900 mm the load level is 30 W.

Fluorescent daylight sources are available in different designs, which differ in the diameter of the bulb:

The designation encodes the size of the product in inches (for example, diameter 4/8 for T4). Another feature is that linear lamps are usually equipped with a pin type holder in a single version - G13. The designation of this base contains information about the distance between the pins (13 mm). Accordingly, when choosing lamps you need to take this nuance into account.

The concept of “fluorescent light bulbs” is based on the main characteristic – the color temperature of the product. Thus, this type of lighting elements is characterized by a light temperature ranging from 5,000 to 6,500 K. But the quality of lighting is also ensured by the brightness level of the light source: the lower the radiation intensity, the more distorted the colors will be.

Main technical characteristics

The efficiency of lighting elements of this type is assessed based on the compliance of their parameters with the conditions under which operation is planned. Fluorescent lamps have the following characteristics:

  1. Product designation. Daylight is defined by the letter D.
  2. Diameter of the flask. This parameter affects the duration of operation: the higher its value, the longer the product will function.
  3. The power value, which determines the ability of the light bulb to illuminate the required area. If compared with an incandescent lamp, the analogue in question saves up to 80% of energy due to its low power level.
  4. Base type. In linear versions, a G13 holder is usually used.
  5. Power supply voltage. There are fluorescent lamps that are designed for 220 or 127 V.
  6. Flask shape.
  7. Colorful temperature. Depending on the model, the lighting element can be characterized by a temperature ranging from 5,000 K and above.
  8. Color rendering index - shows how good the lighting is.
  9. Tube diameter.
  10. Luminous flux of the product.

Classification and characteristics of various manufacturers

As you can see, there are quite a lot of characteristics, but all of them together allow you to more accurately select a lighting element in accordance with operating conditions.

Pros and cons of lamps of this type

Fluorescent light sources stand out from halogen lamps and incandescent lamps due to the following advantages:

  • high efficiency;
  • excellent light output, which allows you to produce bright light at low power;
  • quality of lighting (diffused glow);
  • low energy consumption, again, when compared with incandescent lamps;
  • long-term operation (on average 6,000-9,000 hours), subject to ideal operating conditions, such light bulbs can function several times longer (up to 20,000 hours).

Mercury-containing light sources have a main drawback - the presence of hazardous substances in the gaseous filling. The mercury content in the bulb of a linear lighting element can reach 1 g per unit of product. Considering the rather large dimensions and the thin glass from which the bulb is made, you need to handle such light bulbs with extreme caution. Other cons:

  • a narrow range of operating temperatures, since lighting elements of this type are characterized by a decrease in glow intensity in cold conditions, and at sub-zero temperatures such a light bulb may not turn on at all;
  • flickering, which is due to design features, this problem is partly solved by an electronic ballast;
  • After a certain period of time, fluorescent lamps shine worse, which is due to the depletion of the phosphor layer, and as a result, the color temperature changes.

As you can see, there are many problems associated with the operation of such lighting elements. But they continue to be used due to their relative cost-effectiveness and higher efficiency than incandescent lamps.

Criterias of choice

Before purchasing, you should take into account the features of the room (area, the possibility of installing a large light source), on the basis of which the lighting element of the desired model is selected.

First of all, you should take into account the power of the product, color temperature, and supply voltage. The remaining characteristics are secondary, but no less important: diameter, length and shape of the tube, color rendering index, luminous flux.

The assembly quality must be high, taking into account the presence of hazardous substances in the gaseous filling. Today you can buy linear light sources at a low price, even from well-known and reliable manufacturers - Osram, costing between 60-100 rubles. Moreover, the price category for high-power products and the largest dimensions (1,500 mm) is indicated.

Nuances of operation and disposal

There are many peculiarities in the operation of linear lamps: not instantaneous operation; sometimes restarting is required due to the fact that ignition did not occur; flicker; difficult operation at low temperatures, and sometimes complete lack of response during switching.

In addition, there are other problems, namely the need to dispose of the light source if the bulb is damaged or after the end of its service life.

Fluorescent lamps enjoy deserved popularity due to the high quality of lighting: their light is bright, but at the same time uniform. The practicality, reliability and cost-effectiveness of light sources of this type allows them to be widely used in residential, office, commercial and industrial buildings.

Features of the device and design

The lamp contains an inert gas environment with mercury vapor. The inner surface is coated with phosphor, which is a luminescent substance. At the edges of the lamp there are tungsten spirals treated with barium oxide. The cathodes are connected to pins that provide connection to an external power supply.

For the lamp to work properly, it must be completely sealed. If oxygen penetrates into it, the chemical composition of the device will change and the lamp will lose its functionality.

The figure below shows the structure of a fluorescent lamp.

The following figure shows how a compact fluorescent lighting fixture is constructed.

Fluorescent light bulbs can only provide daylight. However, such lighting is quite bright, and therefore blinds the eyes. To make the light more comfortable, lamps are equipped with diffusers and reflectors. These devices help distribute light evenly throughout the room.

Areas of application

Based on the place of application, fluorescent light bulbs are usually divided into two types - industrial and household.

Industrial

They are used to organize lighting in enterprises. The lamps built into the spotlights are capable of illuminating large areas with high ceilings. For hazardous operating conditions (we are talking about enterprises in the chemical and alcohol industries), explosion-proof lamps are produced.

Household

To illuminate a residential building, as well as for offices, household modifications of fluorescent light bulbs are used. Fluorescent lamps are often used to illuminate offices, kitchens and corridors. There are special lamps designed for use in adverse conditions: they cope well with exposure to moisture and dust.

Types of structures

Based on design features, it is customary to distinguish the following types of lamps:

  1. Open ceiling products. To ensure safety, such lamps are sometimes equipped with protective grilles.
  2. Recessed lamps. Such light sources are mounted under the ceiling covering.
  3. Wall models. There are many modifications of such lamps. For example, the linear type of lamps has an elongated shape and is used to illuminate extended objects. Overhead models are installed using anchors fixed in the wall.
  4. Corner lamps. Such devices are mounted at the joints between the ceiling and walls. Externally, the structure resembles a ceiling plinth. This type of lighting fixture is often chosen for kitchens.
  5. Hanging devices. Fixed to the ceiling structure using a cable. One wire carries from one to several light bulbs.
  6. Closed lamps. Used in combination with stretch ceilings. Such models do not overheat, which ensures the safety of the ceiling material.
  7. Furniture models. Fluorescent lamps are used to illuminate furniture. Fluorescent lighting not only performs a utilitarian function, but also serves as a decoration for furniture.

In recent years, the production of economical models of fluorescent lamps has been gaining momentum. The technology is based on the use of a special gas - phosphor. As a result of the interaction of gas and current, an ultraviolet glow is formed without heating the device.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantages of fluorescent light sources include the following characteristics:

  1. High brightness of light, which allows for excellent visibility. Fluorescent lighting is especially useful when performing small manipulations that require precise movements.
  2. Long service life. Compared to incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps last longer.
  3. Various modifications of lamps. Products are produced that are suitable for any interior.
  4. The bulbs do not overheat, which has a beneficial effect not only on the service life of the light source, but also on the finishing materials located in the immediate vicinity (we are talking primarily about stretch ceilings).
  5. Saving energy consumption.
  6. Easy to clean the device from dirt or dust.

The disadvantages of fluorescent lamps include:

  1. Lack of DC power supply.
  2. Sensitivity to temperature conditions, which can reduce the light output of the device.
  3. Presence of mercury inside the lamp, which creates a dangerous situation if the bulb is broken.

Important characteristics when choosing a lamp

When buying a lamp, you should take into account its technical capabilities:

  1. A significant advantage of the product is the possibility of a cold start. In such lamps, the electrodes heat up gradually, as a result of which the light turns on with a slight delay. A soft start significantly increases the working life of the lamp.
  2. It is recommended to take a closer look at the power ratio between the old incandescent lamp and the installed fluorescent lamp. The power of a fluorescent lamp of 12–15 W is enough to replace a 60-watt incandescent light bulb. However, despite the difference in power, the luminous flux characteristics of different types of lamps should be approximately the same.
  3. The color of the lamp is determined by the characteristics of the room. For an office or kitchen, cold light is preferable. This will increase your concentration on doing any work. In the bedroom, living room or dining room, warm color tones are more relevant. They do not irritate the organs of vision. For the bathroom or garage, you should choose devices that are protected from moisture and dust.

Areas of application

Fluorescent light sources are used in many areas of human activity:

  1. In medicine. Fluorescent lamps are often used in medical offices. The quality of light allows doctors to carry out diagnostic measures more thoroughly.
  2. Luminescent devices are common in manufacturing. Features of the technology make it possible to cover large areas with high-quality concentrated lighting. Daylight is especially important when carrying out small precision operations (for example, when working on a lathe).
  3. In the kitchens of public catering establishments, as well as for cooking at home.
  4. In scientific institutions and laboratories.
  5. In libraries, in educational institutions.
  6. For organizing outdoor lighting. Fluorescent sources are used not only for lighting, but also as decorative light. Fluorescent lamps are often found on garage canopies and at building entrances.
  7. Office rooms.
  8. Trading establishments.
  9. Living spaces.

Interior use

Fluorescent light sources are used in a wide variety of interior solutions, but they are most appropriate in modern styles:

  1. High tech. This style uses long lamps mounted at the junctions of ceilings and walls. Such lamps emphasize the geometry of the room. For high-tech, cold tones are most often used.
  2. Minimalism. Fluorescent lamps are made of plastic and are massive flat structures.
  3. Ecological design. They are used in a frame of natural materials (wood or leather) and emit warm light.
  4. Premises in loft style. Such lamps in their design and placement must correspond to the general style of the room - a former industrial building converted into apartments.
  5. Eclecticism. Economy lamps placed in a line are used.

Note! Cold light is suitable for living spaces with windows facing south. Also, cold light dilutes the too warm tones of finishing materials.

Installation of fluorescent lamps

If desired, it is easy to install fluorescent lamps yourself. Installation of lighting devices is carried out based on their design features. The devices are mounted on ceiling structures, on walls, in columns, etc. For fixation, dowels and mortgages are used.

Ceiling sockets are installed to connect the luminaire wiring to the electrical network. They mask the hole from which the conductors come out.

For wall lamps, sockets are mounted at a short distance from the light source. A cord comes out of the housing and connects to the power source through a plug.

When installing a mechanical switch, special attention should be paid to the reliability of the contacts. Otherwise, during operation, the contact surfaces may shift, causing the lamp to stop working.

The connection diagram of the device is also important. Most often on the market there are modifications equipped with chokes and starters. Such devices have dedicated sockets. One of the capacitors is connected in parallel and acts as a voltage stabilizer. The second capacitor is designed to extend the pulse time at the start. This connection is called electromagnetic balance. Its diagram is shown in the figure below.

All fluorescent lamps have a diagram. It is shown on the back of the device. The diagram contains sufficient information about the number of light bulbs, their power, as well as other significant characteristics of the device.

Note! It is easy to convert a lamp with fluorescent lamps to work with LEDs. Before replacing the lamp, the ballast must be removed from the circuit. Light diodes must receive voltage directly.

The optimal way to place fluorescent devices is to hang them on the main line (lighting boxes like KL-1 or KL-2). Together with the boxes, all the necessary components for installing a fluorescent lamp are available for sale.

Important! Before connecting the lamp, you should insulate the ends of the wires.

Possible breakdowns

There are several common reasons why fluorescent devices malfunction:

  1. Triggering of the protective mechanism. This happens due to a short circuit in the electrical network (behind the machine) or a malfunction of the capacitor at the input. This problem is especially common when replacing fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. The problem is corrected by replacing the capacitor. The contacts of the cartridges and the starter should also be tested for working condition. Light bulbs may need to be replaced.
  2. The light doesn't turn on. The reason is insufficient voltage in the cartridge or its complete absence. The voltage is checked using an indicator screwdriver or a multitester. If the device does not turn on, but there is light at the ends of the tube, the starter is broken. In this case, the starter should be replaced. The absence of a glow indicates a malfunction of the throttle, starter or the lamp itself. If only one end lights up, there is an error in the circuit and needs to be double-checked.
  3. Continuous flickering. The problem occurs when the starter fails or when there is insufficient voltage in the electrical network. You also need to check the connection diagram - there is probably an error.
  4. Regular turning on and off of the light bulb indicates its failure. The lamp will need to be replaced.

Checking the lamp

First, check the proper operation of the lamp using a multimeter or tester. There are certain nuances in four-lamp and two-lamp lamps. For example, in an Armstrong lamp, electronic ballasts for 4 lamps, if one bulb fails, all four will not light. The same applies to devices with one starter for two tubes. In luminaires where each lamp has a dedicated starter, the luminaire will function without problems if other lamps fail.

If the power supply is connected, but the lamp does not turn on, check the voltage supply. This is done from the terminal block at the input.

The performance of fluorescent light sources is assessed by the integrity of their components that ensure current transport:

  1. The throttle should not make any sounds.
  2. The starter is checked by connecting it to an incandescent light bulb and a socket.
  3. Check the capacitance of the capacitor.

Diagnostics are carried out only with the device disconnected from the power supply. The optimal means for taking measurements is a multimeter or ohmmeter. To carry out the test, remove the starter from the cartridge and connect the contacts. The probes are brought to the terminals of the lamp wires. As a result, the device will display the total resistance of the lamp.

Famous manufacturers

In order for a fluorescent lamp to work for a long time, it is recommended to study the proposals of manufacturing companies in advance. There are products from dozens of companies on the market. However, only a few brands have achieved an impeccable reputation:

  1. Philips. The products of the Dutch company are the standard of quality and technological excellence. The Philips assortment includes a wide variety of modifications of fluorescent lamps.
  2. Ares. The products of the Italian company are known all over the world. The company produces lamps not only for indoor lighting, but also for decorative lighting.
  3. "Thorn Lighting" (Austria). The company has established itself as a manufacturer of high-quality equipment for industrial and warehouse facilities. Also in the Thorn Lighting assortment there are fluorescent spotlights.
  4. Osram. The German manufacturer is one of the leaders in the global lighting equipment market.

Products from domestic companies are also on sale:

  1. The Navigator company offers economical lamps for residential and office premises, as well as for outdoor lighting. The products are equipped with moisture-proof and dust-proof fuses.
  2. "New World". One of the leaders in the production of powerful fluorescent lamps, as well as floodlight equipment.
  3. JazzWay. The company produces a wide range of various lighting equipment, including fluorescent and LED devices.
  4. "Xenon". This manufacturer specializes in lamps for industrial premises and large office facilities.
  5. "Aten". Manufactures products for outdoor lighting.
  6. "Leader Light". Manufacturer with a large line of lighting equipment. The range includes products for road lighting.

In general, products from Western manufacturers are considered to be of the highest quality. However, Russian companies offer fluorescent lamps at more affordable prices.

For many people, the discovery will be that fluorescent lamps have many varieties. They can be selected for any kind of lighting: both for outdoor lighting and for lighting inside the house. The characteristics of the light bulbs also vary.


What is it and what are they called?

Fluorescent lamps are often called fluorescent lamps due to their ability to produce pure white light, close to natural light. They differ from all other varieties due to a different mechanism for creating lighting. Once upon a time, fluorescent lamps were not popular because the range of lighting shades was very scarce: only white-green or white-pink tones were found. However, a significant advantage was that it was possible to create lamps of various shapes. Soon designers appreciated the new product, highlighting all sorts of interesting details using fluorescent lamps of unusual configurations. So lamps firmly entered into everyday life.


It’s worth going into a little more detail about the operation of lamps. They glow due to the fact that an electric discharge in mercury vapor in the flask creates ultraviolet light, with which the phosphor subsequently reacts - a special coating on the walls of the flask. It converts UV radiation into the light spectrum visible to the eye. In terms of light output, fluorescent lamps are not much inferior to LED lamps. Lumens in LED bulbs do not always correlate closely with wattage, and the same can be said for fluorescent daylight bulbs. Do not confuse lumens with lux: the former show the light output of a light bulb, and the latter indicate the degree of illumination of the room.


Various bases are produced for fluorescent lamps: compact fluorescent light bulbs can even be purchased to replace ordinary incandescent lamps. Not only are models with phosphor brighter, they consume much less electricity and are also less harmful to eye health. The main disadvantage of fluorescent light sources is their harmfulness (if the bulb is cracked, then prolonged inhalation of mercury vapor can greatly harm the human body). Another drawback is the inability to use the lamp at low temperatures, as it simply will not turn on.


Species and types

Fluorescent lamps are divided according to many factors. One of them is size. There are compact models or large ones. Compact samples are often chosen as an alternative to ordinary incandescent lamps for ceiling chandeliers. They are equipped with a screw base. Large models are most often inserted into luminaires designed specifically for them. Lamps come in different shapes: long linear, tubular, curly. There are also more common configurations, for example, a round lamp or in the shape of a candle.


The finished model has the appropriate marking - designation of light temperature.

Based on the temperature of light, the following types are distinguished:

  • LD – fluorescent lamp;
  • LHB – cold white light lamp;
  • LB – neutral white light lamp;
  • LTB – warm white light lamp;




  • LE – natural light lamp;
  • LC, LV, LZ, LG, LS – red, yellow, green, blue, dark blue, respectively;
  • LUV – ultraviolet lamps used for disinfection of premises.




The color lamp is widely accepted. It is often chosen for street lighting, which allows the use of fluorescent light bulbs. In the case of external lighting, shades must be used that create a suitable microclimate for the operation of luminescent models. For public institutions such as hospitals, administrative centers, and so on, it is customary to buy fluorescent lamps. There are single-lamp, two-lamp, four-lamp models depending on the size of the illuminated area. It is worth noting that due to certain characteristics of the lamps, a dimmer cannot be used to adjust the brightness of the light.





Another popular model is energy-saving luminescent. It is made of several curved spirals and usually has a compact appearance and a screw base. On any energy-saving light bulb there is usually written about the principle of its operation. Please note that in the case of luminescent options, you should give preference only to high-quality options, since if the bulb depressurizes, significant harm will be caused to your health.


In general, there are variants of high and low pressure. The first type is used to create street lighting, and the second type is used to illuminate the living rooms of the house.

Characteristics

You can fully recognize the device of a particular model by looking at its markings. It reflects all the characteristics of the lamp. An important characteristic is the glow temperature. This aspect was discussed in more detail in the previous section. To measure the diameter of the flask, 1/8 inch is used in accordance with International Standards. When marking, the letter T and the corresponding part of the inch are placed, for example, T8 (25.4 mm). Please note that the thickness of the lamp directly affects how long it will last: models that are wider in diameter are much more durable than thin samples.


You can also find out about the bases and their number by the lamp marking.

The following types of connectors and socles are used:

  • G24Q1;
  • G24Q2;
  • G24Q3;








In order to determine the network voltage, it is also enough to simply look at the lamp. The fluorescent light may be connected directly to a 220-volt power supply or may need to be reduced to 127 volts.

The shape configuration is reflected in the lamp designation. In addition to the standard designations, there are additional ones.

The standard ones include:

  • The linear form has no symbol;
  • U – horseshoe shape;
  • S – spiral shape, usually used with compact lamps;
  • C – candle lamp;
  • G – sphere shape;
  • R – in the form of an ordinary incandescent lamp with a reflector that sets the direction of the light flux;
  • T – tablet lamp.


Additional values ​​include the following:

  • M – small-sized. The letter comes after the one that denotes the shape, for example, TM - a small-sized light bulb of a round flat shape.
  • P – body that scatters light.


Not all characteristics are listed, since each manufacturer considers it necessary to bring something different to the design of fluorescent light bulbs. There are, however, such important indicators as power, lamp sizes and the principle of their operation, and I would like to dwell on the listed points in more detail.

Power

Power marking is done using the letter W followed by a number indicating the number of watts in the light bulb. However, you should not focus only on power: in the case of fluorescent lamps, their light output means much more. Below is a table of the correspondence between the powers of fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps with equal light output.


Fluorescent lamp power Incandescent lamp power
6 30
7 36
8 40
9 45
10 40
11 55
12 60
13 65
15 75
16 80
18 90
20 100
23 115
24 120
26 130
36 180
55 275

The higher the lamp power, the wider or longer it is. For example, a linear design with a power of 18W with a diameter of 26 mm will be 590 mm, at 30W - 895 mm, at 36 W - 1200 mm, and at 58W - 1500 mm. The table clearly demonstrates the enormous efficiency of fluorescent lamps compared to traditional incandescent lamps. Capacity classification was made based on the most common choice. This includes models of both outdoor and indoor lighting.


There are several more nuances that relate to the power of energy-saving lamps. Regardless of the luminescent model chosen, over time it will lose some of its brightness. This is due to the gradual burning out of the element inside. You also need to know that 30% of the total power consumed during operation is necessary for the lamp to light up. Some lamps are equipped with a special starting system, which does not make them more economical. In such cases, electricity consumption simply stretches over time.


Regardless of the lamp power, it does not heat up much. Unlike incandescent lamps, the heating limit of the fluorescent version is 50-60 degrees Celsius. Even if you touch the lamp without gloves, it is almost impossible to get burned. Very few modern light bulb models can boast the same distinctive properties.

Dimensions

As mentioned above, there are compact models or standard linear large ones. Currently, compact fluorescent lamps are more often used, so it would be logical to dwell on them in more detail. Compact samples are light bulbs with a curved tube. Both U-shaped and spiral models are available. Compact options are made for different types of bases, which opens up wide scope for replacing ordinary lamps with energy-saving fluorescent lamps.


There are models with screw bases, and there are those designed only for special fluorescent lamps. It is worth noting that models with a screw base are more expensive, since all fluorescent lamps require a ballast, and in such models it is built directly into the base body.

Compact energy-saving fluorescent lamps differ from incandescent lamps in the following characteristics:

  • Energy-saving models absorb 80% less electrical energy with the same light output as incandescent lamps;
  • It is possible to choose the model of the desired light temperature;
  • As a rule, the life of a compact fluorescent model is much longer than that offered by incandescent lamp manufacturers. Traditional tungsten light bulbs last about 1,000 hours, while a quality fluorescent replacement can last 6,000-15,000 hours without replacement;
  • Due to the durability of daylight models, it takes much less time, effort and money to maintain and maintain them in working condition.


Large linear models are most often used for lighting in non-residential premises, for example, in warehouses. Due to the high pulsation coefficient, equal to double the ripple rate of the electrical network, they cannot be installed to illuminate moving conveyors without additional, more stable incandescent lamps.

Principle of operation

Due to the special structure of the lamp, for long-term operation it must be equipped with a ballast, which makes it possible to neutralize the negative consequences of the fact that a large amount of current is passed through the lamp. Ballasts can be electromagnetic or electronic. Electromagnetic ballast is cheaper and simpler in design. However, this model has a number of serious disadvantages. The most significant of these is that lamps with such ballast flicker strongly and frequently. This leads to rapid fatigue, loss of strength, and also increases eye strain when working for a long time in a room with such lighting.



On top of that, options with electromagnetic ballast produce an unpleasant buzzing noise that can quickly cause headaches. There are also disadvantages that are not related to a person’s well-being. For example, lamps equipped with electromagnetic ballast take time to start up. Usually it fluctuates between 1-3 seconds, but as the model wears out it will increase. The lamps also consume more electricity than models with electronic ballast.

The electronic ballast converts standard mains voltage into high-frequency alternating current, which is then used to power the lamp. Such models are a little more expensive, but they do not produce noise, do not flicker, the ballast itself takes up less space and also weighs less. There are models that light up instantly, but such a starting system has a bad effect on the service life of fluorescent lamps. It is much better if there is a preheating system. In this case, the startup takes about one second, which usually does not play a special role.


Thus, it is best to choose a model with electronic ballast, since its cost is not much higher and the advantages are obvious. Moreover, today this option is more common than with electromagnetic ballast, so there should be no problems with the search.

What brands are they producing?

Today, many manufacturers produce all kinds of light bulbs. There are models of both Russian and foreign production. Below are a number of companies that are highly trusted among consumers.

  • G.E.- a company founded by Thomas Edison. If initially General Electric specialized only in the production of incandescent lamps, now it is one of the oldest and most respected brands in the world.


  • Orsam is another world-famous brand that produces various types of lighting equipment, ranging from options for cars to grandiose lighting structures for public events.


  • Phillips offers high quality luminescent models and accessories for them. Lamps are produced in different ways: both tubular and compact. There are different types of bases, suitable for both special lamps and ordinary ones.



  • Lisma is a leading company in the production of lamps in Russia. The company offers high quality samples, as well as all the parts for them. The advantage is a large selection of models.



  • Sylvania specializes not in simple lamps, but in environmentally friendly ones. As you know, birds are very sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, so it is necessary to choose special models for the rooms in which they are kept. Similar options are produced under this brand.


  • RUPP "Vityaz" produces products of average quality that have affordable prices. Many people prefer lamps from this company precisely because of the cost.



  • Tomsk Electric Bulb Plant has been producing lamps since 2009 and has already gained a good reputation among users. The products have an attractive price and good quality.



In a word, there is plenty to choose from. You can choose a high-quality model to suit every taste and budget.

How to choose?

When choosing luminescent models, you need to focus on many factors. Some of them have already been given in this article. The lamp must be manufactured by a trusted manufacturer. Poorly made options are hazardous to health in case of depressurization. You should not buy a Chinese fake, because it will not last long, and no one needs mercury vapor in the air.


Focus on the purpose for which a fluorescent lamp is needed. There are specialized options for indoors, outdoors, and medical institutions. Luminescent options are used everywhere, including to maintain constant lighting in flowers or for keeping animals. In the latter case, you should pay special attention to the selection of the option; it must be suitable for these purposes, otherwise you will only harm the animals. Don't forget about the optimal light temperature. The most comfortable color for the eyes is natural white. When combining different colored models, try to select high-quality samples.


Pay attention to the type of ballast. It is best to prefer an electronic one, since such lamps have proven themselves better.

Take a closer look at how the lamp works. It may imply a built-in starter or its presence in the lamp.

There are models of the following types:

  • RS - rapid start - do not require a starter and ignite without preheating the elements.
  • InS – instant start – models with gradual start “lag” when turned on by 1-3 seconds, but serve better.
  • US – universal start – universal options.
  • PHs – pre-heat start – fluorescent lamps requiring a starter.



Models that do not have such markings require a starter. This means that the lamp itself is designed this way.

How to check if it's working properly?

In order to check whether a failed fluorescent light bulb is in a suitable condition, you should carry out a small test:

  • First, remove the lamp itself directly from the lamp and see if the tube has turned black. As a rule, the presence of large black spots indicates that the lamp has expired and will not light up again.
  • Next, you need to check with a multimeter whether the filaments are intact. To check, set it to resistance testing mode and use a tester to check each of the threads one by one. If any of them is burned out, the value on the multimeter will be equal to one. In simple terms, this means that the electrical circuit is broken.
  • If both of the above factors are in perfect order, then it is necessary to work with ballast.


The simplest thing you can do to check the operation of the ballast is to remove the fluorescent tube, connect ordinary cables to the body wires and install a standard light bulb between them. Please note that you cannot plug in an electrical appliance without a light bulb, otherwise the ballast may burn out. If the light bulb lights up, it means the ballast is working, and the problem is in the fluorescent tube itself: maybe the bulb has burst or one of the threads has burned out. If the light bulb does not light up, the ballast is faulty and the entire light fixture will have to be replaced.


These methods are only suitable for testing light bulbs that are already in use. Before purchasing a fluorescent lamp, you should check it directly in the store. If there is an unpleasant odor, strong flickering or other things that cause concern, feel free to ask to replace the model provided to you, otherwise it may burn out within a couple of weeks after purchase.


How to connect?

It is possible to connect one or two fluorescent lamps at the same time. For each of these methods, its own connection diagram has been developed. Take a look at the diagram. It clearly shows how and what mechanisms are connected to each other for proper operation. To begin with, the current from the network enters the inductor, where it is converted to further power the lamp. After the current has entered the lamp itself, it goes to the starter. Next, the current passes to another spiral of the light bulb, closing the circuit, and thus an electric discharge is formed inside the lamp, igniting the mercury vapor.



For two lamps, the operating principle is almost the same, except that the current from the inductor gradually flows into the two starters.

To connect the lamp, follow the instructions below:

  • First you need to choose a suitable lamp. Pay attention not only to the aesthetic component, but also to whether the mains voltage in your home matches that indicated on the lamp. Otherwise, it will quickly fail.
  • Depending on what type of lamp you have chosen, either screw it into the socket or fix it in the lamp by snapping it on both sides. In the second case, make sure to secure your option as indicated on the lamp body. Sometimes the performance of a lamp depends precisely on how correctly all the contacts are connected when connected.
  • Check that the lamp is working properly by turning it on. When working properly, it will not flicker or make noise.


As you can see, connecting a fluorescent lamp yourself is not particularly difficult even for a beginner. The most important thing is to remember basic safety rules: do not work with bare wires when the mechanism is in current supply mode.

How to change?

Many people have difficulty replacing a fluorescent lamp with a new one on their own due to the fact that they have no idea how to remove a burnt-out model from the housing. Fortunately, there is nothing complicated about this:

  • Turn off the power. It is advisable not just to turn off the light itself, but to completely de-energize the apartment.
  • Hold the lamp firmly and begin to rotate it. You will have to rotate it all the way, the total angle is approximately 90 degrees. This will rotate the lamp pins to a vertical position.
  • Next, gently pull the lamp towards you and down until it is completely disconnected. Place the dismantled light source in a safe place so that it does not break: remember, mercury vapor is dangerous to health and life!
  • Carefully install the new light bulb. Repeat the path along which you pulled out the lamp, only in the opposite direction. Having reached the grooves, begin to gently twist the tube until it is completely fixed. You can check whether the light bulb is securely fastened by pulling it slightly.
  • Check if the device is working. To do this, turn on the current in the apartment and flip the switch.


It is safe to say that replacing a lamp is very simple, and anyone can do it if desired. Don't forget to equip yourself with a stepladder if you are installing the lamp on the ceiling. This will make your work easier, while at the same time reducing the likelihood of accidentally dropping a faulty fluorescent lamp and breaking it. When replacing lamps in an office where panels of multiple lamps are usually protected with frosted glass, be sure to wipe down the inside of the lamp. It is not known when you will have the opportunity to clean it from dust, and besides, you will hardly want to do all the above manipulations specifically for this purpose.


Service life and disposal

Fluorescent lamps have one of the longest service lives today. Some manufacturers claim that their models are suitable for continuous operation for 20,000 hours. Such figures cannot but amaze, but the average operating life of such options is 13,000 hours. Models with a long service life are good for office spaces where it is not possible to constantly replace one lamp with another. It is worth noting that tubular models usually last longer than curly ones. The same rule applies to the diameter of the lamps: thicker models can be used longer than thin ones.


As you know, there are mercury vapors inside the flask, which is why the disposal of lamps must be carried out using a special technology. Abroad, fines have long been established for thoughtless handling of such equipment due to the great harm to the environment caused by disposal. Absolutely all fluorescent lamps have a warning that they cannot simply be thrown into the trash. Mercury is a toxic substance, and if a lamp is accidentally broken, its vapor will remain in the air for a long time, not moving anywhere and poisoning the space. Unfortunately, few people in Russia are concerned about this problem.


Since the beginning of mass production of fluorescent lamps to this day, they remain among the leaders in prevalence among lighting devices. Perhaps someday LED ones will overtake them in this parameter, but for now the fact remains a fact. And it’s not just about their efficiency compared to halogen or incandescent lamps. Today this is the most affordable lighting option for schools, kindergartens, offices, industrial and warehouse premises.

Fluorescent, gas-discharge, fluorescent lamps - they name such lighting devices in a variety of ways, sometimes without even thinking about where the name came from. It's simple. LDS lamps operate using a choke and a starter. The starter, creating a short-term short circuit, promotes the appearance of a spark, and the choke, by producing a high-voltage discharge, breaks through the mercury vapor contained in the flask, resulting in an ultraviolet glow.

Classification of fluorescent lamps

To classify and highlight the technical characteristics of LLs, it is necessary to determine their performance, as well as understand what their design is. For this it is advisable:

  • Determine the light emitted by the lamp. It can be regular white or daytime. Improved models are available in a universal design.
  • Find out the transverse width of the tube. The higher this indicator, the more powerful the LDS will be, and also the higher the data on color temperature, spectrum and service life. The most common and effective flasks are 18, 26 and 38 mm. The diameter and length of the tube are usually marked side by side, for example, 26/406.
  • Look at indicators such as lamp power. Based on these indicators, it is possible to determine the area illuminated by the device. The efficiency also depends on this parameter.
  • Find out how many contacts LL has. There may be four of them, maybe two with the lamp twisted into a ring.
  • Determine whether a starter and a choke are required to ignite a fluorescent lamp, or whether the LL is starterless. Some people think that if a starter is not required, the device will be more economical. But this is a misconception; there is no connection between the presence or absence of a breaker and energy saving.
  • Take into account the required power supply. There are lamps that operate not on 220 V, but on 127 V.
  • Look at the shape of the lamp. It can be ring-shaped, U-shaped, straight, spiral, spherical or arc-shaped.
  • Pay attention to the durability of the work. It depends on where the lamp is to be used. LLs intended for home use are the most durable.
  • Visually understand the color of the lamp. Is it LDC or LB.

Marking

Fluorescent lamps can be divided into two groups - those with general and special purposes. General purpose – devices 15–80 watts. They can be either white or colored (red, yellow, green, blue and blue).

According to the power parameter, there are low-power (less than 15 watts) and high-power (more than 80 watts).

The type of discharge also matters; they are also different - arc, glow and glow section.

Radiation - natural light, a color lamp with a specialized spectrum and ultraviolet.

The shape of the tube is tubular or curly. Light distribution – directional radiation (reflective, slot, panel, etc.) and non-directional.

Indication of features is required in the name, therefore, by looking at the designation of fluorescent lamps, you can determine all the indicators of these lighting devices. For LLs that have improved quality in terms of color rendering, the letter C will be placed in the marking after the color letter, and if the quality is special, the letter TsTs.

For example, the lamp marking looks like this: LKTSU-80. So this is an 80 watt fluorescent red U-shaped lamp. The marking of OSRAM fluorescent lamps is slightly different, but the basic data is still the same.

Advantages and disadvantages

As the size (length) of the lamp decreases, the luminous output increases. It turns out that losses are reduced, which helps improve the quality of the light flux. Then a logical conclusion arises - better lighting will be provided by one 30-watt lamp than two 15-watt lamps.

What are the advantages of such lighting devices? Of course, the first thing that should be mentioned is a decent level of efficiency, it is approximately 25%. As for the light output, it is almost ten times higher than that of a conventional incandescent lamp.

The next plus is greater durability. It is 20,000 hours. In addition, such lamps have a huge color spectrum. Of course, it cannot be compared with a multi-color LED strip, but it is still possible to choose a lighting device with a luminous flux of the color you need.

Distribution of glow throughout the fluorescent lamp. Although, of course, this advantage is doubtful; rather, it can be attributed to disadvantages. And there are already enough of them.

For example, such fluorescent lamps require the installation of a ballast, since it is necessary to stabilize and support the normal functioning of the lighting device. Also, these lamps are dependent on weather conditions (when installed outdoors).

The optimal temperature regime for such fluorescent tubes is 20 degrees Celsius.

Another very important problem is the possibility of poisoning due to a defect in the flask and the release of mercury vapor. For the same reason (evaporation of heavy metals), problems with disposal arise. It is produced only by specialized centers, and it costs a lot of money.

Also, with unstable voltage, a noticeable flicker may occur, which, naturally, will not improve vision health and can cause headaches and irritability. The last drawback has already been mentioned - dimming the device is very difficult and time-consuming.

How to choose a fluorescent lamp?

When choosing, you need to follow some rules that may affect the quality of the fluorescent lamp in the future, as well as the length of its service life. You should pay attention to the following technical characteristics:

  1. weather conditions (if the lamp is outdoors) and the internal environment in the room where it is intended to be used;
  2. temperature conditions at which the lighting device will operate;
  3. mains voltage, which is important to prevent flicker;
  4. dimensions of the device. It is necessary to consider whether the fluorescent lamp will fit into the lamp;
  5. acceptable and necessary power of the device, its color and light intensity.

By choosing a fluorescent lamp with suitable characteristics, it is possible to obtain a high-quality product for a long time. You don't have to change it every month.

It will not be possible to determine the quality of such devices based on the brand of the manufacturer, since a certain part of the fluorescent lamps from any supplier will be defective. And the size of such illiquid stock does not depend on the price of the product or the promotion of the brand.

When purchasing a color fluorescent lamp (CLL) or a specialized one, you will have to overpay about 10–15% of the cost of a regular FL. This can be a bactericidal lamp, such as are installed in hospitals for quartzing, i.e. disinfection, or lamps for plant growing.

Some information to make your choice easier

Naturally, the power of the lamp determines its durability, as well as the strength of the luminous flux, including after some time of operation. Knowing these parameters of fluorescent lamps, you can choose the optimal lighting device that will not spoil the mood during installation.

For example, with a power consumption of such a lighting device of 30 watts, the average service life will be 15,000 hours. The average luminous flux after 100 hours of burning for white (LB) will be equal to 140 lm, warm and cold white - 100 lm. For daytime it is 180 lm, and for daytime color this figure will be 80 lm. But the parameters of the LDC will be different.

Do not forget that starterless lamps, although they consume no less electricity than lamps with a starter, still have a slightly longer lifespan. Therefore, the best option would be to purchase just such fluorescent lamps and then exclude starters from their circuit. This is not difficult to do, and such work will not take much time.

Exotic

In general, the non-standard form of fluorescent lamps dates back to the times of neon advertising. Now that the manufacturer has a lot of opportunities to make a tube of any configuration, shaped lamps have mainly begun to be used for bold design solutions. Such products are not marked with familiar symbols. In order to find out their technical characteristics, you need to look at the product passport.

Such fluorescent lamps fit very well into futuristic interiors. Interestingly, this type of lamp and the light it spreads cannot be achieved using any other type of lighting source.