Which European city used to be called Lutetia. Paris
Education
Which European city used to be called Lutetia? History of origin of the name
March 15, 2015Toponymy knows many examples of how the name of the same settlement changed throughout the entire time of its existence. From the distant past the name of one of the ancient cities came to us. Read below about which European city used to be called Lutetia, where it came from and why it has not survived to this day.
Origin of names
Cities and villages get their names from the people who inhabit them. But the meaning of this or that name is hidden from contemporaries. For example, for many London is a typical English name, and no one doubts that the city was named by the British. Few people realize that this name was given to the settlement by the ancient people who inhabited this area even before the Celts. Most scientists are inclined to believe that this name means “flow of water.” The Germanic tribe of Saxons, which replaced the original Celtic population, changed the ancient name, and the Romans changed the name of the settlement again. Thus, the name of a city or town can change many times, sometimes getting lost over the centuries, and sometimes reaching the present day in a changed form beyond recognition. Only in extreme cases do cities survive several centuries, retaining their ancient name, understandable to contemporaries.
Origin of the city
The search for the correct answer to the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia has given scientists food for many guesses and hypotheses. This name was found in ancient chronicles and manuscripts from the period of the Roman Empire, which means that we were talking about a fairly famous city. In fragmentary information from antiquity it was said that Julius Caesar led his troops to the walls of Lutetia. Even then the city was famous. Presumably it was located on the island of Cité and was the capital of the Parisian tribe. Archaeologists have discovered traces of stone piles on which ancient inhabitants built their houses. Ancient buildings and traces of structures characteristic of the late Neolithic era have been preserved. Finally, archaeologists have found several ancient coins - staters, which were minted in Lutetia before its conquest by the Romans.
The Parisian tribe fielded about 8 thousand trained warriors against Caesar’s troops, which means that at the time of the Roman occupation, Lutetia was a fairly influential and densely populated city-state.
City location
Traditionally, Lutetia was located on the Ile de la Cité, which is currently located in the central area of Paris. But it should be taken into account that during the entire period of the existence of this city, the Seine repeatedly changed the outlines of its banks. Which European city used to be called Lutetia has long been clarified, but scientists are still arguing about where this place was located. Research is hampered primarily by the fact that the area was repeatedly conquered and was the scene of ancient battles and modern battles. All the finds of that ancient time can be counted on one hand. But nevertheless, it is clear that Lutetia really existed and was a major European city. 
Origin of the name
The geography of the location of this populated island itself gives an idea of which European city used to be called Lutetia - Rome or Paris. The name of Rome has practically not changed over the millennia of its existence, but Paris began to be called that only after the Romans abandoned this settlement. Before this, the city was known as Parisium. Which meant "the place of settlement of the Parisians", a large tribe of Gallic origin, which made up the majority of the inhabitants of this area. Since the ancient notes of Julius Caesar were found and painstakingly analyzed, the debate about which European city used to be called Lutetia has ceased. Pictures of the original life of the ancient Gauls give an idea of houses built on stilts, of the flows of silt and river mud that the Seine carried every year during its floods. On the one hand, this created inconvenience for the life and movement of people within the city, and on the other, it caused additional difficulties during the siege of Lutetia. The mud of the Seine fed many tribes who lived off agriculture. After all, the annual floods provided the necessary moisture and fertilized the fields near the city walls.
The ancient name of Lutetia comes from the Latin “dirt,” as the Romans showed their indignation at the constantly dirty streets of the city. There was hardly any talk about the cleanliness of its inhabitants: the ancient Roman and the ancient barbarian were in approximately the same conditions. It is natural to assume that the Romans, accustomed to a dry and sunny climate, were unpleasantly surprised by the floods of the Seine and the accumulation of silt deposits along its banks.
Thus, the name Lutetia appeared on maps of the Ancient World. But the very name of this settlement is undoubtedly associated with the Parisian tribe that lived there. Thus, the name Lutetia refers only to the period of the Roman conquest of Gaul. Before and after Rome, Lutetia bore the name Parisium, later changed to Paris.
conclusions
Only the painstaking work of archaeologists, linguists, and historians helped answer the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia. Photos of antiquities from the Isle of Cité indicate that the Parisians were engaged in fishing, willingly explored the banks of the Seine, and mastered the art of building river vehicles. The remains of buildings indicate the city's defense structures. The Arena of Lutetia, the ruins of which have survived to this day, gives an idea of the strong influence of Roman civilization on the local peoples. Finally, Caesar's notes for 53 and 52 BC. e. confirm the existence of Lutetia.
There is only one answer to the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia. Ancient Paris received this name during the Roman conquest. After the Romans left, the Gauls returned the old name to their hometown. And it has survived to this day almost unchanged.
Toponymy knows many examples of how the name of the same settlement changed throughout the entire time of its existence. From the distant past the name of one of the ancient cities came to us. Read below about what Lutetia used to be called, where it came from and why it has not survived to our time.
Origin of names
Cities and villages get their names from the people who inhabit them. But the meaning of this or that name is hidden from contemporaries. For example, for many London is a typical English name, and no one doubts that the city was named by the British. Few people realize that this name was given to the settlement by the ancient people who inhabited this area even before the Celts. Most scientists are inclined to believe that this name means “flow of water.” The Saxons, which replaced the original Celtic population, changed the ancient name, and the Romans changed the name of the settlement again. Thus, the name of a city or town can change many times, sometimes getting lost over the centuries, and sometimes reaching the present day in a changed form beyond recognition. Only in extreme cases do cities survive several centuries, retaining their ancient name, understandable to contemporaries.
Origin of the city
The search for the correct answer to the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia has given scientists food for many guesses and hypotheses. This name was found in ancient chronicles and manuscripts from the period of the Roman Empire, which means that we were talking about a fairly famous city. In fragmentary information from antiquity it was said that Julius Caesar led his troops to the walls of Lutetia. Even then the city was famous. Presumably it was located on the island of Cité and was the capital of the Parisian tribe. Archaeologists have discovered traces of stone piles on which ancient inhabitants built their houses. Ancient buildings and traces of structures characteristic of the late Neolithic era have been preserved. Finally, archaeologists have found several ancient coins - staters, which were minted in Lutetia before its conquest by the Romans.
The Parisian tribe fielded about 8 thousand trained warriors against Caesar’s troops, which means that at the time of the Roman occupation, Lutetia was a fairly influential and densely populated city-state.
City location
Traditionally, Lutetia was located in what is currently located in the central area of Paris. But it should be taken into account that during the entire period of the existence of this city, the Seine repeatedly changed the outlines of its banks. Which European city used to be called Lutetia has long been clarified, but scientists are still arguing about where this place was located. Research is hampered primarily by the fact that the area was repeatedly conquered and was the scene of ancient battles and modern battles. All the finds of that ancient time can be counted on one hand. But nevertheless, it is clear that Lutetia really existed and was a major European city.
Origin of the name
The geography of the location of this populated island itself gives an idea of which European city used to be called Lutetia - Rome or Paris. The name of Rome has practically not changed over the millennia of its existence, but Paris began to be called that only after the Romans abandoned this settlement. Before this, the city was known as Parisium. Which meant "the place of settlement of the Parisians", a large tribe of Gallic origin, which made up the majority of the inhabitants of this area. Since the ancient notes of Julius Caesar were found and painstakingly analyzed, the debate about which European city used to be called Lutetia has ceased. Pictures of the original life of the ancient Gauls give an idea of houses built on stilts, of the flows of silt and river mud that the Seine carried every year during its floods. On the one hand, this created inconvenience for the life and movement of people within the city, and on the other, it caused additional difficulties during the siege of Lutetia. The mud of the Seine fed many tribes who lived off agriculture. After all, the annual floods provided the necessary moisture and fertilized the fields near the city walls.
The ancient name of Lutetia comes from the Latin “dirt,” as the Romans showed their indignation at the constantly dirty streets of the city. There was hardly any talk about the cleanliness of its inhabitants: the ancient Roman and the ancient barbarian were in approximately the same conditions. It is natural to assume that the Romans, accustomed to a dry and sunny climate, were unpleasantly surprised by the floods of the Seine and the accumulation of silt deposits along its banks.
Thus, the name Lutetia appeared on maps of the Ancient World. But the very name of this settlement is undoubtedly associated with the Parisian tribe that lived there. Thus, the name Lutetia refers only to the period of the Roman conquest of Gaul. Before and after Rome, Lutetia bore the name Parisium, later changed to Paris.
conclusions
Only the painstaking work of archaeologists, linguists, and historians helped answer the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia. Photos of antiquities from the Isle of Cité indicate that the Parisians were engaged in fishing, willingly explored the banks of the Seine, and mastered the art of building river vehicles. The remains of buildings indicate the city's defense structures. The Arena of Lutetia, the ruins of which have survived to this day, gives an idea of the strong influence of Roman civilization on the local peoples. Finally, Caesar's notes for 53 and 52 BC. e. confirm the existence of Lutetia.
There is only one answer to the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia. Ancient Paris received this name during the Roman conquest. After the Romans left, the Gauls returned the old name to their hometown. And it has survived to this day almost unchanged.
The newest book of facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archaeology. Miscellaneous] Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich
What cities are the elements hafnium, holmium and lutetium named after?
The chemical elements hafnium (Hf), holmium (Ho) and lutetium (Lu) received their names from the Latin names of the cities of Copenhagen (Hafnia), Stockholm (Holmia) and Paris (Lutetia).
How long has sugar been produced from beets?
The sugar content of beets was first discovered in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraff (1709–1782) by examining root sections under a microscope. However, the method for extracting sugar from beets was not invented until 1786. The development of sugar beet farming began at the beginning of the 19th century. Until this time, Europe imported sugar cane from tropical colonies. These imports ceased during the Continental Blockade (1806–1814) carried out by Napoleonic France, and the extraction of sugar from beets became the most important means of solving the problem.
From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (G-D) author Brockhaus F.A.Holmium Holmium – chemical. Cope was the first to notice characteristic lines in the spectrum of the oxide of the former erbium, which he attributed to the presence of the oxide of a special element, which he called x. Kleve subsequently proposed the name holmium for the metal of the new oxide, a name adopted by Soret. Oxide
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GA) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GO) by the author TSB From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (LU) by the author TSB From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1 [Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and Medicine] authorWhy are vitamins called vitamins? The term “vitamin” was proposed by the Polish biochemist Kazimierz Funk (1884–1967), who isolated the first vitamin preparation (thiamine, vitamin B1) in 1912. Since this drug was an amine in chemical nature (contained an NH2 amino group), Funk called it
From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 2 [Mythology. Religion] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archaeology. Miscellaneous] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary of Catchwords and Expressions author Serov Vadim VasilievichWhy are tantalum and niobium named after heroes of ancient Greek mythology? In 1802, Swedish chemist Anders Gustav Ekeberg (1767–1813) discovered tantalum (Ta) and named the new element after the Greek mythological hero Tantalus due to the difficulties of obtaining it in its pure form. In 1801
From the book 3333 tricky questions and answers author Kondrashov Anatoly PavlovichSeven cities argue for honor Since even in Ancient Greece there was no exact information about the place of birth of the author of the Odyssey and the Iliad, Homer, even in those days the lines appeared: Seven cities, arguing, are called the homeland of Homer... Every city in Greece wanted so that exactly
From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Kondrashov Anatoly PavlovichWhat mythical creatures are cobalt and nickel named after? Cobalt oxide was used in Ancient Egypt, Babylon, and China to color glass and enamels blue. For the same purpose, in the 16th century in Western Europe they began to use tsafra, or safflower, an earthy gray
From the book Vladivostok author Khisamutdinov Amir AlexandrovichWhy are tantalum and niobium named after heroes of ancient Greek mythology? In 1802, Swedish chemist Anders Gustav Ekeberg (1767–1813) discovered tantalum (Ta) and named the new element after the Greek mythological hero Tantalus due to the difficulties of obtaining it in its pure form. In 1801
From Kulebaki’s book: To the 50th anniversary of the city author Frolov Ivan Ivanovich From the book I Explore the World. Secrets of man author Sergeev B.F.THE STREETS OF VLADIVOSTOK ARE NAMED AFTER THEIR STREETS Stepan Sergeevich Vostretsov was born on December 17, 1883 in Kazantsevo, Ufa province. Participated in revolutionary activities, Menshevik. Member of the First World War. For bravery in 1916 he was awarded the rank of ensign. In the Red Army
From the book Sverdlovsk. Excursions without a guide author Buranov Yuri AlekseevichThe streets of the city are named after them. Street A. V. Krisanov Alexey Vasilyevich Krisanov (1873-1905) - one of the first organizers and leaders of the revolutionary movement at the Kulebaki mining plant (from 1896 to 1905). Organizer and leader of the Kulebak organization of the RSDLP. Behind
From the author's bookRobert Koch: the enemies are named by name Among Pasteur's merits, research is of great importance, proving that not only highly organized beings, but even microorganisms are not capable of spontaneous generation from air, water, soil, silt or any other dirt. It revealed,
From the author's bookInformation about the Urals, after whom the streets of Sverdlovsk are named AVEIDE MARIA OSKAROVNA (1884-1919) - a famous Bolshevik underground worker. She carried out revolutionary work in the Urals during the first Russian revolution and during the civil war. Brutally killed by Kolchak's men in
Toponymy knows many examples of how the name of the same settlement changed throughout the entire time of its existence. From the distant past the name of one of the ancient cities came to us. Read below about what Lutetia used to be called, where it came from and why it has not survived to our time.
Origin of names
Cities and villages get their names from the people who inhabit them. But the meaning of this or that name is hidden from contemporaries. For example, for many London is a typical English name, and no one doubts that the city was named by the British. Few people realize that this name was given to the settlement by the ancient people who inhabited this area even before the Celts. Most scientists are inclined to believe that this name means “flow of water.” The Saxons, which replaced the original Celtic population, changed the ancient name, and the Romans changed the name of the settlement again. Thus, the name of a city or town can change many times, sometimes getting lost over the centuries, and sometimes reaching the present day in a changed form beyond recognition. Only in extreme cases do cities survive several centuries, retaining their ancient name, understandable to contemporaries.
Origin of the city
The search for the correct answer to the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia has given scientists food for many guesses and hypotheses. This name was found in ancient chronicles and manuscripts from the period of the Roman Empire, which means that we were talking about a fairly famous city. In fragmentary information from antiquity it was said that Julius Caesar led his troops to the walls of Lutetia. Even then the city was famous. Presumably it was located on the island of Cité and was the capital of the Parisian tribe. Archaeologists have discovered traces of stone piles on which ancient inhabitants built their houses. Ancient buildings and traces of structures characteristic of the late Neolithic era have been preserved. Finally, archaeologists have found several ancient coins - staters, which were minted in Lutetia before its conquest by the Romans.
The Parisian tribe fielded about 8 thousand trained warriors against Caesar’s troops, which means that at the time of the Roman occupation, Lutetia was a fairly influential and densely populated city-state.
City location
Traditionally, Lutetia was located in what is currently located in the central area of Paris. But it should be taken into account that during the entire period of the existence of this city, the Seine repeatedly changed the outlines of its banks. Which European city used to be called Lutetia has long been clarified, but scientists are still arguing about where this place was located. Research is hampered primarily by the fact that the area was repeatedly conquered and was the scene of ancient battles and modern battles. All the finds of that ancient time can be counted on one hand. But nevertheless, it is clear that Lutetia really existed and was a major European city.
Origin of the name
The geography of the location of this populated island itself gives an idea of which European city used to be called Lutetia - Rome or Paris. The name of Rome has practically not changed over the millennia of its existence, but Paris began to be called that only after the Romans abandoned this settlement. Before this, the city was known as Parisium. Which meant "the place of settlement of the Parisians", a large tribe of Gallic origin, which made up the majority of the inhabitants of this area. Since the ancient notes of Julius Caesar were found and painstakingly analyzed, the debate about which European city used to be called Lutetia has ceased. Pictures of the original life of the ancient Gauls give an idea of houses built on stilts, of the flows of silt and river mud that the Seine carried every year during its floods. On the one hand, this created inconvenience for the life and movement of people within the city, and on the other, it caused additional difficulties during the siege of Lutetia. The mud of the Seine fed many tribes who lived off agriculture. After all, the annual floods provided the necessary moisture and fertilized the fields near the city walls.
The ancient name of Lutetia comes from the Latin “dirt,” as the Romans showed their indignation at the constantly dirty streets of the city. There was hardly any talk about the cleanliness of its inhabitants: the ancient Roman and the ancient barbarian were in approximately the same conditions. It is natural to assume that the Romans, accustomed to a dry and sunny climate, were unpleasantly surprised by the floods of the Seine and the accumulation of silt deposits along its banks.
Thus, the name Lutetia appeared on maps of the Ancient World. But the very name of this settlement is undoubtedly associated with the Parisian tribe that lived there. Thus, the name Lutetia refers only to the period of the Roman conquest of Gaul. Before and after Rome, Lutetia bore the name Parisium, later changed to Paris.
conclusions
Only the painstaking work of archaeologists, linguists, and historians helped answer the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia. Photos of antiquities from the Isle of Cité indicate that the Parisians were engaged in fishing, willingly explored the banks of the Seine, and mastered the art of building river vehicles. The remains of buildings indicate the city's defense structures. The Arena of Lutetia, the ruins of which have survived to this day, gives an idea of the strong influence of Roman civilization on the local peoples. Finally, Caesar's notes for 53 and 52 BC. e. confirm the existence of Lutetia.
There is only one answer to the question of which European city used to be called Lutetia. Ancient Paris received this name during the Roman conquest. After the Romans left, the Gauls returned the old name to their hometown. And it has survived to this day almost unchanged.
But it retained its name even after the capture of opidum by the Romans. The origin of the name is not exactly clear. The origin of the name is derived either from the Celtic word luto-, luteuo-, which means “swamp”, or from the word lucot- (“mouse”).
1. Celtic settlement
The first remains of a settlement on the territory of Paris presumably date back to 4,000 BC. e. Found remains from the Bronze and Iron Ages. The first mention of Lutetia as a settlement on the island can be found in the 6th book of Julius Caesar's Notes on the Gallic War, which dates back to 53 BC. AD After Caesar, Lutetia was the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Parisians, but the few finds of archaeologists do not allow us to establish the exact location of the Celtic settlement. Historians assumed that Lutetia was located on one of the Seine islands, the Ile de la Cité, but no pre-Roman artifacts were found during excavations. Archaeological excavations carried out in 1994 and 2005 further cast doubt on the traditional location of Lutetia on the Ile de la Cité. During these excavations, the remains of a large settlement with an area of 15 hectares were found on the territory of today's Nanterre, which forces us to reassess the role of the settlement on the Ile de la Cité in the days before Roman colonization.
2. Roman period
The oldest finds (Italian amphoras, brooches) associated with the Roman period after the annexation of Gaul before the Roman Empire, dated 40-30 BC. That is, but they provide only scant information about those times. The settlement probably arose from a military camp, but evidence of this fact has not yet been found.
The settlement itself was founded at the beginning of the 1st century AD. e. It is assumed that it had three main points. On the left bank of the Seine there was one urban center, another center was located on the Ile de la Cité, and the third was on the right bank of the Seine, a suburb of Lutetia. All three parts were connected to each other by bridges.
The plan of the part of the city on the left bank is similar to a chessboard with quarters (insulitis) measuring 300-300 Roman belts (88.8 88.8 m), with some deviations. For example, from the southeast Lutetia was diagonally crossed by a road from Lyon, which leads to the city center. Lutetia was an important trading post through which trade routes passed.
3. Public buildings
Arenas of Lutetia today
During archaeological excavations, various public buildings were discovered. A forum was found, occupying two insulae, in the center of which there was a courtyard and a temple, and in the east stood a basilica. Most likely, the forum was surrounded on all sides by arcades and shops. An amphitheater a little further from the city and a theater in the center were also discovered. The theater, excavated between 1861 and 1884, occupied one insula and, with its semicircle and rectangular stage, is a typical Roman building. It was built in the 1st century AD. AD and demolished in the 4th century.
4. Baths
Baths of Cluny in the Latin Quarter
So far, three large thermal baths have been discovered. The Baths of Cluny still stand today; even the convex roof on one of the halls has been preserved. This thermal building occupied an entire insula and consisted of the bathing hall itself and a courtyard, located a little to the south. The Baths of Cluny is one of the best preserved Roman buildings north of the Alps, but not much of the interior decoration has survived. The walls were lined with marble and partially painted. The floor was also paved with marble and mosaics. A mosaic was found depicting Eros with a dolphin.
The largest building stood near the Collège de France in the Latin Quarter and occupied two insulas. Now the building has only been partially excavated; it dates back to the 1st century AD. e. At first, living quarters were located in one of the insulas, which were later rebuilt into a thermal baths hall. Unfortunately, not all parts of this house have survived, so it is impossible to draw up a complete plan. A third bathing establishment in Lutetia was discovered south of the Forum.
5. Living quarters
In different parts of the city you can find the remains of ancient Roman buildings, but due to the fact that they are poorly preserved, it is impossible to get an accurate picture of the architectural structures. Probably at first the city was dominated by wooden buildings, which were later replaced by stone buildings. In some houses, cellars, hypocausts (devices for heating rooms) and remains of wall paintings have been preserved.
Little of the craft buildings has also survived to this day; only two pottery buildings have been discovered. However, it is known that the professions of boatman, stonemason and blacksmith existed in Lutetia, this information was obtained from surviving tombs.
6. Temples
Ship column
Apart from the temple on the forum square, no other temples have yet been discovered. However, two places of worship were found outside the city. One of them is a Gallo-Roman complex of temples in honor of Mars. Another structure is the Temple of Mercury on the site of the current Sacré-Coeur basilica on the Montmartre hill.
7. Ship column
A special attraction of Lutetia is the so-called “Ship Column” (lat. Nautae Parisiaci), fragments of which were found by Notre Dame Cathedral. The column depicts Celtic and Roman deities (Mars, Mercury, Venus). It was possible to date the monument using inscriptions from the time of Emperor Tiberius (14-37 AD). Thus, the Ship Column is the most sculpture of France that has survived to this day. Only four of its fragments survived.
8. Late Antiquity
Ancient ruins near Notre Dame
Despite the importance and size of the city, Lutetia did not have a city wall. When the political situation in Gaul began to deteriorate in the 3rd century, the city reduced its size and was located entirely on the Isle of Cité. The abandoned parts of the city were now used as thorns for a cemetery, but, according to some accounts, part of the city on the left bank remained inhabited.
The name Paris was first mentioned around 300. For a long time, Lutetia retained an important political role: since 355, it has been the residence of Caesar Julian, who was proclaimed Augustus in 360. In 365-366 Lutetia was the seat of the German campaigns by the bishop ISBN 2-07-053389-1)