What are amino acids in biology definition. Organic substances nonessential amino acids

AMINO ACIDS

Low molecular weight organic compounds containing one or two carboxyl groups (-COOH) and one or two amino groups (-NH2). Amino acids are widely present in the cells and tissues of living organisms. General formula of the most important natural amino acids

where the radical R can be hydrogen (as in the case of the simplest amino acid glycine), a methyl group - CH3 (as in alanine) or have a more complex structure.

Since amino acids are amphoteric, that is, they have the properties of both acids and bases, they react with each other. The carbon atom of the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the nitrogen atom of the amino group of another to form the so-called. peptide bond, and water is released.

If two amino acids combine, a dipeptide is formed; if three amino acids are combined, a tripeptide is formed; if 20 or more amino acids are combined, a polypeptide is formed (see peptides). Found in living organisms approx. 150 amino acids, but only 20 of them are involved in the construction of polypeptide chains of proteins - translation. The sequence of amino acids in the synthesized polypeptide chain is determined by the genetic code.

Of the 20 amino acids necessary for the construction of proteins in the body of animals and humans, only the so-called amino acids are synthesized from simpler substances. nonessential amino acids. The rest - essential amino acids - must come from food. Different animals have different sets of essential amino acids. For humans, these are 8 amino acids - valine, leucine, lysine, methionine, etc. The absence or deficiency of one or more essential amino acids in the human body leads to metabolic disorders and various diseases. Plants and chemosynthetic microorganisms themselves synthesize all the necessary amino acids.

In addition to building proteins, amino acids (including those not included in proteins) serve as starting materials for the synthesis of vitamins, nitrogenous bases, mediators and other biologically active compounds in cells.

Amino acids are used in medicine, as food additives, for fortification of feed and for other purposes. On an industrial scale, they are obtained by microbiological synthesis (see biotechnology).

When studying possible ways of the origin of life, a number of amino acids were obtained by passing electrical discharges through a mixture of gases, recreating the primary atmosphere of the Earth. Thus, the possibility of abiogenic (without the participation of organisms) synthesis of the most important organic compounds was demonstrated.

Encyclopedia Biology. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what AMINO ACIDS are in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

  • AMINO ACIDS in the Popular Medical Encyclopedia:
    - basic structural units of protein molecules: carboxylic acids containing...
  • AMINO ACIDS in Medical terms:
    (syn. aminocarboxylic acids) organic (carboxylic) acids containing one or more amino groups; are the basic structural units of protein molecules, determine their biological...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
    a class of organic compounds that combine the properties of acids and amines, i.e., containing, along with the carboxyl group -COOH, the amino group -NH2. ...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
    a name recently used in some manuals of organic chemistry instead of the name “amido acids,” which is more correct, because in these compounds ...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    a class of organic compounds containing carboxyl (-COOH) and amino groups (-NH2) have the properties of both acids and bases. Participating in the exchange...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    , -from, units amino acid, -s, w. (specialist.). A class of organic compounds that have the properties of both acids and bases. II adj. amino acid, -aya, ...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
    AMINO ACIDS, organic class. compounds containing carboxyl (-COOH) and amino groups (-NH 2); have the properties of both acids and bases. Participate in…
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
    ? a name used recently in some manuals of organic chemistry instead of the name “amido acids,” which is more correct, because in these ...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
    a class of organic compounds characterized by the properties of both carboxylic acids and amines; A. play an important role in the life of organisms...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  • AMINO ACIDS in Lopatin's Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
    amino acids, -from, units. -ota...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Spelling Dictionary:
    amino acids, -from, units. -ot`a, ...
  • AMINO ACIDS in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
    a class of organic compounds that have the properties of both acids and...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
    a class of organic compounds containing carboxyl (-COOH) and amino groups (-NH2); have the properties of both acids and bases. Participate in the metabolism of nitrogenous substances...
  • AMINO ACIDS in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
    amino acids plural Organic compounds that have the properties of acids and alkalis and are the main element of plant and animal...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
    pl. Organic compounds that have the properties of acids and alkalis and are the main element of plant and animal...
  • AMINO ACIDS in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
    pl. Organic compounds that have the properties of acids and alkalis and are the main element of plant and animal...
  • BROADCAST in the Encyclopedia Biology:
    , synthesis of proteins (polypeptides) on ribosomes using messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) as a matrix; the final stage of implementation...

    Amino acids are organic substances consisting of a hydrocarbon skeleton and two additional groups: amino and carboxyl. The last two radicals determine the unique properties of amino acids - they can exhibit the properties of both acids and alkalis: the former due to the carboxyl group, the latter due to the amino group.

    So, we found out what amino acids are from a biochemical point of view. Now let's look at their effect on the body and their use in sports. For athletes, amino acids are important for their participation in. It is from individual amino acids that our body is built - muscle, skeletal, liver, connective tissue. In addition, some amino acids are directly involved in metabolism. For example, arginine participates in the ornithine urea cycle, a unique mechanism for neutralizing ammonia formed in the liver during the digestion of proteins.


    • From tyrosine in the adrenal cortex, catecholamines are synthesized - adrenaline and norepinephrine - hormones whose function is to maintain the tone of the cardiovascular system, an instant reaction to a stressful situation.
    • Tryptophan is a precursor to the sleep hormone melatonin, produced in the pineal gland of the brain - the pineal gland. With a lack of this amino acid in the diet, the process of falling asleep becomes more difficult, insomnia and a number of other diseases caused by it develop.

    The list could go on for a long time, but let’s focus on the amino acid, the importance of which is especially great for athletes and people who are moderately involved in sports.


    What is glutamine for?

    - an amino acid that limits the synthesis of the protein that makes up our immune tissue - lymph nodes and individual formations of lymphoid tissue. The importance of this system is difficult to overestimate: without proper resistance to infections, there is no need to talk about any training process. Moreover, every workout - no matter professional or amateur - is dosed stress for the body.

    Stress is a necessary condition to move our “equilibrium point”, that is, to cause certain biochemical and physiological changes in the body. Any stress is a chain of reactions that mobilize the body. During the interval that characterizes the regression of the cascade of reactions of the sympathoadrenal system (namely, they represent stress), a decrease in the synthesis of lymphoid tissue occurs. For this reason, the decay process exceeds the rate of synthesis, which means that immunity weakens. So, additional intake of glutamine minimizes this extremely undesirable, but inevitable effect of physical activity


    Essential and non-essential amino acids

    To understand why essential amino acids are needed in sports, you need to have a general understanding of protein metabolism. Proteins consumed by a person at the level of the gastrointestinal tract are processed by enzymes - substances that break down the food we consumed.

    In particular, proteins break down first into peptides - individual chains of amino acids that do not have a quaternary spatial structure. And the peptides will break down into individual amino acids. Those, in turn, are absorbed by the human body. This means that amino acids are absorbed into the blood and only from this stage can they be used as products for the synthesis of body protein.


    Looking ahead, we will say that taking individual amino acids in sports shortens this stage - individual amino acids will be immediately absorbed into the blood and the synthesis processes, as well as the biological effect of amino acids, will occur faster.

    There are twenty amino acids in total. In order for the process of protein synthesis in the human body to become possible in principle, the full spectrum must be present in the human diet - all 20 compounds.

    Irreplaceable

    It is from this moment that the concept of indispensability appears. Essential amino acids are those that our body is not able to synthesize on its own from other amino acids. And this means that they will appear from nowhere except from food. There are 8 such amino acids plus 2 partially replaceable ones.

    Let's look at the table in which foods contain each essential amino acid and what is its role in the human body:

    Name What products contain Role in the body
    Nuts, oats, fish, eggs, chicken,Reduces blood sugar
    Chickpeas, lentils, cashews, meat, fish, eggs, liver, meatRestores muscle tissue
    Amaranth, wheat, fish, meat, most dairy productsTakes part in calcium absorption
    Peanuts, mushrooms, meat, legumes, dairy products, many grainsTakes part in nitrogen metabolic processes
    Phenylalanine, nuts, cottage cheese, milk, fish, eggs, various legumesMemory improvement
    ThreonineEggs, nuts, beans, dairy productsSynthesizes collagen
    , eggs, meat, fish, legumes, lentilsTakes part in radiation protection
    TryptophanSesame, oats, legumes, peanuts, pine nuts, most dairy products, chicken, meat, fish, driedImproves and deepens sleep
    Histidine (partially replaceable)Lentils, soybeans, peanuts, salmon, beef and chicken, pork tenderloinTakes part in anti-inflammatory reactions
    (partially replaceable)Yogurt, sesame, pumpkin seeds, Swiss cheese, beef, pork, peanutsPromotes growth and repair of body tissues

    Amino acids are found in sufficient quantities in animal sources of protein - fish, meat, poultry. In the absence of these in the diet, it is very advisable to take the missing amino acids as sports nutrition supplements, which is especially important for vegetarian athletes.

    The latter should pay special attention to supplements such as BCAA - a mixture of leucine, valine and isoleucine. It is these amino acids that can cause a “drawdown” in a diet that does not contain animal sources of protein. For an athlete (both professional and amateur) this is absolutely unacceptable, since in the long term it will lead to catabolism in the internal organs and to diseases of the latter. The liver is the first to suffer from a lack of amino acids.

    Replaceable

    We consider the essential amino acids and their role in the table below:

    What happens to amino acids and proteins in your body

    Amino acids that enter the bloodstream are first distributed to the tissues of the body where they are most needed. If you are deficient in certain amino acids, taking extra protein rich in them or taking extra amino acids will be especially helpful.

    Protein synthesis occurs at the cellular level. Every cell has a nucleus - the most important part of the cell. It is here that genetic information is read and reproduced. Essentially, all information about the structure of cells is encoded in the sequence of amino acids.

    How to choose amino acids for an ordinary amateur who exercises moderately 3-4 times a week? No way. He simply doesn't need them.

    The following recommendations are more important for modern people:

  1. Start eating regularly at the same time.
  2. Balance your diet with proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
  3. Remove fast food and low-quality food from your diet.
  4. Start drinking enough water - 30 ml per kilogram of body weight.
  5. Avoid refined sugar.

These basic manipulations will bring much more than adding any additives to your diet. Moreover, supplements without meeting these conditions will be absolutely useless.

Why know what amino acids you need if you eat something unclear? How do you know what the cutlets in the cafeteria are made of? Or sausages? Or what kind of meat is in the burger patty? We won’t say anything about the pizza toppings at all.

Therefore, before drawing a conclusion about the need for amino acids, you need to start eating simple, clean and healthy foods and follow the recommendations described above.

The same goes for supplemental protein intake. If your diet contains 1.5-2 g of protein per kilogram of body weight, you do not need any additional protein. It is better to spend money on buying quality food.

It is also important to understand that protein and amino acids are not pharmacological drugs! These are just sports nutrition supplements. And the key word here is additives. They are added as needed.

To understand whether there is a need, you need to control your diet. If you have already gone through the steps described above and realized that supplements are still necessary, the first thing you should do is go to a sports nutrition store and choose the appropriate product according to your financial capabilities. The only thing that beginners should not do is buy amino acids with a natural taste: they will be difficult to drink due to their extreme bitterness.

Harm, side effects, contraindications

If you have a disease characterized by intolerance to one of the amino acids, you know about it from birth, just like your parents. This amino acid should continue to be avoided. If this is not the case, there is no point in talking about the dangers and contraindications of additives, since these are completely natural substances.

Amino acids are a component of protein, and protein is a common part of the human diet. Everything that is sold in sports nutrition stores is not a pharmacological drug! Only amateurs can talk about any harm and contraindications. For the same reason, there is no point in considering such a thing as side effects of amino acids - with moderate consumption, there can be no negative reactions.

Take a sober approach to your diet and sports training! Be healthy!

It's no secret that in order to maintain vital functions at a high level, a person needs protein - a kind of building material for body tissues; Proteins contain 20 amino acids, the names of which are unlikely to mean anything to the average office worker. Every person, especially if we talk about women, has at least once heard about collagen and keratin - these are proteins that are responsible for the appearance of nails, skin and hair.

Amino acids - what are they?

Amino acids (or aminocarboxylic acids; AMK; peptides) are organic compounds consisting of 16% amines - organic derivatives of ammonium - which distinguishes them from carbohydrates and lipids. They participate in the biosynthesis of protein by the body: in the digestive system, under the influence of enzymes, all proteins supplied with food are destroyed to AMC. In total, there are about 200 peptides in nature, but only 20 basic amino acids are involved in the construction of the human body, which are divided into replaceable and essential; sometimes there is a third type - semi-replaceable (conditionally replaceable).

Nonessential amino acids

Replaceable amino acids are those that are both consumed in food and reproduced directly in the human body from other substances.

  • Alanine is a monomer of biological compounds and proteins. It carries out one of the main pathways of glucogenesis, that is, it is converted into glucose in the liver, and vice versa. A highly active participant in metabolic processes in the body.
  • Arginine is an amino acid that can be synthesized in the body of an adult, but is not capable of synthesis in the body of a child. Promotes the production of growth hormones and others. The only carrier of nitrogenous compounds in the body. Helps increase muscle mass and reduce fat mass.
  • Asparagine is a peptide involved in nitrogen metabolism. During the reaction with the enzyme asparaginase, it splits off ammonia and turns into aspartic acid.
  • Aspartic acid - takes part in the creation of immunoglobulin, deactivates ammonia. Necessary for malfunctions of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
  • Histidine - used for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases; has positive dynamics in the fight against AIDS. Protects the body from the harmful effects of stress.
  • Glycine is a neurotransmitter amino acid. Used as a mild sedative and antidepressant. Enhances the effect of some nootropic drugs.
  • Glutamine - in large quantities Activator of tissue repair processes.
  • Glutamic acid - has a neurotransmitter effect and also stimulates metabolic processes in the central nervous system.
  • Proline is one of the components of almost all proteins. They are especially rich in elastin and collagen, which are responsible for skin elasticity.
  • Serine is an amino acid that is found in neurons of the brain and also contributes to the release of large amounts of energy. It is a derivative of glycine.
  • Tyrosine is a component of animal and plant tissues. Can be reproduced from phenylalanine by the action of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase; the reverse process does not occur.
  • Cysteine ​​is one of the components of keratin, which is responsible for the firmness and elasticity of hair, nails, and skin. It is also an antioxidant. Can be produced from serine.

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body are essential

Essential amino acids are those that cannot be generated in the human body and can only be supplied through food.

  • Valine is an amino acid found in almost all proteins. Increases muscle coordination and reduces the body's sensitivity to temperature changes. Maintains the hormone serotonin at high levels.
  • Isoleucine is a natural anabolic steroid that, through the process of oxidation, saturates muscle and brain tissue with energy.
  • Leucine is an amino acid that improves metabolism. It is a kind of “builder” of protein structure.
  • These three AMKs are part of the so-called BCAA complex, which is especially in demand among athletes. Substances in this group act as a source for increasing muscle mass, reducing fat mass and maintaining good health during particularly intense physical activity.
  • Lysine is a peptide that accelerates tissue regeneration, the production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies. Responsible for the strength of blood vessels, found in muscle protein and collagen.
  • Methionine - takes part in the synthesis of choline, the lack of which can lead to increased accumulation of fat in the liver.
  • Threonine - gives elasticity and strength to tendons. It has a very positive effect on the heart muscle and tooth enamel.
  • Tryptophan - supports emotional state, as it is converted into serotonin in the body. Indispensable for depression and other psychological disorders.
  • Phenylalanine - improves the appearance of the skin by normalizing pigmentation. Supports psychological well-being by improving mood and bringing clarity to thinking.

Other methods for classifying peptides

Scientifically, the 20 essential amino acids are divided based on the polarity of their side chains, or radicals. Thus, four groups are distinguished: (but not having a charge), positively charged and negatively charged.

Non-polar are: valine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, proline. In turn, polar acids that have a negative charge include aspartic and glutamic acids. Polar, having a positive charge, are called arginine, histidine, lysine. Amino acids that have polarity but do not have a charge include cysteine, glutamine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, and asparagine.

20 amino acids: formulas (table)

Amino acid

Abbreviation

Asparagine

Aspartic acid

Histidine

Glutamine

Glutamic acid

Isoleucine

Methionine

Tryptophan

Phenylalanine

Based on this, it can be noted that all 20 in the table above) contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.

Amino acids: participation in cell activity

Aminocarboxylic acids are involved in the biological synthesis of protein. Protein biosynthesis is the process of modeling a polypeptide (“poly” - many) chain of amino acid residues. The process takes place on the ribosome, an organelle inside the cell that is directly responsible for biosynthesis.

Information is read from a section of the DNA chain according to the principle of complementarity (A-T, C-G); when creating m-RNA (messenger RNA, or i-RNA - information RNA - identical concepts), the nitrogenous base thymine is replaced by uracil. Then, using the same principle, a transporting amino acid molecules to the place of synthesis is created. T-RNA is encoded by triplets (codons) (example: UAU), and if you know what nitrogenous bases a triplet is represented by, you can find out which amino acid it carries.

Food groups with the highest content of AMK

Dairy products and eggs contain important substances such as valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine and phenylalanine. Fish and white meat have a high content of valine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan. Legumes, grains and cereals are rich in valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, methionine. Nuts and various seeds will saturate the body with threonine, isoleucine, lysine, arginine and histidine.

Below is the amino acid content of some foods.

The largest amount of tryptophan and methionine can be found in hard cheese, lysine - in rabbit meat, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine and phenylalanine - in soy. When creating a diet based on maintaining normal BUN, you should pay attention to squid and peas, while the poorest in terms of peptide content are potatoes and cow's milk.

Lack of amino acids in vegetarianism

It is a myth that there are amino acids that are found exclusively in animal products. Moreover, scientists have found that plant protein is absorbed by the human body better than animal protein. However, when choosing vegetarianism as a lifestyle, it is very important to monitor your diet. The main problem is that one hundred grams of meat and the same amount of beans contain different amounts of BUN in percentage terms. At first, it is necessary to keep track of the amino acid content in the food consumed, then this should become automatic.

How many amino acids should you consume per day?

In the modern world, absolutely all food products contain the nutrients necessary for humans, so there is no need to worry: all 20 protein amino acids are safely supplied from food, and this amount is enough for a person who leads a normal lifestyle and at least slightly monitors his diet.

An athlete’s diet must be saturated with proteins, because without them it is simply impossible to build muscle mass. Physical exercise leads to a colossal consumption of amino acid reserves, so professional bodybuilders are forced to take special supplements. With intensive building of muscle relief, the amount of protein can reach up to one hundred grams of protein per day, but such a diet is not suitable for daily consumption. Any food supplement implies instructions containing different AMKs in doses, which must be read before using the drug.

The influence of peptides on the quality of life of an ordinary person

The need for proteins is present not only among athletes. For example, the proteins elastin, keratin, and collagen affect the appearance of hair, skin, nails, as well as the flexibility and mobility of joints. A number of amino acids affect the body, maintaining fat balance at an optimal level, providing sufficient energy for everyday life. After all, in the process of life, even with the most passive lifestyle, energy is expended, at least for breathing. In addition, cognitive activity is also impossible when there is a lack of certain peptides; maintaining the psycho-emotional state is carried out, among other things, by AMK.

Amino acids and sports

The diet of professional athletes involves a perfectly balanced diet that helps maintain muscle tone. Designed specifically for those athletes who are working on gaining muscle mass, they make life much easier.

As previously written, amino acids are the main building blocks of proteins necessary for muscle growth. They are also able to speed up metabolism and burn fat, which is also important for beautiful muscle definition. When training hard, it is necessary to increase your BUN intake due to the fact that they increase the rate of muscle building and reduce post-workout pain.

The 20 amino acids in proteins can be consumed both as part of aminocarbon complexes and from food. If you choose a balanced diet, then you need to take into account absolutely all grams, which is difficult to implement when the day is very busy.

What happens to the human body when there is a lack or excess of amino acids

The main symptoms of amino acid deficiency are: poor health, lack of appetite, brittle nails, increased fatigue. Even with a lack of BUN alone, a huge number of unpleasant side effects occur, which significantly impair well-being and productivity.

Oversaturation with amino acids can lead to disruptions in the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, which, in turn, is no less dangerous. In turn, symptoms similar to food poisoning may appear, which also does not entail anything pleasant.

You need to know moderation in everything, so maintaining a healthy lifestyle should not lead to an excess of certain “useful” substances in the body. As the classic wrote, “the best is the enemy of the good.”

In the article we looked at the formulas and names of all 20 amino acids; the table of the content of the main AMAs in products is given above.

Everyone knows from chemistry lessons that amino acids are the “building blocks” for building proteins. There are amino acids that our body is able to synthesize on its own, and there are also those that are supplied only from the outside, along with nutrients. Let's look at amino acids (list), their role in the body, and from what products they come to us.

The role of amino acids

Our cells constantly have a need for amino acids. Food proteins are broken down into amino acids in the intestines. After this, the amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream, where new proteins are synthesized depending on the genetic program and the requirements of the body. We obtain essential amino acids, the list of which is presented below, from foods. The body synthesizes replaceable ones on its own. In addition to the fact that amino acids are structural components of proteins, they also synthesize various substances. The role of amino acids in the body is enormous. Non-proteinogenic and proteinogenic amino acids are precursors of nitrogenous bases, vitamins, hormones, peptides, alkaloids, romediators and many other significant compounds. For example, vitamin PP is synthesized from tryptophan; hormones norepinephrine, thyroxine, adrenaline - from tyrosine. Pantothenic acid is formed from the amino acid valine. Proline is a cell protector from many stresses, such as oxidative stress.

General characteristics of amino acids

Proteins are nitrogen-containing high-molecular organic compounds that are created from amino acid residues and connected by peptide bonds. In other words, these are polymers in which amino acids act as monomers. The protein structure includes hundreds and thousands of amino acid residues connected by peptide bonds. The list of amino acids that are found in nature is quite large; about three hundred of them have been discovered. According to their ability to form part of proteins, amino acids are divided into proteinogenic (“producing protein”, from the words “protein” - protein, “genesis” - to give birth) and non-proteinogenic. In a living organism, the number of proteinogenic amino acids is relatively small, there are only twenty of them. In addition to these standard twenty, modified amino acids can be found in proteins; they are derivatives of regular amino acids. Non-proteinogenic are those that are not part of the protein. There are α, β and γ. All protein amino acids are α-amino acids, they have a characteristic structural feature that can be observed in the image below: the presence of amine and carboxyl groups, they are connected in the α-position by a carbon atom. In addition, each amino acid has its own radical, which is not the same as all others in structure, solubility and electrical charge.

Types of amino acids

The list of amino acids is divided into three main types, these include:

. Essential amino acids. It is these amino acids that the body cannot synthesize itself in sufficient quantities.

. Nonessential amino acids. The body can independently synthesize this type using other sources.

. Conditionally essential amino acids. The body synthesizes them independently, but in quantities insufficient for its needs.

Essential amino acids. Contents in products

Essential amino acids can be obtained by the body only from food or supplements. Their functions are simply irreplaceable in the formation of healthy joints, beautiful hair, and strong muscles. What foods contain this type of amino acid? The list is given below:

Phenylalanine - dairy products, meat, sprouted wheat, oats;

Threonine - dairy products, eggs, meat;

Lysine - legumes, fish, poultry, sprouted wheat, dairy products, peanuts;

Valine - grains, mushrooms, dairy products, meat;

Methionine - peanuts, vegetables, legumes, lean meat, cottage cheese;

Tryptophan - nuts, dairy products, turkey meat, seeds, eggs;

Leucine - dairy products, meat, oats, sprouted wheat;

Isoleucine - poultry, cheese, fish, sprouted wheat, seeds, nuts;

Histidine - sprouted wheat, dairy products, meat.

Functions of essential amino acids

All these “building blocks” are responsible for the most important functions of the human body. A person does not think about their quantity, but if there is a lack of them, the work of all systems immediately begins to deteriorate.

Leucine The chemical formula is as follows - HO₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂. This amino acid is not synthesized in the human body. Included in natural proteins. Used in the treatment of anemia and liver diseases. Leucine (formula - HO₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂) is required for the body in an amount of 4 to 6 grams per day. This amino acid is a component of many dietary supplements. As a food additive it is coded E641 (flavor enhancer). Leucine controls the level of blood glucose and leukocytes; when they increase, it activates the immune system to eliminate inflammation. This amino acid plays an important role in muscle formation, bone healing, wound healing, and metabolism.

Amino acid histidine- an important element during the period of growth, during recovery from injuries and illnesses. Improves blood composition and joint function. Helps absorb copper and zinc. With a lack of histidine, hearing is weakened and muscle tissue becomes inflamed.

Amino acid isoleucine participates in the production of hemoglobin. Increases endurance, energy, controls blood sugar levels. Participates in the formation of muscle tissue. Isoleucine reduces the effects of stress factors. With its deficiency, feelings of anxiety, fear, restlessness arise, and fatigue increases.

Amino acid valine- an incomparable source of energy, renews muscles, keeps them in good shape. Valine is important for the restoration of liver cells (for example, in hepatitis). With a lack of this amino acid, coordination of movements is impaired, and skin sensitivity may also increase.

Methionine- an essential amino acid for the functioning of the liver and digestive system. It contains sulfur, which helps prevent nail and skin diseases and helps in hair growth. Methionine fights toxicosis in pregnant women. When it is deficient, hemoglobin in the body decreases and fat accumulates in liver cells.

Lysine- this amino acid is an assistant in the absorption of calcium, promotes the formation and strengthening of bones. Improves hair structure, produces collagen. Lysine is an anabolic steroid that helps build muscle mass. Participates in the prevention of viral diseases.

Threonine- increases immunity, improves the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Participates in the process of creating collagen and elastin. Prevents fat from being deposited in the liver. Plays a role in the formation of tooth enamel.

Tryptophan is the main responsible for our emotions. The familiar hormone of happiness, serotonin, is produced precisely by tryptophan. When it is normal, your mood improves, sleep normalizes, and biorhythms are restored. It has a beneficial effect on the functioning of the arteries and heart.

Phenylalanine participates in the production of norepinephrine, which is responsible for the body’s wakefulness, activity and energy. It also affects the level of endorphins - joy hormones. Phenylalanine deficiency can lead to the development of depression.

Nonessential amino acids. Products

These types of amino acids are produced in the body during metabolism. They are extracted from other organic substances. The body can automatically switch to create the required amino acid. What foods contain non-essential amino acids? The list is below:

Arginine - oats, nuts, corn, meat, gelatin, dairy products, sesame seeds, chocolate;

Alanine - seafood, egg whites, meat, soy, legumes, nuts, corn, brown rice;

Asparagine - fish, eggs, seafood, meat, asparagus, tomatoes, nuts;

Glycine - liver, beef, gelatin, dairy products, fish, eggs;

Proline - fruit juices, dairy products, wheat, meat, eggs;

Taurine - milk, fish proteins; produced in the body from vitamin B6;

Glutamine - fish, meat, legumes, dairy products;

Serine - soy, wheat gluten, meat, dairy products, peanuts;

Carnitine - meat and offal, dairy, fish, red meat.

Functions of nonessential amino acids

Glutamic acid, the chemical formula of which is C₅H₉N₁O₄, is included in proteins in living organisms, is present in some low-molecular substances, and also in a consolidated form. A large role is intended to participate in nitrogen metabolism. Responsible for brain activity. Glutamic acid (formula C₅H₉N₁O₄) during prolonged exercise turns into glucose and helps produce energy. Glutamine plays a big role in increasing immunity, restores muscles, creates growth hormones, and accelerates metabolic processes.

Alanin- the most important source of energy for the nervous system, muscle tissue and brain. By producing antibodies, alanine strengthens the immune system; it also participates in the metabolism of organic acids and sugars and is converted into glucose in the liver. Thanks to alanine, acid-base balance is maintained.

Asparagine refers to non-essential amino acids, its task is to reduce the formation of ammonia under heavy loads. Helps resist fatigue, converts carbohydrates into muscle energy. Stimulates immunity through the production of antibodies and immunoglobulins. Aspartic acid balances the processes occurring in the central nervous system, it prevents excessive inhibition and excessive excitation.

Glycine- an amino acid that provides oxygen to the processes of cell formation. Glycine is necessary to normalize blood sugar levels and blood pressure. Participates in the breakdown of fats and in the production of hormones responsible for the immune system.

Carnitine- an important transport agent that moves fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. Carnitine can increase the effectiveness of antioxidants, oxidize fats, and promote their removal from the body.

Ornithine is a producer of growth hormones. This amino acid is necessary for the functioning of the immune system and liver, is involved in the production of insulin, the breakdown of fatty acids, and in the processes of urine formation.

Proline - participates in the production of collagen, which is necessary for connective tissues and bones. Supports and strengthens the heart muscle.

Serin- producer of cellular energy. Helps store glycogen in muscles and liver. Participates in strengthening the immune system, while providing it with antibodies. Stimulates the functions of the nervous system and memory.

Taurine has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. Allows you to control epileptic seizures. Plays an important role in controlling the aging process. Reduces fatigue, frees the body from free radicals, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure.

Conditionally essential amino acids

Cysteine promotes the elimination of toxic substances, takes part in the creation of muscle tissue and skin. Cysteine ​​is a natural antioxidant that cleanses the body of chemical toxins. Stimulates the functioning of white blood cells. Contained in foods such as meat, fish, oats, wheat, soy.

Amino acid tyrosine helps fight stress and fatigue, reduces anxiety, improves mood and overall tone. Tyrosine has an antioxidant effect, which allows it to bind free radicals. Plays an important role in the metabolic process. Contained in meat and dairy products, fish.

Histidine helps restore tissues and promotes their growth. Contained in hemoglobin. Helps in the treatment of allergies, arthritis, anemia and ulcers. A deficiency of this amino acid can cause hearing loss.

Amino acids and protein

All proteins are created using peptide bonds with amino acids. The proteins themselves, or proteins, are high-molecular compounds that contain nitrogen. The very concept of “protein” was first introduced back in 1838 by Berzelius. The word comes from the Greek “primary”, which means the leading place of proteins in nature. Proteins give life to all life on Earth, from bacteria to the complex human body. In nature there are much more of them than all other macromolecules. Protein is the foundation of life. Proteins make up 20% of the body weight, and if you take the dry mass of the cell, then 50%. The presence of a huge number of proteins is explained by the existence of various amino acids. They, in turn, interact and create polymer molecules. The most outstanding property of proteins is their ability to create their own spatial structure. The chemical composition of protein constantly contains nitrogen - approximately 16%. The development and growth of the body completely depend on the functions of protein amino acids. Proteins cannot be replaced by other elements. Their role in the body is extremely important.

Functions of proteins

The need for the presence of proteins is expressed in the following essential functions of these compounds:

Protein plays a major role in development and growth, being the building material for new cells.

Protein controls metabolic processes during the release of energy. For example, if the food consisted of carbohydrates, then the metabolic rate increases by 4%, and if it consisted of proteins, then by 30%.

Due to their hydrophilicity, proteins regulate water balance in the body.

They improve the functioning of the immune system by synthesizing antibodies, and they, in turn, eliminate the threat of disease and infection.

Protein in the body is the most important source of energy and building material. It is very important to follow the menu and eat foods containing protein every day; they will provide the necessary vitality, strength and protection. All of the above products contain protein.

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This page contains a list of the main identified amino acids, their brief characteristics and role in the body.

Among them:

  1. Essential amino acids- amino acids that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient quantities on its own.
  2. Nonessential amino acids the body is able to synthesize independently from other sources.
  3. Conditionally essential amino acids- amino acids that the body is able to synthesize on its own, but in insufficient quantities.


Essential amino acids


 promotes the growth of muscle tissue, provides muscles with energy, participates in the production of hemoglobin, and reduces the impact of stress factors on the body. Isoleucine deficiency can lead to restlessness, anxiety, as well as increased fatigue, fear and dizziness.
Isoleucine contain: cheese, fish, poultry, nuts, seeds, wheat germ.

An amino acid that is necessary for muscle growth. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, and also promotes wound healing and bone healing. Leucine deficiency can lead to decreased body growth, impaired recovery processes, decreased metabolism and increased blood glucose levels.
Leucine contain: dairy products, oats, wheat germ, meat.

An amino acid that produces energy and is needed to strengthen muscles and maintain their tone. Valine is also needed to restore liver tissue in case of damage (for example, with toxic hepatitis). Valine deficiency leads to impaired coordination of movement and increased skin sensitivity.
Valine contain: meat, mushrooms, grains and dairy products.

An effective amino acid in the prevention of viral infections, in particular the herpes virus. Lysine is able to increase muscle endurance and is involved in the formation of collagen (one of the main proteins of the musculoskeletal system). Lysine deficiency can slow down the recovery of muscle and connective tissue and lead to bone loss in the body.
Contain lysine: legumes and dairy products, poultry, fish, peanuts and wheat germ.

This amino acid is notable for the fact that it contains sulfur, and thereby prevents skin and nail diseases, and also affects hair growth. The amino acid methionine is a powerful antioxidant and has a positive effect on human liver function. Methionine deficiency can cause decreased hemoglobin levels and accumulation of fat in liver cells.
Methionine contain: legumes, lean meat, cottage cheese, vegetables and peanuts.

An amino acid necessary for the formation of tooth enamel, as well as essential proteins such as elastin and collagen. Threonine helps detoxify and prevent the accumulation of fat in liver cells. A deficiency of this amino acid leads to premature fatigue and can also lead to fatty liver.
Threonine contain: dairy products, meat and eggs.

An amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin (a substance that is responsible for our mood, sleep quality and pain perception). Tryptophan is also involved in the production of melatonin (a pineal gland hormone - a regulator of circadian rhythms). Tryptophan deficiency in the body is associated with diseases such as chronic headaches, sleep disturbances and nervous system disorders.
Tryptophan contain: turkey meat, dairy products, eggs, nuts, seeds.

An amino acid that serves as a precursor for the production of biologically active substances such as norepinephrine (an adrenal medulla hormone and neurotransmitter), which increases a person's level of wakefulness, physical energy and activity. There is an opinion that phenylalanine affects the level of endorphins - the so-called joy hormones that are produced in our nervous system. Accordingly, phenylalanine deficiency often leads to the development of depression.
Contain phenylalanine: meat and dairy products, oats, wheat germ.

An amino acid that is especially necessary during growth, during stress and during recovery from illnesses and injuries. Histidine is also involved in the absorption of important microelements such as zinc and copper. Histidine deficiency can lead to pain and inflammation of muscle tissue, as well as hearing loss.
Histidine contain: meat, dairy products and wheat germ.

Nonessential amino acids


- the main donor of nitric oxide and its transporter. This is an amino acid that affects almost all functions of the body, especially the immune system, as well as the human reproductive system - it helps eliminate toxic metabolic waste. Arginine also affects the amino receptors of the pancreas, increasing the secretion of insulin, thereby reducing blood glucose levels. Also, this amino acid is the substance that stimulates the production of growth hormone, which is necessary for the restoration of our musculoskeletal system. Arginine deficiency can lead to slower growth and increased body fat mass. In addition, a lack of arginine contributes to increased blood pressure.
Arginine contain: meat and dairy products, nuts, oats, corn, sesame seeds, raisins, chocolate, gelatin. Arginine is produced independently in the body from ornithine.

An amino acid that is an important source of energy for muscle tissue, the central nervous system and the brain. By producing antibodies, alanine strengthens the immune system. Also, this amino acid plays an active role in the metabolism of sugars (alanine is easily converted into glucose in the liver and vice versa) and organic acids that maintain acid-base balance.
Alanine contain: meat, seafood, egg whites, legumes, nuts, soy, brown rice, corn.

(aspartic acid) - plays an important role in the synthesis of ammonia, increases resistance to fatigue, and is involved in the conversion of carbohydrates into muscle energy. By increasing the production of immunoglobulins and antibodies, asparagine stimulates the immune system. Also, aspartic acid is necessary to maintain balance in the processes occurring in the central nervous system; prevents both excessive excitation and excessive inhibition.
Contain asparagine: dairy products, meat, seafood, eggs, fish, legumes, various nuts, tomatoes and asparagus.

Glutamine is an active participant in nitrogen metabolism, helps remove excess ammonia from tissues, is important for normalizing blood sugar levels, necessary for the synthesis DNA And RNA. Glutamine increases the amount of gamma-aminobutyric acid necessary to maintain normal brain function and maintains normal acid-base balance in the body. Since glutamine improves brain activity, this amino acid is used for epilepsy, chronic fatigue syndrome, impotence, schizophrenia and senile dementia.
Contain glutamine: dairy products, meat, fish, legumes, and is also found in 60% of proteins produced by humans.

An amino acid that is actively involved in providing oxygen to the process of formation of new cells. Glycine is an important participant in the production of hormones that are responsible for strengthening the immune system.
Glycine contain: meat (mostly beef), liver of various animals, gelatin, fish, eggs, dairy products. In the body, it is independently produced by the liver from choline or from amino acids such as threonine or serine.

Transport agent of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. The liver and kidneys produce carnitine in small quantities from two other amino acids - lysine and methionine. Carnitine increases the effectiveness of antioxidants - vitamins C and E, and also oxidizes fats in the body, thereby promoting their elimination, which prevents the increase in fat reserves (therefore, this amino acid is important for weight loss and reducing the risk of heart disease). It is believed that for the best utilization of fat, the daily requirement of carnitine should be 1500 milligrams. In addition, creatine helps to neutralize and remove certain foreign substances from the body and has a calming effect on the nervous system. Creatine deficiency leads to muscle weakness, decreased performance and rapid fatigue. There are also disturbances in the functioning of the heart, liver and kidneys. Due to the slower oxidation of fats with a lack of carnitine, a person develops excess body weight.
Carnitine will be contained: dairy products, fish, meat and offal. Red meat is the leader in carnitine content. Carnitine is produced naturally in the kidneys, liver and pancreas from the amino acids glycine, arginine and methionine.

An amino acid that is necessary for the functioning of the liver and immune system. Ornithine promotes the production of growth hormone, which, in combination with Arginine and Carnitine, promotes the recycling of excess fat in metabolism.
The body independently produces it from arginine. And arginine is contained in: pine nuts, pumpkin seeds, peanuts and sesame seeds.

It is one of the main components of collagen - proteins that are found in high concentrations in bones and connective tissues. Proline is also involved in maintaining the performance and strengthening of the heart muscle, and is involved in the restoration of tissues, joints, tendons and ligaments after damage. A deficiency of this amino acid can significantly increase fatigue.
Proline contain: eggs, dairy products, meat, wheat, fruit juices. The body independently produces it from glutamic acid and ornithine.

An important amino acid for the production of cellular energy - is involved in the storage of glycogen by the liver and muscles; actively participates in strengthening the immune system, providing it with antibodies; stimulates the functions of memory and the nervous system, and also forms fatty “cases” around nerve fibers.
Serine contain: dairy and meat products, peanuts, wheat gluten and soy products. The body independently produces it from glycine and threonine.

An amino acid that has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. Taurine stabilizes membrane excitability, which is very important for the control of epileptic seizures. This amino acid, along with sulfur, is considered to be factors necessary in controlling many of the biochemical changes that occur during the aging process. Taurine plays an important role in energy metabolism in the body. According to the latest scientific data, it improves lipid metabolism, preserves the electrolyte composition of the cytoplasm, normalizes the functioning of cell membranes, protecting them. In practice, this gives a significant increase in energy during training, reduces fatigue, and increases the intensity of training. Also, taurine is involved in freeing the body from free radical contamination, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
Contain taurine: fish and milk proteins. The body independently produces it from cysteine ​​with the help of vitamin B6.

Conditionally essential amino acids


Tyrosine- an amino acid that can fight fatigue and stress, reduce anxiety and improve overall tone and mood. As an amino acid, tyrosine has a moderate antioxidant effect and binds free radicals (unstable molecules) that can harm cells and tissues. Tyrosine is also important for metabolic processes.
Tyrosine contain: dairy and meat products, fish. The body independently produces tyrosine from phenylalanine.

Cysteine- an amino acid that serves as the starting material (along with selenium) for the production of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, and with the help of this enzyme the body is cleansed of chemical toxins. Also, cysteine ​​stimulates the activity of white blood cells.
Cysteine ​​contain: fish, meat, soy products, wheat, oats.

Greetings to blog readers! Everything that comes to us with food breaks down into many molecules. Including amino acids. And 9 of these organic molecules are essential amino acids for humans. Their lack threatens developmental disorders, depression and other disorders. Let's figure out why they are so special. And where are they distributed? 🙂

Protein enters our body with food. Under the influence of digestive enzymes, it breaks down into amino acids. There are essential and non-essential amino acids. They can be called organic molecules, compounds, substances. Therefore, by eating food rich in protein, we “build” our body.

We can synthesize nonessential amino acids ourselves. And we have to take the essential ones from food, since we do not have a special enzyme for their formation

Replaceable and essential amino acids, table:

There are also conditionally essential organic compounds. I marked them with an asterisk in the table. They can be synthesized in the body. But in such microdoses that in certain situations (for example, injury), we need to take them from food. But more about them a little later.

Let's now deal with the irreplaceable builders. The names may be difficult to remember, but you will definitely remember their action.

  • Valin restores muscles. An excellent source of energy.
  • Histidine– improves hematopoiesis. It also helps repair muscles and helps them grow. For joints to be healthy, this amino acid is needed. Contained in hemoglobin.
  • Isoleucine– participates in the process of hemoglobin production. Keeps blood sugar under control. Increases a person's energy and helps increase endurance.
  • Leucine– this is our additional protection. It is involved in strengthening the immune system. Acts as a blood composition stabilizer. The sugar content has increased - he lowers it. If the level of leukocytes is too high (inflammation), it lowers them and uses the body’s reserves for resistance. This same organic molecule boosts our energy.
  • Lysine. Oh, this is a molecule we desperately need. It is essential for us to absorb calcium, which forms and strengthens bones. Involved in the formation – attention, girls – of collagen. Improves hair condition. There is a pleasant effect for men here too - it is an excellent anabolic, it increases muscles. Among other things, it increases female libido and male strength. Guys, do you understand what I mean? 😉
  • Methionine– improves digestion and liver function. An excellent assistant in fat processing. Facilitates the period of toxicosis in pregnant women. Has a positive effect on hair health.
  • Threonine– helps the digestive system and gastrointestinal tract function normally. Stimulates the body's protective functions (immunity), helps in the formation of elastin and collagen. It is an indispensable helper for the liver. Threonine prevents fat from being deposited in the liver.
  • Tryptophan is the protector of our emotional well-being. The production of serotonin (this is the hormone of joy) is included in the work of tryptophan. It acts as a relaxant for us: it normalizes sleep, helps us feel better, lifting our mood. Stabilizes appetite, has a positive effect on the functioning of the heart and the condition of the arteries.
  • Phenylalanine. Our brain uses phenylalanine to synthesize norepinephrine, which is needed to transmit signals from nerve cells to the brain. The important properties of this amino acid are: stabilizing mood, suppressing unhealthy appetite, improving memory, increasing sensitivity. Phenylalanine helps relieve pain.

In fact, scientists are still arguing about how many amino acids are essential for humans. But this list is closest to the truth at the moment.

In case of a lack of these substances, disorders such as weight loss, deterioration of the immune system, digestive and gastrointestinal functions develop.

For those who play sports, a lack of these chemical compounds impairs the performance of their workouts. The chance of injury also increases.

Essential amino acids for athletes

These “builders” are needed by everyone without exception: a growing, working, elderly organism. For trainees and those who play intense sports, special nutrition is required.

The main functions of irreplaceable “builders” and their role in nutrition during sports:

  • growth of the whole organism;
  • restoration of damaged muscles after training;
  • maintaining a normal mental state and increasing intellectual activity;
  • production of anabolic hormone;
  • protein synthesis;
  • inhibition of catabolism. From this, damaged muscles are restored qualitatively;
  • burning unnecessary fats;
  • energy sources.

It has been proven through scientific research that for training people, additional intake of essential amino acids is extremely beneficial. Before, during and after exercise, taking these substances increases protein formation.

Thus, a training person will recover faster and his physical performance will improve.

Where are essential amino acids found?

They are present in abundance in meat and in food of animal origin in general. There are also plenty of them in seafood and fish.

Scientists have long believed that only products of animal origin contain the components necessary for humans that form protein. They thought that only animal proteins could build the human body. But protein of plant origin cannot be as complete for humans. This claim has now been refuted. Research by Swiss and German scientists has given the following results - plant foods also contain a lot of protein, which is absorbed by the body. You just have to eat a little more than meat.

What to eat is everyone’s personal choice. Here is a list of what foods to look for essential amino acids in.

Valin This amino acid is found in animal products, dairy products, and fermented milk. There is a lot of valine in soybeans, in almost all grains, mushrooms and nuts, and wheat germ.
Histidine cereals, rice, rye, nuts (especially raw), legumes, soybeans. Eat animal foods, wheat germ and you will not lack histidine.
Isoleucine any meat, fish and seafood, chicken eggs, milk and dairy products. From plant foods: nuts - cashews and almonds, soybeans, most seeds, rye, lentils, wheat germ
Leucine this is meat, fish, milk, all nuts, brown rice, most seeds, wheat germ.
Lysine There is a lot of it in cheese, especially hard varieties. It is also found in all animal foods. All milk is rich in it, wheat, almost all nuts, legumes (especially green beans).
Methionine a lot in milk and sour milk, chicken eggs, all grains, cereals, sesame seeds, nuts. Brazil nuts are the champion in methionine content. Meat is also very rich in this essential amino acid.
Threonine you will find in all animal products. There is also enough threonine in peas.
Tryptophan any meat, milk and fermented milk, fish, oats, sesame seeds, dates, bananas, legumes.
Phenylalanine cheese, cottage cheese, milk, dried mushrooms - chanterelles, soy. You will find phenylalanine in animal foods - any meat, chicken eggs, fish and seafood.

Conditionally essential amino acids

They are so named because they themselves are produced in the body. We only get a larger share through food.

  1. Tyrosine: increases thinking abilities, vigor, reduces stress levels. Helps us resist viral infections by strengthening the immune system. This organic molecule is found in all animal products. In plant foods, tyrosine is found in rice, leafy vegetables, and peanuts.
  2. Cysteine: removes toxins. Sources: meat, fish, soy, onion, wheat germ, red pepper, egg yolk, oats.

Daily value of essential amino acids

I will write about how much in grams a person needs so that there is no deficiency of essential amino acids. The norm is indicated on the basis that a person weighs 60 kg or close to this weight.

If your weight is 60 +/- a couple - three kilograms, then the daily norm of histidine is 2.1 g. The amino acid valine in this case is 3.5 g. Leucine will need 5 g. The organic molecule lysine: for you the norm is 4 g. You need isoleucine per day - 3.5 g. The essential chemical compound methionine is 3 g. Tryptophan and threonine are needed 2.5 g each. Phenylalanine – norm 3 g.

For those who are intensely involved in strength sports, regular nutrition is not enough. Therefore, sports nutrition is a must buy. You can buy this food after thoroughly studying the composition and properties of the product. Now the domestic manufacturer produces excellent products. And the price-quality balance is not inferior to foreign manufacturers. Such products can be found in pharmacies too. But it’s better to buy it in a special store.

Symptoms of essential amino acid deficiency

  • appetite will decrease;
  • you will feel overwhelmed, lethargic, sleepy;
  • symptoms of anemia will be observed - dizziness, darkening of the eyes, fainting;
  • the body's resistance to infections will decrease;
  • Hair will begin to noticeably fall out.

There is no need to make a diagnosis and select treatment on your own. It's better to go to the doctor.

The lack of these extremely useful substances is a terrible thing. Eat where they are found and everything will be okay. An excess of essential amino acids is also an unpleasant thing. Too much of these substances in the body is fraught with disruption of the thyroid gland, joint problems, disruption of the cardiovascular system and brain.

Eat high-quality and healthy food

  1. Include dairy and fermented milk foods in your diet.
  2. Boil, stew, bake or steam meat and fish. Eat them with vegetables and fresh herbs.
  3. Make snacks from nuts and seeds - 50 g per day is enough. Also, during the day, eat fresh berries, vegetables and fruits - only when they are in season. In winter, eat dried and frozen fruits.
  4. Eat legumes, grains and cereals with vegetables and herbs.

If your menu is something like this, then you are safe. Friends! If you learned something new and interesting, then share it on social networks. And don't forget the blog. And I will continue to explore the topic of healthy and wholesome nutrition. See you later!

Valin. One of the main components in the growth and synthesis of body tissues. The main source is animal products. Experiments on laboratory rats have shown that valine increases muscle coordination and reduces the body's sensitivity to pain, cold and heat.

Histicine. Promotes tissue growth and repair. Contained in large quantities in hemoglobin; used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, ulcers and anemia. A lack of histidine can cause hearing loss.Supplied with all products containing complete protein - meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products.

Leucine Supplied with all products containing complete protein - meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products. It is necessary not only for protein synthesis by the body, but also for strengthening the immune system.

LysineGood sources are cheese, fish. One of the important components in the production of carnitine. Ensures proper absorption of calcium; participates in the formation of collagen (from which cartilage and connective tissue are then formed); actively participates in the production of antibodies, hormones and enzymes. Recent research has shown that lysine, by improving overall nutrient balance, may be beneficial in the fight against herpes. Deficiency may include fatigue, inability to concentrate, irritability, damage to blood vessels in the eyes, hair loss, anemia and reproductive problems.

MethionineGood sources include grains, nuts and grains. Important in the metabolism of fats and proteins, the body also uses it to produce cysteine. It is the main supplier of sulfur, which prevents disorders in the formation of hair, skin and nails; helps lower cholesterol levels by enhancing the production of lecithin by the liver; lowers the level of fat in the liver, protects the kidneys; participates in the removal of heavy metals from the body; regulates the formation of ammonia and clears urine of it, which reduces the load on the bladder; affects hair follicles and supports hair growth.

Threonine An important component in the synthesis of purines, which, in turn, decompose urea, a by-product of protein synthesis. An important component of collagen, elastin and enamel protein; participates in the fight against fat deposition in the liver; supports smoother functioning of the digestive and intestinal tracts; takes a general part in the processes of metabolism and assimilation.

TryptophanIt is primary in relation to niacin (vitamin B) and serotonin, which, by participating in brain processes, controls appetite, sleep, mood and pain threshold. A natural relaxant, helps fight insomnia by inducing normal sleep; helps fight anxiety and depression; helps in the treatment of migraine headaches; strengthens the immune system; reduces the risk of spasms of the arteries and heart muscle; together with Lysine, it fights to lower cholesterol levels. In Canada and in many European countries it is prescribed as an antidepressant and sleeping pill. In the States, such use is viewed with caution.

Phenylalanine One of the essential amino acids. Used by the body to produce tyrosine and three important hormones - epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine and thyroxine, as well as the neurotransmitter dopamine. Used by the brain to produce norepinephrine, a substance that transmits signals from nerve cells to the brain; keeps us awake and receptive; reduces hunger; Works as an antidepressant and helps improve memory function.

Conditionally essential amino acids

Tyrosine Used by the body instead of phenylalanine in protein synthesis. Sources - milk, meat, fish. The brain uses tyrosine to produce norepinephrine, which increases mental tone. Attempts to use tyrosine as a means of combating fatigue and stress have shown promising results.

Cysteine If there is enough cysteine ​​in the diet, the body can use it instead of methionine to make protein. Good sources of cysteine ​​include meat, fish, soy, oats and wheat. Cysteine ​​is used in the food industry as an antioxidant to preserve vitamin C in finished products.

Nonessential amino acids

Alanin It is an important source of energy for muscle tissue, the brain and the central nervous system; strengthens the immune system by producing antibodies; actively participates in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids.

L-Arginine causes a slowdown in the development of tumors and cancers. Cleanses the liver. Helps release growth hormone, strengthens the immune system, promotes sperm production and is useful in treating kidney disorders and injuries. Essential for protein synthesis and optimal growth. The presence of L-Arginine in the body promotes an increase in muscle mass and a decrease in body fat reserves. Also useful for liver disorders such as cirrhosis of the liver, for example. Not recommended for use by pregnant and lactating women.

AsparagineAspartic acid Actively participates in the removal of ammonia, which is harmful to the central nervous system. Recent research has shown that aspartic acid may improve resistance to fatigue.

Glutamine It is important for normalizing sugar levels, increasing brain performance, in the treatment of impotence, in the treatment of alcoholism, helps fight fatigue, brain disorders - epilepsy, schizophrenia and simply lethargy, and is useful in the treatment of stomach ulcers, and the formation of a healthy digestive tract. In the brain it is converted into glutamic acid, which is important for brain function. When used, glutamine should not be confused with glutamic acid; these drugs differ in action from each other. Glutamic acid is considered a natural “fuel” for the brain, improves mental abilities. helps speed up the healing of ulcers, increases resistance to fatigue.

GlycineActively participates in providing oxygen to the process of formation of new cells. It is an important participant in the production of hormones responsible for strengthening the immune system.

Carnitine Carnitine is a transport agent of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. The liver and kidneys produce small amounts of carnitine from two other amino acids, lysine and methionine. Large quantities are supplied to the body by meat and dairy products. By preventing the accumulation of fat stores, this amino acid is important for weight loss and reducing the risk of heart disease. The body produces Carnitine only in the presence of sufficient amounts of lysine, iron and enzymes B19 and B69. Vegetarians are more sensitive to carnitine deficiency because they have much less lysine in their diet. Carnitine also increases the effectiveness of antioxidants - vitamins C and E. It is believed that for the best utilization of fat, the daily requirement of carnitine should be 1500 milligrams.

Ornithine Ornithine promotes the production of growth hormone, which, in combination with L-Arginine and L-Carnitine, promotes the recycling of excess fat in metabolism. Essential for liver and immune system function.

ProlineExtremely important for the proper functioning of ligaments and joints; also participates in maintaining the performance and strengthening of the heart muscle.

Serin Participates in the storage of glycogen by the liver and muscles; actively participates in strengthening the immune system, providing it with antibodies; forms fatty “sheaths” around nerve fibers.

Taurine Stabilizes the excitability of membranes, which is very important for the control of epileptic seizures. Taurine and sulfur are considered essential in controlling the many biochemical changes that occur during the aging process; participates in freeing the body from contamination by free radicals.

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Amino acids are called such organic bifunctional compounds, each molecule of which contains amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups of substances. That is, in the molecules of such acids one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by amino groups.

Amino acids are classified into several types - heterocyclic, aliphatic and aromatic, depending on the nature of the radical included in them. The proteins consisting of them include the order 20 Essential Amino Acids, indispensable for biological life. In particular, these are glycine, glutamine, syrine, tyrosine, etc.

Such obviously necessary substances are obtained, first of all, from natural proteins by hydrolysis, resulting in the production of alpha amino acids. True, isolating them separately from the finished mixture is a very difficult task.

Another method of preparation is synthesis from halogenated acids using ammonia.

Finally, the third is through biosynthesis, when some microorganisms produce protein alpha-amino acids during their life activities.

Physical properties of amino acids characterized by a crystalline structure with a high melting point - more than 250 degrees, upon reaching which the substance decomposes. They dissolve well in water, but not in organic solvents. Amino acids typically taste sweet.

Some of the most important chemical compounds based on amino acids are proteins and peptides. Not a single organism living on the planet can do without the former, being food, a metabolic regulator or an enzyme, that is, a catalyst for metabolism.

In addition, protein is responsible for supplying oxygen to all cells of the body and for its absorption; without it, the existence of the nervous system and muscle activity is unthinkable. And most importantly, it is involved in the transfer of genetic information. Thus, proteins are not only universal, but also omnipresent: they are present in the brain, internal organs, bones, skin and hair, etc. The body receives them mainly in the stomach and intestines from dietary protein, that is, due to enzymatic hydrolysis.

However, some amino acids can only be obtained from the outside, since not all can be synthesized internally. Source of Essential Amino Acids- food.

Full list of essential amino acids, their meaning and functions, content in food products:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

List of conditionally essential amino acids, their meaning and functions:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Nonessential amino acids are those amino acids that our body can receive not only from the outside, but also independently synthesize.


Amino acids amino- group NH 2, from ammonia - ammonia, abbr. from lat. sal ammoniacus - Ammon's salt, ammonia) - organic (carboxylic) acids containing an amino group (-NH 2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group (general formula NH 2 -CR-COOH, where R differs for different amino acids). In nature, the most widespread alpha amino acids are those having (except glycine) one or two asymmetric carbon atoms and an L configuration.

Depending on the nature of the radical (R), amino acids are divided into aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic.

The monomer units of protein molecules are 20 amino acids; they are abbreviated as three-letter symbols, or single Latin letters: A - alanine; C - cysteine; D - asparagine; E - glutamine; F - phenylalanine; G - glycine; H - histidine; I - isoleucine; K - lysine; L - leucine; M - methionine; N - aspartic acid; P - proline; Q - glutamic acid; R - arginine; S - serine; T - threonine; V - valine; W - tryptophan; X - stop codon; Y - tyrosine.

There are nonessential amino acids. (synthesized in animal and human cells) and essential amino acids (not synthesized in animal and human cells). The latter include lysine, methionine, tryptophan and some others. In the tissues of living organisms there are also other amino acids (over 100) that are not part of proteins. Among them are important intermediate metabolic products (ornithine, cystathionine, etc.), as well as rare amino acids, the biological functions of which are still unclear. For household and medical needs, natural isomers (L-form) of amino acids are usually used, which are obtained using microbiological synthesis; they are also isolated from hydrolysates of natural proteins (proline, cysteine, arginine, histidine). Amino acids are widely used as food additives. For example, the feed of farm animals is enriched with lysine, tryptophan, threonine and methionine; the addition of sodium salt of glutamic acid (monosodium glutamate) gives a number of products a meaty taste. In a mixture or separately, amino acids are used in medicine, including for metabolic disorders and diseases of the digestive system, for some diseases of the central nervous system (gamma-aminobutyric and glutamic acids, DOPA); they are used in the manufacture of medicines, dyes, in the perfume industry, in the production of detergents, synthetic fibers and films, etc.

Amino acids are a class of nitrogen-containing organic acids that have common structural features and can be represented by the general formula

H(3)N -CH -- COOH...Rn

Amino acids differ from each other by the type of amino acid residue Rn. Thus, the molecule of each amino acid contains a specific part (side group - Rn) and a non-specific part. Amino acids are the building blocks (monomers) from which all protein molecules (polymers) are built. The main 20 amino acids: alanine (ala, A), arginine (arg, R), asparagine (asn, N), aspartate (asp, D), valine (val, V), histidine ( his, his, H), glycine (gly, G), glutamate (glu, E),. glutamine (gln, gln, Q) isoleucine, (ile, I), leucine, (leu, L), lysine, (lys, K), methionine, (met, M), proline, (pro, pro, P), serine (ser, ser, S), tyrosine, (tyr, Y), threonine, (tre, thr, T), tryptophan (tri, trp, W), phenylalanine (phen, phe, F), cysteine ​​(cis, cys, C). Free amino acids make up approximately 0.5% of the cell's weight, while those contained in proteins account for about 15%.

Amino acids are carboxylic acids containing one or two amino groups. A common feature of the amino acids that make up a protein (with the exception of proline) is the presence of a free carboxyl group and a free unsubstituted amino group at the alpha carbon atom. The most rational classification of amino acids is based on differences in the polarity of R groups. R-groups are divided into four main classes:

The table shows all 20 amino acids that make up proteins, belonging to the above groups.

Essential amino acids: